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This document discusses the concept of oligopoly, which refers to a market structure with a small number of firms producing similar or identical products. The key feature of oligopoly is the tension between cooperation and self-interest among firms. While cooperating to act as a monopolist would be most profitable, firms have an incentive to compete by increasing their own production. As a result, oligopolies typically produce more and charge lower prices than a monopoly, but less and higher than a competitive market. Game theory, such as the prisoner's dilemma, demonstrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain in oligopolies.
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Introduccion a la teoria de juegos
Una introducción a la teoría de juegos, el dilema del prisionero , los juegos de dos personas con suma cero, y una aplicación de la programación lineal para hallar la estrategia óptima.
Recommended
Oligopoly and Game Theory
Students should be able to:
Use simple game theory to illustrate the interdependence that exists in oligopolistic markets
Understanding the prisoners’ dilemma and a simple two firm/two outcome model. Students should analyse the advantages/disadvantages of being a first mover
Students will not be expected to have an understanding of the Nash Equilibrium
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Este documento presenta un resumen del Capítulo 13 sobre la teoría de juegos y la estrategia competitiva. El capítulo analiza conceptos como las estrategias dominantes, el equilibrio de Nash, los juegos repetidos y las subastas, y cómo estos conceptos se aplican a situaciones estratégicas como la adquisición de empresas, la localización de negocios y la inversión en nuevas tecnologías.
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This document provides an overview of game theory, including:
1) Game theory is the study of strategically interdependent decision-making between players in a game. It examines why competitors behave similarly and how players in the Cold War determined nuclear weapon levels.
2) A game has players, strategies, payoffs, and outcomes. It can be finite or infinite, stable or unstable. Players can have complete or incomplete information.
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This document discusses the concept of oligopoly, which refers to a market structure with a small number of firms producing similar or identical products. The key feature of oligopoly is the tension between cooperation and self-interest among firms. While cooperating to act as a monopolist would be most profitable, firms have an incentive to compete by increasing their own production. As a result, oligopolies typically produce more and charge lower prices than a monopoly, but less and higher than a competitive market. Game theory, such as the prisoner's dilemma, demonstrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain in oligopolies.
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This document provides an overview of topics in game theory and competitive strategy that will be discussed in Chapter 13, including gaming and strategic decisions, dominant strategies, the Nash equilibrium, repeated games, sequential games, threats and commitments, entry deterrence, bargaining strategy, and auctions. It presents examples and concepts such as noncooperative vs cooperative games, the prisoner's dilemma, mixed strategies, and analyses of specific market situations involving pricing, location choice, and oligopolistic cooperation.
Introduccion a la teoria de juegos
Una introducción a la teoría de juegos, el dilema del prisionero , los juegos de dos personas con suma cero, y una aplicación de la programación lineal para hallar la estrategia óptima.
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This chapter introduces fundamental concepts in finance, including present value, risk aversion, and asset valuation. It discusses how present value can be used to compare cash flows over time and explains why people are risk averse due to diminishing marginal utility. Insurance and diversification are introduced as ways for risk-averse individuals to manage risk. The chapter also covers the efficient markets hypothesis and how asset prices are determined based on available information.
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
1) The document discusses how two individuals, a potato farmer and cattle rancher, can benefit from specializing in production and trading goods.
2) Each has a comparative advantage in producing a different good - the farmer can produce potatoes more efficiently while the rancher can produce meat more efficiently.
3) Through specializing in their areas of comparative advantage and trading goods, both individuals can increase their overall consumption beyond what they could produce alone. This demonstrates the principle that voluntary trade between parties can make both better off.
Game Theory_1.pptx
Game theory is a strategic decision-making process that models interactions between two or more players. It is commonly used in economics to analyze industries and competition between firms. Key concepts in game theory include games, players, strategies, payoffs, information sets, equilibriums, assumptions of rationality and payoff maximization. Common solution techniques include backwards induction, Nash equilibriums, mixed strategies, and minimax strategies. Examples discussed include prisoner's dilemmas, zero-sum games, and dominance.
