Drug absorption by the human intestine
Models of intestinal absorption of pharmaceutical compounds.
Characteristics of Caco-2 cells
Permeability assessment
Cultivation of Caco-2 cell monolayers
Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurement
LY rejection
Caco-2 permeability assay procedure
Apparent permeability, Papp(cm/s) & Efflux Ratio
1. Introduction
2. Phases of metabolism
3. Phase-I Metabolism
4. Cytochrome P family
5. Phase –II Metabolism
6. First pass metabolism
7. Ante Drugs
8. Microsomal Enzymes induction
Role of metabolism in drug discovery
Drug absorption by the human intestine
Models of intestinal absorption of pharmaceutical compounds.
Characteristics of Caco-2 cells
Permeability assessment
Cultivation of Caco-2 cell monolayers
Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) measurement
LY rejection
Caco-2 permeability assay procedure
Apparent permeability, Papp(cm/s) & Efflux Ratio
1. Introduction
2. Phases of metabolism
3. Phase-I Metabolism
4. Cytochrome P family
5. Phase –II Metabolism
6. First pass metabolism
7. Ante Drugs
8. Microsomal Enzymes induction
Role of metabolism in drug discovery
1. INTRODUCTION TO CELL CULTURE
2. SOURCES & TYPES OF CONTAMINATION
3. MONITORING OF CONTAMINATION IN CELL CULTURE
4. CROSS CONTAMINATION
5. ANTIBIOTIC USE
1. History of Cell Culture
2. Introduction to cell culture
3. types of cell lines
4. culture media
5. serum in culture media
6. Applications of cell & tissue culture
7. Adherence
8. Cell line evolution
9. Passaging, revival and cryopreservation
10. cell culture laboratory layout
Introduction to cell culture- concepts of cell culture part-1PHARMA IQ EDUCATION
Introduction to Cell Culture
What is Cell Culture?
Finite vs Continuous Cell Line
Culture Conditions
Cryopreservation
Morphology of Cells in Culture
Applications of Cell Culture
This document contains the mostly asked questions for the job interviews of drug regulatory affairs which will help the candidate ace the interview with ease
Thank me later for this :*)
1. What are hypersensitivity reactions
2. Types of hypersensitivity reactions
3. Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction
4. Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction
5. Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction
6. Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction
7. Summary
1. Introduction & Pathophysiology of Liver fibrosis
2. Experimental Models of Hepatic fibrosis
3. Timeline of development of Fibrotic models
4. Surgically developed models for Fibrosis
5. Chemically Induced Models for Fibrosis
6. Diet Induced Models for Fibrosis
7. Infection based models
8. Extra points
9. Conclusion
10. References
1. WHAT IS HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
2. STAGES OF HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
3. HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES
4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
5. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS
6. FREE RADICALS
7. HOW DO FREE RADICALS CAUSE HEPATIC FIBROSIS/ CIRRHOSIS
8. POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS BASED ON ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
1. WHAT IS GENE THERAPY
2. PRINCIPLE OF GENE THERAPY
3. TYPES OF GENE THERAPY
4. VECTORS IN GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM
5. ROLE OF GENE THERAPY IN CNS DISORDERS
6. GENE THERAPY FOR ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
7. GENE THERAPY FOR AMYOTROPIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
8. GENE THERAPY FOR STROKE
9. CELL THERAPY FOR CNS DISORDERS
10. CELL THERAPY STRATEGIES
11. CELL THERAPY FOR PARKINSON
12. CELL THERAPY FOR HUNTINGTONS DISEASE
13. CRISPR/CAS9
1. DRUG RELEASE PROFILE IN CDDS
2. Drug release profile graph
3. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROLLED RELEASE SYSTEMS
4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATRIX & RESERVOIR SYSTEM
5. RETARDANTS USED IN MATRIX TABLET FORMULATION
6. CLASSIFICATION OF NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
7. FORMULATION OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
8. CLINICALLY APPROVED LIPOSOMAL FORMULATIONS
MULTIFACETED ROLES OF AUTOPHAGY IN CANCER & NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERSPHARMA IQ EDUCATION
1. What is Autophagy
2. Overview of the mechanisms lying behind autophagy
