This study is an analysis of the effects of Gender Based Violence (GBV) in African Apostolic Churches particulary Johanne Marange Apostolic Church in Manicaland Province in Zimbabwe. The study employed a mixed method approach combining questionnaires with church members, members, focus group discussions with church leaders and in-depth interviews with members of the police and community leaders. The findings indicate that the of inequality between men and women cut across public and private spheres of life, and across social, economic, cultural, and human rights have contributed to GBV in apostolic churches. The study recommended that African Apostolic Churches should have rehabilitation activities for victims of Gender Based Violence.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Sex vs. Gender
Gender-Based Violence
Kinds of Power
Ecological Model
GBV Forms, Causes and Consequences
Coping Mechanism
Affected Populations
Role of Social Worker
An investigation into the behavioural pattern and academic performance of students within single parent families. The paper assess the causes of behaviour and academic performance and provides reasoning as to why this is so.
Sex and the Church was a United Methodist project to publish a variety of articles and editorials about issues of sexual ethics for Christians. This was a post-publication supplement created to invited local congregations to engage with these ethical questions through discussion.
Media coverage of violence against children in JamaicaTaitu Heron
This paper looks at how the Jamaican print media (the Observer, the Gleaner and the Star) depicts children who suffer from sexual abuse. It aims also to respond to the following question - How is the newspapers’ understanding of children and sexual violence against children informed by a current prevailing gender order, discourses on sexuality, and cultural attitudes and practices towards children?
Freedom and Decision Making Role of Tribal Women In Galudih Village, East Sin...ijtsrd
In the twenty first century women enjoyed more freedom and power than ever before. But they have still disadvantage as compared to men in virtually all aspect of life. Women are deprived equal access to education, health care, capital and decision making power in the political, social and business sectors. Women work to two third of the World’s working hours and produce half of the World’s food but are only ten percent of the World’s income and own just less than one percent of the World’s property. This limited advancement of women in the formal sectors shows a great disregard for their social and economic responsibilities within the country. Debarati Chakraborty | Soumen Jana "Freedom and Decision Making Role of Tribal Women: In Galudih Village, East Singhbhum, Jharkhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38600.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38600/freedom-and-decision-making-role-of-tribal-women-in-galudih-village-east-singhbhum-jharkhand/debarati-chakraborty
This document is a Sociology Internal Assessment based on the high rate of unemployment in relation to youth groups. I also have uploaded a copy of my Entrepreneurship IA for your perusal if needed.
You can contact me at: erica5dacas@gmail.com
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
Sex vs. Gender
Gender-Based Violence
Kinds of Power
Ecological Model
GBV Forms, Causes and Consequences
Coping Mechanism
Affected Populations
Role of Social Worker
An investigation into the behavioural pattern and academic performance of students within single parent families. The paper assess the causes of behaviour and academic performance and provides reasoning as to why this is so.
Sex and the Church was a United Methodist project to publish a variety of articles and editorials about issues of sexual ethics for Christians. This was a post-publication supplement created to invited local congregations to engage with these ethical questions through discussion.
Media coverage of violence against children in JamaicaTaitu Heron
This paper looks at how the Jamaican print media (the Observer, the Gleaner and the Star) depicts children who suffer from sexual abuse. It aims also to respond to the following question - How is the newspapers’ understanding of children and sexual violence against children informed by a current prevailing gender order, discourses on sexuality, and cultural attitudes and practices towards children?
Freedom and Decision Making Role of Tribal Women In Galudih Village, East Sin...ijtsrd
In the twenty first century women enjoyed more freedom and power than ever before. But they have still disadvantage as compared to men in virtually all aspect of life. Women are deprived equal access to education, health care, capital and decision making power in the political, social and business sectors. Women work to two third of the World’s working hours and produce half of the World’s food but are only ten percent of the World’s income and own just less than one percent of the World’s property. This limited advancement of women in the formal sectors shows a great disregard for their social and economic responsibilities within the country. Debarati Chakraborty | Soumen Jana "Freedom and Decision Making Role of Tribal Women: In Galudih Village, East Singhbhum, Jharkhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38600.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38600/freedom-and-decision-making-role-of-tribal-women-in-galudih-village-east-singhbhum-jharkhand/debarati-chakraborty
This document is a Sociology Internal Assessment based on the high rate of unemployment in relation to youth groups. I also have uploaded a copy of my Entrepreneurship IA for your perusal if needed.
You can contact me at: erica5dacas@gmail.com
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Changing The Story: A Road Map For Addressing Violence Against Women And Gi...Above Whispers
Keynote Address delivered at the 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENDER: STRENGTHENING POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN A CHANGING WORLD
On
SEPTEMBER 5TH 2016.
By
Mrs Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi
At The , University Of Benin
The paper explores masculinity and / or femininity and their relationship to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe. The paper implicates both masculinity and femininity as accomplices in spreading HIV and AIDS. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the growing concern that cultural practices contribute to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and beyond. The paper further argues that whereas the masculine (male or female) may impose themselves on the feminine (female or male), the latter also contributes to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS by willingly accepting the imposition as a societal ‘norm’ or value to use Taylor’s (2003) theory of scenarios. The unquestioned acceptance of the masculine’s demands becomes the norm or scenario that should be viewed as ‘natural’ by both the hegemonic masculine and the subaltern feminine in a relationship. To carry out the study, a case study design was adopted as the operational framework for data gathering. Data was collected from Mount Zion, Temeraire Baptist Church in Mashava, Masvingo province by engaging Practice As Research (PAR) and participant observation. The sample comprised 20 adolescents made up of 10 boys and 10 girls. The results gathered from the research confirmed that to a greater extent, societal norms and attitudes influence one’s behaviour towards life in general and sex to be specific. These findings demonstrate the need for academics, government, families and other interested stakeholders to re-evaluate cultural practices and specifically, gender roles.
