basics on why the islands were planned , only palm jumeirah is completed and others are progressing , how they are being made and due to that the environmental impacts on sand , water , flora & fauna
Hello readers,
In this presentation, i am sharing Concept & Construction of Palm Island.
The following parameters are discussed in the presentation:
Where?
Why?
When?
Construction Machinery
Construction Steps
Conclusion.
basics on why the islands were planned , only palm jumeirah is completed and others are progressing , how they are being made and due to that the environmental impacts on sand , water , flora & fauna
Hello readers,
In this presentation, i am sharing Concept & Construction of Palm Island.
The following parameters are discussed in the presentation:
Where?
Why?
When?
Construction Machinery
Construction Steps
Conclusion.
John A Chapman mining the moon 20060723John Chapman
NASA has announced a schedule and plan for the creation of a lunar base within 16 years as a precursor to establishing a base on Mars. Space agencies from Europe, Japan, India and China have expressed support for the NASA plan and/or their separate plans for a lunar base. This plan to explore and inhabit the Moon and then Mars is driven by the triple goals of scientific research, lunar/asteroid resource extraction and saving the earthbound human species from eventual extinction by asteroid/comet impact or super-volcano eruption. This paper proposes the application, on the Moon, of equipment and mining methods already well proven on Earth in very cold and dusty environments. The authors present an innovative combination of existing technologies for exploration and mining, including: mobile equipment, spare parts, sample analysis, remote controls, semi-autonomous controls, remote equipment "health" monitoring, real-time precision location and guidance, and the use of broadband WiMAX for communication to and from the proposed lunar base and Earth's Internet.
John A Chapman push back against anti-development voices 20121101John Chapman
The Burns Lake Region has significant potential for discovery and development of mineral deposits – however, there is a rising tide of negative forces in British Columbia that is preventing or impairing the mining industry’s ability to construct and operate new mines. As a mining engineer, resident of British Columbia and citizen of Canada, I am personally appalled at the British Columbia Government’s increasingly complex regulations, the rising power costs, the carbon tax, the pandering to environmental NGOs and the ceding of authority to Native Indians, Regional Districts and Federal Government. Especially when we consider the very alarming levels of debt and deficit loads we are carrying in British Columbia and Canada, both governmental and personal. British Columbia’s mineral resource revenues have dropped to a decadal level of approximately $1,500 per capita from their decadal level in the late 1960s and early 1970s of $2,400 per capita (in 2012 dollars). How can we expect to maintain British Columbia’s major social programs such as education, health and transportation when we allow one of its principal long-term wealth generating engines, the resource sector, to seriously deteriorate?
This presentation discusses the mineral resources in the Burns Lake Region and the opportunity for their development, as well as the related needs for (1) low-cost reliable electric energy, (2) elimination of excessive and redundant environmental regulations and taxes, (3) common-sense on climate change, and (4) a push-back against the groups that are strangling mine development.
Historically successful mine developments close to communities will be shown as benchmarks for future British Columbia mine development.
Most rural communities in British Columbia owe their existence and well-being to the early mineral exploration and mining successes all over the province. In fact, over the past 150 years, some $700 billion (in 2012 dollars) have been recovered from mining activities in the province. Historically British Columbia has been a true leader in mineral developments and we don't want to see that change! But, we need your help now to make sure that the exploration and mining companies continue to feel welcome here.
John A Chapman opportunities minerals space 20120131John Chapman
We earthbound humans cannot survive as a single planet species as there is a clear and present danger from super-volcanos and large near-earth-objects. The dinosaurs did not survive – they had no space program. We do have a space program which can be directed to saving humans by detecting, tracking and deflecting near-earth-objects that are potential earth-impactors, as well as creating a moon base as a precursor to populating mars. Great challenges and opportunities lay ahead in achieving these space development objectives; they are essential to ensure our survival.
The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.
Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space”; mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.
This paper proposes the application of proven methods on earth for successful mineral exploration, mineral deposit development and mine/process operations on the moon and mars.
B.C. Geophysical Society Presentation 20130221 - Importance of Mined Material...John Chapman
There is presently a surge of government and commercial space initiatives that harkens the beginnings of a new age – that of space development beyond Earth orbit. Dot-com billionaires along with well educated and experienced space scientists, engineers and technologists have begun forming companies focused upon advancing human civilization toward utilization and occupation of the moon, mars and asteroids.
The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.
Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space” – mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.
A Dilemma for New Producers of PGE/Base Metal Flotation and Gravity Concentra...John Chapman
New producers of base metal/PGE/precious metal concentrates are faced with very unique challenges regarding downstream processing to saleable metals. The normally complex sulfide concentrate produced consists principally of nickel, copper, cobalt, PGE’s, gold and silver. The alternatives available for downstream processing to saleable metals are very few, and at this time the only standard commercial route is by way of conventional smelting (pyrometallurgy), hydrometallurgical/electrochemical refining to recover base metals, and then a complex chemical (leach and precipitate) refining process to recover PGE’s and precious metals from the base metal leach residue.
John A Chapman our cosmic journey 20101014John Chapman
The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.
Georgius Agricola in his “De Re Metallica” published in 1556 stated, “Inasmuch as the chief callings are those of money lender, the soldier, the merchant, the farmer, and miner, I say, inasmuch as usury is odious, while the spoil cruelly captured from the people innocent of wrong is wicked in the sight of God and man, and inasmuch as the calling of the miner excels in honor and dignity that of the merchant trading for lucre, while it is not less noble though far more profitable than agriculture, who can fail to realize that mining is a calling of peculiar dignity.”
In Carl Sagan’s “Cosmos - Travels in Space and Time (Episode 8), 1989” he stated, “Those worlds in space are as countless as all the grains of sands on all the beaches of the earth - and each of those worlds is as real as ours. In every one of them there is a succession of incidences, events, occurrences which influence its future - countless worlds, numberless moments, an immensity of space and time. Here on our small planet at this moment we face a critical branch point in history. What we do with our world right now will propagate down through the centuries and powerfully affect the destiny of our descendants. It is well within our power to destroy our civilization and perhaps our species as well. If we capitulate to superstition or greed, or stupidity, we can plunge our world into a darkness deeper than the time between the collapse of classical civilization and the Italian Renaissance. But we are also capable of using our compassion and our intelligence, our technology and our wealth, to make an abundant and meaningful life for every inhabitant of this planet - to enhance enormously our understanding of the universe and carry us to the stars.”
Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space” – mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.
John A Chapman mining the moon 20060723John Chapman
NASA has announced a schedule and plan for the creation of a lunar base within 16 years as a precursor to establishing a base on Mars. Space agencies from Europe, Japan, India and China have expressed support for the NASA plan and/or their separate plans for a lunar base. This plan to explore and inhabit the Moon and then Mars is driven by the triple goals of scientific research, lunar/asteroid resource extraction and saving the earthbound human species from eventual extinction by asteroid/comet impact or super-volcano eruption. This paper proposes the application, on the Moon, of equipment and mining methods already well proven on Earth in very cold and dusty environments. The authors present an innovative combination of existing technologies for exploration and mining, including: mobile equipment, spare parts, sample analysis, remote controls, semi-autonomous controls, remote equipment "health" monitoring, real-time precision location and guidance, and the use of broadband WiMAX for communication to and from the proposed lunar base and Earth's Internet.
John A Chapman push back against anti-development voices 20121101John Chapman
The Burns Lake Region has significant potential for discovery and development of mineral deposits – however, there is a rising tide of negative forces in British Columbia that is preventing or impairing the mining industry’s ability to construct and operate new mines. As a mining engineer, resident of British Columbia and citizen of Canada, I am personally appalled at the British Columbia Government’s increasingly complex regulations, the rising power costs, the carbon tax, the pandering to environmental NGOs and the ceding of authority to Native Indians, Regional Districts and Federal Government. Especially when we consider the very alarming levels of debt and deficit loads we are carrying in British Columbia and Canada, both governmental and personal. British Columbia’s mineral resource revenues have dropped to a decadal level of approximately $1,500 per capita from their decadal level in the late 1960s and early 1970s of $2,400 per capita (in 2012 dollars). How can we expect to maintain British Columbia’s major social programs such as education, health and transportation when we allow one of its principal long-term wealth generating engines, the resource sector, to seriously deteriorate?
This presentation discusses the mineral resources in the Burns Lake Region and the opportunity for their development, as well as the related needs for (1) low-cost reliable electric energy, (2) elimination of excessive and redundant environmental regulations and taxes, (3) common-sense on climate change, and (4) a push-back against the groups that are strangling mine development.
Historically successful mine developments close to communities will be shown as benchmarks for future British Columbia mine development.
Most rural communities in British Columbia owe their existence and well-being to the early mineral exploration and mining successes all over the province. In fact, over the past 150 years, some $700 billion (in 2012 dollars) have been recovered from mining activities in the province. Historically British Columbia has been a true leader in mineral developments and we don't want to see that change! But, we need your help now to make sure that the exploration and mining companies continue to feel welcome here.
John A Chapman opportunities minerals space 20120131John Chapman
We earthbound humans cannot survive as a single planet species as there is a clear and present danger from super-volcanos and large near-earth-objects. The dinosaurs did not survive – they had no space program. We do have a space program which can be directed to saving humans by detecting, tracking and deflecting near-earth-objects that are potential earth-impactors, as well as creating a moon base as a precursor to populating mars. Great challenges and opportunities lay ahead in achieving these space development objectives; they are essential to ensure our survival.
The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.
Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space”; mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.
This paper proposes the application of proven methods on earth for successful mineral exploration, mineral deposit development and mine/process operations on the moon and mars.
B.C. Geophysical Society Presentation 20130221 - Importance of Mined Material...John Chapman
There is presently a surge of government and commercial space initiatives that harkens the beginnings of a new age – that of space development beyond Earth orbit. Dot-com billionaires along with well educated and experienced space scientists, engineers and technologists have begun forming companies focused upon advancing human civilization toward utilization and occupation of the moon, mars and asteroids.
The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.
Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space” – mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.
A Dilemma for New Producers of PGE/Base Metal Flotation and Gravity Concentra...John Chapman
New producers of base metal/PGE/precious metal concentrates are faced with very unique challenges regarding downstream processing to saleable metals. The normally complex sulfide concentrate produced consists principally of nickel, copper, cobalt, PGE’s, gold and silver. The alternatives available for downstream processing to saleable metals are very few, and at this time the only standard commercial route is by way of conventional smelting (pyrometallurgy), hydrometallurgical/electrochemical refining to recover base metals, and then a complex chemical (leach and precipitate) refining process to recover PGE’s and precious metals from the base metal leach residue.
John A Chapman our cosmic journey 20101014John Chapman
The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.
Georgius Agricola in his “De Re Metallica” published in 1556 stated, “Inasmuch as the chief callings are those of money lender, the soldier, the merchant, the farmer, and miner, I say, inasmuch as usury is odious, while the spoil cruelly captured from the people innocent of wrong is wicked in the sight of God and man, and inasmuch as the calling of the miner excels in honor and dignity that of the merchant trading for lucre, while it is not less noble though far more profitable than agriculture, who can fail to realize that mining is a calling of peculiar dignity.”
In Carl Sagan’s “Cosmos - Travels in Space and Time (Episode 8), 1989” he stated, “Those worlds in space are as countless as all the grains of sands on all the beaches of the earth - and each of those worlds is as real as ours. In every one of them there is a succession of incidences, events, occurrences which influence its future - countless worlds, numberless moments, an immensity of space and time. Here on our small planet at this moment we face a critical branch point in history. What we do with our world right now will propagate down through the centuries and powerfully affect the destiny of our descendants. It is well within our power to destroy our civilization and perhaps our species as well. If we capitulate to superstition or greed, or stupidity, we can plunge our world into a darkness deeper than the time between the collapse of classical civilization and the Italian Renaissance. But we are also capable of using our compassion and our intelligence, our technology and our wealth, to make an abundant and meaningful life for every inhabitant of this planet - to enhance enormously our understanding of the universe and carry us to the stars.”
Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space” – mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Different types of ores are characterized by distinct geological environment and tectonic settings.
Moving Towards Resilience: Recovery from Man Made Disaster nado-web
How are communities, businesses, and regions preparing for, responding to, and recovering from natural and man-made disasters? This session will explore effective strategies to foster resilience and strengthen local economies all in an effort to “build back better” following a catastrophic event.
