This document summarizes the Westpro modified Chinese Huaxia Furfural Technology for producing furfural from agricultural waste. The process uses fixed-bed reactors and continuous dynamic refining to achieve high furfural yields and byproduct recovery at low production costs. Key steps include pretreatment of the raw materials, hydrolysis in steel reactors to form furfural, and continuous azeotropic distillation for refining. The technology requires low capital investment and is well-suited for developing countries. It can yield over 99% pure furfural along with valuable byproducts like acetic acid.
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
The document summarizes research on producing furfural through acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. It discusses previous studies utilizing various agricultural residues as feedstocks for furfural synthesis, including corncobs, olive stones, sorghum straw, rice husks, pistachio hulls, and sugarcane bagasse. Maximum reported furfural yields ranged from 15-65% depending on temperature, acid concentration, and reaction time. The document also describes an experimental study that achieves a 6.6% furfural yield through hydrolysis of rice husks with 1M hydrochloric acid at 107°C.
This document contains information about solid pharma handling equipment from SaintyCo, including high shear mixers, fluid bed dryers, granulators, lifters, mills, blenders, bins, drums, washers and washing stations. It provides contact information for SaintyCo and lists 25 pieces of equipment along with brief descriptions and specifications for some of the models.
The document discusses the blow-fill-seal (BFS) technology used to aseptically produce sterile pharmaceutical products. It describes the BFS process which combines plastic container formation via blow/vacuum molding with aseptic filling. Strict controls and validations are required to minimize contamination risks, including clean room classification and environmental monitoring, cleaning and sterilization processes, personnel training and maintenance procedures. Broth fill tests are conducted to qualify the aseptic filling capability and demonstrate sterility assurance levels better than 10^-3 can be achieved.
Fermentors are closed containers used for fermentation reactions. They come in two types - open and closed. Construction materials differ based on scale, with glass or stainless steel used for small scale and stainless steel, mild steel, wood, plastic or concrete for larger scales. Fermentors contain mechanically mixed impellers within a baffled cylindrical vessel to promote mixing and mass transfer. Key factors that must be controlled during fermentation include temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, mixing, and foam formation. Proper strain selection and sterilization of the fermentor are also important.
This document discusses the development of inoculum, which is a mixture of cultured microbes and growth media. It defines inoculum and explains that it is prepared in a stepwise process using increasing volumes of media to produce enough microbes for industrial fermentation. The document outlines the key components of inoculum media, including a carbon source, nitrogen source, growth factors, minerals, buffers to control pH, and defoamers. It provides an example of Bennett's medium used to produce inoculum for vitamin production.
The document discusses the fertilizer industry in India. It notes that there are 32 major fertilizer complexes in India that produce over 53 million and 145 million tons of nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers respectively. These complexes can be classified into 5 categories based on their products. The liquid and gaseous discharges from these complexes contain various pollutants like nitrogen, urea, arsenic, oil, and fluoride. The document then describes the various treatment processes used to remove these pollutants from effluents and emissions before they are discharged. These include scrubbers, separators, adsorption, and precipitation. The venturi scrubber is highlighted as an effective device for reducing dust levels in fertilizer plant emissions.
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
The document summarizes research on producing furfural through acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. It discusses previous studies utilizing various agricultural residues as feedstocks for furfural synthesis, including corncobs, olive stones, sorghum straw, rice husks, pistachio hulls, and sugarcane bagasse. Maximum reported furfural yields ranged from 15-65% depending on temperature, acid concentration, and reaction time. The document also describes an experimental study that achieves a 6.6% furfural yield through hydrolysis of rice husks with 1M hydrochloric acid at 107°C.
This document contains information about solid pharma handling equipment from SaintyCo, including high shear mixers, fluid bed dryers, granulators, lifters, mills, blenders, bins, drums, washers and washing stations. It provides contact information for SaintyCo and lists 25 pieces of equipment along with brief descriptions and specifications for some of the models.
The document discusses the blow-fill-seal (BFS) technology used to aseptically produce sterile pharmaceutical products. It describes the BFS process which combines plastic container formation via blow/vacuum molding with aseptic filling. Strict controls and validations are required to minimize contamination risks, including clean room classification and environmental monitoring, cleaning and sterilization processes, personnel training and maintenance procedures. Broth fill tests are conducted to qualify the aseptic filling capability and demonstrate sterility assurance levels better than 10^-3 can be achieved.
Fermentors are closed containers used for fermentation reactions. They come in two types - open and closed. Construction materials differ based on scale, with glass or stainless steel used for small scale and stainless steel, mild steel, wood, plastic or concrete for larger scales. Fermentors contain mechanically mixed impellers within a baffled cylindrical vessel to promote mixing and mass transfer. Key factors that must be controlled during fermentation include temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, mixing, and foam formation. Proper strain selection and sterilization of the fermentor are also important.
This document discusses the development of inoculum, which is a mixture of cultured microbes and growth media. It defines inoculum and explains that it is prepared in a stepwise process using increasing volumes of media to produce enough microbes for industrial fermentation. The document outlines the key components of inoculum media, including a carbon source, nitrogen source, growth factors, minerals, buffers to control pH, and defoamers. It provides an example of Bennett's medium used to produce inoculum for vitamin production.
The document discusses the fertilizer industry in India. It notes that there are 32 major fertilizer complexes in India that produce over 53 million and 145 million tons of nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers respectively. These complexes can be classified into 5 categories based on their products. The liquid and gaseous discharges from these complexes contain various pollutants like nitrogen, urea, arsenic, oil, and fluoride. The document then describes the various treatment processes used to remove these pollutants from effluents and emissions before they are discharged. These include scrubbers, separators, adsorption, and precipitation. The venturi scrubber is highlighted as an effective device for reducing dust levels in fertilizer plant emissions.
