Ядерная энергия и общество. Тенденции последних лет.
А.Ю. Гагаринский
Российский научный центр «Курчатовский
институт»
III международная научно-практическая конференция
«АЭС: ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ, СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО, ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ»
1 декабря 2009 года
07.03.2013 Россия и Польша: как найти выход из лабиринта стереотипов взаимово...ВЦИОМ
7 марта, Варшава – Ольга Каменчук приняла участие в работе конференции: "Польша - Россия. Итоги 2012" организованной Центром польско-российского диалога и согласия. В ходе работы конференции Директор по коммуникациям ВЦИОМ выступила с докладом на тему: "Россия и Польша: как найти выход из лабиринта стереотипов взаимовосприятия?"
23 января на еженедельном вебинаре Broco "5 главных событий" подводились итоги прошлой недели. Напомним, что прошлая неделя была богата на макроэкономическую статистику и корпоративные отчетности. Ведущий вебинара Сергей Некрасов поделился своими ожиданиями событий грядущей недели: заседание ФРС, данные по безработице США, ВВП Англии и многое другое. Также он заострил внимание на ситуации в Греции, которая прояснится на этой неделе.
07.03.2013 Россия и Польша: как найти выход из лабиринта стереотипов взаимово...ВЦИОМ
7 марта, Варшава – Ольга Каменчук приняла участие в работе конференции: "Польша - Россия. Итоги 2012" организованной Центром польско-российского диалога и согласия. В ходе работы конференции Директор по коммуникациям ВЦИОМ выступила с докладом на тему: "Россия и Польша: как найти выход из лабиринта стереотипов взаимовосприятия?"
23 января на еженедельном вебинаре Broco "5 главных событий" подводились итоги прошлой недели. Напомним, что прошлая неделя была богата на макроэкономическую статистику и корпоративные отчетности. Ведущий вебинара Сергей Некрасов поделился своими ожиданиями событий грядущей недели: заседание ФРС, данные по безработице США, ВВП Англии и многое другое. Также он заострил внимание на ситуации в Греции, которая прояснится на этой неделе.
The document summarizes the major systems and components of a boiling water reactor (BWR) plant. It describes the reactor vessel internals that produce steam from heating water, the moisture separators and dryers, main turbine system that converts steam to electricity, and emergency core cooling systems. The BWR uses circulating water to transfer heat from the reactor core to power the main turbine, and has safety systems to inject water into the reactor vessel in the event of a loss of coolant accident.
This document summarizes updated capital cost estimates for various electricity generation technologies that were commissioned by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Key findings include that overnight capital costs for coal and nuclear plants are 25-37% higher than prior estimates, while natural gas costs remained similar. Solar photovoltaic costs declined 25% due to larger plant sizes and lower component costs. Onshore wind costs increased 21%, while offshore wind costs increased 50% to reflect first-of-a-kind U.S. project costs. Geothermal and biomass costs also increased versus prior estimates. These updated cost estimates will be used in EIA's modeling and analysis of technology choices in the electric power sector.
10 years of experience with Westinghouse fuel at NPP Temelinmyatom
Westinghouse fuel has been used at the Temelin NPP for 10 years. Some key points include:
- The first Westinghouse fuel assembly was loaded in 2000 and the plant achieved first criticality 3 months later. There have been 15 fuel cycles representing 960 fuel assemblies.
- Issues encountered include incomplete rod insertions, fuel assembly bowing and growth, and leaking fuel rods. Modifications to fuel assembly designs have helped address these issues.
- A post-irradiation inspection program provided data on fuel performance to support continued licensing of new fuel designs. While visual examinations showed little corrosion, measurements revealed unexpected fuel assembly twisting and bowing.
TVSA-T fuel assembly for “Temelin” NPP. Main results of design and safety ana...myatom
The document summarizes the design and safety analyses of the TVSA-T fuel assembly developed for the Temelin NPP in the Czech Republic. Key points include:
1) TVSA-T is based on the proven TVSA design with additional modifications like combined spacer grids and a longer fuel column.