3. Mechanism of autophagy
4. Physiological role of autophagy
5. Role of Autophagy in cancer
6. Autophagy in tumor suppression
7. Autophagy in tumor promotion
8. Role of Autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases
9. Mechanism of autophagy in neurodegenerative disorders
10. Conclusion
11. References
12. Thank You
1. Sulphonation metabolism- introduction, types of sulphate transferases, reactions, summary
2. EMT pathways explaining metastasis in cancer and molecular pathways
3. Thank you
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. INTRODUCTION TO CELL CULTURE
2. SOURCES & TYPES OF CONTAMINATION
3. MONITORING OF CONTAMINATION IN CELL CULTURE
4. CROSS CONTAMINATION
5. ANTIBIOTIC USE
1. History of Cell Culture
2. Introduction to cell culture
3. types of cell lines
4. culture media
5. serum in culture media
6. Applications of cell & tissue culture
7. Adherence
8. Cell line evolution
9. Passaging, revival and cryopreservation
10. cell culture laboratory layout
Introduction to cell culture- concepts of cell culture part-1PHARMA IQ EDUCATION
Introduction to Cell Culture
What is Cell Culture?
Finite vs Continuous Cell Line
Culture Conditions
Cryopreservation
Morphology of Cells in Culture
Applications of Cell Culture
This document contains the mostly asked questions for the job interviews of drug regulatory affairs which will help the candidate ace the interview with ease
Thank me later for this :*)
1. What are hypersensitivity reactions
2. Types of hypersensitivity reactions
3. Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction
4. Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction
5. Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction
6. Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction
7. Summary
1. Introduction & Pathophysiology of Liver fibrosis
2. Experimental Models of Hepatic fibrosis
3. Timeline of development of Fibrotic models
4. Surgically developed models for Fibrosis
5. Chemically Induced Models for Fibrosis
6. Diet Induced Models for Fibrosis
7. Infection based models
8. Extra points
9. Conclusion
10. References
1. WHAT IS HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
2. STAGES OF HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
3. HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED COMORBIDITIES
4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
5. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS
6. FREE RADICALS
7. HOW DO FREE RADICALS CAUSE HEPATIC FIBROSIS/ CIRRHOSIS
8. POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC COMPOUNDS BASED ON ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
1. WHAT IS GENE THERAPY
2. PRINCIPLE OF GENE THERAPY
3. TYPES OF GENE THERAPY
4. VECTORS IN GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM
5. ROLE OF GENE THERAPY IN CNS DISORDERS
6. GENE THERAPY FOR ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
7. GENE THERAPY FOR AMYOTROPIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
8. GENE THERAPY FOR STROKE
9. CELL THERAPY FOR CNS DISORDERS
10. CELL THERAPY STRATEGIES
11. CELL THERAPY FOR PARKINSON
12. CELL THERAPY FOR HUNTINGTONS DISEASE
13. CRISPR/CAS9
1. DRUG RELEASE PROFILE IN CDDS
2. Drug release profile graph
3. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROLLED RELEASE SYSTEMS
4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATRIX & RESERVOIR SYSTEM
5. RETARDANTS USED IN MATRIX TABLET FORMULATION
6. CLASSIFICATION OF NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
7. FORMULATION OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
8. CLINICALLY APPROVED LIPOSOMAL FORMULATIONS
MULTIFACETED ROLES OF AUTOPHAGY IN CANCER & NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERSPHARMA IQ EDUCATION
1. What is Autophagy
2. Overview of the mechanisms lying behind autophagy
3. Mechanism of autophagy
4. Physiological role of autophagy
5. Role of Autophagy in cancer
6. Autophagy in tumor suppression
7. Autophagy in tumor promotion
8. Role of Autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases
9. Mechanism of autophagy in neurodegenerative disorders
10. Conclusion
11. References
12. Thank You
1. Sulphonation metabolism- introduction, types of sulphate transferases, reactions, summary
2. EMT pathways explaining metastasis in cancer and molecular pathways
3. Thank you
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS