In this paper a new universal formula about the rotation velocity distribution of atoms, planets, and galaxies is presented. It is based on a new general formula based on the relativistic Schwarzschild/Minkowski metric, where it has been possible to obtain expressions for the rotation velocity - and mass distribution versus the distance to the atomic nucleus, planet system centre, and galactic centre. A mathematical proof of this new formula is also given. This formula is divided into a Keplerian(general relativity)-and a relativistic(special relativity) part. For the atomic-and planet systems the Keplerian distribution is followed, which is also in accordance with observations.
According to the rotation velocity distribution of the galaxies the rotation velocity increases very rapidly from the centre and reaches a plateau which is constant out to a great distance from the centre. This is in accordance with observations and is also in accordance with the main structure of rotation velocity versus distance from different galaxy measurements.
Computer simulations were also performed to establish and verify the rotation velocity distributions in the atomic – planetary- and galaxy system, according to this paper. These computer simulations are in accordance with observations in two and three dimensions. It was also possible to study the matching percentage in these calculations showing a much higher matching percentage between theoretical and observational values by this new formula.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Exocometary gas in_th_hd_181327_debris_ringSérgio Sacani
An increasing number of observations have shown that gaseous debris discs are not an
exception. However, until now we only knew of cases around A stars. Here we present the first
detection of 12CO (2-1) disc emission around an F star, HD 181327, obtained with ALMA
observations at 1.3 mm. The continuum and CO emission are resolved into an axisymmetric
disc with ring-like morphology. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method coupled with
radiative transfer calculations we study the dust and CO mass distribution. We find the dust is
distributed in a ring with a radius of 86:0 0:4 AU and a radial width of 23:2 1:0 AU. At
this frequency the ring radius is smaller than in the optical, revealing grain size segregation
expected due to radiation pressure. We also report on the detection of low level continuum
emission beyond the main ring out to 200 AU. We model the CO emission in the non-LTE
regime and we find that the CO is co-located with the dust, with a total CO gas mass ranging
between 1:2 10 6 M and 2:9 10 6 M, depending on the gas kinetic temperature and
collisional partners densities. The CO densities and location suggest a secondary origin, i.e.
released from icy planetesimals in the ring. We derive a CO cometary composition that is
consistent with Solar system comets. Due to the low gas densities it is unlikely that the gas is
shaping the dust distribution.
Large turbulent reservoirs of cold molecular gas around high-redshift starbur...Sérgio Sacani
Starburst galaxies at the peak of cosmic star formation1
are among
the most extreme star-forming engines in the Universe, producing
stars over about 100 million years (ref. 2). The star-formation
rates of these galaxies, which exceed 100 solar masses per year,
require large reservoirs of cold molecular gas3
to be delivered to
their cores, despite strong feedback from stars or active galactic
nuclei4,5
. Consequently, starburst galaxies are ideal for studying the
interplay between this feedback and the growth of a galaxy6
. The
methylidyne cation, CH+, is a most useful molecule for such studies
because it cannot form in cold gas without suprathermal energy
input, so its presence indicates dissipation of mechanical energy7–9
or strong ultraviolet irradiation10,11. Here we report the detection of
CH+ (J=1–0) emission and absorption lines in the spectra of six
lensed starburst galaxies12–15 at redshifts near 2.5. This line has
such a high critical density for excitation that it is emitted only in
very dense gas, and is absorbed in low-density gas10. We find that
the CH+ emission lines, which are broader than 1,000 kilometres
per second, originate in dense shock waves powered by hot galactic
winds. The CH+ absorption lines reveal highly turbulent reservoirs
of cool (about 100 kelvin), low-density gas, extending far (more than
10 kiloparsecs) outside the starburst galaxies (which have radii of
less than 1 kiloparsec). We show that the galactic winds sustain
turbulence in the 10-kiloparsec-scale environments of the galaxies,
processing these environments into multiphase, gravitationally
bound reservoirs. However, the mass outflow rates are found to be
insufficient to balance the star-formation rates. Another mass input
is therefore required for these reservoirs, which could be provided by
ongoing mergers16 or cold-stream accretion17,18. Our results suggest
that galactic feedback, coupled jointly to turbulence and gravity,
extends the starburst phase of a galaxy instead of quenching it
First identification of_direct_collapse_black_holes_candidates_in_the_early_u...Sérgio Sacani
The first black hole seeds, formed when the Universe was younger than ⇠ 500Myr, are recognized
to play an important role for the growth of early (z ⇠ 7) super-massive black holes.
While progresses have been made in understanding their formation and growth, their observational
signatures remain largely unexplored. As a result, no detection of such sources has been
confirmed so far. Supported by numerical simulations, we present a novel photometric method
to identify black hole seed candidates in deep multi-wavelength surveys.We predict that these
highly-obscured sources are characterized by a steep spectrum in the infrared (1.6−4.5μm),
i.e. by very red colors. The method selects the only 2 objects with a robust X-ray detection
found in the CANDELS/GOODS-S survey with a photometric redshift z & 6. Fitting their
infrared spectra only with a stellar component would require unrealistic star formation rates
(& 2000M# yr−1). To date, the selected objects represent the most promising black hole seed
candidates, possibly formed via the direct collapse black hole scenario, with predicted mass
> 105M#. While this result is based on the best photometric observations of high-z sources
available to date, additional progress is expected from spectroscopic and deeper X-ray data.
Upcoming observatories, like the JWST, will greatly expand the scope of this work.
End point of_black_ring_instabilities_and_the_weak_cosmic_censorship_conjectureSérgio Sacani
We produce the first concrete evidence that violation of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture can occur
in asymptotically flat spaces of five dimensions by numerically evolving perturbed black rings. For certain
thin rings, we identify a new, elastic-type instability dominating the evolution, causing the system to settle to
a spherical black hole. However, for sufficiently thin rings the Gregory-Laflamme mode is dominant, and the
instability unfolds similarly to that of black strings, where the horizon develops a structure of bulges connected
by necks which become ever thinner over time.
Mapping spiral structure on the far side of the Milky WaySérgio Sacani
Little is known about the portion of the Milky Way lying beyond the Galactic center at distances
of more than 9 kiloparsec from the Sun. These regions are opaque at optical wavelengths
because of absorption by interstellar dust, and distances are very large and hard to measure.
We report a direct trigonometric parallax distance of 20:4þ2:8
2:2 kiloparsec obtained with the Very
Long Baseline Array to a water maser source in a region of active star formation. These
measurements allow us to shed light on Galactic spiral structure by locating the ScutumCentaurus
spiral arm as it passes through the far side of the Milky Way and to validate a
kinematic method for determining distances in this region on the basis of transverse motions.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Exocometary gas in_th_hd_181327_debris_ringSérgio Sacani
An increasing number of observations have shown that gaseous debris discs are not an
exception. However, until now we only knew of cases around A stars. Here we present the first
detection of 12CO (2-1) disc emission around an F star, HD 181327, obtained with ALMA
observations at 1.3 mm. The continuum and CO emission are resolved into an axisymmetric
disc with ring-like morphology. Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method coupled with
radiative transfer calculations we study the dust and CO mass distribution. We find the dust is
distributed in a ring with a radius of 86:0 0:4 AU and a radial width of 23:2 1:0 AU. At
this frequency the ring radius is smaller than in the optical, revealing grain size segregation
expected due to radiation pressure. We also report on the detection of low level continuum
emission beyond the main ring out to 200 AU. We model the CO emission in the non-LTE
regime and we find that the CO is co-located with the dust, with a total CO gas mass ranging
between 1:2 10 6 M and 2:9 10 6 M, depending on the gas kinetic temperature and
collisional partners densities. The CO densities and location suggest a secondary origin, i.e.
released from icy planetesimals in the ring. We derive a CO cometary composition that is
consistent with Solar system comets. Due to the low gas densities it is unlikely that the gas is
shaping the dust distribution.
Large turbulent reservoirs of cold molecular gas around high-redshift starbur...Sérgio Sacani
Starburst galaxies at the peak of cosmic star formation1
are among
the most extreme star-forming engines in the Universe, producing
stars over about 100 million years (ref. 2). The star-formation
rates of these galaxies, which exceed 100 solar masses per year,
require large reservoirs of cold molecular gas3
to be delivered to
their cores, despite strong feedback from stars or active galactic
nuclei4,5
. Consequently, starburst galaxies are ideal for studying the
interplay between this feedback and the growth of a galaxy6
. The
methylidyne cation, CH+, is a most useful molecule for such studies
because it cannot form in cold gas without suprathermal energy
input, so its presence indicates dissipation of mechanical energy7–9
or strong ultraviolet irradiation10,11. Here we report the detection of
CH+ (J=1–0) emission and absorption lines in the spectra of six
lensed starburst galaxies12–15 at redshifts near 2.5. This line has
such a high critical density for excitation that it is emitted only in
very dense gas, and is absorbed in low-density gas10. We find that
the CH+ emission lines, which are broader than 1,000 kilometres
per second, originate in dense shock waves powered by hot galactic
winds. The CH+ absorption lines reveal highly turbulent reservoirs
of cool (about 100 kelvin), low-density gas, extending far (more than
10 kiloparsecs) outside the starburst galaxies (which have radii of
less than 1 kiloparsec). We show that the galactic winds sustain
turbulence in the 10-kiloparsec-scale environments of the galaxies,
processing these environments into multiphase, gravitationally
bound reservoirs. However, the mass outflow rates are found to be
insufficient to balance the star-formation rates. Another mass input
is therefore required for these reservoirs, which could be provided by
ongoing mergers16 or cold-stream accretion17,18. Our results suggest
that galactic feedback, coupled jointly to turbulence and gravity,
extends the starburst phase of a galaxy instead of quenching it
First identification of_direct_collapse_black_holes_candidates_in_the_early_u...Sérgio Sacani
The first black hole seeds, formed when the Universe was younger than ⇠ 500Myr, are recognized
to play an important role for the growth of early (z ⇠ 7) super-massive black holes.
While progresses have been made in understanding their formation and growth, their observational
signatures remain largely unexplored. As a result, no detection of such sources has been
confirmed so far. Supported by numerical simulations, we present a novel photometric method
to identify black hole seed candidates in deep multi-wavelength surveys.We predict that these
highly-obscured sources are characterized by a steep spectrum in the infrared (1.6−4.5μm),
i.e. by very red colors. The method selects the only 2 objects with a robust X-ray detection
found in the CANDELS/GOODS-S survey with a photometric redshift z & 6. Fitting their
infrared spectra only with a stellar component would require unrealistic star formation rates
(& 2000M# yr−1). To date, the selected objects represent the most promising black hole seed
candidates, possibly formed via the direct collapse black hole scenario, with predicted mass
> 105M#. While this result is based on the best photometric observations of high-z sources
available to date, additional progress is expected from spectroscopic and deeper X-ray data.
