This document provides an overview of various gastrointestinal disorders including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation, peptic ulcer, diarrhea, bloating, gastritis, and others. It discusses the causes, symptoms, classifications, and treatment options for each condition. IBS is described as a common disorder that causes abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. Constipation occurs when stool moves too slowly through the digestive tract. A peptic ulcer forms in the stomach or intestines due to acid damage. Diarrhea and bloating can have various causes such as infections, dietary issues, or medical conditions. Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining that may be caused by infection or medication use. Alternative gastrointestinal disorders
The digestive system - Understand the Effect of aging on digestive system Stomach and Most common lifestyle diseases that are caused partly by unhealthy behaviors and partly by other factors. For more information visit at http://gisurgery.info
Intestinal obstruction is blockage of the intestine with help of a foreign body or any other causes like cancer it will obstruct the intestine. signs and symptoms of obstruction nausea, vomiting, pain, and etc.managemt like medical ad surgical are there. see any infection in the ostomy .advice life eat a bland diet, change the pouch, avoid smell food like cabbage, etc, eat as chew and eat should bd advised
The digestive system - Understand the Effect of aging on digestive system Stomach and Most common lifestyle diseases that are caused partly by unhealthy behaviors and partly by other factors. For more information visit at http://gisurgery.info
Intestinal obstruction is blockage of the intestine with help of a foreign body or any other causes like cancer it will obstruct the intestine. signs and symptoms of obstruction nausea, vomiting, pain, and etc.managemt like medical ad surgical are there. see any infection in the ostomy .advice life eat a bland diet, change the pouch, avoid smell food like cabbage, etc, eat as chew and eat should bd advised
Do you often have abdominal pain or discomfort? Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder leading to abdominal pain or discomfort.
What to watch out for?
-Pain
-Constipation
-Diarrhoea
-Gastro- Oesophageal Reflex Disease
The most common GERD symptom is heartburn. Also called acid indigestion, it is described as a burning chest pain moving up to the neck or throat, behind the breast bone and it can prolong as long as two hours.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
Do you often have abdominal pain or discomfort? Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder leading to abdominal pain or discomfort.
What to watch out for?
-Pain
-Constipation
-Diarrhoea
-Gastro- Oesophageal Reflex Disease
The most common GERD symptom is heartburn. Also called acid indigestion, it is described as a burning chest pain moving up to the neck or throat, behind the breast bone and it can prolong as long as two hours.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
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optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. introduction
• Gastrointestinal diseases affect the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract from the mouth to the anus.
• Many factors can cause GIDs like;
• Eating a diet low in fiber.
• Not getting enough exercise.
• Traveling or other changes in routine.
• Eating large amounts of dairy products.
4. • Stress.
• Resisting the urge to have a bowel movement.
• Overusing anti-diarrheal medications.
• Taking antacid medicines containing calcium or
aluminium.
• Taking certain medicines (especially antidepressants,
iron pills and strong pain medicines such as narcotics).
• Pregnancy.
5. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, is a group of
symptoms that affect the digestive system. It’s a
common but uncomfortable gastro – intestinal
disorder. People with IBS get excessive gas, abdominal
pain and cramps.
• With IBS, these symptoms are seen without any visible
signs of damage or disease in your digestive tract.
• The condition affects more women and young people.
Some people with IBS have minor symptoms. However,
for others, the symptoms are significant and disrupt
daily life.
6. • These symptoms occurs over a long time often years.
• Disorders such as anxiety, major depression, and
chronic fatigue syndrome are common among people
with IBS.
• Other names for IBS:
• Irritable bowel.
• Irritable colon.
• Spastic colon.
• Nervous stomach, since symptoms often happen when
you’re feeling emotional stress, tension and anxiety.
7. CLASSIFICATION
• Often, people with IBS have normal bowel
movements some days and abnormal ones on
other days. The type of IBS depends on the
abnormal bowel movements people experience:
• IBS with constipation (IBS-C): Most of the poop is
hard and lumpy.
