This document discusses government regulation of methamphetamines. It provides background on methamphetamines and how they are produced. It then outlines various federal and state laws enacted to regulate meth production and precursor chemicals like pseudoephedrine. Key points covered include the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, the Combat Meth Epidemic Act of 2005 restricting pseudoephedrine purchases, and Illinois legislation in 2004-2006 requiring pseudoephedrine products to be stored behind counters. The presentation examines the impact of these laws but notes meth is still entering the country through other means.

1. Government Regulation of Methamphetamines Today’s Presenter: Michael J. Ochs

3. Powerful upper

4. Affects the central nervous system

5. Increases metabolism, heart rate, blood pressure

6. Increases body temperature and rate of breathing

7. Produces euphoria

9. 5000 YEARS AGO Ma huang Ephedra plants Used to treat bronchial and sinus illnesses Ephedrine is the active ingredient.

10. 1887 SYNTHETIC ALTERNATIVE Synthesized in Germany Amphetamine

11. 1919 MORE POTENT FORM Japanese pharmacologist Methamphetamine

12. WORLD WAR II Given to allied troops to fight hunger and fatigue Hitler is said to have used it 8 times a day Used by kamikaze pilots for courage

13. 1960s “SPEED, CHALK, CRANK” Amphetamine trade Smuggled by biker gangs in crankcases of bikes “crank.” Speedballs-combination of amphetamine and heroin shot up

14. 9 Q: What over-the-counter (OTC) drug is used to make illegal methamphetamine?

15. The answer is… Pseudoephedrine can be used to make methamphetamine 10

16. 99% OF METH USED IN U.S. COMES FROM PSEUDOEPHEDRINE

17. THE CHEMICAL PROCESS C10H15NO Ephedrine / Pseudoephedrine

18. THE CHEMICAL PROCESS O C10H15NO C10H15N Methamphetamine

19. THE CHEMICAL PROCESS O C10H15NO C10H15N + HCl Add Hydrogen Chloride to make it water-soluble

20. Red Phosphorus Method This method combines red phosphorous, usually taken from the strips in matchboxes: pseudoephedrine, from cold tablets and iodine. This method produces phosphine gas which can be lethal!

21. The Ammonia Method The other method, more common in farming country, involves anhydrous ammonia, a liquid fertilizer, cooked with PSE & lithium, taken from batteries This method produces a cloud of ammonia gas, which is extremely dangerous!

22. SCRATCH ONE OXYGEN ATOM Drain Cleaner Extracted Sodium or Lithium Metal 3 Li Lithium 11 Na Sodium Alkali Metals Lithium Batteries Lye – Sodium Hydroxide Gas

24. Highly flammable liquids

25. Caustics

26. Acids

27. Gases

29. Yes! For each pound of methamphetamine produced, five to seven pounds of toxic waste remain, which is often introduced into the environment via streams, septic systems, and surface water run-off.

30. Federal Legislation

31. National Oversight Agencies Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) State boards of pharmacy Michael J. Ochs. 22

32. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) on controlling drug diversion Most of its effort spent on illegal drug trafficking, but also supervises legal use of controlled substances Inspects medical facilities and pharmacies; usually just those where suspicious activity has been detected It monitors shipping of legal controlled substances across United States borders, and gives permits for imports/exports. Michael J. Ochs 23

33. Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970– (Federal) Referred to as the Controlled Substances Act 1986 attempted revision fought by drug manufacturers. Created to combat drug abuse Classified drugs according to their potential for abuse Michael J. Ochs 24

34. Abuse Potential and Schedules Examples I - marijuana, heroin, no medical usage II - morphine, oxycodone (OxyContin®), hydromorphone (Dilaudid®) III - methylphenidate (Ritalin®), hydrocodone (Vicodin®, Lortab®), anabolic steroids (Anadrol® ) IV - benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium®) and alprazolam (Xanax®) V - Medications having limited opioids in combination with other substances (codeine containing analgesics, cough and cold preparations) 25 Schedule Most Abusive LessAbusive

35. Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005– (Federal){Title VII of Public Law 109-177} Restricts the availability of products used to make it: Pseudoephedrine Ephedrine Products must be stored “behind the counter” and purchases must be documented. Michael J. Ochs 26

36. Methamphetamine Production Prevention Act of 2007 Systemic state-wide means for law enforcement to capture the identity of purchasers, the date and time of purchase, and the identity and quantity of the product purchased from the retail industry; to analyze the data; and to make it readily accessible to other retailers and police agencies

37. Illinois Legislation

38. M.M.C.R.S.C.A. and M.P.C.A In 2004 Lisa Madigan proposed the Methamphetamine Manufacturing Chemical Retail Sale Control Act(MMCRSCA). Effective 2005, required retailers to place adult-strength cold tablets with ephedrine or pseudoephedrine as their sole active ingredient behind store counters or in locked cases. In 2006, in response to tougher restrictions within neighboring states, the Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act(M.P.C.A.), made all products containing PSE/EPH, C-V (control schedule 5) substances.

39. Manufacturer’s Response Pfizer and McNeil preemptively took steps to avoid angry customers and appease government. Reformulation of Sudafed called Sudafed PE. “Un-Cookable “

40. Retail Implications

41. Results? Figures vary Domestic labs are down Purity is up Price is down

42. But Where is it Coming From?

43. Multi-state electronic PSE sales blocking system. Accessible to any state that authorizes real-time, statewide electronic blocking of illegal PSE sales. National Precursor Log Exchange (NPLEx)

45. This map include all meth incidents, including labs, "dumpsites" or "chemical and glassware" seizures.

47. Questions? The End