The document discusses the benefits of honesty and consequences of dishonesty. It quotes Joseph Sugarman as saying that every time one is honest, they are driven toward greater success by positive forces, but every time one lies, even with a small dishonesty, they are pushed toward failure by negative forces.
This document provides information on various drugs used to induce vomiting (emetics) or prevent vomiting (anti-emetics). It discusses the uses of ipecac syrup and other emetics to induce vomiting in poisonings when indicated. It also covers different classes of anti-emetic drugs like antihistamines, anticholinergics, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, serotonin antagonists and their mechanisms of action and side effects. Common anti-emetic drugs discussed include promethazine, scopolamine, droperidol, lorazepam, ondansetron and metoclopramide. The document also summarizes purgatives and laxatives used to
This document outlines the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. It begins with an introduction and overview of GI anatomy, including the four layers of the GI wall (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa) and their functions. It then discusses smooth muscle characteristics and types, as well as control of GI function through neural and hormonal mechanisms. The major sections of the outline cover motility and movement, secretions and their regulation, digestive functions, absorption, and clinical correlates of various GI disorders.
This document summarizes various drugs used to treat peptic ulcers caused by excess stomach acid and Helicobacter pylori infection. It discusses histamine antagonists like cimetidine that block acid production. Proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole irreversibly block the acid pump. Sucralfate forms a protective barrier over ulcers. Antibiotics can eliminate H. pylori infections. Lifestyle changes and antacids are also mentioned.
This document summarizes a seminar on peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcers, classifies them as acute or chronic, and discusses their etiology, including H. pylori infection and stress factors. It covers the pathogenesis of ulcers, clinical features, diagnosis including tests for H. pylori, and treatment using proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, and antibiotics. It also discusses complications, factors affecting treatment success, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and patient counseling.
This document provides an overview of drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses the major parts of the GIT and disorders related to it like peptic ulcer and achlorhydria. It then covers the different classes of drugs used to treat GIT disorders like antiulcer drugs, drugs for achlorhydria, antiemetics, antidiarrheal agents, and laxatives. The mechanisms and examples of commonly used drugs from each class are described in detail.
This document summarizes anti-ulcer drugs. It discusses the causes of ulcers including H. pylori infections and NSAID use. The main types of ulcers are described along with signs and symptoms. Treatment includes eradicating H. pylori, decreasing acid secretion through proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blockers, and protecting the stomach lining with drugs like misoprostol or sucralfate. Proton pump inhibitors are now the most potent way to decrease acid production and promote ulcer healing.
1) Peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between aggressive factors like gastric acid and protective factors in the stomach and duodenum.
2) Anti-ulcer drugs work by decreasing gastric acid secretion, enhancing mucosal protection, or eradicating the H. pylori bacteria responsible for many ulcers.
3) Common classes of anti-ulcer medications include H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, and anti-H. pylori drugs. H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors reduce acid by blocking histamine and the proton pump, while antacids neutralize existing acid.
The document discusses risk factors, nursing diagnoses, interventions, and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Key risk factors include obesity, smoking, hiatal hernia, and pregnancy. Common nursing diagnoses are anxiety, impaired nutrition, and risk for aspiration. Nursing interventions focus on lifestyle changes, positioning, and medication administration or surgery to treat GERD.
This document provides information on various drugs used to induce vomiting (emetics) or prevent vomiting (anti-emetics). It discusses the uses of ipecac syrup and other emetics to induce vomiting in poisonings when indicated. It also covers different classes of anti-emetic drugs like antihistamines, anticholinergics, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, serotonin antagonists and their mechanisms of action and side effects. Common anti-emetic drugs discussed include promethazine, scopolamine, droperidol, lorazepam, ondansetron and metoclopramide. The document also summarizes purgatives and laxatives used to
This document outlines the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. It begins with an introduction and overview of GI anatomy, including the four layers of the GI wall (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa) and their functions. It then discusses smooth muscle characteristics and types, as well as control of GI function through neural and hormonal mechanisms. The major sections of the outline cover motility and movement, secretions and their regulation, digestive functions, absorption, and clinical correlates of various GI disorders.