Upcoming observatories, like the JWST, will greatly expand the scope of this work.
End point of_black_ring_instabilities_and_the_weak_cosmic_censorship_conjectureSérgio Sacani
We produce the first concrete evidence that violation of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture can occur
in asymptotically flat spaces of five dimensions by numerically evolving perturbed black rings. For certain
thin rings, we identify a new, elastic-type instability dominating the evolution, causing the system to settle to
a spherical black hole. However, for sufficiently thin rings the Gregory-Laflamme mode is dominant, and the
instability unfolds similarly to that of black strings, where the horizon develops a structure of bulges connected
by necks which become ever thinner over time.
Mapping spiral structure on the far side of the Milky WaySérgio Sacani
Little is known about the portion of the Milky Way lying beyond the Galactic center at distances
of more than 9 kiloparsec from the Sun. These regions are opaque at optical wavelengths
because of absorption by interstellar dust, and distances are very large and hard to measure.
We report a direct trigonometric parallax distance of 20:4þ2:8
2:2 kiloparsec obtained with the Very
Long Baseline Array to a water maser source in a region of active star formation. These
measurements allow us to shed light on Galactic spiral structure by locating the ScutumCentaurus
spiral arm as it passes through the far side of the Milky Way and to validate a
kinematic method for determining distances in this region on the basis of transverse motions.
Todo mundo sabe que os raios produzidos pela Estrela da Morte em Guerra nas Estrelas não pode existir na vida real, porém no universo existem fenômenos que as vezes conseguem superar até a mais surpreendente ficção.
A galáxia Pictor A, é um desses objetos que possuem fenômenos tão espetaculares quanto aqueles exibidos no cinema. Essa galáxia localiza-se a cerca de 500 milhões de anos-luz da Terra e possui um buraco negro supermassivo no seu centro. Uma grande quantidade de energia gravitacional é lançada, à medida que o material cai em direção ao horizonte de eventos, o ponto sem volta ao redor do buraco negro. Essa energia produz um enorme jato de partículas que viajam a uma velocidade próxima da velocidade da luz no espaço intergaláctico, chamado de jato relativístico.
Para obter imagens desse jato, os cientistas usaram o Observatório de Raios-X Chandra, da NASA várias vezes durante 15 anos. Os dados do Chandra, apresentados em azul nas imagens, foram combinados com os dados obtidos em ondas de rádio a partir do Australia Telescope Compact Array, e são aparesentados em vermelho nas imagens.
A nearby yoiung_m_dwarf_with_wide_possibly_planetary_m_ass_companionSérgio Sacani
O objeto de massa planetária J2126, anteriormente pensado como sendo um planeta solitário, orbita sua estrela mãe na maior órbita já descoberta até agora no universo, de acordo com uma equipe de astrônomos liderada pelo Dr. Niall Deacon, da Universidade de Hertfordshire, no Reino Unido.
O J2126, cujo nome completo é 2MASS J21265040-8140293, tem cerca de 13 vezes a massa de Júpiter.
Sua órbita é de aproximadamente 6900 Unidades Astronômicas de distância da sua estrela, a TYC 9486-927-1, uma estrela ativa, de rotação rápida e classificada como sendo do tipo Anã-M.
Essa é uma órbita 6900 vezes maior que a distância da Terra ao Sol, ou seja, aproximadamente 1 trilhão de quilômetros. Nessa sua órbita, o planeta leva 900000 anos para completar uma volta ao redor da sua estrela.
Probing the innermost_regions_of_agn_jets_and_their_magnetic_fields_with_radi...Sérgio Sacani
Desde 1974, observações feitas com o chamado Long Baseline Interferometry, ou VLBI, combinaram sinais de um objeto cósmico recebidos em diferentes rádio telescópios espalhados pelo globo para criar uma antena com o tamanho equivalente à maior separação entre elas. Isso fez com que fosse possível fazer imagens com uma nitidez sem precedentes, com uma resolução 1000 vezes melhor do que Hubble consegue na luz visível. Agora, uma equipe internacional de astrônomos quebrou todos os recordes combinando 15 rádio telescópios na Terra e a antena de rádio da missão RadioAstron, da agência espacial russa, na órbita da Terra. O trabalho, liderado pelo Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, o IAA-CSIC, forneceu novas ideias sobre a natureza das galáxias ativas, onde um buraco negro extremamente massivo engole a matéria ao redor enquanto simultaneamente emite um par de jatos de partículas de alta energia e campos magnéticos a velocidades próximas da velocidade da luz.
Observações feitas no comprimento de onda das micro-ondas são essenciais para explorar esses jatos, já que os elétrons de alta energia se movendo em campos magnéticos são mais proficientes em produzir micro-ondas. Mas a maioria das galáxias ativas com jatos brilhantes estão a bilhões de anos-luz de distância da Terra, de modo que esses jatos são minúsculos no céu. Desse modo a alta resolução é essencial para observar esses jatos em ação e então revelar fenômenos como as ondas de choque e a turbulência que controla o quanto de luz é produzida num dado tempo. “Combinando pela primeira vez rádio telescópios na Terra com rádio telescópios no espaço, operando na máxima resolução, tem permitido que a nossa equipe crie uma antena que tem um tamanho equivalente a 8 vezes o diâmetro da Terra, correspondendo a 20 micro arcos de segundo”, disse José L; Gómez, o líder da equipe no Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC.
Why Does the Atmosphere Rotate? Trajectory of a desorbed moleculeJames Smith
As a step toward understanding why the Earth's atmosphere "rotates" with the Earth, we use using Geometric (Clifford) Algebra to investigate the trajectory of a single molecule that desorbs vertically upward from the Equator, then falls back to Earth without colliding with any other molecules. Sample calculations are presented for a molecule whose vertical velocity is equal to the surface velocity of the Earth at the Equator (463 m/s) and for one with a vertical velocity three times as high. The latter velocity is sufficient for the molecule to reach the Kármán Line (100,000 m). We find that both molecules fall to Earth behind the point from which they desorbed: by 0.25 degrees of latitude for the higher vertical velocity, but by only 0.001 degrees for the lower.
Magnetic interaction of_a_super_cme_with_the_earths_magnetosphere_scenario_fo...Sérgio Sacani
Solar eruptions, known as Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), are
frequently observed on our Sun. Recent Kepler observations of super
ares
on G-type stars have implied that so called super-CMEs, possessing kinetic
energies 10 times of the most powerful CME event ever observed on the Sun,
could be produced with a frequency of 1 event per 800-2000 yr on solar-
like slowly rotating stars. We have performed a 3D time-dependent global
magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the magnetic interaction of such a CME
cloud with the Earth's magnetosphere. We calculated the global structure
of the perturbed magnetosphere and derive the latitude of the open-closed
magnetic eld boundary. We also estimated energy
uxes penetrating the
Earth's ionosphere and discuss the consequences of energetic particle
uxes
on biological systems on early Earth.
The completeness-corrected rate of stellar encounters with the Sun from the f...Sérgio Sacani
I report on close encounters of stars to the Sun found in the first Gaia data release (GDR1). Combining Gaia astrometry with radial
velocities of around 320 000 stars drawn from various catalogues, I integrate orbits in a Galactic potential to identify those stars which
come within a few parsecs. Such encounters could influence the solar system, for example through gravitational perturbations of the
Oort cloud. 16 stars are found to come within 2 pc (although a few of these have dubious data). This is fewer than were found in a
similar study based on Hipparcos data, even though the present study has many more candidates. This is partly because I reject stars
with large radial velocity uncertainties (>10 km s−1
), and partly because of missing stars in GDR1 (especially at the bright end). The
closest encounter found is Gl 710, a K dwarf long-known to come close to the Sun in about 1.3 Myr. The Gaia astrometry predict
a much closer passage than pre-Gaia estimates, however: just 16 000 AU (90% confidence interval: 10 000–21 000 AU), which will
bring this star well within the Oort cloud. Using a simple model for the spatial, velocity, and luminosity distributions of stars, together
with an approximation of the observational selection function, I model the incompleteness of this Gaia-based search as a function
of the time and distance of closest approach. Applying this to a subset of the observed encounters (excluding duplicates and stars
with implausibly large velocities), I estimate the rate of stellar encounters within 5 pc averaged over the past and future 5 Myr to be
545±59 Myr−1
. Assuming a quadratic scaling of the rate within some encounter distance (which my model predicts), this corresponds
to 87 ± 9 Myr−1 within 2 pc. A more accurate analysis and assessment will be possible with future Gaia data releases.
Evidence for a_distant_giant_planet_in_the_solar_systemSérgio Sacani
A descoberta de um novo planeta, atualmente não é uma manchete que chama tanto assim a atenção das pessoas. Muito disso, graças ao Telescópio Espacial Kepler, que já descobriu quase 2000 exoplanetas e todo instante uma nova descoberta é anunciada, certo? Mais ou menos, a descoberta anunciada hoje, dia 20 de Janeiro de 2016, é um pouco diferente, pois não se trata de um exoplaneta, e sim de um novo planeta no Sistema Solar, e esse é um fato que intriga os astrônomos a muitos e muitos anos.
Porém, temos que ir com calma com esses anúncios. No artigo aceito para publicação no The Astronomical Journal (artigo no final do post), os autores, Mike Brown e Konstantin Batygin, do Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia, apresentaram o que eles dizem ser evidências circunstâncias fortes para a existência de um grande planeta ainda não descoberto, talvez, com uma massa 10 vezes a massa da Terra, orbitando os confins do nosso Sistema Solar, muito além da órbita de Plutão. Os cientistas inferiram sua presença, por meio de anomalias encontradas nas órbitas de seis objetos do chamado Cinturão de Kuiper.
O objeto, que os pesquisadores estão chamando de Planeta Nove, não chega muito perto do Sol, no ponto mais próximo da sua órbita ele fica a 30.5 bilhões de quilômetros, ou seja, cinco vezes a distância entre o Sol e Plutão. Apesar do seu grande tamanho, ele é muito apagado, e por isso ninguém até o momento conseguiu observá-lo.
Não existe ainda uma confirmação observacional da descoberta, mas as evidências são tão fortes que fizeram com que outros especialistas como Chad Trujilo do Observatório Gemini no Havaí e David Nesvorny, do Southwest Research Institute em Boulder no Colorado, ficassem impressionados e bem convencidos de que deve mesmo haver um grande planeta nas fronteiras da nossa vizinhança cósmica.