Waste to Wealth-Value Recovery from Agricultural and Industrial Biomass Resid...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Waste to Wealth-Value Recovery from Agricultural and Industrial Biomass Residues. Furfural from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Production of Furfural from Sugarcane Bagasse and Corncobs.
The concept of waste as a material “which has no use” is changing to that of seeing waste as a resource by converting into secondary material with modification. Wastes can thus be converted into useful resources used at home or even sold for wealth. Waste recycling involves the collection of discarded materials such as Sugarcane Bagasse, Corncobs etc and processing these materials, and turning them into new products.
See more
https://goo.gl/efaKS3
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Production of Furfural, Production of Furfural from Bagasse, Process for Producing Furfural, Production of Furfural from Corncobs, Furfural from Corncobs, Making Furfural from Corn Cobs, Furfural Production from Corn Cobs, Furfural from Sugarcane Bagasse, Sugarcane Bagasse for Production of Furfural, Production of Furfural from Sugarcane Bagasse, Production Process of Furfural, Furfural Production from Corncobs, Preparation of Furfural From Corncobs, Furfural Manufacturing Business, Furfural Manufacturing Project Report, Process for Producing Furfural from Corncobs, Process of Manufacturing Furfural, Furfural Production Process, Wealth from Waste, Waste Biomass as Raw Material for Furfural Production, Value Recovery from Agro Food Processing Wastes Using Biotechnology, Production of Furfural from Agricultural and Industrial Biomass Residues, Recycling Waste Biomass from the Sugar Industry, Lignocellulosic biomass, Lignocellulosic Agriculture Wastes as Biomass Feedstocks, Bio-Based Solvents, Commercial Uses, Cellulosic Ethanol Commercialization, Energy Content of Biofuel, Energy Crop, Energy Forestry, EROEI, Sustainable Biofuel, Furfural Manufacture in India, Manufacturing Furfural from Bagasse, Manufacture of Furfural from Corncobs, Furfural processing project ideas, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Furfural Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, How to Start Furfural Processing Industry in India, Furfural Processing Projects, New project profile on Furfural processing industries, Project Report on Furfural manufacturing Industry, Detailed Project Report on Furfural Production from Corncobs, Project Report on Furfural Production from Corncobs, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Production of Furfural from Sugarcane Bagasse, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Furfural Production from Corncobs, Feasibility report on Production of Furfural from Sugarcane Bagasse
The VP-Hobe Manure Recycling Procedure is a system that entirely decomposes and recycles pig slurry into concentrated ammonium, granular organic soil conditioner rich in phosphates and potassium, and clean water. It focuses on maximizing nutrient recovery by extracting 100% of the potassium, nitrogen, and phosphates using efficient separation techniques and converting the remaining energy and materials into useful end products like fertilizers, charcoal, and water that meets legal standards for discharge. The procedure is robust, reliable, cost-effective, and developed over 20 years of experience to achieve total recycling and nutrient recovery from manure.
FFBL provides summer internships to students to gain practical knowledge of its fertilizer production processes. The internship report summarizes the author's experience at FFBL, including learning about urea and DAP production. FFBL is a large fertilizer producer in Pakistan that uses advanced systems to produce urea, DAP, and ammonia at higher-than-designed capacities in a safe and efficient manner.
1. The document discusses treatment methods for industrial wastewater from the El Nasr Petroleum Company in Egypt, which contains high levels of phenolic compounds (naphtha) that exceed legal discharge limits.
2. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimal doses of ferrous sulfate (Fe2+) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) and remove phenols.
3. The optimum treatment conditions found were a Fe2+ dose of 0.8 g/L, H2O2 dose of 65 ml/L, pH of 9.5-10.5, and a 30 minute reaction time, which reduced COD levels from over 8,
This document provides a training report submitted by Arif Khan to Mr. Rohit Pal regarding Arif's 6-week vocational training at the IFFCO Urea Manufacturing Plant in Aonla, India. The report includes an abstract describing IFFCO as an organization and details about the Aonla plant. It then covers various sections of the plant including steam and power generation, naptha storage, offsite plants like water treatment and cooling towers, the ammonia and urea production plants, and safety practices.
OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su...OECD Environment
PFAS, which stands for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are a diverse group of chemicals that include PFCAs, PFOA, PFSAs, PFHxS, and thousands of others. These chemicals have been in commercial production since the 1950s and are now widely used in consumer and industrial applications. One characteristic of PFAS is their persistence in the environment, as they are extremely resistant to degradation. PFAS have emerged as contaminants of global concern because of their potential to accumulate in the human body and food chains.
On 12-13 February 2024, a wide range of stakeholders, including governments, industry, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and academics came together to discuss various topics related to PFAS. These topics covered areas such as country risk management approaches, innovation challenges for finding safer alternatives, effective risk communication strategies, monitoring techniques, waste management, and approaches to managing contamination.
This document describes a design project report on adipic acid produced by students Shivika Agrawal, Nikhil Nevatia, and Satish Pillai. It includes chapters on the introduction to adipic acid, market analysis of global and Indian demand and production capacity, a comparison of production processes and selection of a process, material and energy balances, equipment design, and a cost estimation. The main points are that adipic acid is mainly used to produce nylon 6,6 and has a global demand of 3.3 million metric tons growing at 3-5% annually, with China as the largest importer and Europe the largest market. India currently imports its requirements of adipic acid.
This document discusses the production of formaldehyde through a catalytic vapor-phase oxidation process. It will involve designing a plant with three main units: a reactor to catalyze the oxidation of methanol and air, an absorber to absorb the formaldehyde product, and a distillation column to separate and purify streams. The target product is 50 tons per day of a 37% aqueous formaldehyde solution. The document covers relevant chemical properties, process descriptions including the silver catalyst process, and outlines the overall design problem of producing the specified amount of formaldehyde through this integrated production method.