This document summarizes various drugs used to treat peptic ulcers caused by excess stomach acid and Helicobacter pylori infection. It discusses histamine antagonists like cimetidine that block acid production. Proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole irreversibly block the acid pump. Sucralfate forms a protective barrier over ulcers. Antibiotics can eliminate H. pylori infections. Lifestyle changes and antacids are also mentioned.
This document summarizes a seminar on peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcers, classifies them as acute or chronic, and discusses their etiology, including H. pylori infection and stress factors. It covers the pathogenesis of ulcers, clinical features, diagnosis including tests for H. pylori, and treatment using proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, and antibiotics. It also discusses complications, factors affecting treatment success, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and patient counseling.
This document provides an overview of drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses the major parts of the GIT and disorders related to it like peptic ulcer and achlorhydria. It then covers the different classes of drugs used to treat GIT disorders like antiulcer drugs, drugs for achlorhydria, antiemetics, antidiarrheal agents, and laxatives. The mechanisms and examples of commonly used drugs from each class are described in detail.
This document summarizes anti-ulcer drugs. It discusses the causes of ulcers including H. pylori infections and NSAID use. The main types of ulcers are described along with signs and symptoms. Treatment includes eradicating H. pylori, decreasing acid secretion through proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blockers, and protecting the stomach lining with drugs like misoprostol or sucralfate. Proton pump inhibitors are now the most potent way to decrease acid production and promote ulcer healing.
1) Peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between aggressive factors like gastric acid and protective factors in the stomach and duodenum.
2) Anti-ulcer drugs work by decreasing gastric acid secretion, enhancing mucosal protection, or eradicating the H. pylori bacteria responsible for many ulcers.
3) Common classes of anti-ulcer medications include H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, and anti-H. pylori drugs. H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors reduce acid by blocking histamine and the proton pump, while antacids neutralize existing acid.
The document discusses risk factors, nursing diagnoses, interventions, and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Key risk factors include obesity, smoking, hiatal hernia, and pregnancy. Common nursing diagnoses are anxiety, impaired nutrition, and risk for aspiration. Nursing interventions focus on lifestyle changes, positioning, and medication administration or surgery to treat GERD.
The document discusses drugs used for pain and inflammation management. It begins by defining inflammation, analgesics, NSAIDs, and antipyretics. NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, and paracetamol are described in more detail, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Specific concerns for NSAID use in pregnancy and risks of overdose like Reye's syndrome and hepatitis are also summarized. The document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy options for pain and fever treatment.
The document discusses various drugs used to treat peptic ulcers. It begins by describing peptic ulcers and their pathogenesis. It then covers several classes of anti-ulcer drugs that work by reducing acid secretion, such as H2 blockers like cimetidine and proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole. Other drug approaches discussed include agents that enhance mucosal defense like misoprostol, and antacids that neutralize gastric acid. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in ulcers is also summarized.
This document defines and describes gastritis, including acute and chronic forms. Acute gastritis is typically caused by ingestion of irritating substances and usually resolves quickly, while chronic gastritis can be caused by H. pylori infection, past ulcer disease, or gastric surgery. Symptoms range from epigastric pain to vomiting. Diagnosis involves history, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment focuses on antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, and treating any underlying causes like H. pylori. Complications can include bleeding and pernicious anemia from chronic atrophic gastritis.
This document discusses peptic ulcers, including their definition, classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between gastric acid and pepsin damaging the stomach and duodenal lining and the mucosal defenses that normally protect it. Key points covered include that Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use are the primary causes of peptic ulcers. Symptoms include abdominal pain and bleeding. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori, reducing acid production, and managing pain and risk of complications.
This document discusses peptic ulcers. It defines peptic ulcers as breaks in the gastrointestinal mucosa exposed to acid and pepsin. The pathophysiology involves an imbalance between defensive and aggressive factors on the gastroduodenal mucosa. Common causes of ulcers include Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, and acid hypersecretion. Management involves lifestyle modifications, medications to reduce acid secretion, antibiotics to treat H. pylori, and surgery for complications or treatment failures.
This document discusses drugs that affect gastrointestinal functions, focusing on treatments for peptic ulcers and antiemetic drugs. It describes how peptic ulcers form and are treated using proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, antimicrobials against Helicobacter pylori, and mucosal protective drugs. It also outlines the pathways involved in vomiting and discusses major classes of antiemetic drugs that act on 5-HT3, NK1, D2, H1, and M receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone to treat nausea and vomiting from different causes.
Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that can be either acute or chronic. Acute gastritis is short-term and caused by factors like NSAIDs, alcohol, bile reflux, or radiation/chemotherapy. Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation that can result from repeated acute episodes or be caused by H. pylori bacteria or chemical irritants. Symptoms include epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and bleeding. Treatment involves antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, and antibiotics for H. pylori. Nursing care focuses on pain relief, nutrition, fluid balance, education, and symptom management.
This document discusses drugs used for peptic ulcers, vomiting, and acid reflux disorders. It covers the physiology of gastric secretion and regulation of acid production. Drugs that suppress acid secretion include proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, H2 receptor antagonists, anticholinergics, and prostaglandin analogs. These are used to treat peptic ulcers, GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Antacids neutralize acid while drugs containing bismuth or sucralfate protect ulcers. Triple therapy with PPIs, antibiotics, and bismuth is used to eradicate H. pylori infections. The document also discusses pathways of vomiting and
Drug acting on inflammatory bowel diseaseAlisha Talwar
This document discusses drugs used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It describes several classes of drugs including 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalamine), corticosteroids, immunomodulating drugs like azathioprine and mercaptopurine, and biologic agents. For each drug class or individual drug, it provides information on mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, dosing, side effects, and nursing considerations. The document aims to comprehensively cover the pharmacological management of IBD.
This document provides information on drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses disorders of the GIT like peptic ulcer, achlorhydria, emesis, diarrhea, and constipation. It then describes the major classes of drugs used to treat these conditions, including antiulcer drugs, drugs for achlorhydria, antiemetics, antidiarrheal agents, and laxatives. The mechanisms and examples of specific drugs from different classes are outlined, such as H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and anticholinergics for ulcers.
This document discusses peptic ulcers, including their definition, types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, allopathic management, and holistic management approaches like diet therapy, acupuncture, hydrotherapy, chromotherapy, massage therapy, herbal remedies, and yoga therapy. The holistic approaches aim to promote healing and repair of damaged tissue through strategies like probiotics, antioxidants, dietary polyphenols, and protective foods.
Antiemetics, Anti-Diarrheals and Drugs for Constipation and irritable bowel s...KuldeepKumar56017
This document discusses drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome. It describes several classes of antiemetic, antidiarrheal, laxative drugs and their mechanisms of action. Specifically, it covers NK1 receptor antagonists like aprepitant for nausea, opioid drugs for diarrhea, various laxatives for constipation, and alosetron and antispasmodics for irritable bowel syndrome.
This document provides an overview of peptic ulcer disease. It begins with definitions of acid peptic disease and what constitutes a peptic ulcer. It then discusses the epidemiology of peptic ulcers and covers the etiology and pathophysiology, including factors that damage the stomach lining like excess acid secretion, NSAIDs, and Helicobacter pylori infection. The document reviews the history of drug development for peptic ulcers and describes various drug classes used for treatment, including antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors. It also discusses testing and treatment for H. pylori infection, as well as principles of medical management of peptic ulcers.
This document discusses drugs that act on the digestive system, specifically those used to treat conditions related to acid production and motility in the gastrointestinal tract. It covers antacids, H2 receptor blockers, and proton pump inhibitors which are used to reduce acid in conditions like GERD and peptic ulcers. It also discusses laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs used to treat constipation and diarrhea respectively. Finally, it outlines the pathways of vomiting and the sites of action of various antiemetic drugs like antihistamines, anticholinergics, and serotonin blockers.
This document discusses peptic and duodenal ulcers. It begins by defining ulcers as sores that do not heal or keep returning inside or outside the body. Peptic ulcers form in the stomach or duodenum due to excess stomach acid eroding the mucosal layer. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, stress, alcohol, and NSAIDs. Symptoms include abdominal pain and burning. Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori, antacids to neutralize acid, mucosal protectants, prostaglandins to inhibit acid secretion, antispasmodics to reduce spasms, and H2 receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors to suppress acid production
overview of peptic ulcer with detailed information on their drugs used in treatment peptic ulcer , pharmacological action, mechanism, uses and adverse effect for both medical and dental students.