2) Extensive testing and analyses were conducted to validate the TVSA-T design including thermohydraulic tests, mechanical tests, and safety analyses.
3) The design was successfully licensed for use at Temelin NPP unit 1 and meets all safety criteria for normal operation and accident conditions.
The document discusses the evolution and advanced designs of VVER reactors. It describes the current challenges facing nuclear power plants and how generation 3+ designs, such as the VVER-1200, aim to address these through extended lifetimes, reduced costs and construction times. Future innovative designs discussed include the VVER-600, VVER-SCP generation 4 supercritical water cooled reactor, and concepts using tight fuel assemblies for a closed nuclear fuel cycle. The VVER-1200 design for project AES-2006 forms the basis for the further developed MIR-1200 design being implemented in the Czech Republic.
The document summarizes the major systems and components of a boiling water reactor (BWR) plant. It describes the reactor vessel internals that produce steam from heating water, the moisture separators and dryers, main turbine system that converts steam to electricity, and emergency core cooling systems. The BWR uses circulating water to transfer heat from the reactor core to power the main turbine, and has safety systems to inject water into the reactor vessel in the event of a loss of coolant accident.
This document summarizes updated capital cost estimates for various electricity generation technologies that were commissioned by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Key findings include that overnight capital costs for coal and nuclear plants are 25-37% higher than prior estimates, while natural gas costs remained similar. Solar photovoltaic costs declined 25% due to larger plant sizes and lower component costs. Onshore wind costs increased 21%, while offshore wind costs increased 50% to reflect first-of-a-kind U.S. project costs. Geothermal and biomass costs also increased versus prior estimates. These updated cost estimates will be used in EIA's modeling and analysis of technology choices in the electric power sector.
10 years of experience with Westinghouse fuel at NPP Temelinmyatom
Westinghouse fuel has been used at the Temelin NPP for 10 years. Some key points include:
- The first Westinghouse fuel assembly was loaded in 2000 and the plant achieved first criticality 3 months later. There have been 15 fuel cycles representing 960 fuel assemblies.
- Issues encountered include incomplete rod insertions, fuel assembly bowing and growth, and leaking fuel rods. Modifications to fuel assembly designs have helped address these issues.
- A post-irradiation inspection program provided data on fuel performance to support continued licensing of new fuel designs. While visual examinations showed little corrosion, measurements revealed unexpected fuel assembly twisting and bowing.
TVSA-T fuel assembly for “Temelin” NPP. Main results of design and safety ana...myatom
The document summarizes the design and safety analyses of the TVSA-T fuel assembly developed for the Temelin NPP in the Czech Republic. Key points include:
1) TVSA-T is based on the proven TVSA design with additional modifications like combined spacer grids and a longer fuel column.
2) Extensive testing and analyses were conducted to validate the TVSA-T design including thermohydraulic tests, mechanical tests, and safety analyses.
3) The design was successfully licensed for use at Temelin NPP unit 1 and meets all safety criteria for normal operation and accident conditions.
The document discusses the evolution and advanced designs of VVER reactors. It describes the current challenges facing nuclear power plants and how generation 3+ designs, such as the VVER-1200, aim to address these through extended lifetimes, reduced costs and construction times. Future innovative designs discussed include the VVER-600, VVER-SCP generation 4 supercritical water cooled reactor, and concepts using tight fuel assemblies for a closed nuclear fuel cycle. The VVER-1200 design for project AES-2006 forms the basis for the further developed MIR-1200 design being implemented in the Czech Republic.
This document discusses the power uprate project at the NPP Temelín nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic. The project aims to increase the reactor thermal power from 3000 MWt to 3120 MWt and install new turbine low pressure parts to boost the generator output from 1016 MWe to 1081 MWe. The project will be carried out through analytical evaluations, core design updates, safety analysis revisions, and minor equipment modifications. It is scheduled to be implemented at Unit 1 in 2012 while ensuring the plant's safety criteria and limits remain unchanged.