• IBS with diarrhoea (IBS-D): Most of the poop is
loose and watery.
• IBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M): Both hard
and lumpy bowel movements and loose and
watery movements on the same day.
8. SYMPTOMS
• The most common symptoms are pain in the abdomen,
often related to the bowel movements, and changes in
bowel movements. These changes may
be diarrhoea, constipation, or both, depending on
what type of IBS you have.
• Other symptoms of IBS may include
• Bloating
• The feeling that one hasn’t finished a bowel movement
• whitish mucus in the stool.
• Women with IBS often have more symptoms during
their periods.
9. • IBS can be painful but doesn’t lead to other health
problems or damage the digestive tract.
• To diagnose IBS, the doctor will look for a certain pattern in
the symptoms over time. IBS is a chronic disorder, meaning
it lasts a long time, often years. However, the symptoms
may come and go.
• Belly pains or cramps, usually in the lower half of the
belly.
• A belly that sticks out.
• Urinary symptoms or sexual problems.
(Stress can make symptoms worse)
10. TREATMENT
• There is no cure for IBS.
• This may include dietary changes, medication,
probiotics and counselling.
• Dietary measures include increasing soluble fiber
intake, a diet low in fermentable carbohydrates.
• Antidepressants may improve overall symptoms and
pain.
• The loperamide medication may be used to help with
diarrhoea while laxatives may be used to help with
constipation.
• Patient education and a good doctor–patient
relationship are an important part of care.
13. CONSTIPATION
• Constipation means slow movement of feces through
the large intestine; it is often associated with large
quantities of dry, hard feces in the descending colon
that accumulate because of overabsorption of fluid.
• Tumors, adhesions that constrict the intestines or
ulcers etc can cause this disease.
• A frequent functional cause of constipation is irregular
bowel habits that have developed through a lifetime of
inhibition of the normal defecation reflexes.
• If a person does not establish regular bowel habits
early in life constipation in later life is much more likely.
14. • Constipation can also result from spasm of a
small segment of sigmoid colon.
• Motility is normally weak in the large intestine, so
even a slight degree of spasm is often capable of
causing serious constipation.
• After the constipation has continued for several
days and excess feces have accumulated above a
spasmatic sigmoid colon, excessive colonic
secretion often then lead to a day or so of
diarrhoea . After this the cycle begins again.
15. CAUSES
• Constipation most commonly occurs when waste or
stool moves too slowly through the digestive tract or
cannot be eliminated effectively from the rectum,
which may cause the stool to become hard and dry.
Chronic constipation has many possible causes.
• Tiny tears in the skin around the anus (anal fissure)
• A blockage in the intestines (bowel obstruction)
• Colon cancer
• Narrowing of the colon (bowel stricture)
• Other abdominal cancer that presses on the colon
• Rectal cancer
• Rectum bulge through the back wall of the vagina
(rectocele)
16. • Damage to the nerves that control bodily functions
(autonomic neuropathy)
• Multiple sclerosis
• Parkinson's disease
• Spinal cord injury
• Stroke
• The inability to relax the pelvic muscles to allow for a
bowel movement (anismus)
• Pelvic muscles that don't coordinate relaxation and
contraction correctly (dyssynergia)
• Weakened pelvic muscles
• Diabetes
• Overactive parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism)
17. • Pregnancy
• Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
• Risk factors
• Being an older adult
• Being a woman
• Being dehydrated
• Eating a diet that's low in fiber
• Getting little or no physical activity
• Taking certain medications, including sedatives, opioid
pain medications, some antidepressants or
medications to lower blood pressure
• Having a mental health condition such as depression or
an eating disorder
18. SYMPTOMS
• Passing fewer than three stools a week.
• Having lumpy or hard stools.
• Straining to have bowel movements.
• Feeling as though there's a blockage in your rectum
that prevents bowel movements.
• Feeling as though you can't completely empty the stool
from your rectum.
• Needing help to empty your rectum, such as using your
hands to press on your abdomen and using a finger to
remove stool from your rectum.