This document is a project report submitted by Romil Kikani and Ruchir Patel to Dr. Jignasa V. Gohel at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Chemical Engineering. The project report details the production of alkyl aryl sulfonate via a continuous process involving the sulfonation of alkyl benzene with oleum, separation of the sulfonic acid product from spent sulfuric acid, neutralization with caustic soda, and drying to produce the final powder product. Key steps include a sulfonator, separator, neutralizer, and dryer with mass and energy balances provided for process design and
Increasing Yield in the Manufacturing of MPDSAijsrd.com
Meta phenylenediamine 4 sulphonic acid (MPDSA) is one of the important products in the dyestuff sector. The present conventional manufacturing process for MPDSA being carried out at the industry is less efficient and gives an overall yield of about 60 %. But the use of alternative raw materials for the manufacture of MPDSA can give yield as high as upto 80%. In addition, this process also eliminates the use of metal catalysts which cause downstream problems. This method involves the use Metaphenylene Diamine as the raw material instead of 2, 4, dinitrochlorobenzene for the manufacture of MPDSA. A lab scale experiment has been carried out and the overall yield has been found to be higher than that obtained from the conventional process. This paper describes this new manufacturing process and its possible economic benefits. Overall yield is calculated and compared with the conventional process.
Furfural is produced through the acid hydrolysis of agricultural byproducts like corncobs, oat, wheat bran, and sawdust. The process involves heating the plant materials with sulfuric acid, which causes cellulose to hydrolyze into xylose and other 5-carbon sugars. These sugars then undergo dehydration to produce furfural along with 3 water molecules. Furfural has industrial uses as a solvent, in tetrahydrofuran production, and as a fungicide or weed killer, but it is also toxic if swallowed or causes skin and eye irritation.
This document provides an overview of phosphate processing for fertilizer and animal feed production. It discusses the key steps which include mining and beneficiation of phosphate rock, drying it in rotary dryers, processing it into phosphoric acid, and then granulating the acid with other materials using equipment like rotary granulators, pug mills, dryers and coolers to produce products like MAP, DAP, MCP and DCP. It also highlights FEECO's approach using a high speed mixer to improve the quality of animal feed granulation.
This document provides information about ThyssenKrupp Uhde's expertise in aromatics production. Some key points:
- ThyssenKrupp Uhde has over 60 years of experience in aromatics production and has developed various technologies, including the Morphylane® extractive distillation process.
- The main feedstocks for aromatics production are pyrolysis gasoline, reformate, and coke oven light oil. Process configurations depend on the feedstock composition and properties.
- Pyrolysis gasoline is typically used to produce benzene and/or benzene and toluene together. Reformate and coke oven light oil can be used to produce benzene, toluene
Sandvik process systems kumar swamy (paper)KVVKSwamy
1. The existing AN and NPK facilities at Azomures in Romania were outdated and needed modernization to produce higher quality products that could attract higher prices internationally.
2. Sandvik evaluated prilling, granulation, and their Rotoform technology as alternatives for modernizing the AN and NPK finishing processes.
3. Rotoform offered several advantages over prilling and granulation, including lower energy consumption since it does not require large air flows, no need to manage ammonium nitrate dust emissions, and production of a solid product with a narrow size distribution without additional screening or crushing equipment. As a result, Azomures decided to invest in two Rotoform HS 2000 lines.
The document provides guidelines for managing environmental, health, and safety issues at phosphate fertilizer manufacturing plants. It discusses key issues like air emissions from production processes and combustion sources, wastewater from effluents, and hazardous materials handling. Recommendations include preventing dust emissions through covered conveyors and indoor storage, treating air emissions using scrubbers to recover fluorine and reduce gases, and recycling or properly treating wastewater through neutralization and settling.
The document provides guidelines for managing environmental, health, and safety issues at phosphate fertilizer manufacturing plants. It discusses key issues like air emissions from production processes and combustion sources, wastewater from effluents, and recommended measures to prevent and control pollutants. These include selecting lower-impurity phosphate rock, installing emission control systems like scrubbers, recycling process water, and recovering saleable byproducts to minimize impacts.
Recovery & Recycling
The Recovery & Recycling model makes production and
consumption systems in which everything that used to be
considered waste is revived for other uses.
The document provides information about fertilizers and the fertilizer industry. It discusses the types of fertilizers, nutrients needed by plants, manufacturing processes, and safety aspects. The key points are:
1) Fertilizers supply essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to support plant growth. Common fertilizers include urea, ammonium phosphate, and potassium chloride.
2) The fertilizer manufacturing process involves synthesizing raw materials into fertilizer components like ammonia and phosphoric acid, then granulating and blending the components.
3) IIFCO's Kandla unit in India produces various NPK fertilizer grades using a conventional slurry granulation process. It has safety measures and
Phosphoric acid has many industrial uses including in fertilizers, cleaning products, food processing, and more. It is produced commercially via either the thermal or wet process. The thermal process involves combusting white phosphorus to form P4O10, then hydrating it to form H3PO4. The wet process reacts phosphate rock with sulfuric acid to form H3PO4 and calcium sulfate. There are various wet process techniques including dihydrate, hemihydrate, and recrystallization methods that aim to control calcium sulfate precipitation and recover phosphoric acid.
Waste to Wealth-Value Recovery from Agricultural and Industrial Biomass Resid...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Waste to Wealth-Value Recovery from Agricultural and Industrial Biomass Residues. Furfural from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Production of Furfural from Sugarcane Bagasse and Corncobs.
The concept of waste as a material “which has no use” is changing to that of seeing waste as a resource by converting into secondary material with modification. Wastes can thus be converted into useful resources used at home or even sold for wealth. Waste recycling involves the collection of discarded materials such as Sugarcane Bagasse, Corncobs etc and processing these materials, and turning them into new products.