2015Jun12 - A presentation was made to the Faculty of the Aurora Degree and PG College, Hyderabad, on this topic of Gender Sensitization. A live audio recording of the session, in English and Telugu, is also available: Please visit: www.archive.org and access the same:
https://archive.org/details/150612000GenderSensitizationAurora
You are most welcome to give your valuable feedback.
Socio –Cultural Norms and Their Influence on the Practice of Child Marriage. ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the study was to explore how socio –cultural norms influence the practice of child
marriage. A clear understanding of the problem of child marriage is essential to understand the proliferation of
the practice in Rushinga District that stands at 50 percent. The theory used to explore the practice is the Social
Norms Theory by Bicchaerri (2006). The premise of the theory looks closely at social cultural factors and how
they influence the practice of child marriage thus, the practice is embedded in the social structures in the
families and communities. For instance, the desirable age of marriage and conformity to practice of child
marriage is rooted in community values and social expectations. The study used qualitative case study approach
and the advantage is that the empirical inquiry of a phenomenon is done within its real-life context. Of critical
importance to this study is that the case study method is particularly suitable for answering questions that start
with how, who and why with regard to prevalence of child marriages in communities. The study reveals that
child marriage practice is embedded in the social interactions and how communities deal with issues such as
poverty. For instance, marriage entails bride price payment which becomes a livelihood option for a family in
dire straits. Consequently, child brides‟ lives are entangled in abusive relationships embedded in the norms
surrounding masculinity in families. The panaceas identified in the study end the practice of child marriage
include the provision of educational opportunities for girls as well as advocacy and dialoguing with opinion
leaders.
KEY TERMS: child marriage, norms, initiation ceremony.
Similar to GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN AFRICAN APOSTOLIC CHURCHES: A CASE STUDY OF JOHANNE MARANGE APOSTOLIC CHURCH IN MANICALAND PROVINCE, ZIMBABWE (20)
HISTORY AS A DETERMINANT OF MALAWIMOZAMBIQUE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE NSANJ...John1Lorcan
Using the Nsanje international inland port saga as a case study, this paper employs the realism theory to
examine the historically difficult relationship between Malawi and Mozambique. Based on data gathered
from interviews and previously published studies, the study's final conclusion is that Malawi’s bilateral
relations with Mozambique are the product and continue to be shaped by history. Because the relationship
between the two states is historically based on the provision of services especially port facilities, the
Nsanje inland port is at loggerheads with Mozambique’s national economic interests as it seeks to put an
end to the historically rooted modus operandi of the relationship. The study recommends mandatory
feasibility studies before starting projects, placing the port project on hold, continuing with the current
foreign policy which to a great extent appeases Mozambique and finding some use for the port structures
which currently constitute a white elephant.
MEASURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM 1996 TO 2019: EVIDENCE ...John1Lorcan
Since inception, the concept of inclusive growth has been defined and measured differently among scholars
and policymakers. This paper measures inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1996 to 2019.
A principal component analysis and weighted mean approaches have been applied following the Eurasian
Economic Commission, and 20 methodologies. The study findings show that the inclusive growth index is
sensitive to the measurement approach used due to different sets of indicators and dimensions. However,
the methodologies provide a basis for comparing country performance. In addition, in both methodologies,
economic performance was found to be a significant contributor to inclusive growth. Countries with higher
economic performance witnessed higher inclusive growth. From the findings, policymakers could rely on
more than one measurement approach to determine inclusive growth. This will enable them develop policy
measures which address various dimensions that each of the SSA countries need to robustly invest and
improve.
THE DIVERSE BEAUTY OF MATHILDENHÖHE: AN INSIGHT INTO AESTHETIC PHILOSOPHY AND...John1Lorcan
This article aims to look at the World Heritage Site from the perspective of curatorial studies and aesthetic
philosophy. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony made an enormous contribution to art and formed a bridge
between the British Arts & Crafts movement and the German Association of Craftsmen, which eventually
led to the Bauhaus movement. The last Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine was not only a patron who
founded this Artists' Colony, but also a prominent curator together with the Austrian architect and one of
the founders of the Vienna Secession, Joseph Maria Olbrich. Together they combined economic
development with artistic innovation. The establishment of the Darmstadt Artists' Colony was a sensation
in the art world. Itmarked the beginning of the 20th century, turning everyday life into an aesthetic
experience.
BLACK FUTURES: COLLECTING SOCIOCULTURAL DATA THROUGH MACHINE LEARNINGJohn1Lorcan
Although African American community archives have appeared, there is a lack of incorporation of
information-seeking, behaviour, language transmission, categorization, and community archival datasets
in data collection and machine learning (ML) environments. To address this, as the autoethnographer, I
propose to develop a future body of research targeting the African American community in Texas,
obtaining valuable insights about their engagement with ML. Eun Seo Jo's literature review emphasizes the
roles of community archives in ML environments and the strategies necessary for this space to be
considered a valuable resource in research and information. As the autoethnographer, I use this research
to explore effective strategies for machine learning environments to collaborate with African American
community archives and incorporate user input into ML data collection practices. The aim of the study is
to examine an original body of literature to aid me with my plan of action in creating a research study
about machine learning in African American community archives.