ANTIULCER DRUGS and RECENT ADVANCES.pptxSMRITI920472
This document discusses antiulcer drugs and summarizes their mechanisms and uses. Peptic ulcers result from an imbalance between aggressive factors like gastric acid and defensive factors like mucus. Common causes include H. pylori bacteria, NSAIDs, smoking, and stress. Major classes of antiulcer drugs are H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, and ulcer protective drugs. H2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors suppress acid production. Antacids neutralize gastric acid. Sucralfate and bismuth subcitrate coat ulcers and promote healing. Combinations of antibiotics are used to treat H. pylori infections associated with ulcers.
This document discusses various appetite stimulants, digestants, and carminatives. It describes how appetite is influenced by several factors in the hypothalamus and gut-brain pathways. Common appetite stimulants mentioned include lemon pickles, bitter orange peel, and soups containing aromatic oils. Some medications can increase appetite but also have side effects. The document also discusses various digestive enzymes and bile acids that may aid digestion, though evidence for their efficacy is limited. Finally, it outlines several common carminative herbs and spices that can relieve gas and bloating.
The document discusses stress, its management, and various perspectives on stress. It defines stress as the mental and physical response to changes and challenges in life. Stressors cause the body to adjust, which can cause strain. There are two types of stress - distress, which is harmful, and eustress, which is beneficial. There are 8 factors that can cause stress, including conscious thoughts, past influences, personality, environment, and sociocultural factors. The document also discusses two biological pathways related to stress - the autonomic nervous system and the general adaptation syndrome phases of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
The document discusses drugs used for pain and inflammation management. It begins by defining inflammation, analgesics, NSAIDs, and antipyretics. NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, and paracetamol are described in more detail, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Specific concerns for NSAID use in pregnancy and risks of overdose like Reye's syndrome and hepatitis are also summarized. The document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy options for pain and fever treatment.
The document discusses various drugs used to treat peptic ulcers. It begins by describing peptic ulcers and their pathogenesis. It then covers several classes of anti-ulcer drugs that work by reducing acid secretion, such as H2 blockers like cimetidine and proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole. Other drug approaches discussed include agents that enhance mucosal defense like misoprostol, and antacids that neutralize gastric acid. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in ulcers is also summarized.
This document defines and describes gastritis, including acute and chronic forms. Acute gastritis is typically caused by ingestion of irritating substances and usually resolves quickly, while chronic gastritis can be caused by H. pylori infection, past ulcer disease, or gastric surgery. Symptoms range from epigastric pain to vomiting. Diagnosis involves history, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment focuses on antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, and treating any underlying causes like H. pylori. Complications can include bleeding and pernicious anemia from chronic atrophic gastritis.
This document discusses peptic ulcers, including their definition, classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between gastric acid and pepsin damaging the stomach and duodenal lining and the mucosal defenses that normally protect it. Key points covered include that Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use are the primary causes of peptic ulcers. Symptoms include abdominal pain and bleeding. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori, reducing acid production, and managing pain and risk of complications.
This document discusses peptic ulcers. It defines peptic ulcers as breaks in the gastrointestinal mucosa exposed to acid and pepsin. The pathophysiology involves an imbalance between defensive and aggressive factors on the gastroduodenal mucosa. Common causes of ulcers include Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, and acid hypersecretion. Management involves lifestyle modifications, medications to reduce acid secretion, antibiotics to treat H. pylori, and surgery for complications or treatment failures.
This document discusses drugs that affect gastrointestinal functions, focusing on treatments for peptic ulcers and antiemetic drugs. It describes how peptic ulcers form and are treated using proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, antimicrobials against Helicobacter pylori, and mucosal protective drugs. It also outlines the pathways involved in vomiting and discusses major classes of antiemetic drugs that act on 5-HT3, NK1, D2, H1, and M receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone to treat nausea and vomiting from different causes.
Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that can be either acute or chronic. Acute gastritis is short-term and caused by factors like NSAIDs, alcohol, bile reflux, or radiation/chemotherapy. Chronic gastritis is long-term inflammation that can result from repeated acute episodes or be caused by H. pylori bacteria or chemical irritants. Symptoms include epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and bleeding. Treatment involves antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, and antibiotics for H. pylori. Nursing care focuses on pain relief, nutrition, fluid balance, education, and symptom management.