See more
https://goo.gl/efaKS3
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Production of Furfural, Production of Furfural from Bagasse, Process for Producing Furfural, Production of Furfural from Corncobs, Furfural from Corncobs, Making Furfural from Corn Cobs, Furfural Production from Corn Cobs, Furfural from Sugarcane Bagasse, Sugarcane Bagasse for Production of Furfural, Production of Furfural from Sugarcane Bagasse, Production Process of Furfural, Furfural Production from Corncobs, Preparation of Furfural From Corncobs, Furfural Manufacturing Business, Furfural Manufacturing Project Report, Process for Producing Furfural from Corncobs, Process of Manufacturing Furfural, Furfural Production Process, Wealth from Waste, Waste Biomass as Raw Material for Furfural Production, Value Recovery from Agro Food Processing Wastes Using Biotechnology, Production of Furfural from Agricultural and Industrial Biomass Residues, Recycling Waste Biomass from the Sugar Industry, Lignocellulosic biomass, Lignocellulosic Agriculture Wastes as Biomass Feedstocks, Bio-Based Solvents, Commercial Uses, Cellulosic Ethanol Commercialization, Energy Content of Biofuel, Energy Crop, Energy Forestry, EROEI, Sustainable Biofuel, Furfural Manufacture in India, Manufacturing Furfural from Bagasse, Manufacture of Furfural from Corncobs, Furfural processing project ideas, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Furfural Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, How to Start Furfural Processing Industry in India, Furfural Processing Projects, New project profile on Furfural processing industries, Project Report on Furfural manufacturing Industry, Detailed Project Report on Furfural Production from Corncobs, Project Report on Furfural Production from Corncobs, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Production of Furfural from Sugarcane Bagasse, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Furfural Production from Corncobs, Feasibility report on Production of Furfural from Sugarcane Bagasse
The VP-Hobe Manure Recycling Procedure is a system that entirely decomposes and recycles pig slurry into concentrated ammonium, granular organic soil conditioner rich in phosphates and potassium, and clean water. It focuses on maximizing nutrient recovery by extracting 100% of the potassium, nitrogen, and phosphates using efficient separation techniques and converting the remaining energy and materials into useful end products like fertilizers, charcoal, and water that meets legal standards for discharge. The procedure is robust, reliable, cost-effective, and developed over 20 years of experience to achieve total recycling and nutrient recovery from manure.
FFBL provides summer internships to students to gain practical knowledge of its fertilizer production processes. The internship report summarizes the author's experience at FFBL, including learning about urea and DAP production. FFBL is a large fertilizer producer in Pakistan that uses advanced systems to produce urea, DAP, and ammonia at higher-than-designed capacities in a safe and efficient manner.
1. The document discusses treatment methods for industrial wastewater from the El Nasr Petroleum Company in Egypt, which contains high levels of phenolic compounds (naphtha) that exceed legal discharge limits.
2. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimal doses of ferrous sulfate (Fe2+) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) and remove phenols.
3. The optimum treatment conditions found were a Fe2+ dose of 0.8 g/L, H2O2 dose of 65 ml/L, pH of 9.5-10.5, and a 30 minute reaction time, which reduced COD levels from over 8,
This document provides a training report submitted by Arif Khan to Mr. Rohit Pal regarding Arif's 6-week vocational training at the IFFCO Urea Manufacturing Plant in Aonla, India. The report includes an abstract describing IFFCO as an organization and details about the Aonla plant. It then covers various sections of the plant including steam and power generation, naptha storage, offsite plants like water treatment and cooling towers, the ammonia and urea production plants, and safety practices.
OECD Global Forum on the Environment dedicated to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Su...OECD Environment
PFAS, which stands for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are a diverse group of chemicals that include PFCAs, PFOA, PFSAs, PFHxS, and thousands of others. These chemicals have been in commercial production since the 1950s and are now widely used in consumer and industrial applications. One characteristic of PFAS is their persistence in the environment, as they are extremely resistant to degradation. PFAS have emerged as contaminants of global concern because of their potential to accumulate in the human body and food chains.
On 12-13 February 2024, a wide range of stakeholders, including governments, industry, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and academics came together to discuss various topics related to PFAS. These topics covered areas such as country risk management approaches, innovation challenges for finding safer alternatives, effective risk communication strategies, monitoring techniques, waste management, and approaches to managing contamination.
This document describes a design project report on adipic acid produced by students Shivika Agrawal, Nikhil Nevatia, and Satish Pillai. It includes chapters on the introduction to adipic acid, market analysis of global and Indian demand and production capacity, a comparison of production processes and selection of a process, material and energy balances, equipment design, and a cost estimation. The main points are that adipic acid is mainly used to produce nylon 6,6 and has a global demand of 3.3 million metric tons growing at 3-5% annually, with China as the largest importer and Europe the largest market. India currently imports its requirements of adipic acid.
This document discusses the production of formaldehyde through a catalytic vapor-phase oxidation process. It will involve designing a plant with three main units: a reactor to catalyze the oxidation of methanol and air, an absorber to absorb the formaldehyde product, and a distillation column to separate and purify streams. The target product is 50 tons per day of a 37% aqueous formaldehyde solution. The document covers relevant chemical properties, process descriptions including the silver catalyst process, and outlines the overall design problem of producing the specified amount of formaldehyde through this integrated production method.
This document is a project report submitted by Romil Kikani and Ruchir Patel to Dr. Jignasa V. Gohel at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Chemical Engineering. The project report details the production of alkyl aryl sulfonate via a continuous process involving the sulfonation of alkyl benzene with oleum, separation of the sulfonic acid product from spent sulfuric acid, neutralization with caustic soda, and drying to produce the final powder product. Key steps include a sulfonator, separator, neutralizer, and dryer with mass and energy balances provided for process design and
Increasing Yield in the Manufacturing of MPDSAijsrd.com
Meta phenylenediamine 4 sulphonic acid (MPDSA) is one of the important products in the dyestuff sector. The present conventional manufacturing process for MPDSA being carried out at the industry is less efficient and gives an overall yield of about 60 %. But the use of alternative raw materials for the manufacture of MPDSA can give yield as high as upto 80%. In addition, this process also eliminates the use of metal catalysts which cause downstream problems. This method involves the use Metaphenylene Diamine as the raw material instead of 2, 4, dinitrochlorobenzene for the manufacture of MPDSA. A lab scale experiment has been carried out and the overall yield has been found to be higher than that obtained from the conventional process. This paper describes this new manufacturing process and its possible economic benefits. Overall yield is calculated and compared with the conventional process.