Implementation of Authorized Economic Operator Program in Comesa: Evidence Fr...John1Lorcan
The paper investigates the effect of authorized economic operator program on bilateral trade between Kenya and trading partners in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The augmented gravity model was estimated using 2010-2021 data for 17 cross-sectionals. The Panel Correlated Standard Error method results show thatimplementation of the authorized economic operator by both exporter and importer stimulates Kenya’s bilateral trade volume in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author recommends full implementation of the authorized economic operator by the remaining 12 Member States to attain the maximum benefits of the program across the region.
Gender Inequiality in Higher Music Educaiton in China: Historical and Contemp...John1Lorcan
Gender inequality is higher music education is a significant issue in China, shaped by both historical and contemporary factors that influence the opportunities available to women in this field. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the challenges encountered by women in higher music education in China, examining the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy, Western missionaries, and the Chinese Government on gender relations and opportunities in music education. Drawing upon existing literature and data, this paper addresses three main research areas pertaining to women’s education in China’s higher education: the historical evolution of women’s education in China, from traditional to modern times, in order to examine the progression of educational opportunities for women; the current landscape of opportunities for women’s education and involvement in music practices within China’s higher music education; and the existing employment framing issues that women face in higher music education in China, in comparison to their male counterparts. While acknowledging the increasing educational opportunities available to women in contemporary China, this paper recognizes that societal expectations and gender stereotypes can still impede women’s access to teaching careers and other music-related professions. These challenges have substantial implications for women’s education, music practices, and employability, underscoring the importance for policymakers and educators to actively promote gender equality within higher education.
AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY ON I...John1Lorcan
The relationship between language and gender has been the subject of discussion and investigation for
many years, with the goal of understanding the societal norms and expectations of gender. This article
aims to explore the relationship between gender and the swear words in the comment section of Iranian
celebrities Instagram accounts. This study found that each gender tends to post swear words in comments
of the same gender celebrity. This research also discovered that female users tend to auto-censor strong
swear words and are more likely to body-shame the content creator, while men are more open to posting
strong swear words.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE: EXPLORING INNOVATIONS AND POLICY IM...John1Lorcan
The digital transformation of social welfare systems is an area that is fast developing and has a lot of
potential to improve service delivery and improve outcomes for both people and communities. The goal of
this research paper is to examine the policy changes and innovations brought about by the digital
revolution of social welfare. It investigates the adoption of emerging technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, big data analytics, and blockchain, in various domains of social welfare, including healthcare,
education, employment, and social assistance programs. The paper examines the potential benefits of
digital transformation, including increased efficiency, improved access to services, and personalized
support. It also delves into the challenges and concerns associated with this transformation, such as data
privacy, equity, and the digital divide. By analysing successful case studies and lessons learned from
different countries, the paper highlights key policy considerations for ensuring the effective and equitable
implementation of digital innovations in social welfare. Policy implications discussed include the need for
robust regulatory frameworks to protect data privacy, the importance of ethical guidelines to guide the use
of emerging technologies, and the necessity of capacity building initiatives to equip stakeholders with the
necessary skills and knowledge. The paper emphasizes the importance of creating inclusive, people-centric
social welfare systems that leverage the potential of digital technologies to meet the evolving needs of
individuals and communities.
Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into the digital transformation of social welfare,
offering policymakers and stakeholders a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities, challenges,
and policy considerations involved. By embracing digital innovations thoughtfully and responsibly, social
welfare systems can become more efficient, responsive, and equitable, ultimately improving the lives of
those in need.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN: CHARISMATIC LEADER OF BANGLADESHJohn1Lorcan
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is one of the most charismatic leaders of the Third World in the twentieth century.
We know that Charismatic leaders are the gifts and mercy from God. They are torch bearers of knowledge
and revolution. Every nation in one way or the other has been and is endowed with leaders and same is the
case of Bangladesh nation which was fortunate enough to have a leader like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman who
guided them in the times of freedom struggle, and trusted them into the region which dawned tranquility of
mind and unshackled boundaries. It is in fact an old saying that good leaders build good nations which is
equally true with the Bangladesh nation for which sheikh Mujibur Rahman sacrificed every breath and
blood of his life and mapped a new nation in the world. The paper discusses the main achievements of the
leader and particularly the independence of Bangladesh of which Mujib was the pivotal figure. The result
revealed that Sheikh Mujib was stimulated people by his charismatic leadership capability and huge
political knowledge. From his early life he was demonstrated two key leadership qualities which make him
unquestionable leader of the Bangladesh. One key quality was proactive social consciousness and
paramount dedication for politics. Sheikh Mujib has so many leadership skills that recognized him as a
leader of general people. His aspiration and sacrifice for nation made him an icon of the country.