19. TREATMENT
• Include plenty of high-fiber foods in your diet.
• Eat fewer foods with low amounts of fiber .
• Drink plenty of fluids.
• Stay as active as possible and try to get regular
exercise.
• Try to manage stress.
• Don't ignore the urge to pass stool.
• Try to create a regular schedule for bowel
movements, especially after a meal.
20. • Laxatives.
• Enemas.
• Surgical Intervention.
• Try to manage stress.
• Make sure children who begin to eat solid foods get
plenty of fiber in their diets.
21.
22. PEPTIC ULCER
• A peptic ulcer is an excoriated area of stomach or
intestinal mucosa caused principally by the digestive
action of gastric juice or upper small intestinal secretions.
• Most frequently occurs within a few centimeters of the
pylorus.
• It also frequently occurs along the lesser curvature of the
antral end of the stomach or more rarely in the lower
end of the esophagus where stomach juices frequently
reflux.
23. • Also called stomach ulcers.
• Usually formed as a result of inflammation
caused by the bacteria H.pylori, as well as
from erosion from stomach acids.
24. CAUSES
• High acid and peptic content.
• Poor blood supply.
• Poor secretion of mucus.
• Most ulcers involve an acid-resistant bacterium,
Helicobacter pylori, that invades the mucosa of the
stomach and duodenum and opens the way to
chemical damage to the tissue.
• Smoking
• Use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
25. TYPES
• Gastric ulcers : ulcers that develop inside the stomach.
• Oesophagal ulcers : ulcers that develop inside the
oesophagus.
• Duodenal ulcers : ulcers that develop in the upper
section of the small intestine, called the duodenum.
26. SYMPTOMS
• Burning stomach pain
• Feeling of fullness, bloating or belching.
• Dark or black stool (due to bleeding).
• Vomiting.
• Weight loss.
• Intolerance to fatty foods
• Heartburn
• Nausea
• Melena and Hematemesis.
• Many people with peptic ulcers don't even have
symptoms.
27. TREATMENT
• Avoid foods that irritate your stomach such as spicy
foods, citrus fruits etc.
• Keep consumption of alcohol to a minimum.
• Stop smoking
• Regular exercise & yoga to control stress levels.
• Limiting use of NSAIDs
28.
29. Diarrhoea
• Diarrhoea is having 3 or more loose or liquid stools
(poos) in one day, or more frequently than normal. If
one has diarrhoea, he/she will experience an increase
in the volume, wateriness or frequency of the bowel
movements.
• It occurs when the lining of the intestine is unable to
absorb fluid, or it actively secretes fluid.
• It results from rapid movement of fecal matter through
the large intestine.
30. CAUSES
• The most common cause is viral gastroenteritis
(stomach flu), which causes intestinal inflammation
and excessive fluid secretion into the lumen.
• Increased osmolality of the intestinal contents due to
the inability to digest some nutrients. This occurs in
people with lactose intolerance who ingest lactose and
in people with celiac disease who ingest gluten, a
protein found in wheat and other grains. The gluten
causes damage to the mucosa that results in
malabsorption of nutrients, which increases the
osmolality of the chyme to draw water into the lumen.
31. TYPES
• Secretory diarrhea :Certain bacteria—such as strains of E.
coli, V. cholerae, and C. difficile—produce secretory
diarrhea by releasing enterotoxin. This indirectly
promotes Cl− secretion from the apical membrane while
inhibiting Na+ absorption, leading to excessive fluid
secretion into the lumen.
• Inflammatory diarrhea:Other bacteria—including
Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Shigella —produce an
inflammatory diarrhea by invading the mucosa. This leads
to damage and inflammation, causing the loss of protein
and neutrophil-rich fluid and some blood, with decreased
ability to absorb water.
32. • Psychogenic diarrhea:diarrhea that accompanies
periods of nervous tension. It is caused by excessive
stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
which greatly excites both motility and excess secretion
of mucus in the distal colon.