This document discusses drugs used for peptic ulcers, vomiting, and acid reflux disorders. It covers the physiology of gastric secretion and regulation of acid production. Drugs that suppress acid secretion include proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, H2 receptor antagonists, anticholinergics, and prostaglandin analogs. These are used to treat peptic ulcers, GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Antacids neutralize acid while drugs containing bismuth or sucralfate protect ulcers. Triple therapy with PPIs, antibiotics, and bismuth is used to eradicate H. pylori infections. The document also discusses pathways of vomiting and
Drug acting on inflammatory bowel diseaseAlisha Talwar
This document discusses drugs used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It describes several classes of drugs including 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalamine), corticosteroids, immunomodulating drugs like azathioprine and mercaptopurine, and biologic agents. For each drug class or individual drug, it provides information on mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, dosing, side effects, and nursing considerations. The document aims to comprehensively cover the pharmacological management of IBD.
This document provides information on drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses disorders of the GIT like peptic ulcer, achlorhydria, emesis, diarrhea, and constipation. It then describes the major classes of drugs used to treat these conditions, including antiulcer drugs, drugs for achlorhydria, antiemetics, antidiarrheal agents, and laxatives. The mechanisms and examples of specific drugs from different classes are outlined, such as H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and anticholinergics for ulcers.
This document discusses peptic ulcers, including their definition, types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, allopathic management, and holistic management approaches like diet therapy, acupuncture, hydrotherapy, chromotherapy, massage therapy, herbal remedies, and yoga therapy. The holistic approaches aim to promote healing and repair of damaged tissue through strategies like probiotics, antioxidants, dietary polyphenols, and protective foods.
Antiemetics, Anti-Diarrheals and Drugs for Constipation and irritable bowel s...KuldeepKumar56017
This document discusses drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome. It describes several classes of antiemetic, antidiarrheal, laxative drugs and their mechanisms of action. Specifically, it covers NK1 receptor antagonists like aprepitant for nausea, opioid drugs for diarrhea, various laxatives for constipation, and alosetron and antispasmodics for irritable bowel syndrome.
This document provides an overview of peptic ulcer disease. It begins with definitions of acid peptic disease and what constitutes a peptic ulcer. It then discusses the epidemiology of peptic ulcers and covers the etiology and pathophysiology, including factors that damage the stomach lining like excess acid secretion, NSAIDs, and Helicobacter pylori infection. The document reviews the history of drug development for peptic ulcers and describes various drug classes used for treatment, including antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors. It also discusses testing and treatment for H. pylori infection, as well as principles of medical management of peptic ulcers.
This document discusses drugs that act on the digestive system, specifically those used to treat conditions related to acid production and motility in the gastrointestinal tract. It covers antacids, H2 receptor blockers, and proton pump inhibitors which are used to reduce acid in conditions like GERD and peptic ulcers. It also discusses laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs used to treat constipation and diarrhea respectively. Finally, it outlines the pathways of vomiting and the sites of action of various antiemetic drugs like antihistamines, anticholinergics, and serotonin blockers.
This document discusses peptic and duodenal ulcers. It begins by defining ulcers as sores that do not heal or keep returning inside or outside the body. Peptic ulcers form in the stomach or duodenum due to excess stomach acid eroding the mucosal layer. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, stress, alcohol, and NSAIDs. Symptoms include abdominal pain and burning. Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori, antacids to neutralize acid, mucosal protectants, prostaglandins to inhibit acid secretion, antispasmodics to reduce spasms, and H2 receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors to suppress acid production
overview of peptic ulcer with detailed information on their drugs used in treatment peptic ulcer , pharmacological action, mechanism, uses and adverse effect for both medical and dental students.
ANTIULCER DRUGS and RECENT ADVANCES.pptxSMRITI920472
This document discusses antiulcer drugs and summarizes their mechanisms and uses. Peptic ulcers result from an imbalance between aggressive factors like gastric acid and defensive factors like mucus. Common causes include H. pylori bacteria, NSAIDs, smoking, and stress. Major classes of antiulcer drugs are H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, and ulcer protective drugs. H2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors suppress acid production. Antacids neutralize gastric acid. Sucralfate and bismuth subcitrate coat ulcers and promote healing. Combinations of antibiotics are used to treat H. pylori infections associated with ulcers.