Therefore, it can be concluded that his leadership trait made himself as a father of the nation. The people
of Bangladesh had dreamt of an independent nation and that dream was finally implemented in really on
16Th December 1971 under the leadership of a true Patriot Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Bangladesh and its
people were blessed with God‟s will of sending the Greatest Bengali Soul of all time on the soil of
Tungipara. That greatest soul was nobody else but it is our “Father of the Nation” – Bangabandhu -
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He was the greatest politician, philosopher and tourism lover the world has ever
produced. He was the kindest person the world has ever noticed, he loved everyone more than he loved his
own family and children. This study was carried out by descriptive analysis through the literature review of
existing paper
WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE IN RURAL KENYA: ROLE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONJohn1Lorcan
Women play a very significant role in agricultural production in Kenya. However, they are accorded little
attention. The lack of inadequate information on the level of women participation in agricultural
production has helped to underestimate their importance in agricultural production and hence led to their
neglect in sector development. This paper sought to examine the role of women in Agricultural production
in Kenya to give them an impetus upon which they can voice their concern in agricultural related issues. To
improve women visibility in agricultural production, the author suggests that women contribution to
agricultural production should be understood based on their contribution to food security in household and
community rather than their contribution to commercialised agriculture which is dominated by men. With
this, the author hopes to persuade policymakers to re-examine their perception of rural women involved in
agricultural production for prompt policy action.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO FARMLANDS BY FARMERS AND HERDERS IN THE K...John1Lorcan
Land is seen in societies as a vital natural asset, and the worth of this resource to human through time and
space cannot be underestimated. The purpose of this research was to examine land ownership rights and
access to farmlands by farmers and herders in the Kwahu East District (KED) in the Eastern Region of
Ghana. Qualitatively, the study adopted a descriptive case study research design. This research was based
on two objectives: to examine land ownership rights in the Kwahu East District, and determine how
farmers and herders get access to farmlands. The study population involved residents of three communities
in the Kwahu East District, namely, Yaw Tenkorang, Kwaku Sarfo and Bebua. The purposive sampling
technique was used to select 4 traditional leaders, 10 farmers, 10 herdsmen and cattle owners, 3 Assembly
members, the District Chief Executive, the District Commander of Police, and the District Land Officer.
The study concluded that, land ownership rights in KED were based on the allodia and usufruct systems,
which vest land ownership rights in the hands of traditional authorities and family heads. Again, the study
showed that, indigenous farmers lay claim to greater rights over the lands compared to herders who are
considered as aliens, without any land ownerswhip rights. The study revealed measures initiated to find
lasting solution to this conflict. It is recommended that; the Municipal Assembly must concentrate more
effort in establishiing adequate fodder banks for cattle. Again, the practice of ranching must be
encouraged amongst cattle owners and herders to prevent unwanted competition over land use.
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS) John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
DEMOCRACY OR LIBERAL AUTOCRACY; THE CASE OF AFRICAJohn1Lorcan
The state of democracy in Africa continues to be one of the most controversial and difficult questions facing
the continent today. While African regimes are more liberal than their authoritarian predecessors, they
have a profound flaw. The African governments have increasingly adopted important aspects of
constitutional liberalism necessary for democracy to flourish and includes rule of law, private property
rights, separation of powers and free speech and assembly. However, the results of such democratic
initiatives have not bored the intended fruits as the continent continue to witness outright reversals of
democracy. For instance, elections are becoming a means of power preservation and a large number of
countries have very low levels of democratic quality. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine this dire state
of democracy in Africa to inform discussions on why African governments should be regarded as a Liberal
Autocracies and not democratic.
CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT’S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXA...John1Lorcan
Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists
who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation.
Following the end of colonial era and the resulting freedom of previously colonized people, many countries
have been struggling to live together as the nation which their erstwhile colonial masters made them. This
has often resulted to conflicts and crises, the worst of it being the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Due to these
incidences, social researchers have intensified efforts in designing programs that will facilitate the very act
of nation-building/or prevent a devastating effect that may result from a failure thereof. This paper,
therefore, attempts to suggest Civic Education as one of the models that can help facilitate nation-building
project especially in countries affected by the effects of colonization. The work employed the normative
method of philosophy, while also not leaving behind the evaluative and analytical side of the method.
SLEUTHING WOMEN:GENDER IN THE ART OF JAPANESE DETECTIVE FICTION AND FILMJohn1Lorcan
Although it remains one of the most popular genres worldwide, detective fiction is usually regarded as a
purely commercial form. Because of this, detective novels, short stories, and films are rarely subjected to
the same critical scrutiny and attention as other, more respected modes of writing and representation.
Nevertheless, because of its attention to the character of everyday life, detective fiction is a perfect case
study for determining national attitudes towards gender. Generally speaking, women perform three
different functions in Japanese detective fiction. They are either hapless victims, minor plot devices, or (on
rare occasions) agents of detection themselves. This paper surveys several works of detective fiction,
ranging from the early- to mid-twentieth century, to demonstrate the evolving function that women have
played, both in the genre and in the society that the genre reflects
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS)John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
CREATIVE EDUCATION, MUSIC PRACTICES, AND GENDER DIFFERENCES AMONG YOUNG CHINE...John1Lorcan
Over the last two decades, China has placed more emphasis on learning and practice in the process of
fostering creativity in school education. Music inflames the mind and is the key to creativity. Music
practices have drawn the attention of many scholars fascinated with their creative properties in both
musical and non-musical domains. With particular reference to Shijiazhuang (the capital and largest city
in northern China’s Hebei Province), this study aimed to examine the under-researched connection
between gender, education, and creative music practices (broadly described as music as a culture of
imagination and real-time practice in the learning of diverse music styles and in the participation of music
activities in formal and informal learning contexts) as perceived by young Chinese students. The study
employed a self-reported survey questionnaire distributed to a sample of students aged eight to 17
attending Grade 4 through Grade 9 in 10 schools located in the city of Shijiazhuang (N = 2,015) conducted
between 2019 and 2020. Generally speaking, girls were more positive regarding the value of creativity in
school music education, as well as the music practices of diverse music cultures and music activities. This
paper will conclude with a debate on the ways that “gender” is comprehended, carried out, and discerned
in response to the students’ influential sources and their preferred school subjects in learning creativity,
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GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN AFRICAN APOSTOLIC CHURCHES: A CASE STUDY OF JOHANNE MARANGE APOSTOLIC CHURCH IN MANICALAND PROVINCE, ZIMBABWE
1. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.2, May 2020
41
GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN AFRICAN APOSTOLIC
CHURCHES: A CASE STUDY OF JOHANNE MARANGE
APOSTOLIC CHURCH IN MANICALAND PROVINCE,
ZIMBABWE
Magede Mavis1
and Mbwirire John2
Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, Zimbabwe Open University
ABSTRACT
This study is an analysis of the effects of Gender Based Violence (GBV) in African Apostolic Churches
particulary Johanne Marange Apostolic Church in Manicaland Province in Zimbabwe. The study employed
a mixed method approach combining questionnaires with church members, members, focus group
discussions with church leaders and in-depth interviews with members of the police and community
leaders. The findings indicate that the of inequality between men and women cut across public and private
spheres of life, and across social, economic, cultural, and human rights have contributed to GBV in
apostolic churches. The study recommended that African Apostolic Churches should have rehabilitation
activities for victims of Gender Based Violence. The study also recommended that apostolic churches
should desist from any form of gender based violence.