Furfural is produced through the acid hydrolysis of agricultural byproducts like corncobs, oat, wheat bran, and sawdust. The process involves heating the plant materials with sulfuric acid, which causes cellulose to hydrolyze into xylose and other 5-carbon sugars. These sugars then undergo dehydration to produce furfural along with 3 water molecules. Furfural has industrial uses as a solvent, in tetrahydrofuran production, and as a fungicide or weed killer, but it is also toxic if swallowed or causes skin and eye irritation.
This document provides an overview of phosphate processing for fertilizer and animal feed production. It discusses the key steps which include mining and beneficiation of phosphate rock, drying it in rotary dryers, processing it into phosphoric acid, and then granulating the acid with other materials using equipment like rotary granulators, pug mills, dryers and coolers to produce products like MAP, DAP, MCP and DCP. It also highlights FEECO's approach using a high speed mixer to improve the quality of animal feed granulation.
This document provides information about ThyssenKrupp Uhde's expertise in aromatics production. Some key points:
- ThyssenKrupp Uhde has over 60 years of experience in aromatics production and has developed various technologies, including the Morphylane® extractive distillation process.
- The main feedstocks for aromatics production are pyrolysis gasoline, reformate, and coke oven light oil. Process configurations depend on the feedstock composition and properties.
- Pyrolysis gasoline is typically used to produce benzene and/or benzene and toluene together. Reformate and coke oven light oil can be used to produce benzene, toluene
Sandvik process systems kumar swamy (paper)KVVKSwamy
1. The existing AN and NPK facilities at Azomures in Romania were outdated and needed modernization to produce higher quality products that could attract higher prices internationally.
2. Sandvik evaluated prilling, granulation, and their Rotoform technology as alternatives for modernizing the AN and NPK finishing processes.
3. Rotoform offered several advantages over prilling and granulation, including lower energy consumption since it does not require large air flows, no need to manage ammonium nitrate dust emissions, and production of a solid product with a narrow size distribution without additional screening or crushing equipment. As a result, Azomures decided to invest in two Rotoform HS 2000 lines.
The document provides guidelines for managing environmental, health, and safety issues at phosphate fertilizer manufacturing plants. It discusses key issues like air emissions from production processes and combustion sources, wastewater from effluents, and hazardous materials handling. Recommendations include preventing dust emissions through covered conveyors and indoor storage, treating air emissions using scrubbers to recover fluorine and reduce gases, and recycling or properly treating wastewater through neutralization and settling.
The document provides guidelines for managing environmental, health, and safety issues at phosphate fertilizer manufacturing plants. It discusses key issues like air emissions from production processes and combustion sources, wastewater from effluents, and recommended measures to prevent and control pollutants. These include selecting lower-impurity phosphate rock, installing emission control systems like scrubbers, recycling process water, and recovering saleable byproducts to minimize impacts.
Recovery & Recycling
The Recovery & Recycling model makes production and
consumption systems in which everything that used to be
considered waste is revived for other uses.
The document provides information about fertilizers and the fertilizer industry. It discusses the types of fertilizers, nutrients needed by plants, manufacturing processes, and safety aspects. The key points are:
1) Fertilizers supply essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to support plant growth. Common fertilizers include urea, ammonium phosphate, and potassium chloride.
2) The fertilizer manufacturing process involves synthesizing raw materials into fertilizer components like ammonia and phosphoric acid, then granulating and blending the components.
3) IIFCO's Kandla unit in India produces various NPK fertilizer grades using a conventional slurry granulation process. It has safety measures and
Phosphoric acid has many industrial uses including in fertilizers, cleaning products, food processing, and more. It is produced commercially via either the thermal or wet process. The thermal process involves combusting white phosphorus to form P4O10, then hydrating it to form H3PO4. The wet process reacts phosphate rock with sulfuric acid to form H3PO4 and calcium sulfate. There are various wet process techniques including dihydrate, hemihydrate, and recrystallization methods that aim to control calcium sulfate precipitation and recover phosphoric acid.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
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185
Furfural – Gold from Garbage
David Tin Win
Faculty of Science and Technology, Assumption University
Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract
Furfural production using continuous feeding process was discussed by using the
Westpro modified Chinese Huaxia Furfural Technology as an example. The technical
process, equipment required, raw materials needed, unit operations, operation
parameters, operation staff, available byproducts, economic considerations, possible
markets, and land area considerations are mentioned. The production and uses of some
important furfural derivatives, such as furfuryl alcohol, tetra hydro furfuryl alcohol,
acetyl furane, furoic acid, methyl furane and tetrahydrofuran THF are identified.
Current world production of furfural is about 250,000 t/a, at a stable price of $1,000/t;
and it is being projected to 225 thousand metric tons per annum.
Keywords: Batch process, cellulose, continuous processes, corn cobs, fixed-bed
reactors, oat hulls, pentosans, rice hulls, sugar cane bagasse, Quaker Oats technology.
Introduction
Furfural1
is produced from agricultural
waste biomass that contain pentosans, which
are aldose2
sugars, composed of small rings
formed from short five-member chains, that
constitute a class of complex carbohydrates,
present in cellulose of many woody plants such
as corn cobs, sugar cane bagasse, rice and oat
hulls etc. (Brady, et al. 2000). Furfural is a
clear, colorless motile liquid with a
characteristic ‘almond-benzaldehyde’ odor.