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The document discusses the classical theory of inflation. It defines inflation as a rise in the overall price level and explains that according to the quantity theory of money, inflation is primarily caused by growth in the money supply. When the money supply increases, it causes the price level to rise proportionately unless output or velocity rises as well. The document also outlines some costs of inflation like shoe leather costs and tax distortions.
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Este documento describe tres modelos didácticos para la enseñanza del deporte: el modelo tradicional, el modelo estructural y el modelo comprensivo. Luego presenta el modelo elaborativo, el cual promueve la reflexión sobre las situaciones motrices a través de la modificación de juegos deportivos. Finalmente, detalla la secuencia didáctica de este modelo en tres fases: exploración, elaboración y codificación.
Financial Management Slides Ch 22
This document defines and discusses various types of derivative securities, including convertible securities, exchangeable bonds, and warrants. Convertible securities provide holders with a fixed return like interest or dividends, as well as the option to exchange the security for common stock. Exchangeable bonds allow holders to exchange the bond for stock in another company. Warrants are long-term options to purchase common stock at a specified price. The value of these securities depends on factors like the value of the underlying stock, volatility, and time to expiration. Convertible securities in particular offer downside protection as well as participation in stock upside.
Споживчий вибір: основні постулати, особливості та фактори впливу (Галецька С.)
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Chapter 16
- Imperfect competition refers to market structures between perfect competition and pure monopoly, including oligopoly and monopolistic competition.
- Oligopoly is characterized by a few sellers offering similar products, with firms monitoring each other's actions. Monopolistic competition has many firms selling differentiated products.
- In oligopoly, firms would benefit most by cooperating like a monopoly but competition makes this difficult to sustain, resulting in an equilibrium with higher output and price than a monopoly.
Protective put
this slide will be very helpful for those who want to invest money in future market and commodity market. protective put how to protect downside risk of your investment by using protective put
Prospect Theory.pptx
- Prospect theory is an alternative to expected utility theory that aims to better describe how people make decisions under risk or uncertainty.
- It incorporates concepts like the certainty effect, reflection effect, and isolation effect to account for behaviors not predicted by expected utility theory.
- Prospect theory posits that people edit prospects through coding, combination, segregation, cancellation, and simplification before evaluating them.
- Evaluation involves weighing the value of outcomes, where value is assessed based on gains and losses relative to a reference point and is generally concave for gains and convex for losses. Decision weights are applied to outcomes and may differ from actual probabilities.
Morfociclo padrao para melhora de referenciais defensivos da equipe do grêmio
Algumas ideias de como melhorar a falta de cobertura entre os volantes, a exposição da linha defensiva e a falta de referenciais de pressão da equipe do Grêmio.
Introduction to Futures Trading
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Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets
The document discusses welfare economics and how free markets allocate resources. It defines consumer surplus and producer surplus, and how the equilibrium price and quantity maximize total surplus, making the market allocation efficient. However, market power and externalities can cause inefficiencies by preventing equilibrium from occurring. The market outcome should generally be left alone, but these market failures mean intervention may improve welfare.
supply,demand, and government policies
Government policies such as price controls, taxes, and minimum wages can impact supply and demand in markets. Price controls like ceilings and floors are set above or below equilibrium prices and result in shortages or surpluses. Taxes decrease market activity by shifting supply and demand curves. The incidence of a tax depends on supply and demand elasticities, with inelastic sides bearing more of the burden. These policies are aimed at achieving economic and social goals but can impact market efficiency.
Emdm monopolistic competition
This document summarizes the key aspects of monopolistic competition. It was prepared by Dipak Mer and Swati Parmar for MK Bhavnagar University. The founding theorist of monopolistic competition was Edward Chamberlin, who described it in his 1933 book. Monopolistic competition involves many producers selling differentiated but substitutable products. Firms have some degree of market power but also face competition. In both the short and long run, firms will adjust output and prices to maximize profits or minimize losses. The model of monopolistic competition is compared to perfect competition, with outcomes including excess capacity and markups over marginal cost under monopolistic competition.