KEYWORDS
African Apostolic Church, women, human rights, gender based violence.
INTRODUCTION
Worldwide up to 50% percent of sexual assaults are committed against girls under 16 and
research proves that the first sexual experience of some 30% of women was forced. The
percentage is even higher among those who were under 15 at the time of their sexual initiation,
with up to 45% of them reported to be in forced marriages or experienced their sexual
experiences by force (compiled by UN Women, 2012 update). Child marriage is more common in
West and Central Africa, where four among ten girls were married before the age of 18, and
about one among seven were married or in union before the age of 15.
Gender based violence has remained as the biggest challenge and threat in many women and girls
lives and it has proved to be the obstacle to the social and economic development of the
communities and states. Violence against women is a persistent and universal problem occurring
in every culture and social group around the world. According to Chireshe (2012), at least one in
2. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.2, May 2020
42
every three women has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime most
often by someone she knows, including a member of her own family, an employer or a co-
worker.
Globally gender based violence has not been recognised as the violation of human rights alone
but it has proved to be the greatest hindrance of achieving the internationally agreed goals,
including the Millennium Development Goals as well as the current Sustainable Development
goals. Without inequality especially on women the world would have been a better place, where
the society would experience the social and economic development of communities and states for
the betterment of the world. In East Africa and Southern Africa a number of cases of gender
based violence have increased. Countries like Uganda recorded a rate of 48% on cases of violence
against girls and women where women were attacked by their husbands and also Tanzania has
their statistics at 60% of abuses and assaults by their partners and male strangers (Oluyeni-kusi
2007)
Oluyeni-kusi (2007) states that violence against women has been called the most pervasive yet
least recognized human rights abuse in the world. It takes many forms like physical, sexual,
emotional, psychological and socio-economic abuse. Gender based violence can also be
experienced by a woman or it can be directed to a woman because she is a woman or it can affect
the women disproportionally (Oluyeni-kusi 2007). According to Bishau et al (2013), human
community is characterised by a basic structural injustice, a distorted rationality between these
two sexes such that men as a group have the power over women as a group. She goes on to say
this basic inequality has characterised all known history and is universal and enshrined in
language, culture, social relations, mythology and religion.
GBV is defined by the UN as “physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including
threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in
private life (WHO 2012). The term, however, also applies to violence specifically targeted against
men and boys (UNFPA, 2012).
Young girls are forced to drop school and become wives at a tender age, leaving their future and
careers in shambles because of their parent’s greediness and evil doctrines. They ruin the future
of the young girls and increase the rate of illiteracy in the country. Young girls cannot go against
the will of the church elders and leave my husband in order to attend school. According to
Bishau, Chitando and Chirongoma (2013) women and young girls are among the poorest in the
world because of their gendered identity. This anti-modern healthy methods attitude in the
Johanne Marange Apostolic Church, women and girls will continue to be the victims of
polygamy, forced marriages and HIV and AIDs.
The church also forbids the girls to be married by other men and boys from other churches
,marriages with non- members of the church is referred to as unholy union and anyone who
decides to marry outside the church is expelled from the church. The girls and women are not
allowed by the doctrine of the church to decide whom to marry, it is the practice of church to
involve the parents of the woman to decide for her together with the in-laws the type of a husband
3. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.2, May 2020
43
for her. The religion of Johanne Marange uses exploitation and abuse of children; women and girl
are also other reasons for the practice but people hide behind religion and its doctrines.