The molecular formula is C5H4O2. Its
synonyms are: 2-furancarboxaldehyde,
furaldehyde, 2-furanaldehyde, 2-furfuraldehyde,
fural, furfurol.
When exposed to sunlight in the presence
of oxygen auto-oxidation occurs and it darkens
1
The International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemists (IUPAC) names for aldehydes end in –al.
Hence furfural has an aldehyde – CHO functional
group (McMurray and Fay 2004).
2
Sugars that contain aldehyde functional groups.
The word aldose is a combination of two words: -
ald stands for aldehyde and -ose stands for sugars.
Names of sugars end in –ose. Examples are
glucose, fructose, sucrose (McMurray and Fay
2004).
to a dark red/brown color (Brenkem
Consultants Asia Co. 2004).
In theory, any material containing
pentosans can be used for the production of
furfural. Technically furfural is produced by
acid hydrolysis of the pentosan contained in
woody biomass. Almost all furfural plants
employing the batch process use the Quaker
Oats technology developed in the 1920’s. They
all operate at less than 50% yield, needs a lot of
steam and generate plenty of effluent waste.
Moreover their operating costs are high. Hence
such plants throughout the world are closing,
with the exception of simple low cost Chinese
plants (Dalin Yebo Trading 2004).
Some have resorted to continuous
processes. Westpro modified Chinese Huaxia
Furfural Technology is an example of a leading
current continuous process furfural technology
(Westpro 2004). It uses fixed-bed reactors and
continuous dynamic refining, which gives high
yields of furfural, including byproducts, at low
production costs. The technology requires only
low capital investment and is thus especially
suited for developing countries, and also for
relatively poor communities that are facing
economic difficulties, such as refugees
displaced across their national borders into
neighboring countries where agriculture
thrives.
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186
For example the capital for equipment is
only $500,000 for a furfural plant with an
annual capacity of one thousand metric tons.
The typical size of plants using this technology
is 500 ~ 6000 metric ton furfural per annum.
About twenty personnel are sufficient to
operate the plant, and the land requirement is
only about 5,000 m2
. The expected annual
profit before taxes is estimated to be between
US$ 1 and 2 million (Westpro 2004). Furfural
is the only organic compound derived from
biomass that can replace the crude oil based
organics used in industry (Dalin Yebo Trading
2004).
Most furfural plants are located close to
available raw materials. Dictated by the
harvest of agricultural products, most plants
operate on a 7-8 month schedule.
Downstream products include furfuryl
alcohol, tetra hydro furfuryl alcohol, acetyl
furane, furoic acid, methyl furane and
tetrahydrofuran THF (Brenkem Consultants
Asia Co. 2004). Furfuryl alcohol, used mainly
in the production of furan resins for foundry
sand binders, is the major market for furfural. It
is also widely used industrially as a refining
solvent in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.
Furfural can be used for the production of
lubricants; specialist adhesives and plastics;
and nylons. It is the starting material for
cycling shorts (Hebei Furan Chemical
Economic & Trade Ltd. 2004).
World production of furfural shifted from
developed countries to developing countries
during the early 1990s. Western European
production was significantly reduced, while
Chinese production increased. At present the
largest producers of furfural are China and the
Central Romana Corporation in the Dominican
Republic (see Table 1). In China furfural is
produced from corncobs in the northern
provinces. Many small plants and several large
ones exist, particularly in Shandong Province
(Brenkem Consultants Asia Co. 2004). Over
the next five years Chinese production of
furfural and furfuryl alcohol is projected to
increase at an average annual rate of 5%
provided no shortage of raw material
(corncobs) is experienced. China is the only
major region where increased furfural
production is expected in the next five years.
Current world production is ca. 250,000
t/a; and the price is usually static at $1,000/t.
The world operating capacity is estimated to be
approaching 225 thousand metric tons per year
(SRI Consulting, 2004).
World furfural consumption is shown in
table 2. U.S. consumption of furfural is
expected to stabilize at an average annual rate
of 2.0% over the next five years. Restructuring,
de-emphasis, plant closures and inexpensive
furfural imports from China and the Dominican
Republic have prompted the closure of many
U.S. plants. Four furfural plants were shut
down in the United States between 1995 and
2003, causing an annual capacity loss of 90
thousand metric tons. Currently there is only
one U.S. producer, Quaker Oats-Pepsico,
which uses oat by-products to make furfural.
European overall consumption of furfural
remained constant at over 40 thousand metric
tons from 1996 to 2000. Japanese furfural
consumption declined to about 2.5 thousand
metric tons in 2000. The largest furfural market
used to be for furfuryl alcohol production. But
the largest market now is lube oil refining.
Little or no growth is projected to 2005 (Levy
and Yokose 2004).
Westpro Modified Huaxia Technology
The Chinese Huaxia Furfural Technology
uses fixed-bed reactors and continuous
dynamic refining, and gives a high yield of
furfural and byproducts at a low production
cost. It is a popular example of a continuous
process that has replaced the less efficient
batch processes, which characteristically gives
yields of about 50% only. The process was
modified by Westpro (2004).
The steps involved are pretreatment,
hydrolysis, refining and byproduct recovery.
Technical details are mentioned below. The
hydrolysis step, developed in 1970s, was
modified in the 1980s with the use of
controlled electrical discharge components.
The refining process and byproduct recovery,
developed in 1980s, has been continuously
improved by using advanced US control
technology.
This greatly improved byproduct yield,
especially acetic acid recovery. Most furfural
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187
made by other technologies in U.S. or
European is only 98 % in purity; but Westpro
Huaxia's Technology yields 98.5 - 99.5%
furfural.
The capital investment for a new furfural
plant is only one third that of other furfural
technologies.