This document discusses various appetite stimulants, digestants, and carminatives. It describes how appetite is influenced by several factors in the hypothalamus and gut-brain pathways. Common appetite stimulants mentioned include lemon pickles, bitter orange peel, and soups containing aromatic oils. Some medications can increase appetite but also have side effects. The document also discusses various digestive enzymes and bile acids that may aid digestion, though evidence for their efficacy is limited. Finally, it outlines several common carminative herbs and spices that can relieve gas and bloating.
The document discusses stress, its management, and various perspectives on stress. It defines stress as the mental and physical response to changes and challenges in life. Stressors cause the body to adjust, which can cause strain. There are two types of stress - distress, which is harmful, and eustress, which is beneficial. There are 8 factors that can cause stress, including conscious thoughts, past influences, personality, environment, and sociocultural factors. The document also discusses two biological pathways related to stress - the autonomic nervous system and the general adaptation syndrome phases of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
The document summarizes two major human body systems: the endocrine system and the immune system. The endocrine system controls growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction through major organs like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. The immune system removes infectious diseases and other pathogens from the body using skin, white blood cells, lymph nodes, and antibodies to tag and destroy antigens.
The urinary system functions to:
1. Remove metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, and water from the blood through the kidneys.
2. The kidneys and ureters work to filter waste from the blood and transport it to the bladder for storage.
3. The bladder then stores urine until it can be eliminated through the urethra.
I. Major Structures and Organs
A. Kidneys- pair of glandular organs, which remove, waste products from the blood to form urine
B. Ureters- muscular tubes which convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
C. Urinary Bladder- muscular sac that stores urine until micturation can occur.
D. Urethra- tube like structure which conveys urine outside the body.
The document describes the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), a 15-item questionnaire used to screen for depression in older adults. Respondents answer "yes" or "no" to questions about feelings of satisfaction, engagement in activities, emptiness, boredom, spirits, fear, happiness, helplessness, preference to stay home, memory problems, value of life, worthlessness, energy, hopelessness, and comparison to others. Scores of 5 or higher suggest depression, with 1 point given for each answer suggesting depression.
The document summarizes research on the effects of yoga on the nervous system and brain. It provides abstracts from several studies that show yoga thickens the cerebral cortex and increases neuroplasticity. Yoga also trains the stress response circuitry by activating the logical brain during poses and inducing relaxation by bending forwards. Regular yoga practice boosts neurotransmitters like GABA, serotonin, and dopamine that promote relaxation and well-being. Holding poses trains the prefrontal cortex to control the stress response, helping one better manage stress. Overall, the research presented found yoga has positive impacts on the brain, central nervous system, and immune function.
This document lists the top 10 causes of death in the United States: heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer's disease, unintentional injuries, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, kidney disease, and septicemia.
www.gunamhospitals.com
Super Specialty Hospitals Hosur
Tamil Nadu
Dr Rajesh B Iyer and team
Survey No.120/2B2, Opp to Govt Hospital, Denkani Kotta Road, Hosur, Tamil Nadu 635109
04344 220 599
The document discusses stress management techniques and healthy stress reduction tools. It defines stress as a combination of a stressor and the body's response. Stressors can be physical, emotional, social, intellectual or spiritual. Six healthy stress management tools are described: relaxation exercises, exercise, a nutrient-dense diet, social support, self-care, and adrenal support. The document promotes various wellness programs for managing stress including corporate, employee-specific, disease-specific and stress assessment programs.
The document provides an overview of the biology of the mind and nervous system. It discusses:
- How neurons communicate via electrical signals and neurotransmitters.
- The structure and function of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral divisions.
- Techniques for studying the brain like PET scans, MRI scans, and EEGs.
- Key structures of the brain like the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and right-left hemispheric specialization.
- The endocrine system and how hormones influence bodily functions.