33. SYMPTOMS
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Headache
• Bloating and flatulence
• Abdominal cramps
• Stomach pains
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness
• Dehydration
• You may feel an urgent need to go to the toilet.
34. TREATMENT
• Rest at home .
• Avoid fruit juice, cordials and sugary drinks.
• Avoid alcohol and caffeine.
• Manage diet until you get back to normal — eat bland
foods and avoid fatty foods or those high in insoluble
fibre.
• Oral rehydration solutions.
• Anti-diarrhoeal medicines
• Anti-vomiting drugs
• Intravenous fluids
• Antibiotics
35. Bloating
• Bloating is a condition where the belly feels
full and tight, often due to gas.
• People might confuse bloating with other
reasons for a more noticeable belly, such as
abdominal wall laxity, or looseness. This is
common, especially among older women and
those who have had children.
36. CAUSES
• Constipation
• IBS
• SIBO
• Gastroparesis: This condition causes delayed
stomach emptying, which can cause bloating,
nausea and even bowel blockage.
• Gynecological conditions
37. SYMPTOMS
• Stomach pain
• Discomfort
• Gas
• Burping
• Belching
• Abdominal rumbling or gurgling.
• Abdomen full or distended.
• Cause shortness of breath.
38. TREATMENT
• Abdominal massages
• Activated charcoal tablets
• Over the counter (OTC) medications
• Lifestyle changes
• Herbal ingredients include peppermint and
chamomile tea, coriander, fennel, and
turmeric.
• Probiotics
39. Gastritis
• It is the inflammation of gastric mucosa.
• It can occur suddenly (acute) or gradually
(chronic).
• It may or may not have symptoms.
• Mostly gastritis is caused by chronic bacterial
infection of gastric mucosa. This often can be
treated successfully by an intensive regimen of
antibacterial therapy.
40. CAUSES
• Bacterial infection.
• Excess of alcohol and aspirin.
• Older age
• Stress.
• Cancer treatment
• Other diseases and conditions including HIV/AIDS,
Crohn's disease, celiac disease, sarcoidosis and
parasitic infections.
• Autoimmunity
41. SYMPTOMS
• Gnawing or burning ache or pain (indigestion)
in your upper abdomen that may become
either worse or better with eating.
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• A feeling of fullness in your upper abdomen
after eating.
42. TREATMENT
• Antibiotic medications to kill H. pylori
• Medications that block acid production and
promote healing.
• Medications to reduce acid production.
• Medications that neutralize stomach acid.
• B12 vitamin shots.
43.
44. Other Gastrointestinal disorders
• Achalasia is a condition in which the lower
eosophageal sphincter fails to relax during swallowing.
• Megaesophagus : it is considered a combination
disorder in which the esophagus dilates and loses
motility.
• Achlorhydria: the stomach fails to secrete HCl .
• Hypochlorhydria means diminished acid secretion.
• Pancreatitis: inflammation of pancreas .
• Spruce : malabsorption by the small intestinal mucosa.
45. • Ulcerative colitis : it is a disease in which extensive
areas of the walls of large intestine become inflamed
and ulcerated.
• Vomiting; it is the means by which the upper
gastrointestinal tract rids itself of its contents when
almost any part of the upper tract becomes excessively
irritated, overdistended or even overexcitable.
• Gastrointestinal obstruction
• Gases in the GI tract; flatus
• Megacolon :it is a nonobstructive dilation of the colon,
which can be total or segmental and is usually
associated with systemic toxicity.
46. • Blind loop syndrome occurs when food doesn't follow
the normal digestion route and bypasses a section of
your intestine. It can be caused by abdominal surgery,
diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, peptic ulcer
disease, or an infection.
47. REFERENCE
• Ganong, W.F. (1997) Review of medical
physiology, 18st Ed., Lange Medical Books,
McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Hall, J. E. (2015). Guyton and hall textbook of
medical physiology (12th ed.). W B Saunders.
• Fox, Stuart Ira.. (2004). Human Physiology (8th
Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