Laura Lewis Marchino, Executive Director, Region 9 Economic Development District, Durango, CO
A presentation on Volcanoes, Plate Tectonics and Igneous Rocks for high school use.
Compiled by James Campbell with resources from the Geological Society of the UK which has wealth of useful material.
Building Resilient Communities: Recovery from Man-made Disasternado-web
Laura Lewis Marchino, Deputy Director of the Region 9 Economic Development District, spoke about the Gold King Mine contamination's impacts on communities. This presentation occurred during the Create, Challenge, Change: Economic Development Conference for the Denver Region in August 2016.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
3. Our Cosmic Journey
1/2/2014
FIRST MAJOR SIGNIFICANCE
OF MINING TO HUMANS
THE STONE AND BRONZE AGES
DID NOT END BECAUSE WE
RAN OUT OF STONE OR BRONZE
AGES PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE:
STEAM
INDUSTRIAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE
PLASTIC
ELECTRIFICATION
NUCLEAR
SPACE
ISOTOPE
BIOENGINEERING
WARP DRIVE
INTERGALACTIC
TIME TRAVEL
ALL OF THE FUTURE AGES WILL BE PRECEDED BY
THE SAME EVENT THAT HAS LAUNCHED ALL OF
THE OTHERS – SOMEONE MAKES AN
INTERESTING DISCOVERY
•
•
•
•
IMAGINE THE CRITICS WHEN THE FIRST WHEEL WAS MADE (WHERE IS MONTY PYTHON WHEN YOU NEED HIM) – DANGEROUS, NOT
RELIABLE, RUINING THE EARTH, BAD OMEN, WON’T WORK, TOO EXPENSIVE, WILL MAKE THE CHILDREN LAZY, WILL CAUSE GLOBAL
WARMING, ETC.
IN MY OPINION THERE ARE BASICALLY THREE TYPES OF PEOPLE – THOSE THAT DO THINGS, THOSE THAT WATCH PEOPLE DO THINGS, AND
THOSE THAT WONDER WHAT HAPPENED.
CARL SAGAN: “IMAGINATION WILL OFTEN CARRY US TO WORLDS THAT NEVER WERE – BUT WITHOUT IT WE GO NOWHERE”.
“WE CANNOT PROVE THAT THOSE ARE IN ERROR WHO TELL US THAT SOCIETY HAS REACHED A TURNING POINT, THAT WE HAVE SEEN OUR
BEST DAYS. BUT SO SAID ALL BEFORE US, AND WITH JUST AS MUCH APPARENT REASON. ON WHAT PRINCIPLE IS IT THAT, WHEN WE SEE
NOTHING BUT IMPROVEMENT BEHIND US, WE ARE ABLE TO EXPECT NOTHING BUT DETERIORATION BEFORE US?” LORD THOMAS B.
MACAULAY, 1830.
•
"FAR BETTER IT IS TO DARE MIGHTY THINGS, TO WIN GLORIOUS TRIUMPHS, EVEN THOUGH CHECKERED BY FAILURE, THAN TO TAKE RANK
WITH THOSE POOR SPIRITS WHO NEITHER ENJOY NOR SUFFER MUCH, BECAUSE THEY LIVE IN THAT GRAY TWILIGHT THAT KNOWS NO
VICTORY NOR DEFEAT." THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
•
"PEOPLE MUST BE FOCUSED ON A CHALLENGE, THAT SOLVING, GIVES PRIDE AND PLEASURE – THIS “FLOW” BANISHES THE STATE OF
ENTROPY INTO WHICH UNOCCUPIED SPIRITS TEND TO FALL. (ENTROPY: THE DEGRADATION OF THE MATTER AND ENERGY IN THE UNIVERSE
TO AN ULTIMATE STATE OF INERT UNIFORMITY)." ANON.
•
ELECTRIFICATION ORIGINALLY REFERRED TO THE BUILD OUT OF THE ELECTRICAL GENERATING AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS WHICH
OCCURRED IN THE UNITED STATES, ENGLAND AND OTHER COUNTRIES FROM THE MID 1880'S UNTIL AROUND 1940 AND IS IN PROGRESS IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THIS ALSO INCLUDED THE CHANGE OVER FROM LINE SHAFT AND BELT DRIVE USING STEAM ENGINES AND WATER
POWER TO ELECTRIC MOTORS. IN FEBRUARY 2000, ELECTRIFICATION WAS CALLED "THE GREATEST ENGINEERING ACHIEVEMENT OF THE
20TH CENTURY" BY THE USA NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING.
•
MENTION THE THREE GORGES DAM ON YANGTZE RIVER, CHINA. AT 18,200MW IT IS EQUIVALENT TO ~25 MILLION HORSEPOWER AT 24/7
OR 100 MILLION HORSEPOWER (1 BILLION PEOPLE POWER) CONSIDERING 8 HOUR WORK DAY AND 6 DAY WORK WEEK. THIS SINGLE
POWER SOURCE LIBERATES ALMOST THE ENTIRE CHINESE POPULATION FROM HUMAN DRUDGERY. ALSO, IT HAS DELIVERED MAJOR
NAVIGATION, FLOOD CONTROL, AND IRRIGATION.
John A. Chapman
3
5. TODAY A POSSIBLE TURNING POINT
Carl Sagan’s Cosmos ‐ Travels in Space and Time (Episode 8), 1989.
“Those worlds in space are as countless as all the grains of sands on all
the beaches of the earth ‐ and each of those worlds is as real as ours. In
every one of them there is a succession of incidences, events,
occurrences which influence its future ‐ countless worlds, numberless
moments, an immensity of space and time. Here on our small planet at
this moment we face a critical branch point in history. What we do
with our world right now will propagate down through the centuries
and powerfully affect the destiny of our descendants. It is well within
our power to destroy our civilization and perhaps our species as well. If
we capitulate to superstition or greed, or stupidity, we can plunge our
world into a darkness deeper than the time between the collapse of
classical civilization and the Italian Renaissance. But we are also
capable of using our compassion and our intelligence, our technology
and our wealth, to make an abundant and meaningful life for every
inhabitant of this planet ‐ to enhance enormously our understanding of
the universe and carry us to the stars.”