Detection of lyman_alpha_emission_from_a_triply_imaged_z_6_85_galaxy_behind_m...Sérgio Sacani
We report the detection of Ly emission at 9538A
in the Keck/DEIMOS and HST WFC3
G102 grism data from a triply-imaged galaxy at z = 6:846 0:001 behind galaxy cluster MACS
J2129.4 0741. Combining the emission line wavelength with broadband photometry, line ratio upper
limits, and lens modeling, we rule out the scenario that this emission line is [O II] at z = 1:57. After
accounting for magnication, we calculate the weighted average of the intrinsic Ly luminosity to be
1:31042 erg s 1 and Ly equivalent width to be 7415A. Its intrinsic UV absolute magnitude at
1600A
is 18:60:2 mag and stellar mass (1:50:3)107 M, making it one of the faintest (intrinsic
LUV 0:14 L
UV) galaxies with Ly detection at z 7 to date. Its stellar mass is in the typical range
for the galaxies thought to dominate the reionization photon budget at z & 7; the inferred Ly escape
fraction is high (& 10%), which could be common for sub-L z & 7 galaxies with Ly emission. This
galaxy oers a glimpse of the galaxy population that is thought to drive reionization, and it shows
that gravitational lensing is an important avenue to probe the sub-L galaxy population.
Quase 900 galáxias próximas, porém escondidas, têm sido estudadas por uma equipe internacional de astrônomos, levando uma nova luz sobre o entendimento do Grande Atrator - uma concentração difusa de massa a 250 milhões de anos-luz de distância, que está puxando a nossa Via Láctea, e milhares de outras galáxias em sua direção.
Usando o Multibeam Receiver, instalado no rádio telescópio Parkes de 64 m, pertencente à instituição CSIRO na Austrália, a equipe foi capaz de ver através das estrelas e da poeira da nossa galáxia, vasculhando assim uma região inexplorada do espaço, conhecida pelos astrônomos como Zone of Avoidance (Zona de Anulação).
“Nós descobrimos 883 galáxias, um terço das quais nunca tinham sido vistas anteriormente”, disse o Professor Lister Staveley-Smith, membro da equipe, do ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, e da University of Western Australia, um dos nós do International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research.
First discovery of_a_magnetic_field_in_a_main_sequence_delta_scuti_star_the_k...Sérgio Sacani
Coralie Neiner do Laboratory for Space Studies and Astrophysics Instrumentation, LESIA (CNRS/Observatoire de Paris/UPMC/Université Paris Diderot) e Patricia Lampens (Royual OIbservatory of Belgium), descobriram a primeira estrela magnética do tipo delta Scuti, através de observações espectropolarimétricas, realizadas com o telescópio CFHT. As estrelas do tipo delta Scuti, são estrelas pulsantes, sendo que algumas delas mostram assinaturas atribuídas para um segundo tipo de pulsação. A descoberta mostra que isso é na verdade a assinatura de um campo magnético. Essa descoberta tem importantes implicações para o entendimento do interior das estrelas.
Dois tipos de estrelas pulsantes existem entre as estrelas com massa entre 1.5 e 2.5 vezes a massa do Sol: as estrelas do tipo delta Scuti e as estrelas do tipo gamma Dor. A teoria nos diz que as estrelas com temperatura entre 6900 e 7400 graus Kelvin podem ter ambos os tipos de pulsação. Essas são então chamadas de estrelas híbridas. Contudo, o satélite Kepler da NASA tem detectado um grande número de estrelas híbridas com temperaturas maiores ou menores do que esse limite pensado anteriormente. A existência dessas estrelas híbridas com temperaturas maiores é algo muito controverso, já que desafia o nosso entendimento sobre as estrelas pulsantes do tipo delta Scuti e gamma Dor.
The build up_of_the_c_d_halo_of_m87_evidence_for_accretion_in_the_last_gyrSérgio Sacani
Observações recentes obtidas com o Very Large Telescope do ESO mostraram que Messier 87, a galáxia elíptica gigante mais próximo de nós, engoliu uma galáxia inteira de tamanho médio no último bilhão de anos. Uma equipe de astrônomos conseguiu pela primeira vez seguir o movimento de 300 nebulosas planetárias brilhantes, encontrando evidências claras deste evento e encontrando também excesso de radiação emitida pelos restos da vítima completamente desfeita.
Further analysis of the References- part 2. Some further analyses about directional recoil, cross sections, galaxy Physics and experiment-optimizations techniques.
VIA Forum Astroparticle Physics Forum COSMOVIA
Author: O.M. Lecian.
Title: LHAASO Further references- part2.
28/03/2020
http://viavca.in2p3.fr/2010c_o_s_m_o_v_i_a__forum_sd24fsdf4zerfzef4ze5f4dsq34sdteerui45788789745rt7yr68t4y54865h45g4hfg56h45df4h86d48h48t7uertujirjtiorjhuiofgrdsqgxcvfghfg5h40yhuyir/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=3705&sid=c56cbf76f87536fc4c3ff216d9edaba2
CLASSICAL AND QUASI-CLASSICAL CONSIDERATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN COULOMB F...ijrap
On the basis of the theory of bound charges the calculation of the motion of the charged particle at the
Coulomb field formed with the spherical source of bound charges is carried out. Such motion is possible in
the Riemanniam space-time. The comparison with the general relativity theory (GRT) and special relativity
theory (SRT) results in the Schwarzshil'd field when the particle falls on the Schwarzshil'd and Coulomb
centres is carried out. It is shown that the proton and electron can to create a stable connection with the
dimensions of the order of the classic electron radius. The perihelion shift of the electron orbit in the
proton field is calculated. This shift is five times greater than in SRT and when corrsponding substitution of
the constants it is 5/6 from GRT. By means of the quantization of adiabatic invariants in accordance with
the method closed to the Bohr and Sommerfeld one without the Dirac equation the addition to the energy
for the fine level splitting is obtained. It is shown that the Caplan's stable orbits in the hydrogen atom
coincide with the Born orbits.
A magnetar-powered X-ray transient as the aftermath of a binary neutron-star ...Sérgio Sacani
Mergers of neutron stars are known to be associated with short γ-ray
bursts1–4
. If the neutron-star equation of state is sufficiently stiff
(that is, the pressure increases sharply as the density increases), at
least some such mergers will leave behind a supramassive or even a
stable neutron star that spins rapidly with a strong magnetic field5–8
(that is, a magnetar). Such a magnetar signature may have been
observed in the form of the X-ray plateau that follows up to half
of observed short γ-ray bursts9,10. However, it has been expected
that some X-ray transients powered by binary neutron-star mergers
may not be associated with a short γ-ray burst11,12. A fast X-ray
transient (CDF-S XT1) was recently found to be associated with a
faint host galaxy, the redshift of which is unknown13. Its X-ray and
host-galaxy properties allow several possible explanations including
a short γ-ray burst seen off-axis, a low-luminosity γ-ray burst at
high redshift, or a tidal disruption event involving an intermediatemass black hole and a white dwarf13. Here we report a second X-ray
transient, CDF-S XT2, that is associated with a galaxy at redshift
z = 0.738 (ref. 14). The measured light curve is fully consistent with
the X-ray transient being powered by a millisecond magnetar. More
intriguingly, CDF-S XT2 lies in the outskirts of its star-forming host
galaxy with a moderate offset from the galaxy centre, as short γ-ray
bursts often do15,16. The estimated event-rate density of similar
X-ray transients, when corrected to the local value, is consistent
with the event-rate density of binary neutron-star mergers that is
robustly inferred from the detection of the gravitational-wave event
GW170817.
Exploring Values and Value Streams by BPM method solved by Lean Management toolIOSR Journals
This paper suggests a continuous improvement plan that can satisfy customer’s value and eliminate
waste in the enterprise business process. In order to explore the applicability of lean management principles in
the enterprise business process, the five fundamental concepts (specify value, identify the value stream, flow,
pull, and perfection) of lean management are being used as a stable and proved approach. In addition, Business
Process Management is applied as a new method to constantly improve the elimination of waste in the
enterprise business process. This can be accomplished by the lean management concept. Moreover business
process problems, such as overlapping work, redoing work, communication gaps, inflexible processes, and
obscure processes, have the possibility of being solved by lean management.
Lean management has traditionally been adopted by manufacturing industries to improve operations through
the identification and elimination of all forms of waste basically. The construction industry has also adopted this
philosophy, primarily in the field of projects. In order to increase an organization’s competitiveness and
productivity, lean management is needed in the any business process as well as in the field. The intent of this
work is to explore a method of introducing lean management which continuously improves any business
processes. The five fundamental concepts (specify value, identify the value stream, flow, pull, and perfection) of
lean management as an approach are being adapted in this project to improve quality of the processes. Hence
the main objective of this paper to apply the tool of lean and six sigma management to improve the elimination
of waste in the enterprises business process. Followed by a literature review which provides a brief summary of
lean thinking and six sigma along with challenges might face while implementing. A case study follows that
demonstrates how; Business Process Management is applied as a tool, method to constantly improve the
business process.
Todo mundo sabe que os raios produzidos pela Estrela da Morte em Guerra nas Estrelas não pode existir na vida real, porém no universo existem fenômenos que as vezes conseguem superar até a mais surpreendente ficção.
A galáxia Pictor A, é um desses objetos que possuem fenômenos tão espetaculares quanto aqueles exibidos no cinema. Essa galáxia localiza-se a cerca de 500 milhões de anos-luz da Terra e possui um buraco negro supermassivo no seu centro. Uma grande quantidade de energia gravitacional é lançada, à medida que o material cai em direção ao horizonte de eventos, o ponto sem volta ao redor do buraco negro. Essa energia produz um enorme jato de partículas que viajam a uma velocidade próxima da velocidade da luz no espaço intergaláctico, chamado de jato relativístico.
Para obter imagens desse jato, os cientistas usaram o Observatório de Raios-X Chandra, da NASA várias vezes durante 15 anos. Os dados do Chandra, apresentados em azul nas imagens, foram combinados com os dados obtidos em ondas de rádio a partir do Australia Telescope Compact Array, e são aparesentados em vermelho nas imagens.
A nearby yoiung_m_dwarf_with_wide_possibly_planetary_m_ass_companionSérgio Sacani
O objeto de massa planetária J2126, anteriormente pensado como sendo um planeta solitário, orbita sua estrela mãe na maior órbita já descoberta até agora no universo, de acordo com uma equipe de astrônomos liderada pelo Dr. Niall Deacon, da Universidade de Hertfordshire, no Reino Unido.
O J2126, cujo nome completo é 2MASS J21265040-8140293, tem cerca de 13 vezes a massa de Júpiter.
Sua órbita é de aproximadamente 6900 Unidades Astronômicas de distância da sua estrela, a TYC 9486-927-1, uma estrela ativa, de rotação rápida e classificada como sendo do tipo Anã-M.
Essa é uma órbita 6900 vezes maior que a distância da Terra ao Sol, ou seja, aproximadamente 1 trilhão de quilômetros. Nessa sua órbita, o planeta leva 900000 anos para completar uma volta ao redor da sua estrela.