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Este documento propone una modalidad de fútbol 3 para niños prebenjamines con el objetivo de ofrecer una iniciación coherente al fútbol. Los autores argumentan que el fútbol 3 es más adecuado que el fútbol 5 desde el punto de vista táctico y técnico para los niños de esta edad. Además, presentan una unidad didáctica para enseñar fútbol 3 a prebenjamines de forma progresiva. Finalmente, realizan un estudio para evaluar los efectos de esta propuesta.
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Behavioral Finance
The document discusses behavioral finance at JP Morgan. It provides an overview of behavioral finance concepts like overconfidence, loss aversion, and prospect theory. It then discusses how JP Morgan implements behavioral finance principles in its funds and products, focusing on overconfidence and loss aversion. Specific funds mentioned include the Intrepid Funds, which aim to capitalize on emotions that cause poor investment decisions.
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This document provides an introduction to corporate finance options, including:
1. A brief history of options and their evolution over time from ancient Greece to modern markets.
2. An overview of the key characteristics of options contracts, including the types of options (calls, puts), how they are valued, and common strategies (bullish, bearish, neutral).
3. Examples of how options work from the perspective of buyers and sellers, including payoffs and breakeven points. Valuation methods like the binomial tree approach are also introduced.
澳门大学成绩修改，1小时快速搞定！💡 苦于提交资料太晚？雅思分数迟迟不达标？别担心，我们的专业团队为您量身定制个性化解决方案。只需10分钟，轻松修改【微信...
→📞 联系方式 📞
【微信：oojjiijj】
* TG：qoqoqdqd
澳门科技大学采用GPA（Grade Point Average）作为成绩绩点的计算方式，用于衡量学生的学术表现。学生的成绩绩点是根据其在各科目中所获得的成绩以及科目的学分来计算的。
在澳门科技大学，通常成绩以百分制表示，然后根据一定的标准转换为绩点。一般而言，绩点的计算遵循以下原则：
- 高分对应高绩点，低分对应低绩点。
- 绩点的计算考虑到了科目的学分，通常学分越高的科目，其成绩对总绩点的影响也越大。
具体的绩点转换标准可能因学期、学院或课程类型而有所差异。学生可以通过学校官方网站或教务系统查询具体的绩点计算方法和转换标准。
此外，澳门科技大学还设有一些特殊的规定，如补考、重修等情况下绩点的计算方式，以及优秀学生可能获得的额外绩点奖励等。这些规定旨在确保绩点计算的公平性和准确性，同时激励学生努力学习，取得更好的学术成绩。
需要注意的是，绩点只是衡量学生学术表现的一种方式，不应过分强调或依赖。学生应全面关注自己的学习和成长，积极参与各种学术和实践活动，提升综合素质。
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The basic tool of finance
This chapter introduces fundamental concepts in finance, including present value, risk aversion, and asset valuation. It discusses how present value can be used to compare cash flows over time and explains why people are risk averse due to diminishing marginal utility. Insurance and diversification are introduced as ways for risk-averse individuals to manage risk. The chapter also covers the efficient markets hypothesis and how asset prices are determined based on available information.
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
1) The document discusses how two individuals, a potato farmer and cattle rancher, can benefit from specializing in production and trading goods.
2) Each has a comparative advantage in producing a different good - the farmer can produce potatoes more efficiently while the rancher can produce meat more efficiently.
3) Through specializing in their areas of comparative advantage and trading goods, both individuals can increase their overall consumption beyond what they could produce alone. This demonstrates the principle that voluntary trade between parties can make both better off.
Game Theory_1.pptx
Game theory is a strategic decision-making process that models interactions between two or more players. It is commonly used in economics to analyze industries and competition between firms. Key concepts in game theory include games, players, strategies, payoffs, information sets, equilibriums, assumptions of rationality and payoff maximization. Common solution techniques include backwards induction, Nash equilibriums, mixed strategies, and minimax strategies. Examples discussed include prisoner's dilemmas, zero-sum games, and dominance.
Money Growth and Inflation in Macro Economics
The document discusses the classical theory of inflation. It defines inflation as a rise in the overall price level and explains that according to the quantity theory of money, inflation is primarily caused by growth in the money supply. When the money supply increases, it causes the price level to rise proportionately unless output or velocity rises as well. The document also outlines some costs of inflation like shoe leather costs and tax distortions.