•
AT THIS TIME, IN MY OPINION, THE POWER OF GREEN POLITICS IS OVERWHELMING SCIENCE AND RELIGION. THE NIHILIST
MATHUSIAN ANARCHISTS (NMA), AS PREDICTED BY AYN RAND IN HER LAST BOOK, “THE NEW LEFT, THE ANTI‐INDUSTRIAL
REVELOTION” 1970, ARE WINNING THE BATTLE FOR HUMAN “HEARTS” AND MINDS. AS PREDICTED BY RAND THEY ARE USING
THE ATMOSPHERE AS THE “LIGHTENING ROD” TO GALVANIZE THE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD TO SUPPORT ONE WORLD
GOVERNMENT. THESE DANGEROUS FORCES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO PLUNGE THE WORLD INTO A NEW DARK AGE UNDER THE
CONTROL OF DESPOTS.
•
INCOME TO THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, THAT CREATED AND DOMINATED THE DARK AGES (CIRCA 300 AD TO 1500 AD)’ IS
NOW UNDER ASSAULT BY THIS “GREEN RELIGION”. THE VATICAN IS FIGHTING THIS NEW FORCE (AND ITS AGW “DOGMA”
ACCORDING TO THE POPE) AS IT IS LOSSING CONVERTS. FOLLOWING THE CHURCH’S EXAMPLE OF SCARING PEOPLE WITH THE
FEAR OF HELL AND THEN ABSOLVING SINS BY PAYMENT TO THE CHURCH ‐ THE GREENS ARE NOW ABSOLVING THE SIN OF C02 BY
WAY OF TAXES AND CAP AND TRADE RULES. THIS AFTER THEY HAVE SCARED EVERYONE WITH THE INCONVENIENT TRUTH – ONE
OF MANY HYPER‐TACTICS.
•
AL GORE’S INVOLVEMENT IS BLATANT IN REAPING FINANCIAL REWARDS (WITHOUT DISCLOSURE) FROM THE AGW SCARE AS HE IS
CO‐CHAIRMAN OF THE HEDGE FUND “GENERATION INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT” SET UP IN LONDON IN 2004 (WITH EXECUTIVES
FROM GOLDMAN SACHS). SEE EIR, MARCH 30, 2007.
6. Our Cosmic Journey
1/2/2014
DUNCAN STEEL – TARGET EARTH
THE CHALLENGES
& REWARDS
• Humans cannot survive as a single planet species as
evidenced in the Earth’s fossil record of mass
extinctions of life caused mainly by comet/asteroid
impacts, super‐volcanic eruptions and pending
much hotter sun
• Humans have a genetic “wiring” that drives
exploration (risk) for discovery of new places and
things (reward) – the earth no longer holds the
exploration potential nor the rewards needed by
society – it is time to move onto the rest of the
Solar System
•
NASA AS OF MAY 2008 REPORTS 5,474 NEOs (IN THE VICINITY OF EARTH’S ORBIT) HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED: (65 COMETS AND 5,409
ASTERIODS), OF THESE 881 ARE ESTIMATED TO BE AT LEAST 1.0KM IN DIAMETER. THE RATE OF IMPACTS OF OBJECTS OF AT LEAST THIS SIZE
IS ESTIMATED AT 2 PER 1.0 MILLION YEARS (2,000 PER BILLION YEARS). MANY MORE NEOs WILL ARRIVE OVER TIME DUE TO
GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS ON ASTERIODS (MAINLY JUPITER) IN THE ASTERIOD BELT AND COMETS (MAINLY NEPTUNE) IN THE KUIPER BELT.
•
THE LARGEST NEO AT THIS TIME IS GANYMED, AN ASTERIOD, WHICH IS ~32KM IN DIAMETER.
•
IN 2008 THE ASSOCIATION OF SPACE EXPLORERS INTERNATIONAL PANEL OF ASTERIOD THREAT MITIGATION PRESENTED “ASTERIOD
THREATS: A CALL FOR GLOBAL RESPONSE” TO THE UNITED NATIONS. IT IS A 54 PAGE DOCUMENT OUTLINING THE THREAT AND THE
PROPOSED MITIGATION PROGRAM FOR DETECTION, TRACKING AND DEFLECTION.
99924 APOPHIS IS A 279 METER DIAMETER NEAR EARTH ASTERIOD THAT COULD HAVE A VERY CLOSE ENCOUNTER WITH EARTH IN 2029,
2036 AND 2068 – WE NEED TO KEEP TRACKING THIS HAZARD AS AT SOME POINT IN TIME IT MAY NEED TO BE “DEFLECTED”.
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DOTCOM BILLIONAIRES ARE TURNING TO SPACE INVESTMENTS (SETI AND ROCKETS) AS “TROPHY” INVESTMENTS – PAUL ALLEN: SETI, ELON
MUSK: SPACEX.
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AT THE 2003 ILEWG LUNAR CONFERENCE IN HAWAII ASTRONAUT JOHN YOUNG IN HIS OPENING ADDRESS SAID WE HUMANS WILL NOT
SURVIVE AS A SINGLE PLANET SPECIES BECAUSE OF COMETS, ASTERIODS AND SUPER VOLCANOES. AT THE END OF THE CONFERENCE THE
MEMBERS WERE ASKED IF THEY FELT IT WAS WORTH THE EFFORT FOR HUMANS TO TRY TO CONTROL THEIR DESTINY BY POPULATING
OTHER PLANETS – MORE THAN HALF SAID THEY DID NOT CARE AS WE WERE DOOMED NO MATTER WHAT WE DO. I WAS IN THE MINORITY
AND I DO BELIEVE THAT WE SHOULD GET ON WITH DOING THE VERY BEST WE CAN TO POPULATE OTHER PLANETS – AND THEREBY SAVE THE
HUMAN SPECIES.