Probing the innermost_regions_of_agn_jets_and_their_magnetic_fields_with_radi...Sérgio Sacani
Desde 1974, observações feitas com o chamado Long Baseline Interferometry, ou VLBI, combinaram sinais de um objeto cósmico recebidos em diferentes rádio telescópios espalhados pelo globo para criar uma antena com o tamanho equivalente à maior separação entre elas. Isso fez com que fosse possível fazer imagens com uma nitidez sem precedentes, com uma resolução 1000 vezes melhor do que Hubble consegue na luz visível. Agora, uma equipe internacional de astrônomos quebrou todos os recordes combinando 15 rádio telescópios na Terra e a antena de rádio da missão RadioAstron, da agência espacial russa, na órbita da Terra. O trabalho, liderado pelo Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, o IAA-CSIC, forneceu novas ideias sobre a natureza das galáxias ativas, onde um buraco negro extremamente massivo engole a matéria ao redor enquanto simultaneamente emite um par de jatos de partículas de alta energia e campos magnéticos a velocidades próximas da velocidade da luz.
Observações feitas no comprimento de onda das micro-ondas são essenciais para explorar esses jatos, já que os elétrons de alta energia se movendo em campos magnéticos são mais proficientes em produzir micro-ondas. Mas a maioria das galáxias ativas com jatos brilhantes estão a bilhões de anos-luz de distância da Terra, de modo que esses jatos são minúsculos no céu. Desse modo a alta resolução é essencial para observar esses jatos em ação e então revelar fenômenos como as ondas de choque e a turbulência que controla o quanto de luz é produzida num dado tempo. “Combinando pela primeira vez rádio telescópios na Terra com rádio telescópios no espaço, operando na máxima resolução, tem permitido que a nossa equipe crie uma antena que tem um tamanho equivalente a 8 vezes o diâmetro da Terra, correspondendo a 20 micro arcos de segundo”, disse José L; Gómez, o líder da equipe no Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC.
Why Does the Atmosphere Rotate? Trajectory of a desorbed moleculeJames Smith
As a step toward understanding why the Earth's atmosphere "rotates" with the Earth, we use using Geometric (Clifford) Algebra to investigate the trajectory of a single molecule that desorbs vertically upward from the Equator, then falls back to Earth without colliding with any other molecules. Sample calculations are presented for a molecule whose vertical velocity is equal to the surface velocity of the Earth at the Equator (463 m/s) and for one with a vertical velocity three times as high. The latter velocity is sufficient for the molecule to reach the Kármán Line (100,000 m). We find that both molecules fall to Earth behind the point from which they desorbed: by 0.25 degrees of latitude for the higher vertical velocity, but by only 0.001 degrees for the lower.
Magnetic interaction of_a_super_cme_with_the_earths_magnetosphere_scenario_fo...Sérgio Sacani
Solar eruptions, known as Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), are
frequently observed on our Sun. Recent Kepler observations of super
ares
on G-type stars have implied that so called super-CMEs, possessing kinetic
energies 10 times of the most powerful CME event ever observed on the Sun,
could be produced with a frequency of 1 event per 800-2000 yr on solar-
like slowly rotating stars. We have performed a 3D time-dependent global
magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the magnetic interaction of such a CME
cloud with the Earth's magnetosphere. We calculated the global structure
of the perturbed magnetosphere and derive the latitude of the open-closed
magnetic eld boundary. We also estimated energy
uxes penetrating the
Earth's ionosphere and discuss the consequences of energetic particle
uxes
on biological systems on early Earth.
The completeness-corrected rate of stellar encounters with the Sun from the f...Sérgio Sacani
I report on close encounters of stars to the Sun found in the first Gaia data release (GDR1). Combining Gaia astrometry with radial
velocities of around 320 000 stars drawn from various catalogues, I integrate orbits in a Galactic potential to identify those stars which
come within a few parsecs. Such encounters could influence the solar system, for example through gravitational perturbations of the
Oort cloud. 16 stars are found to come within 2 pc (although a few of these have dubious data). This is fewer than were found in a
similar study based on Hipparcos data, even though the present study has many more candidates. This is partly because I reject stars
with large radial velocity uncertainties (>10 km s−1
), and partly because of missing stars in GDR1 (especially at the bright end). The
closest encounter found is Gl 710, a K dwarf long-known to come close to the Sun in about 1.3 Myr. The Gaia astrometry predict
a much closer passage than pre-Gaia estimates, however: just 16 000 AU (90% confidence interval: 10 000–21 000 AU), which will
bring this star well within the Oort cloud. Using a simple model for the spatial, velocity, and luminosity distributions of stars, together
with an approximation of the observational selection function, I model the incompleteness of this Gaia-based search as a function
of the time and distance of closest approach. Applying this to a subset of the observed encounters (excluding duplicates and stars
with implausibly large velocities), I estimate the rate of stellar encounters within 5 pc averaged over the past and future 5 Myr to be
545±59 Myr−1
. Assuming a quadratic scaling of the rate within some encounter distance (which my model predicts), this corresponds
to 87 ± 9 Myr−1 within 2 pc. A more accurate analysis and assessment will be possible with future Gaia data releases.
Evidence for a_distant_giant_planet_in_the_solar_systemSérgio Sacani
A descoberta de um novo planeta, atualmente não é uma manchete que chama tanto assim a atenção das pessoas. Muito disso, graças ao Telescópio Espacial Kepler, que já descobriu quase 2000 exoplanetas e todo instante uma nova descoberta é anunciada, certo? Mais ou menos, a descoberta anunciada hoje, dia 20 de Janeiro de 2016, é um pouco diferente, pois não se trata de um exoplaneta, e sim de um novo planeta no Sistema Solar, e esse é um fato que intriga os astrônomos a muitos e muitos anos.
Porém, temos que ir com calma com esses anúncios. No artigo aceito para publicação no The Astronomical Journal (artigo no final do post), os autores, Mike Brown e Konstantin Batygin, do Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia, apresentaram o que eles dizem ser evidências circunstâncias fortes para a existência de um grande planeta ainda não descoberto, talvez, com uma massa 10 vezes a massa da Terra, orbitando os confins do nosso Sistema Solar, muito além da órbita de Plutão. Os cientistas inferiram sua presença, por meio de anomalias encontradas nas órbitas de seis objetos do chamado Cinturão de Kuiper.
O objeto, que os pesquisadores estão chamando de Planeta Nove, não chega muito perto do Sol, no ponto mais próximo da sua órbita ele fica a 30.5 bilhões de quilômetros, ou seja, cinco vezes a distância entre o Sol e Plutão. Apesar do seu grande tamanho, ele é muito apagado, e por isso ninguém até o momento conseguiu observá-lo.
Não existe ainda uma confirmação observacional da descoberta, mas as evidências são tão fortes que fizeram com que outros especialistas como Chad Trujilo do Observatório Gemini no Havaí e David Nesvorny, do Southwest Research Institute em Boulder no Colorado, ficassem impressionados e bem convencidos de que deve mesmo haver um grande planeta nas fronteiras da nossa vizinhança cósmica.
Detection of lyman_alpha_emission_from_a_triply_imaged_z_6_85_galaxy_behind_m...Sérgio Sacani
We report the detection of Ly emission at 9538A
in the Keck/DEIMOS and HST WFC3
G102 grism data from a triply-imaged galaxy at z = 6:846 0:001 behind galaxy cluster MACS
J2129.4 0741. Combining the emission line wavelength with broadband photometry, line ratio upper
limits, and lens modeling, we rule out the scenario that this emission line is [O II] at z = 1:57. After
accounting for magnication, we calculate the weighted average of the intrinsic Ly luminosity to be
1:31042 erg s 1 and Ly equivalent width to be 7415A. Its intrinsic UV absolute magnitude at
1600A
is 18:60:2 mag and stellar mass (1:50:3)107 M, making it one of the faintest (intrinsic
LUV 0:14 L
UV) galaxies with Ly detection at z 7 to date. Its stellar mass is in the typical range
for the galaxies thought to dominate the reionization photon budget at z & 7; the inferred Ly escape
fraction is high (& 10%), which could be common for sub-L z & 7 galaxies with Ly emission. This
galaxy oers a glimpse of the galaxy population that is thought to drive reionization, and it shows
that gravitational lensing is an important avenue to probe the sub-L galaxy population.
Quase 900 galáxias próximas, porém escondidas, têm sido estudadas por uma equipe internacional de astrônomos, levando uma nova luz sobre o entendimento do Grande Atrator - uma concentração difusa de massa a 250 milhões de anos-luz de distância, que está puxando a nossa Via Láctea, e milhares de outras galáxias em sua direção.
Usando o Multibeam Receiver, instalado no rádio telescópio Parkes de 64 m, pertencente à instituição CSIRO na Austrália, a equipe foi capaz de ver através das estrelas e da poeira da nossa galáxia, vasculhando assim uma região inexplorada do espaço, conhecida pelos astrônomos como Zone of Avoidance (Zona de Anulação).
“Nós descobrimos 883 galáxias, um terço das quais nunca tinham sido vistas anteriormente”, disse o Professor Lister Staveley-Smith, membro da equipe, do ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, e da University of Western Australia, um dos nós do International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research.
First discovery of_a_magnetic_field_in_a_main_sequence_delta_scuti_star_the_k...Sérgio Sacani
Coralie Neiner do Laboratory for Space Studies and Astrophysics Instrumentation, LESIA (CNRS/Observatoire de Paris/UPMC/Université Paris Diderot) e Patricia Lampens (Royual OIbservatory of Belgium), descobriram a primeira estrela magnética do tipo delta Scuti, através de observações espectropolarimétricas, realizadas com o telescópio CFHT. As estrelas do tipo delta Scuti, são estrelas pulsantes, sendo que algumas delas mostram assinaturas atribuídas para um segundo tipo de pulsação. A descoberta mostra que isso é na verdade a assinatura de um campo magnético. Essa descoberta tem importantes implicações para o entendimento do interior das estrelas.
Dois tipos de estrelas pulsantes existem entre as estrelas com massa entre 1.5 e 2.5 vezes a massa do Sol: as estrelas do tipo delta Scuti e as estrelas do tipo gamma Dor. A teoria nos diz que as estrelas com temperatura entre 6900 e 7400 graus Kelvin podem ter ambos os tipos de pulsação. Essas são então chamadas de estrelas híbridas. Contudo, o satélite Kepler da NASA tem detectado um grande número de estrelas híbridas com temperaturas maiores ou menores do que esse limite pensado anteriormente. A existência dessas estrelas híbridas com temperaturas maiores é algo muito controverso, já que desafia o nosso entendimento sobre as estrelas pulsantes do tipo delta Scuti e gamma Dor.
The build up_of_the_c_d_halo_of_m87_evidence_for_accretion_in_the_last_gyrSérgio Sacani
Observações recentes obtidas com o Very Large Telescope do ESO mostraram que Messier 87, a galáxia elíptica gigante mais próximo de nós, engoliu uma galáxia inteira de tamanho médio no último bilhão de anos. Uma equipe de astrônomos conseguiu pela primeira vez seguir o movimento de 300 nebulosas planetárias brilhantes, encontrando evidências claras deste evento e encontrando também excesso de radiação emitida pelos restos da vítima completamente desfeita.