Enseñanza de los juegos motores y el deporte en el modelo reflexivo
Este documento describe tres modelos didácticos para la enseñanza del deporte: el modelo tradicional, el modelo estructural y el modelo comprensivo. Luego presenta el modelo elaborativo, el cual promueve la reflexión sobre las situaciones motrices a través de la modificación de juegos deportivos. Finalmente, detalla la secuencia didáctica de este modelo en tres fases: exploración, elaboración y codificación.
Financial Management Slides Ch 22
This document defines and discusses various types of derivative securities, including convertible securities, exchangeable bonds, and warrants. Convertible securities provide holders with a fixed return like interest or dividends, as well as the option to exchange the security for common stock. Exchangeable bonds allow holders to exchange the bond for stock in another company. Warrants are long-term options to purchase common stock at a specified price. The value of these securities depends on factors like the value of the underlying stock, volatility, and time to expiration. Convertible securities in particular offer downside protection as well as participation in stock upside.
Споживчий вибір: основні постулати, особливості та фактори впливу (Галецька С.)
Споживчий вибір: основні постулати, особливості та фактори впливу (Галецька С.)
Chapter 16
- Imperfect competition refers to market structures between perfect competition and pure monopoly, including oligopoly and monopolistic competition.
- Oligopoly is characterized by a few sellers offering similar products, with firms monitoring each other's actions. Monopolistic competition has many firms selling differentiated products.
- In oligopoly, firms would benefit most by cooperating like a monopoly but competition makes this difficult to sustain, resulting in an equilibrium with higher output and price than a monopoly.
Protective put
this slide will be very helpful for those who want to invest money in future market and commodity market. protective put how to protect downside risk of your investment by using protective put
Prospect Theory.pptx
- Prospect theory is an alternative to expected utility theory that aims to better describe how people make decisions under risk or uncertainty.
- It incorporates concepts like the certainty effect, reflection effect, and isolation effect to account for behaviors not predicted by expected utility theory.
- Prospect theory posits that people edit prospects through coding, combination, segregation, cancellation, and simplification before evaluating them.
- Evaluation involves weighing the value of outcomes, where value is assessed based on gains and losses relative to a reference point and is generally concave for gains and convex for losses. Decision weights are applied to outcomes and may differ from actual probabilities.
Morfociclo padrao para melhora de referenciais defensivos da equipe do grêmio
Algumas ideias de como melhorar a falta de cobertura entre os volantes, a exposição da linha defensiva e a falta de referenciais de pressão da equipe do Grêmio.
Introduction to Futures Trading
This document provides an introduction to futures trading, including what commodities are traded, where trading occurs, who participates in trading, and examples of hedging. Key commodities traded are agricultural goods, currencies, metals, and financial instruments. Exchanges exist around the world, with major hubs in Chicago and New York. Participants include hedgers seeking to reduce risk and speculators aiming to profit from price predictions. Hedging allows entities like airlines and manufacturers to offset price volatility in their inputs.
Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets
The document discusses welfare economics and how free markets allocate resources. It defines consumer surplus and producer surplus, and how the equilibrium price and quantity maximize total surplus, making the market allocation efficient. However, market power and externalities can cause inefficiencies by preventing equilibrium from occurring. The market outcome should generally be left alone, but these market failures mean intervention may improve welfare.
supply,demand, and government policies
Government policies such as price controls, taxes, and minimum wages can impact supply and demand in markets. Price controls like ceilings and floors are set above or below equilibrium prices and result in shortages or surpluses. Taxes decrease market activity by shifting supply and demand curves. The incidence of a tax depends on supply and demand elasticities, with inelastic sides bearing more of the burden. These policies are aimed at achieving economic and social goals but can impact market efficiency.