John A. Chapman
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7. Our Cosmic Journey
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KNOWN MASS EXTINCTIONS
OF SPECIES ON EARTH
(IN THE FOSSIL RECORD)
1) END OF CRETACEOUS, ~65 Ma,
~75%
2) END OF TRIASSIC, ~205 Ma,
~75%
3) END OF PERMIAN ~250 Ma,
~90%
4) END OF DEVONIAN ~370 Ma,
~70%
5) END OF ORDOVICIAN ~450 Ma,
~85%
THE DINOSAURS HAD NO SPACE PROGRAM ‐ WE DO
WE NOW HAVE
COMET SHOEMAKER‐LEVY IMPACTING
SPACE SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WORKING
JUPITER JULY 16, 1994
ON THE PROBLEM OF DETECTING, TRACKING
AND DEFLECTING ASTEROIDS AND COMETS
(JUPITER’S DIAMETER IS 11.2 X EARTH’S)
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JUPITER’S DIAMETER IS 143,000 KM, EARTH’S IS 12,800 KM, THE MOON IS 3,480 KM.
THERE WERE AT LEAST 20 SEPARATE FRAGMENTS OF THE COMET SHOEMAKER‐LEVY THAT HIT JUPITER – ONE OF THE LARGEST “G” (JULY 18,
1994) CREATED A DARK SPOT MEASURING 12,000 KM ACROSS AND WAS ESTIMATED TO HAVE RELEASED AN ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO 6
TRILLION TONS OF TNT (~750 TIMES THE WORLDS NUCLEAR ARSENAL). TWO IMPACTS 12 HOURS APART ON JULY 19TH CREATED IMPACT
MARKS OF SIMILAR SIZE TO THAT CAUSED BY FRAGMENT G. SEVERAL OF THESE IMPACTORS, IF THEY WERE HITTING EARTH, WOULD HAVE
EXTINQUISHED ALL OR MOST LIFE ON THE PLANET.
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IMPACTORS: ASTERIODS (PROGRADE ~19KM/SEC), COMETS (RETROGRADE ~55KM/SEC) – IF SAME SIZE OBJECTS THEN COMET HAS ~8 TIMES
MORE ENERGY (KINETIC) THAN THE ASTERIOD (KINETIC ENERGY = ½ M x V*2). OBJECTS TRAVELING AT ~3 KM/SEC HAVE KINETIC ENERGY
EQUIVALENT TO THEIR MASS IN TNT.
EARLY MORNING ON EARTH IS LIKE FACING FORWARD IN AN AUTOMOBILE TRAVELING AT 30KM PER SECOND – A RETROGRADE IMPACTOR
WOULD HIT AT ~55KM/SEC.
IMPACTORS NORMALLY CREATE CRATORS 10 TO 20 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE IMPACTOR.
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EARTH ROTATION VELOCITY AT EQUATOR SEA LEVEL = 1,650 KM/HR, MEAN EARTH ORBITAL VELOCITY = 30KM/SEC, THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS
ORBITING WITHIN THE MILKY WAY AT A VELOCITY OF ~220 KM/SEC AND IN RELATION TO THE COSMOS BACKGROUND AT ~600 KM/SEC.
THE TRICK IN TRACKING NEO ORBITS LIES IN A STRANGE NATURAL PHENOMENON: SOLAR‐POWERED ORBITAL MECHANICS. THE IDEA GOES
BACK TO A SCIENTIFIC PAPER WRITTEN BY RUSSIAN ENGINEER I.O. YARKOVSKY A CENTURY AGO AND SINCE LOST. YARKOVSKY IS SAID TO
HAVE PROPOSED THAT THE SUN WARMS AN ASTEROID MORE ON THE "DAY" SIDE THAN ON THE "NIGHT" SIDE. THE WARMER SIDE OF THE
ROCK EMITS MORE THERMAL RADIATION, CREATING A SLIGHT DIFFERENCE IN MOMENTUM THAT GENTLY NUDGES THE OBJECT IN A
MANNER SIMILAR TO HOW A ROCKET IS PROPELLED. OVER HUNDREDS OF YEARS, THE MOVEMENT CAN BE SIGNIFICANT, SCIENTISTS SAY.
NOTE THAT THE EXTINCTIONS ARE SHOWN AT THE END OF GEOLOGICAL “PERIODS” – THAT IS BECAUSE EXTINCTIONS ARE ONE OF THE
MARKERS GEOLOGISTS USED IN PREPARING THE SCALE.
John A. Chapman
7
9. THE MOST SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING INTENSIVE INDUSTRY
SPACE EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Saturn V Launch
(7.5M lb thrust)
Kennedy Space Center
USA
Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space Center, Florida
showing the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and
Saturn V rocket being transported to the launch pad.
NASA
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MENTION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ADJACENT KENNEDY SPACE CENTER (NASA) AND CAPE CANAVERAL (US AIRFORCE).
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LAUNCH TO EAST GIVES A BOOST FROM ROTATION OF EARTH (GREATEST AT EQUATOR) 1,600KM/HR AND ABORT IS OVER
ATLANTIC OCEAN. FOR POLAR ORBITS NASA NORMALLY LAUNCHES FROM CALIFORNIA TOWARD THE SOUTH SO THAT ABORT IS
IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN (THE RECENT POLAR LAUNCH FAILURE, WITH REMOTE SENSING CO2 SPACECRAFT, CRASHED IN
ANTARCTICA AFTER CALIFORNIA LAUNCH). POLAR ORBITS PROVIDE GOOD COVERAGE OF THE EARTH FOR MAPPING
(MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, SYNTHETIC APERATURE RADAR, ETC.).
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EARTH GEOSYNCRONOUS SATELLITES ORBIT AT AN ALTITUDE OF 35,786KM IN THE SAME COUNTERCLOCKWISE DIRECTION AS THE
EARTH. THE ROTATIONAL PERIOD BEING THE SAME AS THE EARTH’S IS 23H, 56M AND 4.091S. THESE ORBITS ARE USED FOR
“PARKING” SATELLITES FOR COMMUNICATION (VOICE, TV, DATA, ETC.). AT THIS ALTITUDE THERE IS A O.12S DELAY ONE‐WAY
DUE TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT TRANSMISSION (35,786KM/300,000KM/S).