The document discusses introducing yoga as a curricular subject in colleges to benefit students. It outlines the eight limbs of classical yoga and their benefits, including improved stress management and health. Introducing yoga in colleges could help reduce stress from academics, social pressures, and illness/injury through yoga's relaxation response and benefits like increased focus, strength, and immune function. The document provides contact information for yoga workshops and counseling services related to stress, addiction, and medical conditions.
This document describes a complete wellness program that covers various aspects of wellness. It includes assessing participant needs, developing and implementing programs, and evaluating existing health programs. The program covers physical fitness assessments and exercise prescriptions, nutritional programs, health education, and stress management. It aims to promote health awareness, disease prevention, and a healthy workforce using a holistic primary care approach. The techniques are evidence-based and cover physical, occupational, intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual, environmental, financial, and mental wellness.
This document discusses stress, its causes, effects, and management. It defines stress as the mental and physical response to changes and challenges in life. Stress can be positive (eustress) or negative (distress) depending on its intensity and duration. The body's main response pathways to stressors are the neuroendocrine-immune pathway and the sympathetic nervous system pathway. Chronic stress can lead to illnesses through prolonged activation of these pathways. Stress management techniques include changing one's thinking, behaviors, and lifestyle through relaxation, exercise, diet, and other alternative therapies.
The document provides an overview of cell theory, cell organization, and levels of organization in the human body. It discusses that cells are the basic unit of life, tissues are clusters of cells performing similar functions, organs are made of tissues performing specific functions, and organ systems are groups of organs working together for specific body purposes like maintaining homeostasis. The cell includes a cell membrane and cytoplasm containing organelles. There are 11 organ systems in the human body including the integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Gastrointestinal Diseases
1. "Each time you are honest
and conduct yourself with
honesty, a success force will
drive you toward greater
success. Each time you lie,
even with a little white lie,
there are strong forces
pushing you toward failure."
Joseph Sugarman
Author and Marketing Specialist
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 1 01/24/13
2. GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux is a normal physiologic
phenomenon in most people, particularly after a
meal.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs
when the amount of gastric juice that refluxes into
the esophagus exceeds the normal limit
Dr.Shashikant.S.K
2 www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
4. GERD: Symptoms
Typical symptoms:
Heartburn (Pyrosis):
Most common
Felt as a retrosternal sensation of burning or discomfort
Occurs usually after eating or when lying down or bending over.
Often relieved with milk or water
Regurgitation:
Effortless return of gastric and/or esophageal contents into the
pharynx.
It can induce respiratory complications if gastric contents spill
into the tracheobronchial tree.
Atypical symptoms
Cough, dyspnea, hoarseness, and chestpain
Dr.Shashikant.S.K
4 www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
5. Diagnosis
Role out other potential causes for the heartburn:
Cardiac
Peptic ulcer
Esophagitis
Esophageal Endoscopy:
The gold standard as a definitive diagnosis
Barium swallow
Not as definitive in mild cases
Dr.Shashikant.S.K
5 www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
6. Collaborative Care
Lifestyle modifications
Nutritional therapy
Decrease high-fat foods, avoid milk products at night,
and avoid late snacking or meals
Drug Therapy
Surgical therapy
Endoscopic therapy
Dr.Shashikant.S.K
6 www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
7. Ulcer
7
Ulcers are defined as a breach in the mucosa
of the alimentary tract, which extends
through the muscularis mucosa into the
submucosa or deeper.
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
8. APD
(Acid Peptic Diseases)
8
PEPTIC ULCER
AN ULCER OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
MUCOSA, USUALLY IN THE STOMACH OR DUODENUM,
& RARELY IN THE LOWER ESOPHAGUS, WHERE THE
MUCOSA IS EXPOSED TO THE ACID GASTRIC
SECRETION
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
9. CAUSES OF A.P.D
9
1. STRONG FAMILY HISTORY
BLOOD GP ‘O’ ARE PRONE TO APD
11. TRIGGERING FACTORS
STRESS - TENSION
“NOT ABLE TO LET GO THE STEAM”
ALCOHOL, CHILLI,
STEROIDS, PAIN KILLERS
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
10. Pathogenesis of Ulcers
Therapy is directed at enhancing host defense or
5eliminating aggressive factors; i.e., H. pylori.