Emdm monopolistic competition
This document summarizes the key aspects of monopolistic competition. It was prepared by Dipak Mer and Swati Parmar for MK Bhavnagar University. The founding theorist of monopolistic competition was Edward Chamberlin, who described it in his 1933 book. Monopolistic competition involves many producers selling differentiated but substitutable products. Firms have some degree of market power but also face competition. In both the short and long run, firms will adjust output and prices to maximize profits or minimize losses. The model of monopolistic competition is compared to perfect competition, with outcomes including excess capacity and markups over marginal cost under monopolistic competition.
enseñando a jugar “el fútbol” hacia una iniciación coherente
Este documento propone una modalidad de fútbol 3 para niños prebenjamines con el objetivo de ofrecer una iniciación coherente al fútbol. Los autores argumentan que el fútbol 3 es más adecuado que el fútbol 5 desde el punto de vista táctico y técnico para los niños de esta edad. Además, presentan una unidad didáctica para enseñar fútbol 3 a prebenjamines de forma progresiva. Finalmente, realizan un estudio para evaluar los efectos de esta propuesta.
Game theory and strategy (PCA16, PCATX)
Game theory is a mathematical discipline that investigates the interaction of multiple, interest driven and rational parties. In other words: Most of our business and social interactions. In this talk we will define some basic game theory terms, talk about some of the more iconic games that have been developed by the discipline and see how they apply to most of our product strategy decisions. We’ll talk about Prisoner’s Dilemma, Rock Paper Scissors and the Game of Chicken – describe business scenarios where they’re applicable and come up with the best solutions, together!
Behavioral Finance
The document discusses behavioral finance at JP Morgan. It provides an overview of behavioral finance concepts like overconfidence, loss aversion, and prospect theory. It then discusses how JP Morgan implements behavioral finance principles in its funds and products, focusing on overconfidence and loss aversion. Specific funds mentioned include the Intrepid Funds, which aim to capitalize on emotions that cause poor investment decisions.
Options Presentation Introduction to Corporate Finance
This document provides an introduction to corporate finance options, including:
1. A brief history of options and their evolution over time from ancient Greece to modern markets.
2. An overview of the key characteristics of options contracts, including the types of options (calls, puts), how they are valued, and common strategies (bullish, bearish, neutral).
3. Examples of how options work from the perspective of buyers and sellers, including payoffs and breakeven points. Valuation methods like the binomial tree approach are also introduced.
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澳门大学成绩修改，1小时快速搞定！💡 苦于提交资料太晚？雅思分数迟迟不达标？别担心，我们的专业团队为您量身定制个性化解决方案。只需10分钟，轻松修改【微信...
→📞 联系方式 📞
【微信：oojjiijj】
* TG：qoqoqdqd
澳门科技大学采用GPA（Grade Point Average）作为成绩绩点的计算方式，用于衡量学生的学术表现。学生的成绩绩点是根据其在各科目中所获得的成绩以及科目的学分来计算的。
在澳门科技大学，通常成绩以百分制表示，然后根据一定的标准转换为绩点。一般而言，绩点的计算遵循以下原则：
- 高分对应高绩点，低分对应低绩点。
- 绩点的计算考虑到了科目的学分，通常学分越高的科目，其成绩对总绩点的影响也越大。
具体的绩点转换标准可能因学期、学院或课程类型而有所差异。学生可以通过学校官方网站或教务系统查询具体的绩点计算方法和转换标准。
此外，澳门科技大学还设有一些特殊的规定，如补考、重修等情况下绩点的计算方式，以及优秀学生可能获得的额外绩点奖励等。这些规定旨在确保绩点计算的公平性和准确性，同时激励学生努力学习，取得更好的学术成绩。
需要注意的是，绩点只是衡量学生学术表现的一种方式，不应过分强调或依赖。学生应全面关注自己的学习和成长，积极参与各种学术和实践活动，提升综合素质。
🎉黑客改成绩，只需1小时！ 想知道学霸的秘诀吗？跟着我们一起来揭秘吧~ 🤔💡 #技术分享 #考试技巧 #快速提分【微信：oojjiijj】
→📞 联系方式 📞
【微信：oojjiijj】
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作为一个黑客，你是不是也有这样的困扰？ 🤔成绩不够好怎么办呢？不要灰心哦！也许我们可以利用一些小技巧来让它变得更好看。🔍🖋 #hack #college ...
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Game theory
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