10. CONSTELLATION PROGRAM
Ares V: Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicle
Ares I: Crew Launch Vehicle
SATURN V: 111 m long, 2.9M kg launch mass,
33.6M N launch thrust,
129K kg to LEO, 49K kg to Moon
ARES:
109 m long (V), 3.7M kg launch mass (V+I)
53.3M N launch thrust (V+I)
148k kg to LEO, 64.8k kg to Moon
Specific Impulse: solid boosters ~265 s (vac)
liquid hydrogen/oxygen ~450 s (vac)
NASA
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11. Our Cosmic Journey
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SPACEX (USA) – FALCON 9 HEAVY
CANADA HAS THE 10TH LARGEST
ECONOMY IN THE WORLD AT
US$1.34 TRILLION PER ANNUM GDP
FOURTEEN COUNTRIES HAVE THE
CAPACITY TO CONDUCT ORBITAL
SPACECRAFT LAUNCHES
CANADA HAS NO CAPABILITY
TO LAUNCH ORBITAL SPACECRAFT
SHAME ON CANADA
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SPACEX’S FALCON 9 HEAVY (IN DEVELOPMENT): MASS TO LEO = 32t, MASS TO GTO = 19.5t. FALCON 9 IS OPERATIONAL AT 10.5t LEO
AND 4.7t GTO.
SPACEX HAS RECEIVED A NASA CONTRACT TO DELIVER SUPPLIES TO THE ISS AND THEN LATER, UPON PROOF OF RELIABILITY, HUMANS
TO ISS.
John A. Chapman
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13. Our Cosmic Journey
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POST AVATAR
PANDORA MINING ENTERPRISES
A JV BETWEEN EARTH INC.
AND PANDORA NATIVES INC.
PANDORA
PIERRE LOISON
1861
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PANDORA (GREEK MYTHOLOGY) – “SHE WHO SENDS UP GIFTS” – IMPLYING FROM BELOW THE EARTH.
JOHN S. LEWIS IS A PROFESSOR OF PLANETARY SCIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA’S LUNAR AND PLANETARY LABORATORY. HE
PREVIOUSLY TAUGHT AT MIT.
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IN THIS BOOK, DR LEWIS DISCUSSES THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERPLANETARY SPACE WITHIN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. HE MAKES A
PREDICTION THAT THE ABUNDANT RESOURCES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, INCLUDING EFFECTIVELY‐LIMITLESS SOLAR ENERGY, COULD
SUPPORT A VAST CIVILIZATION OF 1016 PEOPLE. HE ARGUES THAT SHORTAGE OF RESOURCES IS "...AN ILLUSION BORN OF IGNORANCE."
John A. Chapman
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14. Our Cosmic Journey
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AD ASTRA PLASMA ROCKET
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NERVA SOLID‐CORE DESIGN
A NUCLEAR REACTOR HAS A VERY LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY PER UNIT MASS, IN FACT A REACTOR CORE HAS THE HIGHEST ENERGY
DENSITY OF ANY USEFUL ENERGY SOURCE ON EARTH. THIS HIGH ENERGY DENSITY AND SCALABILITY MAKE NUCLEAR REACTORS AN IDEAL
POWER SOURCE ON EARTH AND IN SPACE. A NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWERED SPACECRAFT COULD DRAMATICALLY SHORTEN HUMAN
TRANSIT TIMES BETWEEN PLANETS (LESS THAN 3 MONTHS TO MARS).
IN THE 1960S THE USA AND RUSSIA WORKED ON NUCLEAR THERMAL ROCKETS. NASA DESIGNED BUILT AND TESTED 20 ROCKET REACTORS
IN THEIR ROVER AND NERVA PROGRAMS. THEY DEMONSTRATED THE FEASIBILITY OF SPACE NUCLEAR POWER, TESTING A WIDE RANGE
OF ENGINE SIZES, USING LIQUID HYDROGEN AS BOTH THE COOLANT FOR THE REACTOR, AND THE PROPELLANT, EXPELLED TO CREATE THE
THRUST. THE RUSSIAN NUCLEAR ROCKET WORK WAS CONDUCTED AT THE SEMIPALATINSK FACILITY IN KAZAKHSTAN. THE RUSSIAN
SYSTEMS PRODUCED HYDROGEN EXHAUST TEMPERATURES HIGHER THAN 3,000 K OR ABOUT 500 K DEGREES HIGHER THAN THE BEST USA
NERVA FUEL ELEMENTS.
FOR A GOOD READ ON NUCLEAR ROCKETS SEE “BACK TO THE MOON WITH NUCLEAR ROCKETS”, MARSHA FREEMAN, 21ST CENTURY
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, SUMMER 1999, VOL. 12, NO. 2 (www.21stcenturysciencetech.com).
John A. Chapman
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15. Our Cosmic Journey
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MOON
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NOW, IN THE NEXT THREE SLIDES LET’S LOOK AT THE VERY HIGH TECHNOLOGY SPACECRAFT THAT ARE CURRENTLY EXPLORING OUR SOLAR
SYSTEM.
LCROSS (LUNAR CRATER OBSERVATION AND SENSING SATELLITE) AND LRO (LUNAR RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER) LAUNCHED JUNE 2009
FROM CAPE CARAVERAL ON ATLAS V 401 ROCKET.
TWO LUNAR IMPACTS (ROCKET UPPER STAGE THEN LCROSS SPACECRAFT A FEW MINUTES LATER) AT ~4:30 a.m. PDT ON OCTOBER 9, 2009.
NASA HAS A FIRST MAJOR ANOUNCEMENT ON RELEASE OF DATA FOR LRO AND LCROSS ON OCTOBER 21, 2010.
John A. Chapman
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16. Our Cosmic Journey
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MARS
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OLYMPUS MONS – HIGHEST KNOWN MOUNTAIN IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 600 KM DIAMETER BASE AND TOWERING 25 KM HIGH.
MOUNTAINS ON EARTH CANNOT “GROW” THIS HIGH BECAUSE OF THE EARTH’S LARGER GRAVITY.
VALLES MARINERIS IS 4,000 KM LONG AND 220 KM WIDE AT ITS WIDEST SPOT.
NEW SPACECRAFT SUCH AS MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER (2006), AND THE LANDERS AND ROVERS PHOENIX (2007), SPIRIT (2003) AND
OPPORTUNITY (2003) ARE DOING A REMARKABLE JOB OF IMAGING AND TESTING SURFACE RESOURCES.
THE PHOENIX LANDER (2008) DISCOVERY “SNOW” IN THE MARS ATMOSPHERE (LIDAR) AND WATER ICE AT THE SURFACE UNDER A THIN
VENEER OF RED DUST.
THE ROVERS HAVE IDENTIFIED SEDIMENTARY ROCK DEPOSITS (MUST HAVE FORMED IN WATER).