Further analysis of the References- part 2. Some further analyses about directional recoil, cross sections, galaxy Physics and experiment-optimizations techniques.
VIA Forum Astroparticle Physics Forum COSMOVIA
Author: O.M. Lecian.
Title: LHAASO Further references- part2.
28/03/2020
http://viavca.in2p3.fr/2010c_o_s_m_o_v_i_a__forum_sd24fsdf4zerfzef4ze5f4dsq34sdteerui45788789745rt7yr68t4y54865h45g4hfg56h45df4h86d48h48t7uertujirjtiorjhuiofgrdsqgxcvfghfg5h40yhuyir/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=3705&sid=c56cbf76f87536fc4c3ff216d9edaba2
CLASSICAL AND QUASI-CLASSICAL CONSIDERATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN COULOMB F...ijrap
On the basis of the theory of bound charges the calculation of the motion of the charged particle at the
Coulomb field formed with the spherical source of bound charges is carried out. Such motion is possible in
the Riemanniam space-time. The comparison with the general relativity theory (GRT) and special relativity
theory (SRT) results in the Schwarzshil'd field when the particle falls on the Schwarzshil'd and Coulomb
centres is carried out. It is shown that the proton and electron can to create a stable connection with the
dimensions of the order of the classic electron radius. The perihelion shift of the electron orbit in the
proton field is calculated. This shift is five times greater than in SRT and when corrsponding substitution of
the constants it is 5/6 from GRT. By means of the quantization of adiabatic invariants in accordance with
the method closed to the Bohr and Sommerfeld one without the Dirac equation the addition to the energy
for the fine level splitting is obtained. It is shown that the Caplan's stable orbits in the hydrogen atom
coincide with the Born orbits.
A magnetar-powered X-ray transient as the aftermath of a binary neutron-star ...Sérgio Sacani
Mergers of neutron stars are known to be associated with short γ-ray
bursts1–4
. If the neutron-star equation of state is sufficiently stiff
(that is, the pressure increases sharply as the density increases), at
least some such mergers will leave behind a supramassive or even a
stable neutron star that spins rapidly with a strong magnetic field5–8
(that is, a magnetar). Such a magnetar signature may have been
observed in the form of the X-ray plateau that follows up to half
of observed short γ-ray bursts9,10. However, it has been expected
that some X-ray transients powered by binary neutron-star mergers
may not be associated with a short γ-ray burst11,12. A fast X-ray
transient (CDF-S XT1) was recently found to be associated with a
faint host galaxy, the redshift of which is unknown13. Its X-ray and
host-galaxy properties allow several possible explanations including
a short γ-ray burst seen off-axis, a low-luminosity γ-ray burst at
high redshift, or a tidal disruption event involving an intermediatemass black hole and a white dwarf13. Here we report a second X-ray
transient, CDF-S XT2, that is associated with a galaxy at redshift
z = 0.738 (ref. 14). The measured light curve is fully consistent with
the X-ray transient being powered by a millisecond magnetar. More
intriguingly, CDF-S XT2 lies in the outskirts of its star-forming host
galaxy with a moderate offset from the galaxy centre, as short γ-ray
bursts often do15,16. The estimated event-rate density of similar
X-ray transients, when corrected to the local value, is consistent
with the event-rate density of binary neutron-star mergers that is
robustly inferred from the detection of the gravitational-wave event
GW170817.
Exploring Values and Value Streams by BPM method solved by Lean Management toolIOSR Journals
This paper suggests a continuous improvement plan that can satisfy customer’s value and eliminate
waste in the enterprise business process. In order to explore the applicability of lean management principles in
the enterprise business process, the five fundamental concepts (specify value, identify the value stream, flow,
pull, and perfection) of lean management are being used as a stable and proved approach. In addition, Business
Process Management is applied as a new method to constantly improve the elimination of waste in the
enterprise business process. This can be accomplished by the lean management concept. Moreover business
process problems, such as overlapping work, redoing work, communication gaps, inflexible processes, and
obscure processes, have the possibility of being solved by lean management.
Lean management has traditionally been adopted by manufacturing industries to improve operations through
the identification and elimination of all forms of waste basically. The construction industry has also adopted this
philosophy, primarily in the field of projects. In order to increase an organization’s competitiveness and
productivity, lean management is needed in the any business process as well as in the field. The intent of this
work is to explore a method of introducing lean management which continuously improves any business
processes. The five fundamental concepts (specify value, identify the value stream, flow, pull, and perfection) of
lean management as an approach are being adapted in this project to improve quality of the processes. Hence
the main objective of this paper to apply the tool of lean and six sigma management to improve the elimination
of waste in the enterprises business process. Followed by a literature review which provides a brief summary of
lean thinking and six sigma along with challenges might face while implementing. A case study follows that
demonstrates how; Business Process Management is applied as a tool, method to constantly improve the
business process.
Defended Data Embedding For Chiseler Avoidance in Visible Cryptography by Usi...IOSR Journals
Abstract :This paper proposes a data-veiling technique for binate images in morphological transform domain
for authen- tication purpose. To attain blind watermark drawing, it is difficult to use the detail coordinate
precisely as location map to regulate the data-veiling locations. Thus, we look flipping an edge pixel in binate
images as deviating the edge location one pixel horizontally ,one vertically. Positioned on this conclusion, we
propose an interlaced morphological binate wavelet transform to path the alter edges, which thus ease blind
watermark drawing and fusion of cryptographic indication.Unlike current block-based approach, in that the
block size is given as 3 x 3 pixels and larger, we establish the image in 2 x 2 pixel blocks. It allows resilience in
discovering the edges and also gets the low computational complication. There are two case that twisting the
candidates of one do not change the flippability circumstances of other are engaged for orthogonal embedding,
that deliver more relevant candidates can be determined so that a larger quqntity can be accomplished.A
contemporary effective Backward-Forward Minimization method is suggested, which acknowledge the backward
i.e enclose candidates and forward those twisted candidates that may be concerned by spining the present
pixel. By this way, the complete visual bias can be minimized. Experimental results determine the validity of our
arguments.
Keywords: Verification, binate images, data cloaking, mor- phological binate wavelet transform, Quadrate
embedding.
A Study on Optimization using Stochastic Linear ProgrammingIOSR Journals
The self Help Group (SHG) is group of rural poor who have organized themselves into a group for eradicationof poverty. The members of the group belong to families below the poverty line. This will help the families of occupational groups like agricultural labourers, marginal farmers, designers and artisans marginally above the poverty line, or who may have been excluded from the Below Poverty Line (BPL) list to become members of the Self Help Group. A self help group consists of two categories. One named as magalier thittam and another is non- magalier thittam. The factors of Self help group categories are random in nature. These factors can be handled using stochastic linear programming problem (SLPP). Here the data is collected from Tuticorin district. The optimization technique such as two stage programming and chance constrained programming can be adopted for SLPP. In this paper chance constrained programming (CPP) is used to obtain optimal solution.
Non Revenue Water Reduction- A Tool for Achiving 24x7 Water SupplyIOSR Journals
The availability of water at cheaper rates promotes the wasteful use of water. People give little or no
attention towards conservation of water. For sustenance of any water supply scheme it is essential that
revenue collected should be sufficient to maintain O & M cost and further development activities. Presently
there is major portion of Non Revenue Water (NRW) in the developing countries and there is urgent need to
curb it for efficient functioning of water supply schemes
An Efficient Performance of Mimo - Ofdm Based Cognitieve Radio System for Arr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The wireless channel is central within this context, thus estimating the channel is the key to make CR operational, taking in consideration that the transmission-reception technology is available. In this thesis, we design a MIMO system using OFDM modulation technology to transmit and receive two signals over the mobile wireless channel. First formulate the pilot design as a new optimization problem. We use MIMO concept to enhance system capacity and robustness of the wireless transmission. In Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) based cognitive radio (CR) systems, with the increasing demand for data rate and reliability in Wireless communicationsand devices, several issues become very important like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service and radio coverage. In this new scheme, adaptive arrays are group-selected in the spatial domain. Simulation shows that the proposed system can get significant performance improvements over the conventional array based OFDM systems over frequency-selective multipath fading channels with cognitive radio (CR) system. Keywords: Cognitive radios, MIMO, OFDM, and Joint transmit and receive group selected arrays.
2-Dimensional Wavelet pre-processing to extract IC-Pin information for disarr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Due to higher processing power to cost ratio, it is now possible to replace the manual detection methods used in the IC (Integrated Circuit) industry by Image-processing based automated methods, to detect a broken pin of an IC connected on a PCB during manufacturing, which will make the process faster, easier and cheaper. In this paper an accurate and fast automatic detection method is used where the top view camera shots of PCBs are processed using advanced methods of 2-dimensional discrete wavelet pre-processing before applying edge-detection. Comparison with conventional edge detection methods such as Sobel, Prewitt and Canny edge detection without 2-D DWT is also performed. Keywords :2-dimensional wavelets, Edge detection, Machine vision, Image processing, Canny.
Leisure Patterns Among Nigerian University Lecturers: the Potential for Leisu...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Regular leisure activities obviously have their health benefits and effect on productivity and when
adults do not have enough of leisure activities or rest, there are bound to be negative repercussions. University
lecturers are expected to perform optimally, but there are mitigating circumstances like external stressors and
inadequate provision of facilities that may lead to stress and, if not well managed, can affect the productivity
level. This survey was conducted on Lecturers in Nigerian Universities where 250 were randomly selected from
six Nigerian Universities cutting across Private, Federal and State Universities. Five research questions guided
the study and two hypotheses were tested. A set of researcher-designed and validated questionnaire
‘Questionnaire on Lecturers’ Leisure Time Activities’ (QLLTA) were used to collect data. Analysis was done
using percentages, Chi-Squared and Factorial analysis. Results show a somewhat adequate awareness of
leisure time activities and provision of facilities; however Lecturers cited work and time constraints and family
responsibilities as possible deterrents to participating in leisure activities. The introduction of specialists like
leisure counselors, among others, was recommended to conduct leisure education.
RFID Based Warehouse Management of Perishable ProductsIOSR Journals
Abstract: The changing global market scenario, high level of competition, and faster obsolescence of
perishable products due to short self life and changing customer demand are among the key challenges faced by
perishable supply chains. Supply chains need to compete with growing variety of products, short delivery time,
higher cycle service level, high quality and lower cost. Perishability imposes an intense pressure on managers
as it adds an additional cost of disposal of outdated items, leading to out-of-stock situations and also loss of
company faith. These problems are arising mostly due to the lack of information at every stage of the supply
chains. The inadequate information about product quality, quantity, demand variability, product availability
and lead times creates the bullwhip effect (BWE) at all stages and chains leads to the mismanagement.