In this furfural process, acetic acid, a
valuable byproduct, can be recovered. Another
byproduct, levulinic acid may be obtained with
acid refining equipment. Hydrogenation of
furfural yields furfuryl alcohol, which is a
value added product that has a broad world
market.
The Technical Process
Westpro modified Huaxia technology
includes pretreatment, hydrolysis and refining
processes.
Pretreatment
The pretreatment equipment depends on
the raw materials used. Corncobs are usually
crushed to 3 ~ 10mm before blending with
sulfuric acid.
Hydrolysis
The pretreated raw materials are charged
to steel rectors or digesters, which are lined
with acid proof cement carbon bricks. The
furfural formed is removed with steam. The
furfural-saturated steam is filtered to remove
solid particles and condensed by cooling down
to about 60o
C. Two recovery towers may be
added for acetic acid recovery. To save cooling
water and energy, a secondary steam generator
may be used for distillation. A cooling tower
may also be introduced to recycling water.
The condensed furfural solution is then fed
to the furfural azeotropic distillation column.
The condensate is separated into two fractions.
The light water phase is refluxed and the heavy
furfural phase undergoes refining by azeotropic
distillation. The furfural layer has about 6 %
water, some light fractions, and a small amount
of acid, which is neutralized by sodium
carbonate prior to refining. The wastewater at
the bottom of the azeotropic column contains
1% acetic acid that can be neutralized or
recovered as acetic acid.
Refining
A continuous dynamic azeotropic
distillation is used. The furfural layer is fed
continuously from the top of a refining tower.
The light fractions, like acetone and methanol,
are removed from the top as byproducts. At the
end of the feed distillates are collected in
storage tanks under a vacuum at various reflux
ratios. The system is computer controlled. This
dynamic distillation has many advantages, such
as equipment and energy efficient, byproduct
recovery, high refining yield and high product
quality. The quality can be varied from 98.5 to
99 % or even higher by changing computer
control parameters.
Further hydrolyzation of the biomass
residue after furfural production, under a higher
reactor temperature, yields levulinic acid,
which is then refined by extraction and vacuum
distillation. Furfuryl alcohol may be obtained
by hydrogenation.
Equipment
List of required key equipment
1. pretreatment equipment (a crusher for corn
cobs, or a rotary dryer for wet bagasse)
2. acid blender
3. reactors
4. filters
5. secondary steam generator
6. azeotropic distillation tower
7. refining tower with digital control parts
8. control panel
9. computer with data acquisition and control
software.
10. two vacuum pumps
11. liquid pumps tanks, piping, gauges, etc
12. Options: boilers, water treatment, cooling
tower, acetic acid recovery equipment.
Raw Material
Typical furfural yields from various raw
materials by using Huaxia Furfural Technology
are the following:
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188
1. Corn cobs: 10~12 %
2. Rice hulls: 5.0 ~ 7 %
3. Flax dregs: 5~7 %
4. Cotton hulls: 8~11 %
5. Sugar cane bagasse: 8~11 %
6. Wood: 4~8 %
Furfural yields depend on the pentosan content.
Humidity also affects furfural yield.
Operation
Plant Feeds (per ton of furfural):
1. Power: 200~600 KWh;
2. Steam (8~14 kg/cm2): 25~35 tons, depends
on byproduct options.
3. Cooling Water: 30~50 tons, depends on
byproduct options.
4. Sulfuric acid: 0.3~0.8 ton, depends on raw
materials.
5. Sodium carbonate: 0.01 ton
6. lime: ~0.5 ton (or limestone 1 ton), or none
if recovering acetic acid .
Byproducts
Yield per ton of furfural is shown below.
The values are dependent on raw materials and
can vary.
1. Methyl alcohol: 0.15~0.175 ton
2. Acetone: 0.15~0.175 ton
3. Acetic acid: 0.45~0.8 ton
Operation Staff:
1. Raw material pretreatment: 0~3 (0~1 in
each of three shifts)
2. Hydrolysis: 6~9 (2~3 in each of three shifts)
3. Refining:1~2 (1~2 in each of one shift)
4. Recovery of lights:1~2 (1~2 in one shift)
5. Acetic acid recovery: 3 (1 in each of three
shifts)
6. Analysis and quality control: 1 in one shift
7. Chemical Engineer: 1~2
8. Plant manager 1
9. Subtotal: 10~23, depending on options and
the size of the plant.
10. Other: 3~6 (1~2 in each of three shifts)
Recommended Land Area
1. Furfural Process: 1510 sq. meters
2.Boilers and water treatment: 6m x 10m
3.Raw material storage: 500~2000 sq. meters
4.Office, road and other: 200~500 sq. meters
Economic Considerations
Economic evaluation of a typical 1500
metric-ton/year furfural plant
Furfural produced at 1500 MT/Yr with
the market price of $ 1700/ton but selling at
$900/ton yields $1350,000.
Methyl Alcohol produced at 250 MT/Yr
with the market price of $ 250/ton but selling at
$100/ton yields $250,000.
Acetone produced at 250 MT/Yr with the
market price of $ 800/ton but selling at
$400/ton yields $100,000.
Acetic Acid produced at 800 MT/Yr with
the market price of $ 900/ton but selling at
$700/ton yields $560,000.
This brings the Total sales/year
to $2,030,000
To this may be added Levulinic acid
production at 2000 ton/yr making an additional
$2,000,000. Also furfuryl alcohol production at
1500 ton/yr will bring another $1,500,000.
The total cost per year (at $300~450 /ton
furfural) is $600,000. The projected profit
before taxes is therefore $1-2 million.
The capital investment for equipment plus
boilers is $1,500,000 and the capital for
building, land etc. will be between $ 300,000
and $ 800,000. Annual furfural pricing is shown
in Table 3.