THE ESA SPACECRAFT MARS EXPRESS (2003) HAS MEASURED THE WATER‐ICE IN THE SOUTH POLAR REGION AND DETERMINED, “THERE IS
ENOUGH FROZEN WATER TO COVER THE WHOLE PLANET IN A LIQUID LAYER APPROXIMATELY 11 METERS DEEP.
MAY 14, 2008: REV JOSE GABRIEL FUNES, HEAD OF THE VATICAN OBSERVATORY AND A SCIENTIFIC ADVISER TO THE POPE BELIEVES THERE
IS A STRONG POSSIBILITY THAT LIFE EXISTS ON OTHER PLANETS. THE ALIEN LIFE FORMS FUNES HAS IN MIND DOESN'T EXCLUDE A RACE
WITH INTELLIGENCE. THIS WAS TRYING TO GET THE VATICAN “AHEAD” OF ANY SCIENCE ANNOUNCEMENT AS THE PHOENIX LANDER
LANDED ON MARS ON MAY 25, 2008! COPERNICUS, GALILEO AND KEPLER WOULD FIND THIS AMUSING, WERE THEY STILL ALIVE TODAY.
John A. Chapman
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17. Our Cosmic Journey
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SATURN
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TITAN (5,150 KM DIAMETER VS OUR MOON AT 3,476 KM) HAS RIVERS, OCEANS, GLACIERS OF METHANE (CH4) AND ETHANE (C2H6) AN
ATMOSPHERE OF NITROGEN AND METHANE AND ROCKS OF WATER‐ICE (‐180 DEGREES CENTIGRADE) – REFER TO THOMAS GOLD’S DEEP
HOT BIOSPHERE AND ITS DISCUSSION OF ABIOTIC HYDROCARBONS.
CASSINI‐HUYGENS LAUNCHED IN OCTOBER 1997 AT CAPE CANAVERAL BY TITAN IV‐B/CENTAUR ROCKET. THE SPACECRAFT STANDS 6.8
METERS HIGH AND HAS A MASS WITHOUT FUEL: ORBITER = 2,150KG AND PROBE = 350KG. IT IS POWERED BY THREE PLUTOMIUM 238
RTGS.
CASSINI INSTRUMENTS: PLASMA SPECTROMETER, COSMIC DUST ANALYZER, COMPOSITE INFRARED SPECTROMETER, ION AND NEUTRAL
MASS SPECTROMETER, IMAGING SCIENCE SUBSYSTEM, DUAL TECHNIQUE MAGNETOMETER, MAGNETOSPHERIC IMAGING INSTRUMENT,
RADAR, RADIO AND PLASMA WAVE DETECTORS, RADIO SCIENCE SUBSYSTEMS, ULTRAVIOLET IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH AND VISIBLE AND
INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER.
HUYGENS PROBE INSTRUMENTS: AEROSOL COLLECTOR AND PYROLYSER, DESCENT IMAGER AND SPECTRAL RADIOMETER, DOPPLER WIND
EXPERIMENT, GAS CHROMATOGRAPH AND MASS SPECTOMETER, ATMOSPHERE STRUCTURE WITH SOUND AND ELECTRICAL DETECTORS
AND SURFACE SCIENCE PACKAGE.
John A. Chapman
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THE BENEFIT OF NUCLEAR POWER
(PLUTONIUM 238 RTGS)
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THE VOYAGER 1 AND 2 SPACECRAFTS LAUNCHED IN 1977 ARE STILL FUNCTIONING – ALTHOUGH THE RADIO SIGNAL STRENGTH IS
ATTENUATED DUE TO THE GREAT DISTANCE FROM EARTH (PROPORTIONAL TO INVERSE SQUARE OF DISTANCE). THEY ARE 17 BILLION KM
AND 14 BILLION KM RESPECTIVELY FROM THE SUN (TRAVELING AT ~17KM/SEC).
THE SPACECRAFT ARE IN THE OUTER MOST LAYER OF THE HELIOSHEATH WHERE THE SOLAR WIND IS SLOWED BY THE PRESSURE OF
INTERSTELLAR GAS.
DATA STREAMING FROM THE SPACECRAFT IS RECEIVED BY THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK (DSN) – IT TAKES ~13 HOURS FOR THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC (RADIO) SIGNAL TO REACH EARTH.
THEY ARE STILL SENDING DATA BACK TO EARTH REGARDING: COSMIC RAYS, MAGNETICS, PLASMA WAVES, LOW ENERGY CHARGED
PARTICLES AND ULTRAVIOLET RAYS.
THE POWER SOURCE ON BOTH SPACECRAFT ARE RTG (RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS) USING PLUTONIUM‐238 (37.7KG,
160 WATTS OF ELECTRICITY AND 2000 WATTS OF HEAT). PLUTONIUM‐238 HAS A HALF‐LIFE OF 87.7 YEARS.
IN APRIL 2010 THE AMERICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY (AAS) SENT OUT AN “ACTION ALERT” TO ITS MEMBERS ASKING THEM TO
CONTACT CONGRESS ABOUT RESTARTING PRODUCTION OF PLUTONIUM‐238, AS THIS ISOTOPE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DEEP SPACE MISSION
SPACECRAFT (SUCH AS VOYAGER, GALILEO, ULYSSES, CASSINI‐HUYGENS, ETC.).
John A. Chapman
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19. Our Cosmic Journey
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SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES
• INITIALLY BEST TO STAY IN THE GOLDILOCKS ZONE:
• EARTH
• MOON
• MARS AND ITS MOONS (2)
• MOONS OF JUPITER (63) AND SATURN (62)
• NEAR EARTH ASTEROIDS AND COMETS
• EXPLORING FOR:
• WATER‐ICE
• HYDROCARBONS
• NUCLEAR FUELS (URANIUM & THORIUM)
• ALL OTHER MINERALS AND ELEMENTS
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REFER TO “MINING THE SKY” BY JOHN LEWIS FOR A GOOD SUMMARY OF SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES.