This document discusses materials used for equipment in reactor plants V-320 and V-491. It provides details on the reactor pressure vessel such as dimensions, mass, and steel grades used for different components. It also discusses how materials were improved for V-491 to decrease radiation embrittlement and increase brittle fracture resistance. Surveillance programs and specifications for specimens are outlined to monitor changes in pressure vessel material properties during operation. Regulatory requirements for equipment design, welding, and inspections are also summarized.
Key Features of MIR.1200 (AES-2006) design and current stage of Leningrad NP...myatom
The document discusses the key features and current construction status of the MIR.1200/AES-2006 nuclear power plant design and Leningrad NPP-2, which uses this design. The MIR.1200 design is an evolution of previous VVER reactor designs with improved safety features like a double containment structure and passive safety systems. Leningrad NPP-2 Units 1 and 2 are currently under construction in Russia using this design. The design provides enhanced safety, economics, and project attractiveness through an evolutionary approach and leveraging designs already implemented in other plants.
Key Features of MIR.1200 (AES-2006) design and current stage of Leningrad NP...
Gagarinsky2009
1. Ядерная энергия
и общество
Тенденции последних лет
А.Ю. Гагаринский
Российский научный центр «Курчатовский
институт»
III международная конференция
«АЭС: проектирование,
строительство, эксплуатация»
1 декабря 2009 г.
Москва
2. «В этом мире существует
лишь две трагедии:
первая - когда не
добиваешься того, чего
хочешь,
вторая - когда
добиваешься»
Оскар Уайльд
5. Федеральные СМИ России о ядерной энергии
100
90 Правительство России 2006 2007 2009
принимает программу развития
положительно, %
положительно, %
80 ядерного комплекса страны на
2007-2015 гг.
70
60
Президент России
50 высказывается в
поддержку ядерной
40 энергии
30
20
10
отрицательно, %
0
нейтрально, %
-10
ай
ай
ар
ар
р
в
в
р
ев
ев
т
л
г
я
к
н
н
н
ав
ок
де
но
ап
ян
ян
ап
ию
ию
се
ию
м
м
м
м
ф
ф
-20
-30
6. МАГАТЭ: индекс общественной
приемлемости (PAI) в странах,
эксплуатирующих АЭС
Индия
США
Венгрия
Швеция
Индекс PAI
Финляндия
Южная Корея
Великобритания
Франция
Словения
Германия
Канада
Испания
PAI – среднее по опросам в стране за год, по шкале от нуля (полный
отказ) до 100 (полное одобрение)
7. Ввод и останов реакторов в мире
с 1957 по 2007 гг.
Новые
Остановленные
Действующие
Действующие реакторы
остановленных за год блоков
Количество введенных и
АЭС эксплуатируются в 32 странах мира.
Строятся 47 ядерных энергоблоков в 16 странах.
Последняя страна (Румыния) вступила в «ядерно-энергетический клуб» 13 лет назад.
Ядерная электрогенерация за последние 10 лет выросла на 13%
8. Строящиеся в России АЭС, 2009 г.
Волгодонск – 2 Калинин – 4 Нововоронежская АЭС-2 – 1
Ленинградская АЭС-2 – 1 Белоярская АЭС, БН-800 Плавучая АЭС на
Балтийском заводе
9. Альтернативы сокращения выбросов при росте
энергетических потребностей
q повышение эффективности использования энергии и снижение
энергоемкости;
q улавливание углерода от использования ископаемого топлива;
q ядерная энергия деления;
q возобновляемые энергоисточники (солнечная, ветровая,
геотермальная энергия, энергия биомассы);
q инновационные источники энергии.
11. Reactors Start to Spread in Waves
(Начало волнообразного распространения реакторов)
Источник: проф. Ning Li, School of Energy, Research Xiamen University, China