RFID technologies, with the appropriate IT infrastructure, would help major distributors and manufacturers, as
well as health-care system, defence industries, and global supply chains in which products and product
shipments must be traced and identified in a non-contact, wireless fashion using a computer network. This
paper presents the impact of RFID in warehouse management of perishable products. It provides mathematical
framework to asses the benefits of RFID in warehouse management. It helps management in the variety of ways
including improvement in receiving and shipping processes, reduction in cycle counting efforts, reduction in
stock outs/excess inventory, decreased counterfeiting, decreased returns, and reduction in inventory loss due to
shrinkage and obsolescence. A sensitivity analysis has been presented at the end of paper which shows the
compound effect of RFID, reduction in lead time and lead time variability. In all scenarios inventory level is
reduced by certain percentage by incorporating RFID.
Keywords— Supply chain management, Perishable product, Inventory, RFID, Warehouse.
Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop RoutingIOSR Journals
The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors
with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy
efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient
multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma
principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the
application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met.
Jordan Higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-Centralizer on Prime RingIOSR Journals
Let 𝑅 be a ring and 𝜎, 𝜏 be an endomorphisms of 𝑅, in this paper we will present and study the
concepts of higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-centralizer, Jordan higher(𝜎, 𝜏)-centralizer and Jordan triple higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-
centralizer and their generalization on the ring. The main results are prove that every Jordan higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-
centralizer of prime ring 𝑅 is higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-centralizer of 𝑅 and we prove let 𝑅 be a 2-torsion free ring,𝜎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏
are commutative endomorphism then every Jordan higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-centralizer is Jordan triple higher (𝜎, 𝜏)-
centralizer.
Automatic Controlling Of Train Using Wireless Protocol Zigbee IOSR Journals
In INDIA railways is one of the important means of transport. Driver of the train has to look out to
get the status of the signal, if he fails to see the signal major mishaps could take place. There are different
systems in use today including AWS (auxilliary warning system), ACD (automatic collision detection). AWS
system is in use by western railway while ACD is used by Konkan railway.AWS system has a drawback of theft
of trackside equipment while ACD system is based on GPS system where satellite is US owned. Proposed system
focusses on automation of train controlling to avoid accidents. Designed system involves transfer of the status of
signal directly to the engine which will control speed of the train as per the status of the signal. System has been
designed to provide safe travelling especially during bad weather. System is based on wireless protocol
‘Zigbee’. Low power consumption, low latency time of 30 ms and excellent security features as Zigbee uses 128-
AES, use of DSSS modulation technique in Zigbee makes this system reliable and safe. System is operating
within a range of 120m
Fluidization Characteristics of Nano Particles with the Assist of StirrerIOSR Journals
Fluidization of ultrafine solid particles is widely used in a variety of industrial applications because of its
unusual capability of continuous powder handling, good mixing, large gas–solid contact area, and very high rates of
heat and mass transfer. As the particle size decreases the cohesive forces between particles increases. Therefore,
fluidization of ultrafine particles becomes much more difficult as compared to the larger size particles and it needs efficient method. In the present work, the fluidization experiments were conducted using air as fluidizing media and SiO2, ZnO and Al2O3
nano particles, with a size ranging from 15 to 30 nm in 2-dimensional fluidized bed with the assist of stirrer.
The fluidization behavior of the nanoparticle, including the fluidization regime, the minimum fluidization velocity, and the
bed expansion are also investigated. . The results showed that smoother fluidization was observed with increasing agitation
speed, because the agglomeration and channeling were reduced by the mechanical agitation. It was found that with the assist of stirrer ,by increasing in the speed of stirrer initial bed voidage increased and terminal velocity and agglomerate diameter decreased.
A model for non-circular orbits derived from a two-step linearisation of the ...Premier Publishers
In the Solar System most orbits are circular, but there are some exceptions. The paper addresses results from a two-step linearisation of the Kepler laws, to model non-circular orbits, at Newtonian gravity and other interactions with adjacent bodies. The orbit will then be characterised by a generalised eccentricity and a secondary frequency denoted L-frequency, ωL (and considered proportional to the angular velocity). The path will be that of a circle, superimposed by small vibrations with the L-frequency. Hereby, the amplitude corresponds to an eccentricity, such that the radius varies, with time. When the ratio between the L-frequency and angular velocity is a non-integer, ‘perihelion’ moves. Bounds are derived and resulting orbits are generated and visualized.
For the integer ratio 2, results are compared with an ellipsoidal, and a tidal wave. For a non-integer ratio, the orbit is related to data for Mercury. Methods for detecting and measuring the secondary frequency are discussed, in terms of transfer orbits in Spaceflight dynamics.
Motions for systems and structures in space, described by a set denoted Avd. ...Premier Publishers
In order to describe general motions and matter in space, functions for angular velocity and density are assumed and denoted Avd, as an abbreviation. The framework provides a unified approach to motions at different scales. It is analysed how Avd enters and rules, in terms of results from equations, in field experiments and observations at Earth. Chaos may organize according to Avd, such that more order, Cosmos, appear in complex nonlinear dynamical systems. This reveals that Avd may be governing and that deterministic systems can be created without assuming boundaries and conditions for initial values and forces from outside. A mathematical model for the initiation of Logos (when a paper accelerates into a narrow circular orbit), was described, and denoted local implosion; Li. The theorem for dl, provides discrete solutions to a power law, and this is related to locations of satellites and moons.
Classical and Quasi-Classical Consideration of Charged Particles in Coulomb F...ijrap
On the basis of the theory of bound charges the calculation of the motion of the charged particle at the Coulomb field formed with the spherical source of bound charges is carried out. Such motion is possible in
the Riemanniam space-time. The comparison with the general relativity theory (GRT) and special relativity theory (SRT) results in the Schwarzshil'd field when the particle falls on the Schwarzshil'd and Coulomb centres is carried out. It is shown that the proton and electron can to create a stable connection with the dimensions of the order of the classic electron radius. The perihelion shift of the electron orbit in the proton field is calculated. This shift is five times greater than in SRT and when corrsponding substitution of the constants it is 5/6 from GRT. By means of the quantization of adiabatic invariants in accordance with the method closed to the Bohr and Sommerfeld one without the Dirac equation the addition to the energy for the fine level splitting is obtained. It is shown that the Caplan's stable orbits in the hydrogen atom coincide with the Born orbits.
CLASSICAL AND QUASI-CLASSICAL CONSIDERATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN COULOMB F...ijrap
On the basis of the theory of bound charges the calculation of the motion of the charged particle at the
Coulomb field formed with the spherical source of bound charges is carried out. Such motion is possible in
the Riemanniam space-time. The comparison with the general relativity theory (GRT) and special relativity
theory (SRT) results in the Schwarzshil'd field when the particle falls on the Schwarzshil'd and Coulomb
centres is carried out. It is shown that the proton and electron can to create a stable connection with the
dimensions of the order of the classic electron radius. The perihelion shift of the electron orbit in the
proton field is calculated. This shift is five times greater than in SRT and when corrsponding substitution of
the constants it is 5/6 from GRT. By means of the quantization of adiabatic invariants in accordance with
the method closed to the Bohr and Sommerfeld one without the Dirac equation the addition to the energy
for the fine level splitting is obtained. It is shown that the Caplan's stable orbits in the hydrogen atom
coincide with the Born orbits.
Invited Seminar presented at the VIA Forum Astroparticle Physics Forum COSMOVIA
21 March 2020
http://viavca.in2p3.fr/2010c_o_s_m_o_v_i_a__forum_sd24fsdf4zerfzef4ze5f4dsq34sdteerui45788789745rt7yr68t4y54865h45g4hfg56h45df4h86d48h48t7uertujirjtiorjhuiofgrdsqgxcvfghfg5h40yhuyir/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=3705&sid=c56cbf76f87536fc4c3ff216d9edaba2
Author: O.M. Lecian
Speaker: O.M. Lecian
Abstract: The LHAASO experiment is aimed at detecting highly-energetic particles of cosmological origin within a large
range of energies.
The sensitivity of the experimental apparatus can within the frameworks of statistical fluctuations of the
background.
Acceleration and lower-energy particles can be analyzed.
The anisotropy mass composition of cosmic rays can analytically described.
The LHAASO Experiment is also suited for detecting particles of cosmological origin originated from the breach
(and/or other kinds of modifications) of particle theories paradigms comprehending other symmetry groups.
Some physical implications of anisotropies can be looked for.
The study of anisotropy distribution for particles of cosmological origin as well as the anisotropies of their velocities
both in the case of a flat Minkowskian background as well as in the case of curved space-time can be investigated,
as far as the theoretical description of the cross-section is concerned, as well as for the theoretical expressions of
such quantities to be analyzed.
The case of a geometrical phase of particles can be schematized by means of a geometrical factor.
Particular solutions are found under suitable approximations.
A comparison with the study of ellipsoidal galaxies is achieved.
The case of particles with anisotropies in velocities falling off faster than dark matter (DM) is compared.
The study of possible anisotropies in the spatial distribution of cosmological particles can therefore be described
also deriving form the interaction of cosmic particles with the gravitational field, arising at quantum distances, at
the semiclassical level and at the classical scales, within the framework of the proper description of particles
anisotropies properties.
The Population of the Galactic Center Filaments: Position Angle Distribution ...Sérgio Sacani
We have examined the distribution of the position angle (PA) of the Galactic center filaments with lengths L > 66″ and
<66″ as well as their length distribution as a function of PA. We find bimodal PA distributions of the filaments, and
long and short populations of radio filaments. Our PA study shows the evidence for a distinct population of short
filaments with PA close to the Galactic plane. Mainly thermal, short-radio filaments (<66″) have PAs concentrated
close to the Galactic plane within 60° < PA < 120°. Remarkably, the short filament PAs are radial with respect to the
Galactic center at l < 0° and extend in the direction toward Sgr A*
. On a smaller scale, the prominent Sgr E H II
complex G358.7-0.0 provides a vivid example of the nearly radial distribution of short filaments. The bimodal PA
distribution suggests a different origin for two distinct filament populations. We argue that the alignment of the shortfilament population results from the ram pressure of a degree-scale outflow from Sgr A* that exceeds the internal
filament pressure, and aligns them along the Galactic plane. The ram pressure is estimated to be 2 × 106 cm−3 K at a
distance of 300 pc, requiring biconical mass outflow rate 10−4 Me yr−1 with an opening angle of ∼40°. This outflow
aligns not only the magnetized filaments along the Galactic plane but also accelerates thermal material associated with
embedded or partially embedded clouds. This places an estimate of ∼6 Myr as the age of the outflow.
Artigo que descreve a descoberta do exoplaneta Kepler-432b, um exoplaneta mais massivo que Júpiter que orbita uma estrela gigante vermelha bem próximo e numa órbita extremamente alongada.