Just like in the cultural perspective, most Churches today provide a hidden haven for Gender
Based Violence and condone it by misunderstanding the Bible. With reference, to 1 Peter 3:1-7, a
woman is supposed to submit to her husband and the husband should love his wife, however, the
church today uses this verse as a single phase point ,to suppress women and to destine their
position in the society. In actual sense, submissiveness in the Bible encourages a woman to be
obedient, humble, willing, loyal, respectful, and loving and have compassion for her husband. In
the same way the husband should love, respect and take care of his wife. What does this mean? It
means, that for this to happen both the wife and the husband should understand their roles and
duties and be able to apply and abide by them with due respect for each other. These biblical
verses have been twisted and used to come up with suppressing doctrines in churches like
Johanne Marange Apostolic Church, young girls are forced and threatened with fake doctrines of
dreams from old men in church who are referred to as Prophets and church leaders, who proclaim
to have been shown in dreams young women and girls to marry for their selfish reasons. These
practices have caused a lot of suffering on the young girls of Johanne Marange Apostolic
Churches because it is a taboo to turn down the Prophet’s proposal to become his wife and it also
shows no respect for the religious practices and the church doctrines. The whole family can be
expelled from church because of their incorporation and insubordination of the church rules and
regulations. Otherwise failure of one party to recognize his or her responsibility would create a
barrier, the barrier conceives conflict, conflict gives birth to Domestic Violence then Domestic
Violence graduates to Gender Based Violence.
The center points of this verse are for both the man and woman to love, respect, and care for and
appreciate each other. Submissiveness in this case does not mean that a woman should tolerate ill
treatment against her will. Just like in most National and Global political systems in the world,
Leadership positions and roles in most churches are dominated by men. Female church leaders
who may portray strong personalities, who confront situations head on, are usually considered to
be noisy, disrespectful, arrogant and uncontrollable. Such strong and capable women are in most
cases kept, either off or behind the line. In some societies, access, control and benefits of these
resources as well as power tend to favour boys and men instead of girls and women as advocated
by the feminist perspective on gender equality and equity. Just like the religion and doctrine of
Johanne Marange church, a girl child is not allowed to go to school and excel in education, her
destiny is in the plans of her future that is either chosen for her or forced on her at a tender age.
The Zimbabwean Constitution 2016 Chapter 2 Section 17.1 states that the state must promote full
gender balance in the Zimbabwean society, and in particular the state and all institutions and
agencies of government at every level must take practical measures to ensure that the girl child
have access to resources and that her rights are not being violated, including land, on the basis of
equality with men”.
With a social message on gender-based violence and this accompanying documentation, the
Church Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ELCA speaks to both church and
society (Country Programme Action Plan Report 2004-2007). The report states that people of all
classes and of all ethnicities in all nations suffer violence inflicted on them by others for reasons
4. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.2, May 2020
44
based on gender. Gender-based violence happens in both private and public situations. It occurs
in families, other social relations, the church, the state, education and in society more broadly. It
is a problem in the United States and globally. What happens in this church and in this country is
interconnected to manifestations of gender-based violence around the world.
The African Apostolic Church of John Maranke was founded by the late Muchabaya
Momberume, popularly known as Johanne Marange in the year 1912 in Manicaland Province of
Zimbabwe. When Johanne the founder started his work in colonial Zimbabwe, it is said that he
encouraged people to sabotage the colonial regime by refusing to pay taxes because of their
doctrine. Their religion has managed to spread to other communities and even outside of
Zimbabwe as well such as Malawi and Mozambique and as far afield as the Democratic Republic
of Congo. Since the days of Johanne Marange, the church has continued to grow in leaps and
bounds especially in remote areas where there are large populations. According to a 23 October
Africa News report, it is based in Eastern Manicaland province. The sect is purist and is
“notorious for its total rejection of any form of scientific medication,” which has resulted in the
death of many of its adherents. The church encourages its members not to go to the hospital to
seek medical attention, they believe in divine healing and spiritual healing. Pregnant women are
not also allowed to seek antennal advice and help to be able to deliver safely.
They have got their untrained mid-wives and other inexperienced women can assist each other
when one is in labor. They believe that if an expectant mother loses her child its normal that child
was not meant to be part of them. Even if it means the child has been affected by any diseases
that needs immunization they do not value it at all. The church members are not allowed to marry
one wife and women and girls are encouraged to get used to the life of polygamy. Girls are also
not allowed to be educated to higher level than the primary level which is mostly grade 7 if they
are permitted to go to school, but most families does not consider it wise to send their girl child to
school at all. The doctrine has also affected even the education of the male child some of them do
not know how to read and write even grown up men. Johane Marange Apostolic sect also
believes that one should be able to work using his or her hand to make a living and they should
train each other to use their hands to make a living. Skills like welding, carpentry, sawing and
many other skills.
Religious extremism has devastated many nations around the world and has become a daily
phenomenon in the Marange Apostolic sect of white garment churches or apostolic churches
where a lot of women and girls’ rights are violated. In southern Africa, for example, the first
sexual experience of many girls end up being victims of violence through desperation and
circumstances around them like being orphaned or in child headed families even other religions
are also contributing to these young people’s gender based violence such that; one in every five
women is a victim of rape or forced child marriages (United Nations 2009). Cultural and religious
roles are closely connected to both gender-based violence and HIV risks. The rate of cases of
gender based violence is a cause for concerns in our nation despite the effort of the civil society
and the government on awareness campaigns, Therefore, Zimbabwe not been spared from this
type of abuse against women and violation of human rights. The female child just as the male
child is important contributors to peace building, conflict resolution processes and sustainable
development if they are given equal opportunities in the community. Polygamy has also
5. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.2, May 2020
45
contributed to the abuse and violence on woman and the girl child. UNHCR (2013) also viewed
polygamy as culturally or religiously oriented. He asserts that polygamy existed as an integral
family life which had its basis on culture or religion. Even though it has been noted that the
prevalence rate of gender based violence and cases of polygamy in the young generations has
significantly declined because of the awareness’s and protection of women by instruments which
endeavor to eradicate abuse and discrimination against women.