LUNAR RESOURCE EXTRACTION IS FOCUSED UPON THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN. THESE ELEMENTS (H AND O) OR
MOLECULES (H2 AND O2) ARE REQUIRED FOR SUPPORT OF HUMAN LIFE ("AIR" AND WATER), ROCKET PROPELLANTS, FUEL CELLS (MOBILE
AND STATIONARY), AGRICULTURE AND AQUACULTURE. THE NEXT MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS ARE URANIUM AND THORIUM AS FEED
TO LUNAR NUCLEAR REACTORS TO PROVIDE ELECTRIC AND HEAT ENERGY.
John A. Chapman
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20. Our Cosmic Journey
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CANADA
WORLD LEADER IN MINERAL
EXPLORATION
• CANADA HAS 7% OF LAND AREA ON EARTH AND
0.5% OF POPULATION
• 20% OF WORLD MINERAL EXPLORATION
CONDUCTED IN CANADA
• CANADIAN COMPANIES CONDUCT 43% OF THE
WORLD’S MINERAL EXPLORATION
• 45% OF THE WORLD’S $12.7 BILLION RAISED
FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION IS VIA COMPANIES
LISTED ON CANADIAN STOCK EXCHANGES
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THIS REMARKABLE RECORD HAS BEEN ACHIEVED TO A LARGE DEGREE BY TAX INCENTIVES TO THE RESOURCE INDUSTRY OPERATING IN
CANADA. THIS HAS CREATED A STRONG “LOCAL” GROUP OF CANADIAN MINING EXPERTS (GEOLOGY, MINING, LAW, ACCOUNTING,
FINANCE, ETC.) THAT HAVE STEPPED ONTO THE WORLD STAGE AND BEEN VERY SUCCESSFUL – TO THE BENEFIT OF ALL CANADIANS.
THE NUMBERS SHOWN ON THIS SLIDE ARE FROM STATS CANADA 2004.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE COLLECTION AND REPORTING OF VAST AMOUNTS OF GEOPHYSICAL, GEOCHEMICAL AND
GEOLOGICAL DATA INTO A GIS DATABASE, ACCESSIBLE BY MANY, IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF SUCCESSFUL MINERAL EXPLORATION AND
DEPOSIT VALUATION. THE BRITISH COLUMBIA GSB, WITH THEIR www.mapplace.ca IS A RECOGNIZED, AWARD WINNING, LEADER. ON
THE MOON AND MARS GOOGLE IS ASSEMBLING AND DELIVERING SIMILAR GEOSCIENCE DATABASES THAT ARE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC.
John A. Chapman
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21. Our Cosmic Journey
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REMOTE SENSING
ASTER IMAGING
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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
RADIOMETRICS
MULTISPECTRAL
HYPERSPECTRAL
SYNTHETIC APERTURE
RADAR
MAGNETIC
ELECTROMAGNETIC
GRAVITY
THE NEXT EIGHT SLIDES WILL SHOW MINERAL EXPLORATION METHODS ON EARTH.
NOTE THAT USA AND RUSSIAN NAVIES USE A VLF‐EM SIGNAL FROM LAND OF ~30,000 HERTZ (WAVES PER SECOND) THAT CAN BE PICKED
UP BY SUBMARINES TO DEPTHS OF 20 METERS. THESE VLF‐EM SIGNALS ARE USED EXTENSIVELY BY THE MINING INDUSTRY FOR EM
SURVEYS. NOTE THAT AT THIS FREQUENCY THE WAVELENGTH IS ~10 KM.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: RADIO = 10*6 Hz, INFRARED = 10*13Hz, VISIBLE LIGHT = 10*15 Hz, ULTRA VIOLET = 10*16Hz, GAMMA
RAYS = 10*18 Hz.
ONLY RADIO WAVES AND VISIBLE LIGHT MAKE IT THROUGH EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE – ALL OTHER WAVELENGTHS ARE BLOCKED AT
VARYING DISTANCES BEFORE REACHING THE GROUND.
IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DETECTION AND BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF NEUTRINOS HAS RESULTED IN
GEOPHYSICISTS STARTING TO USE NUETRINO OBSERVATIONS TO DETERMINE THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES ON EARTH.
REFER TO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, MAY 2010, FOR A STATUS OF THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RELATED TO NEUTRINOS.
RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTATIONAL POWER HAVE FACILITATED 3D INDUCED POLARIZATION, 3D SEISMIC AND
ZTEM (SEE: www.geotech.ca).
THE ZTEM OR Z AXIS TIPPER ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM IS AN INNOVATIVE AIRBORNE EM SYSTEM WHICH USES THE NATURAL OR
PASSIVE FIELDS OF THE EARTH AS THE SOURCE OF TRANSMITTED ENERGY. THE EARTH AND IONOSPHERE, BOTH CONDUCTIVE, ACT AS A
WAVEGUIDE TO “TRANSMIT” THE SOURCE ENERGY GREAT DISTANCES. DUE TO THE MANNER IN WHICH THEY PROPAGATE, THESE
NATURAL FIELDS ARE PLANAR AND HORIZONTAL. ANY VERTICAL FIELD IS CAUSED BY CONDUCTIVITY CONTRASTS IN THE EARTH. THE
VERTICAL EM FIELD IS REFERENCED TO THE HORIZONTAL EM FIELD AS MEASURED BY A SET OF HORIZONTAL BASE STATION COILS. THE
PROPRIETARY RECEIVER DESIGN USING THE ADVANTAGES OF MODERN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING DELIVERS
EXCEPTIONALLY LOW‐NOISE LEVELS.
ZTEM IS ABLE TO DETECT LARGE MINERAL BODIES (PORPHYRY COPPER) THROUGH THIN COVER SUCH AS GLACIAL OVERBURDEN OR
YOUNG VOLCANIC CAPPING.
MDA GEOSPATIAL SERVICES, BASED IN RICHMOND BC, PROVIDES RADARSAT (1 AND 2) REMOTE SYNTHETIC APERATURE IMAGE DATA TO
THE MINING INDUSTRY (SEE: www.gs.mdacorporation.com).
3D GRAVITY GRADIENT EQUIPMENT (ROTATING ACCELEROMETER GRAVITY‐GRADIOMETER) DESIGNED AND BUILT BY BELL AEROSPACE
(NOW LOCKHEED MARTIN) HAS REVOLUTIONIZED THE USE OF GRAVITY AS A REMOTE SENSING TOOL FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION.
John A. Chapman
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