Current Uses of Furfural
(a) As Furfural. Recovery of lubricants from
cracked crude. Solvent extraction. Pine oils
etc. Specialist adhesives. [Russia]. Flavor
compound. [Europe]
(b) As 5-Methyl Furfural. High value flavor
compound.
(c) As Furfuryl Alcohol. C5 H6O2 Synonyms
are FA, 2-Furanmethanol, furylcarbinol, and
2-hydroxymethylfuran. Characteristic
features are: colorless or straw colored water
like liquid with a bitter taste and
chrematistic odor. Flammable, soluble in
water and darkens on exposure to air. On
5. AU J.T. 8(4): 185-190 (Apr. 2005)
189
addition of organic and/or inorganic acids,
reacts explosively producing intense heat.
It is used in the production of furane resin,
surface coatings, pharmaceuticals, mortar,
specialty polymers, chemically resistant
resin, etc., boiler and floor grouting,
adhesives used in foundry cores and moulds.
High interest is evident in a paper where
three binder suppliers - Ashland Specialty
Chemical Co., Dublin, Ohio; HA
International, LLC, Westchester, Illinois;
and Hormel Foods Corp., Austin, Minnesota
- forecast how their core binders will adapt
to meet the future demands of environmental
regulations, extended shelf life and tighter
dimensional accuracy facing the metal
casting industry (Tackes 2001).
(d) As tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. Widely used
precursor for specialty chemicals. Used as a
binder in catalyst for the new pebble bed
reactors (Crandell 2003).
(e) As tetrahydrofuran [THF]. Precursor for
wide range of chemical syntheses (BASF.
2002; Penn Specialty 2001). Starting
material for PTMEG. [Polymeg / Spandex].
Other Opportunities
As furfural has unique properties a host of
opportunities are available provided the
production cost can be reduced. Drug and
specialty chemical manufacture; replacement of
phenol in foundry resins; and specialized
polymers are some possibilities. For example,
di-furfural is stronger than other high strength
polymers.
A derivative of current interest is
tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol (THFA) -
C4H7OCH20H. It is a transparent motile liquid
with characteristic odor. It is being developed as
a solvent for cleaning electronic components; as
chemical coupling agent in organic syntheses;
and making vinyl resin, dyes, and rubber.
(Brenkem Consultants Asia Co Ltd, 2004).
Conclusion
Furfural is a utility chemical. The
manufacture is simple, the raw material is
agriculture waste, the capital is reasonable and
within reach of many small communities. Thus
furfural may aptly be dubbed “Gold from
Garbage”
References
Ashland Specialty Chemical Co. 2001. No-Bake
Binder. Foundry Management & Technology,
May.
BASF. 2002. BASF and Lyondell Boost THF
Production (China/US). Specialty Chemicals,
October 2002.
Brady, J.E.; Russell, J.W.; and Holum, J.R.
2000. Chemistry-Matter and Its Changes, 3rd.
ed. Pp. 1055-7. John Wiley, New York, NY,
USA.
Brenkem Consultants Asia Co Ltd. 2004.
Info:info@brenkem.com
Sales: sales@brenkem.com
http://www.brenkem.com/furfural.htm 19/87
Soi Rewadi 64, Muang Nonthaburi,
Nonthaburi, Thailand 11000.
Crandell, G. 2003. Putting GMBOND to the
Test. Foundry Management & Technology, 1
August.
Dalin Yebo Trading, 2004.
http://www.dalinyebo.co.za/dyT/FurfuralMark
et.htm
Hebei Furan Chemical Economic & Trade Ltd.
2004.124 Guanghua Rd. Shijiazhuang China.
http://www.furfuryl.com/yingwen/cpjs.htm
Levy, J.; and Yokose, K. 2004. Chemical
Economics Handbook Report
http://ceh.sric.sri.com/Public/Reports/660.500
0/
McMurray, J.; and Fay, R.C. 2004. Chemistry,
4th
ed., pp 1010-11. Pearson Education Inc.,
Prentice Hall, New York, NY, USA.
Penn Specialty. 2001. Penn Specialty Completes
80 MM lb/yr THF Plant, Hydrocarbon
Processing, April.
SRI Consulting, 2004. 4300 Bohannon Drive,
Suite 200, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
http://ceh.sric.sri.com
Tackes, G. 2001. Core Binders: A Look to the
Future, Modern Casting, 31 Oct.
Westpro, 2004. Westpro, PO Box 927833, San
Diego, CA 92192-7833, email: news@
westprochem.com, Fax: (858) 277-6726
http://www.westprochem.com/page0008.htm
6. AU J.T. 8(4): 185-190 (Apr. 2005)
190
FF Production
Country Principal Feedstock
China Corncobs
Thailand Corncobs
Dominican Republic Bagasse
South Africa Bagasse
Spain Corncobs
Others (Incl. India & South America) Corncobs/Bagasse
Russia (used internally, only) Corncobs
Total
Production (tpa)
200,000
8,500
32,000
20,000
6,000
<15,000
unknown
>280,000
Table 1. World Furfural Production
FF Consumption
Country/Continent
Furfural PTMEG & Others Furfuryl Alcohol
Europe 12,000 7,000
USA 8,000 20,000 20,000
Middle East 7,000
Japan 6,000 15,000
Taiwan 5,000 5,000
South America 5,000 10,000
China 5,000 6,000
Australia/Souh Africa 2,000 6,000
UK 12,000
Germany 18,000
Others up to 50,000 31,000
Subtotal 50,000 - 100,000 20,000 130,000
Total
Sales (tpa)
200,000 - 250,000200,000 - 250,000
Table 2. World Furfural Consumption
FF Pricing
Date CommentsPrice Range ($/t)
1995 675 1,250 Drought in China
1996 840 1,845 Drought in China
1997 860 1,225 Drought in China
1998 830 990
1999 690 865
2000 630 705
2001
2002 500 1,100
Price Range ($/t)
>650
Table 3. World Furfural Pricing 1995 - 2002