The International Human Rights instrument asserts that polygamy is discriminatory as it promotes
gender inequality in both sexes. Culturally, a woman is not supposed to question a man’s decision
neither is he supposed to be accountable to his wife for any misconduct. Instead he can be
accountable to the leaders of his community, his church or his parents. These are some of the
areas which expose the woman to vulnerability of Gender Based Violence. The study analysis
how Gender Based Violence has caused a number of effects on the girls’ livelihood in Johanne
Marange Apostolic Churches by discriminating the girl child on how she should live her day to
day life, she is denied the access to resources, self empowerment like education and decision
making. The girls in Johanne Marange are forced to early marriages, polygamous relationships,
religious practices that violate their human rights and suppress them. They are made subjects to
abuse and they have to go through undesirable submission to decisions made for them by
religious leaders and their family members. According to Chireshe (2012), GBV has contributed
to the inability of the society to recognize the roles and contributions made by men and women
and their failure to create an environment that reflects an understanding of these realities. The
abuse of the girl child has continued to be a matter of concern especially in Apostolic Churches
were church doctrines are more suppressive on the female child than the male child. The study
adopted the rights- based approach to gender research, which, according to Machakanja (2010), is
guided by a conceptual framework that integrates principles of international human rights
processes into gender sensitive research. However, there are still some cases where women are
falling or being forced into such relationships because of the patriarchy, religion and cultural
beliefs and most of them do not know where to turn to for their protection and advocacy.
Statement of the problem
The girl child has remained at the mercy of their male counterparts. It is only men in Johanne
Marange who have got the voice and choice in the church. They preach, they decide who to take
for a wife or reject as at when they feel. They are the ones who decide on family planning and
they have ruled that their females should not access public health medical care and access to the
females’ education is not guaranteed. No doubt, this has effects on women. For how long should
this continue? The purpose of the study was to to analyse the impact of gender based violence on
women and girls’ livelihood in Johanne Marange apostolic churches.
Objectives
To identify factors contributing to gender based violence in Zimbabwe apostolic
churches.
6. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.2, May 2020
46
To analyse how religion influences gendered violence on women and girls in apostolic
churches.
METHODOLOGY
The study was carried out in the ten districts of Manicaland Privince in Zimbabwe. The ten
districts combined seven rural districts and three urban districts. The rural districts covered were
Buhera, Chimanimani, Mutasa, Makoni, Nyanga, Chipinge Rural and Mutare Rural. The urban
districts were Mutare Urban, Chipinge Urban and Makoni urban. The study used a mixed
methods approach combining questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.
Survey data was collected from a sample of 250 respondents which was drawn using a stratified
random sampling approach from all the 10 districts in the province. In-depth interviews were
done with 8 participants drawn from community leadership, the police and senior apostolic
church leaders. Seven focus group discussions were conducted with 65 out of 87 members who
comprise the local church leadership. Purposive sampling was used to identify participants for
both the in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to get accurate information of the situation in Makoni District, the study gender as an
important variable to consider. Table 1 below shows the gender statistics for the members of
Johanne Marange Apostolic Church.
Table 1: Gender participants
N=250
Gender Frequency %
Male 21
Female 79
Total 100
(Source: Primary data 2019)
The researchers considered the gender of church participants which was female dominated. This
helped the study to get information that was not gender biased.
Interviews with the church members of churches revealed that majority of women and girls
majority of the respondents are subject to high cases of gender based violence though some
members were not really sure about the definition of gender based violence. One participant a 22
year old lady indicated that they are now used to the doctrine and its oppressive ways,” that’s how
even our mothers got married. (Ndomaroorerwo akangoitwawo ana mai vedu) , that’s our
religion and our beliefs, there is nothing new to call it violence or any other name”. She was a
bit emotional to discuss about GBV. Even though a large number of the church members were
indicating that there are a lot of cases of gender based violence in their church, they also believed
7. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.2, May 2020
47
that all these abusive doctrines were part of the Bible’s plan to help a woman submit to her
husband.
This belief was the reason other participants though a small group indicated that gender based
violence cases are low in the apostolic churches in Zimbabwe. This made a great bearing on their
understanding of what gender based violence entailed. Talking about gender based violence on
young girls in Marange was something that was once referred to as evil, it’s like an idea that
wants to destroy a strong church with its beliefs and values, but because of the awareness
campaigns and change through modenisation some parents and church members are now
enlightened a bit by how these customs are violating their rights.
This was also the same with some respondents that were given by the church authoursities, some
of them were aware about gender based violence in the church whilst others had mixed feelings
about the issues and this knowledge gap affected mostly the girls at school age. Another
respondent highlighted that” because we are in remote areas information here is interpreted
wrongly, we heard about the Anti-child Marriages Act, but our parents and our church
authoursities are saying the Government knows about our church doctrines for years and it
cannot do anything about it”. So it means the community of Marange is still not well empowered
and educated about the rights of the Girl child and also on policies that protects women and girls
that are being implemented daily by their government to protect them. Young girls who are about
to reach puberty stages or who are already teen agers are not happy they leave if fear of being
forced into marriages with old men and the poor families can give out their girls as a payment for
food and money to rich old men in the church.