Detection of an atmosphere around the super earth 55 cancri eSérgio Sacani
We report the analysis of two new spectroscopic observations of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, in the near
infrared, obtained with the WFC3 camera onboard the HST. 55 Cancri e orbits so close to its parent
star, that temperatures much higher than 2000 K are expected on its surface. Given the brightness
of 55 Cancri, the observations were obtained in scanning mode, adopting a very long scanning length
and a very high scanning speed. We use our specialized pipeline to take into account systematics
introduced by these observational parameters when coupled with the geometrical distortions of the
instrument. We measure the transit depth per wavelength channel with an average relative uncertainty
of 22 ppm per visit and nd modulations that depart from a straight line model with a 6 condence
level. These results suggest that 55 Cancri e is surrounded by an atmosphere, which is probably
hydrogen-rich. Our fully Bayesian spectral retrieval code, T -REx, has identied HCN to be the
most likely molecular candidate able to explain the features at 1.42 and 1.54 m. While additional
spectroscopic observations in a broader wavelength range in the infrared will be needed to conrm
the HCN detection, we discuss here the implications of such result. Our chemical model, developed
with combustion specialists, indicates that relatively high mixing ratios of HCN may be caused by a
high C/O ratio. This result suggests this super-Earth is a carbon-rich environment even more exotic
than previously thought.
Within the framework of the general theory of relativity (GR) the modeling of the central symmetrical
gravitational field is considered. The mapping of the geodesic motion of the Lemetr and Tolman basis on
their motion in the Minkowski space on the world lines is determined. The expression for the field intensity
and energy where these bases move is obtained. The advantage coordinate system is found, the coordinates
and the time of the system coincide with the Galilean coordinates and the time in the Minkowski space.
Similar to A new universal formula for atoms, planets, and galaxies (20)
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
A new universal formula for atoms, planets, and galaxies
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 5, Issue 6 (Jan. 2014), PP 63-71
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 63 | Page
A new universal formula for atoms, planets, and galaxies
Tony Barrera, Bo Thelin
Barrera Kristiansen AB Granitvägen 12B, S-752 43 Uppsala, Sweden
Solarphotonics HB Granitvägen 12B, S-752 43 Uppsala, Sweden
Abstract: In this paper a new universal formula about the rotation velocity distribution of atoms, planets, and
galaxies is presented. It is based on a new general formula based on the relativistic Schwarzschild/Minkowski
metric, where it has been possible to obtain expressions for the rotation velocity - and mass distribution versus
the distance to the atomic nucleus, planet system centre, and galactic centre. A mathematical proof of this new
formula is also given. This formula is divided into a Keplerian(general relativity)-and a relativistic(special
relativity) part. For the atomic-and planet systems the Keplerian distribution is followed, which is also in
accordance with observations.
According to the rotation velocity distribution of the galaxies the rotation velocity increases very
rapidly from the centre and reaches a plateau which is constant out to a great distance from the centre. This is
in accordance with observations and is also in accordance with the main structure of rotation velocity versus
distance from different galaxy measurements.
Computer simulations were also performed to establish and verify the rotation velocity distributions in
the atomic – planetary- and galaxy system, according to this paper. These computer simulations are in
accordance with observations in two and three dimensions. It was also possible to study the matching
percentage in these calculations showing a much higher matching percentage between theoretical and
observational values by this new formula.
Keywords: Atomic Physics, Astrophysics, Planetary physics, Spiral galaxies, Theory of Relativity, and
Universal Formula
I. Introduction
It is common in physics that electron circular movement around atoms and planetary circular
movement around the sun follow the usual Keplerian relationship V α ( 1 / √ R ), where V is the rotation speed
and R is the distance to the nucleus of the atom or the centre of the sun respectively.
The mass of a spiral galaxy can be determined from the dependence of its rotational velocity as a function of the
distance from the centre of the galaxy. Such a rotational curve has been determined from gas and stars in the
distant parts of our galaxy, far beyond our distance to the centre. Unexpectedly, it does not follow the Keplerian
decrease in which the circular rotation velocity V decreases α R-1/2
where R is the distance to the centre.
According to the 3:rd law of Kepler the mass of a galaxy can be expressed as :
M = V2
R / G (1)
and the rotation velocity as :
V = ( G M / R )1/2
(2)
where G is the gravitation constant.
By using these formulas it is possible to determine the mass and rotation speed at a certain distance of the
galaxy. According to these equations both mass and rotation velocity will
decrease with increasing distance, which is established today.
In the 1970s and 1980s radio astronomers discovered that the spiral rotation velocity
remains constant with increasing radius Freeman ( 1 ) ,Rubin and Ford ( 2 ). They studied neutral hydrogen
clouds at 21-cm radio wavelength and in the optical wavelength in spiral galaxies and found non-Keplerian
rotation curves. These facts were not in accordance with the established views and came as a shock to the
establishment.
This is illustrated in Combes et al.( 3 ) (Figs 3.1-3.3) , where the velocities of many spiral galaxies increase the
velocity very rapidly at small distances up to a constant plateau at larger distances from the galaxy centre.
Astronomers discovered that many galaxies rotated at very high velocities.
To explain this most astronomers believe that this is caused by introducing dark matter into the Keplarian
equations above and by keeping the galaxies together. They believe that most matter in a galaxy consists of dark
matter and only a minor part consists of ordinary matter which emits light.
In Barrera and Thelin ( 4 ) we have presented a new formula about the formation of galaxies. It is based on the
relativistic Schwarzschild/ Minkowski metric, Schwarzschild ( 5 ),Einstein ( 6 ), where it has been possible to
obtain a formula for the rotation velocity and also a density distribution versus distance to the galactic centre.
Similar rotation velocity profiles to our new formula have also been observed from data published in established
2. A new universal formula for atoms, planets and galaxies
www.iosrjournals.org 64 | Page
books in this field. These profiles are in accordance with observations, as is seen in equations ( 1-10 ) in Barrera
and Thelin ( 4 ). Computer simulations of equations 19 and 22 of Barrera and Thelin ( 4 ) were also performed
to establish and verify the velocity and density distributions suggested in that paper.
According to this rotation velocity formula, the rotation velocity increases very rapidly from the centre and
reaches a plateau which is constant out to a great distance from the centre. This has also been observed in many
papers, Sofue and Rubin.( 7 ) and Combes et al.( 3 ).
In this paper an improvement of the rotation formula for galaxies equation(19) of
Barrera and Thelin ( 4 ) is made and is seen in equation ( 33 ) in this paper. The approximate formula of Barrera
and Thelin ( 4 ) is also seen in equation 15 of this paper. The new improved rotation formula in equation 33 is
divided into one Keplerian (general relativity) part and one relativistic (special relativity) part, which also makes
it possible to use this formula for atoms, planets, and galaxies. A mathematical proof of this new universal
formula is also given. Computer simulations in 2 and 3 dimensions by this new formula are also achieved,
giving it a strong support of the appearance of atoms, planets, and galaxies. In Table 1 galaxy parameters and
matching between theoretical and observational data are also studied for a number of galaxies.
II. Keplarian relationships of atom – and planetary physics
According to Gasiorowicz( 8 ) p.16 the relation between Coulombs law and the circular centripetal force of an
electron around an atom is
( Ze2
/ 4πЄ0 r2
) =( me v2
/ r ) ( 3 )
where me is the electron mass and e is the electron charge and v is the electron speed and r is the distance to the
nucleus which gives
v= ( Ze2
/ 4πЄ0 me r )1/2
( 4 )
which follows the Keplerian relationship v α (1/ r1/2
) between rotation velocity and distance.
When using the angular momentum in the Bohr postulate according to Gasiorowicz( 8 ) p.16
me v r = n ( h / 2π ) ( 5 )
where n is the principal quantum number, the following expression of v is obtained
v =( Z e2
/ 2 Є0)( 1 / h n ) α ( 1 / n ) ( 6 )
where v α ( 1 / n ).
These proportionalities between rotation velocity versus distance and principal quantum number will be shown
in section 5 by computer simulations in 2 and 3 dimensions.
Planets follow a similar equation to equation 2 following the 3:rd law of Kepler. The exact
formula between the planet rotation speed V and the masses m for the planet and M for the sun is
V = ( G ( m + M ) / r )1 /2
( 7 )
for circular motion according to Lang ( 9 ) p.542.
III. Galaxies. The use of Schwarzschild metric
According to Lang ( 10 ) p.146 a spherically symmetric gravitational field outside a massive nonrotating body in
vacuum, can follow the Schwarzschild expression, where the line element ds becomes :
ds2
= ( 1 – 2GM / c2
r )c2
dt2
- ( 1 – 2GM /c2
r )-1
dr2
- r2
dθ2
-r2
sin2
θ
d ψ2 ( 8 )
Here r, θ and ψ are spherical coordinates whose origin is at the centre of the massive object
with the mass M , G is here the gravitational constant and r is the distance. These things have earlier been
studied and published by Barrera and Thelin ( 4 ) in detail for the rotation velocity studies in galaxies, where a
new formula has been presented. A summary of these studies is presented here.
By using a polar coordinate system with dθ = 0 the following expression from equation (8) is obtained :
ds2
= - γ-1
dr2
- r2
dθ2
+ γ dt2
( 9 )
where γ = ( 1 – 2M/r ) , which is the Schwarzschild term Eddington (11)( p.82-85)
From this formula it is possible to obtain an expression for the angular rotation speed
of a galaxy :
dθ = (1 / r ) ( ( 1 – 2M / r ) dt2
– ( 1 – 2M / r )-1
dr2
)1/2
(10)
If we suggest the space-time to be constant for a galaxy the dr = 0 which gives
dr2
= 0. This means that equation (10) can be rewritten as :
dθ = (1 / r ) ((1 – 2M/r ) dt2
)1/2
(11)
which gives a simpler equation of the angular rotation speed of galaxies :
dθ/ dt = (1 / r ) (1 – 2M/r ) 1/2
(12)
By introduction of a scale factor k according to will lead to the following
appearance : dθ/ dt = (k / r ) (1 – 2M/r ) 1/2
(13 )
The formula of the rotation speed (km/s) is obtained from the expression
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v = r (dθ/ dt) (14)
This means that the rotation speed in km/s will be the following expression :
v = k (1 – 2M/r ) 1/2
(15)
IV. The new universal formula
Exact solution of complete relativity for polar coordinates Minkowsky/Schwartschild metric gives for non
geodetic lines(Inverse lines)
ds2
= - γ-1
dr2
- r2
dθ2
+ γ dt2
(16)
According to the gravitation tensor of Einstein Gµ = 0 which is symmetric and gives possibility to the
interchange between the t and s variables.