Aggressive Factors Defensive Factors
Acid, pepsin Mucus, bicarbonate layer
Bile salts Blood flow, cell renewal
Drugs (NSAIDs) Prostaglandins
H. pylori Phospholipid
Free radical scavengers
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 10 01/24/13
11. 11 Etiology of PUD
Normal
Increased Attack
Hyperacidity
Weak defense
Helicobacter pylori*
Stress, drugs, smoking
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
12. 12
The Defensive Forces The Aggressive Forces
Bicarbonate Helicobacter pylori
When the layer
Mucus
aggressive factors increase or the
HCl acid
defensive blood flowdecrease, mucosal damage
Mucosal factors Pepsins
NSAIDs
will result, leading to erosions & ulcerations
Prostaglandins
Bile acids
Growth factors Ischemia and hypoxia.
Smoking and alcohol
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
18. Medical Management of ulcers
Conservative therapy: Pharmaceutical:
Rest: Both physical and Antibiotics
emotional To eradicate H. Pylori infections
Recurrence of ulcer is 75-90% as high
Dietary modifications with infection
Elimination of smoking
Antiacids
Long term follow up Initial drugs of choice
care Histmaine H2 receptor antagonists
Histamine is the final intracellular
activator of HCL secretion
Anticholinergic:
Stop the cholinergic stimulation of HCl
secretion and slow gastric motility
Not commonly used, if used need to be
used with caution in pts with Glaucoma
Dr.Shashikant.S.K
18 www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
19. YOGIC MANAGEMENT
19
SATVIK FOOD
MODERATION IN EATING
SPECIAL TECHNIQUE FOR GID
COME OUT OF STRONG LIKES AND DISLIKES
COME OUT OF EXCESSIVE DESIRES
HAPPINESS ANALYSIS EG. GULAB JAMOON
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
20. YOGIC MANAGEMENT
20
FOOD COOKED AND SERVED IN GOOD
ATMOSPHERE
SUBMISSION OF PRAYERS
GOOD POSTURES
GOOD YOGIC ACTIVITIES
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
21. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an intestinal
disorder that causes abdominal pain or discomfort,
cramping or bloating, and diarrhea or constipation.
Irritable bowel syndrome is a long-term but
manageable condition.
Sometimes called:
“irritable colon”
“spastic colon”
24. BOWEL MOTILITY IN IBS
MUSCLE TONE DISORDER -
ERRATIC EMPTYING
OF BOWELS
HYPER REACTIVITY TO PARA SYMPATHO DRUGS
SYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC
25. IBS Characteristics
25
There is usually no sign of structural damage to the
wall of the intestine (frequently indicated by blood
in the stool)
Weight loss or nighttime fever are not experienced
A diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome is made
when all organic disease has been ruled out by
appropriate medical tests
The Manning Criteria or the Rome II
questionnaires are often used for diagnosis
26. Initial Triggers of IBS
26
Infection in the digestive tract:
Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites (amoeba; intestinal worms)
Pathology in the digestive tract
Inflammatory bowel disease
Coeliac disease
Surgical procedures in the digestive tract
27. Triggers of IBS (continued)
27
Stress:
Stress hormones are released
Neuropeptides may trigger the release of inflammatory
chemicals
Hormone fluctuations:
Menstrual cycle
Pregnancy
Thyroid
28. Triggers of 28 (continued)
IBS
Change in types of micro-organisms in the large
intestine due to:
Oral antibiotics
Other oral medications
Change in substrate (ie type of food passing into the
bowel)
Alteration in microbial flora results in:
Different products resulting from the action of micro-
organisms on undigested food material:
Gases
Organic acids
Others
29. Mechanisms Responsible for Symptoms
29
Key factors in IBS resulting in symptoms
include:
Inflammation
Resulting from release of inflammatory mediators
Increased sensitivity to pain
Neuropeptides (tachykinins) generated by the central
nervous system interact with neurokinin receptors on the
spinal cord
May also result from a response to inflammatory mediators
(e.g. histamine)
32. IAYT For GID
32
PANCHA PRANA
APANA
PRANA
SAMANA
UDANA
VYANA
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13
33. Panchakosha viveka
33
o Annamaya kosha
o Pranamaya kosha
o Manomaya kosha
o Vijnanamaya kosha
o Anandmaya Kosha
Dr.Shashikant.S.K www.yogamaarg.com 01/24/13