Just like in the cultural perspective, most Churches today provide a hidden haven for Gender
Based Violence and condone it by misunderstanding the Bible. With reference, to 1 Peter 3:1-7, a
woman is supposed to submit to her husband and the husband should love his wife, however, the
church today uses this verse as a single phase point ,to suppress women and to destine their
position in the society. In actual sense, submissiveness in the Bible encourages a woman to be
obedient, humble, willing, loyal, respectful, and loving and have compassion for her husband. In
the same way the husband should love, respect and take care of his wife. What does this mean? It
means, that for this to happen both the wife and the husband should understand their roles and
duties and be able to apply and abide by them with due respect for each other. These biblical
verses have been twisted and used to come up with suppressing doctrines in churches like
Johanne Marange Apostolic Church, young girls are forced and threatened with fake doctrines of
dreams from old men in church who are referred to as Prophets and church leaders, who proclaim
to have been shown in dreams young women and girls to marry for their selfish reasons. These
practices have caused a lot of suffering on the young girls of Johanne Marange Apostolic
Churches because it is a taboo to turn down the Prophet’s proposal to become his wife and it also
shows no respect for the religious practices and the church doctrines. The whole family can be
expelled from church because of their incorporation and insubordination of the church rules and
regulations. Otherwise failure of one party to recognize his or her responsibility would create a
barrier, the barrier conceives conflict, conflict gives birth to Domestic Violence then Domestic
Violence graduates to Gender Based Violence.
8. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.2, May 2020
48
When about how they react to the act of gender violence, the church authorities indicated that it is
very difficult to refer to the abuse that, and in our churches towards our girls and our women or
wifes as gendered violence. If any church member is quarrelling with his wives or fighting we are
here to counsel them in a religious way, our doctrine encourages women to respect their
husbands and to submit to them. (Hatitenderi munhukadzi kusateerera murume wake, tinotenda
kuti murume ndiye musoro wemba kunyangwe akave nemadzimai masere tinedzidziso dzatinopa
muchechi medu dzinoita kuti munhu rume agone kutonga imba yake). This means no matter how
many wives a Marange man marries, he should be able to control them in our religious manner.
Some church authoursities especially women who are in charge of the training of young wives
and who serves as mid-wives in the church responded that it’s not easy to let everyone out there
know what is happening in your marriage, (hatifukure hapwa chakafukidza dzimba matenga), as
a trained wife you are trained to submit to your husband and not to let the whole community
know what is happening to you in your marriage or in your home, so in some cases you will just
be quite towards violence because you believe that its part of marriage.
Data gathered from the Police and Community Leaders indicated that it was difficult to get
concrete evidence og GBV from members of the church. One Key informant said “.....in order to
get inside information fron the sect, you should be one of them”.
In Johanne Marange Apostolic Church, it is a norm to see a man abusing his wives because he is
the head of the family. Their doctrine does not recognise the decision of a female counterpart,
even if a man decides to get a new wife he does not consult any of his wives, he is the head of the
family who decides the fate of the family. Chireshe (2012) argues that the stereotypes influencing
the society attitudes towards men and women in different ways and it end up forcing people
living the way they do not want but because of the society they are afraid to stand up for their
feelings and dreams. With reference, to 1 Peter 3:1-7, a woman is supposed to submit to her
husband and the husband should love his wife, however, the church today uses this verse as a
single phase point, to suppress women and to destine their position in the society. In actual
sense, submissiveness in the Bible encourages a woman to be obedient, humble, willing, loyal,
respectful, and loving and have compassion for her husband. In the same way the husband should
love, respect and take care of his wife. Religion should be able to bring peace and happiness in
families not to contribute to violence and abuse.
African values and perceptions of the society have caused many women and girls to give up their
dreams because they do not know how they can follow them and fulfil them. In Johanne Marange
many girls have natured their dreams and hopes until they reach puberty stage where they are
shuttered of their dreams and forced to be mothers and wives of old men, the religion does not
allow them to choose even their way of life, Masunungure and Mbwirire (2016)
Violence against women and girls, in its many forms, is a continuing challenge for Zimbabwe
although in their endeavor to end women and child rights abuses, Apostolic Christian Council of
Zimbabwe ACCZ recently established a Gender and Child Care Unit to ensure the protection of
women’s and children’s rights as envisioned in the country’s Constitution. The consequences are
serious: it stops individuals from participating and contributing fully to their families and
communities economically, politically, and socially. Policies and systems are gradually
10. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.2, May 2020
50
[5] Machakanja, P. (2010). National Healing and Reconciliation in Zimbabwe: Challenges
and Opportunities. Institute of Peace, Leadership and Governance, Africa University.
[6] Masunungure, C. and Mbwirire, J. (2016). Women`s Participation in Resolving
ChurchConflicts: A Case of The Salvation Army Bindura Citadel, Zimbabwe. Greener
Journal of Social Sciencs; Vol 5:2 p.38-47.
http://doi.org/10.15580/GJSS.2016.2.012616022
[7] Oluyemi-kusa, D. (2007) Gender, peace and conflict in Africa. Ibadan Spectrum Books
Limited.
[8] UN. (2012). Report of the Special Reporter on violence against women, its causes and
consequences, Yakin Erturk, Integration of the human rights of women and the gender
perspective: violence against women.Towards an effective implementation of
international norms to end violence against women, doc E/CN.4/2004/66. p.122
[9] UNHCR (2013).Sexual Gender-Based Violence Against Refugees, Returnees and
Internally Displaced Persons.
[10] UNFPA (2012) Second Framework for Action to Addressing GBV, p. 7:
[11] WHO (2005), Integrating Poverty and Gender into Health Programmes: A Sourcebook
for Health Professionals, p. 5-6