This interchange between the s and t variables gives the rotation velocity in arc-length parameters :
dt2
= - γ-1
dr2
- r2
dθ2
+ γ ds2
(17)
Rearranging the order between the parameters involved gives :
r2
dθ2
= - γ-1
dr2
+ γ ds2
- dt2
(18)
By dividing with ds we obtain :
r2
(dθ / ds) 2
= - γ-1
( dr / ds )2
+ γ - ( dt / ds )2
(19)
From this we obtain the relativistic rotation speed v2 = r (dθ / ds) = (- γ-1
( dr / ds )2
+ γ - ( dt / ds )2
)1/2
(20)
By assuming that we have circular orbit follows ( dr / ds ) = 0 which gives :
v2 = r (dθ / ds) = ( γ - ( dt / ds )2
)1/2
= (1 – 2M/r - ( dt / ds )2
)1/2
(22)
(relativistic part )
The rotation velocity of a solar system with relatively ”small” mass, where the planets are following geodetic
lines, the “Keplerian” velocity in Eddington (11) is given
v1 = ( M/r )1/2
( 23)
This occurs for masses less than 1035
– 1039
kg. We now want to merge these formulas into one single formula,
interpolating between them and thus creating a so called “balancing scale”:
vtot = w1 v1 + w2v2 ( 24 )
where w1 and w2 are balancing scaling factors between the different rotation velocities v1 and v2.
First we have to transform the equation
v2 = (1 – 2M/r - ( dt / ds )2
)1/2
(25)
into
v2 = ( vmax
2
– M/r )1/2
(26)
Since v1 = ( MG/r )1/2
(SI –units) means that :
= c2
– 2MG/r - ( dt / ds )2
= vmax
2
- MG/r = vmax
2
- v2
(27)
This means that c2
– ( vmax
2
+ v1
2
) = ( dt / ds )2
(28)
or by taking the square root :
dt / ds = ( c2
– ( vmax
2
+ v2
) )1/2
(29)
so the balance is kept by the relation
v1
2
+ v2
2
= vmax
2
(30)
For some constant p we have : p2
( vmax
2
- v1
2
) = ( c2
- p2
v2
) (31)
where v2 is a multiple of the famous formula for the proper velocity in the theory of special relativity
v (proper) = ( 1 – v2
/ c2
)1/2
(32)
Now it exist some „multiple‟ of ( vmax
2
- v1
2
) equals ( c2
- v2
)
for some variable v.
Now we weight the solution such that we obtain the new universal rotation formula:
vtot = w1 ( MG/r )1/2
+ w2 ( vmax
2
- MG/r )1/2
(33)
V. Results and figures by the new rotation universal formula
In this section ”experimental” results from computer simulations made are presented.
All the computer simulation graphs are obtained by the new universal velocity distribution formula in equation (
33 ).
The results from the atomic world are presented in Figs 1 and 2 in 2 and 3 dimensions respectively.
4. A new universal formula for atoms, planets and galaxies
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Fig 1 The rotation velocity v versus distance r and principal quantum number n for electrons in the atoms
versus distance r to the nucleus of the atom.
The v α (1 / r )1/2
dependence and the v α ( 1 / n ) dependence are clearly seen.
(Computer simulations)
Fig 2 The rotation velocity versus distance for electrons in the atom in 3 dimensions.
The shell structure is clearly seen. (Computer simulations)
For the planets the following rotation velocity distributions are obtained.
Fig 3 Velocity distributions versus distance of the largest planets (Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus, and Neptune )
(Computer simulations)
5. A new universal formula for atoms, planets and galaxies
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Fig 4 Velocity distributions of some planets in 3 dimensions.
The planet orbits in one plane are clearly seen. (Computer simulations)
For the galaxies the following rotation velocity distributions are obtained.
Fig 5 Velocity distributions versus distance of the galaxies NGC( 801 )
These graphs do follow the observational velocity distributions.
(Computer simulations) Match 97% Equation 33 has been followed
6. A new universal formula for atoms, planets and galaxies
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Fig 6 Velocity distributions versus distance of the galaxies UGC(12 810 )
These graphs do follow the observational velocity distributions.
(Computer simulations) Equation 33 has been followed
Match 95%
Fig 7 Velocity distributions versus distance of the galaxies NGC7606
These graphs do follow the observational velocity distributions.
(Computer simulations) Equation 33 has been followed
Match 98%
7. A new universal formula for atoms, planets and galaxies
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Fig 8 Velocity distributions versus distance of the galaxies NGC Milky Way
These graphs do not follow the observational velocity distributions.
Equation 2 has been followed. Theoretical=white curve
(Computer simulations) Match 59%
Fig 9 Observational results of velocity distributions versus distance of many galaxies.
Reproduction from Sofue and Rubin.( 7 )
8. A new universal formula for atoms, planets and galaxies
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Fig 10 Computer simulations of randomly distributed 30 000 “stars” distributed like an ellipsoid in a galaxy.
The appearance is very similar to observations of galaxies.
Reproduction from Barrera and Thelin ( 4 )
Table 1
Matching in the observational and theoretical velocity versus distance graphs on galaxies
Galaxnr match% radius vmax Estim.Mass(eq 33) Appr.Mass (3)
NGC3200 93 1.80 105
ly 2.80 105
m/s 4.29 1041
kg 1.27 1042
kg
NGC801 97 1.80 105 “ “
3.65 1041
“
UGC2885 90 2.20 105
3.25 105
6.99 1041
2.10 1042
Milky Way 92 0.80 105
3.00 105
4.02 1041
6.50 1041
NGC7606 98 1.20 105
2.50 105
4.63 1041
6.20 1041
UGC12810 95 1.80 105
2.00 105
5.24 1041
6.50 1041
NGC1417 92 1.00 105
3.25 105
6.88 1040
9.54 1041
It is also possible to calculate the Radius , Vmax , Estimated Mass of the galaxies studied. By using equation 33
very good match percentage is achieved. The approximated mass values are following equation 2 from
Combes(3) and have higher values.
VI. Discussion
For atoms the rotation velocity of the electrons versus distance to the nucleus expression were done by
Niels Bohr by using Coulombs law and the circular centripetal force of an electron around an atom. These
calculations were done to achieve the shell structure of the atoms and are established fact today and are seen in
equation 3. This formula follows the Keplerian relationship v α (1/ r1/2
) between rotation velocity and distance
to the nucleus of the atom. By using equation 33 in this paper together with computer simulations we have
achieved similar atomic structure and appearance as the usual picture of an atom (Figs (1 and 2) in 2 and 3
dimensions. Fig 1 also illustrates v α 1/n – dependence of the rotation speed versus the principal quantum
number, also in accordance with the literature.
An established fact is that planets follow the 3:rd law of Kepler as can be seen in equation(7) for circular
motion, where V is the planet rotation speed around the sun and m is the planet mass and M is the sun mass. By
using equation 33 and computer simulations this is illustrated in Figs 3 and 4 in 2 and 3 dimensions. In Fig 3
the big planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune illustrate a decreasing rotation speed around the sun versus
distance to the sun. Fig 4 illustrates a planetary system, which has a rather flat structure in accordance with our
planetary system in 3 dimensions.
9. A new universal formula for atoms, planets and galaxies
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We can se from sections 2 and 3 from Barrera and Thelin ( 4 ) that the velocity formula
between velocity and distance to the center of the galaxy has a - structure. These facts are based on results
presented in Combes ( 3 ) and Lang (10) and are not based on Kepler`s 3:rd law directly. These relationships are
observed by the astronomers where the velocity reaches a constant speed between 5 and 10 kpc from the centre
of the galaxy. A similar structure is also obtained by using the theory of relativity and the Schwarzschild metric
in equation 19 of Barrera and Thelin ( 4 ) and from the new expanded formula (33) of this paper and is seen in
Figs (5-7 ) where a steep rising of the velocity (angular and circular in km/s) at low distances is observed. After
that rising, a plateau is reached, which will be dominating up to large distances. Our model is also in
accordance with the density distribution in the galaxy which shows a decreasing profile to distance, which is in
accordance with earlier observations. We have also used equation 33 and computer simulations of a galaxy from
above giving a realistic structure (Fig 10). Very good observational graphs of velocity-distance curves are seen
in Fig 9 and have the same profile as our Figures (5-7).
This means that equation (33) has the capacity to illustrate completely different objects (atoms to galaxies) in
nature in a realistic way.
In Table 1 it is also possible to calculate the Radius , Vmax , Estimated Mass of the galaxies
studied. By using equation 33 very good match percentage is achieved. The approximated mass values are
following equation 2 from Combes(3) and have higher values. If one uses equation 2 instead in the matching
procedure bad correlation is achieved, which is seen in Fig 8. For a number of galaxies measured the mean value
of matching with equation 33 is 94% and with equation 2 is 55%. Computer simulations were also performed
to establish and verify the rotation velocity and mass in the galaxy, suggested in this paper and giving a strong
support of the new formulas and the use of the theory of relativity.
The observations from Freeman (1) and Rubin (2) are also observed by many astronomers and
have been a controversial discovery, because it contradicts Kepler`3:rd law, which will follow a (1/ ) -
dependence and is not observed in any galaxies. Therefore, some astronomers claim that there must be a large
amount of dark matter in the galaxy, which is the cause of this discrepancy and also holds the galaxies together
at those high rotation speeds.
Similar - structures of the velocity curves as our curves have also been obtained in the so
called Mond- project, where a modification of the Newton`s law is applied by Sanders (12).
It can be noted that our solution in equation 33 is a solution of the Chebyshev differential equation found in
common mathematical handbooks.
Acknowledgement :
We want to thank :
Dr. Gunnar Berg at the Mathematical Institution at Uppsala University,
Prof. Christer Kiselman at the Mathematical Institution at Uppsala University,
Dr. Anders Hast at Creative Media Lab at University of Gävle.
Prof. Ewert Bengtsson at Centre for Image Analysis at Uppsala University
Dr.Staffan Yngve at the Physical Institution at Uppsala University
Computer Expert Michael Nordstedt Computer Program and System support, BMC Uppsala University
for valuable discussions and critical examinations of the material in this paper.
References :
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[2]. Rubin, V. C., Ford, W. K., (1970), Ap, J. 150 , 379
[3]. Combes, F., Boisse`,P., Mazure ,A. and Blanchard, A., Galaxies and Cosmology,(2001)
[4]. Barrera,T.,Thelin,B.,IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) Vol 3 (4) p.44 (2013)
[5]. Schwarzschild, K., (1916),Sitz. Acad. Wiss., Physik-Math., Kl. 1 , 189
[6]. Einstein, A., (1916), Ann. Physik, 49, 769
[7]. Sofue, Y., Rubin, V.C., Annu.Rev.Astronom.Astrophys.2001,Vol 39, p. 137-174
[8]. Gasiorowicz, S., Quantum Physics 3:rd Ed. (2003)
[9]. Lang, K.R., (1974) Astrophysical Formula
[10]. Lang, K.R.,(1998), Astrophysical Formula, Vol. 2
[11]. Eddington, A.S.(1923), Mathematical Theory of Relativity
[12]. Sanders, R., H., (2002) Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. Vol 40,p.263-317