This document discusses the health hazards of fungicide residues. It begins by defining fungicides and fungicide residues. It then discusses how pesticide residues occur in agriculture and related terms like persistence and deposit. It outlines some maximum residue limits set by India and the Codex Alimentarius. It details several toxic effects of pesticide residues on human health like neuronal damage, long-term neuropsychiatric disorders, persistent memory and cognitive deficits, psychomotor performance deficits, oxidative stress, cancer development, and reproductive disorders.
Describes Various aspects of pharmaceutical products affecting the environment.
Effects of Environmental pollution by Drugs on Aquatic systems and Humans.
Examples of drugs on various environmental effects are given.
Two research articles on pesticides in cambodia 2011 02 28 vs 07 2011Scheewe
Brief discussion of the implication of two articles concerning pesticide use in vegetable production in Cambodia and effects on pesticide resiues in market vegetables.
Describes Various aspects of pharmaceutical products affecting the environment.
Effects of Environmental pollution by Drugs on Aquatic systems and Humans.
Examples of drugs on various environmental effects are given.
Two research articles on pesticides in cambodia 2011 02 28 vs 07 2011Scheewe
Brief discussion of the implication of two articles concerning pesticide use in vegetable production in Cambodia and effects on pesticide resiues in market vegetables.
NTRODUCTION
Thousands of food additives are used in foodstuffs for imparting various properties
during food processing. The European Union Regulation EC 1333/2008 defined food additives as substances that are not intended for food individually but are added to impart
technological features like color, flavor, preservation, and acidity regulation. Some food
additives also functions as thickeners, stabilizers, and emulsifier or anticaking agents.
They may be natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic in nature and sometimes xenobiotic substances that are not present in the human body (Mepham, 2011). Food safety is important
for health, control of illness, and quality of livelihood and it is critical for safer food development. The main food contaminants come from anthropogenic substances like pharmaceuticals, pesticide residues, Maillard reaction products, and organic pollutants, and heavy
metals, metalloids, marine biotoxins, and mycotoxins come from natural sources (Alvito
et al., 2016). Legislation for food safety starts with the framing of the Pure Food and Drugs
Act in 1906 in the United States, and in 1938, the Food, Drugs and Cosmetic Act was introduced to ensure the identity, quality of ingredients, and standard for packing of finished
products. The U.S. Food Safety Law 1958 was introduced along with the Food Additive
Amendment in 1958. It came in existence to provide rules and regulation for the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA). In 1982, the FDA framed Food Safety Regulation for
food additives in the U.S. FDA’s “Red Book” (Pressman et al., 2017).
CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD ADDITIVES
Chemical Contaminants
Chemical contaminants in food and food additives mainly contain traces of heavy
metals such as lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury, and arsenic. Some forms of nitrates,
organic environmental contaminants like organochlorides (polychlorinated biphenols), and
pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane may also present in food and food
additives. Some other preparations were also reported for their health hazardous effect on
consumers (Larsen et al., 2001). The main sources of chemical contaminants are soil, personal care products, disinfectant byproducts, water, air, and material used for packaging
of products. Such contaminants reach systemic circulation of humans by consumption, use
of plastic containers, disinfectants, deodorants, detergents, pesticides, herbicides, weedicides, etc. (Rather et al., 2017).
Another category of chemical contaminants belongs to mycotoxins like aflatoxins,
ochratoxin A, patulin, and trichothecenes produced by various fungi, which can produce
disorders related to liver, kidneys, and nervous system (Larsen et al., 2001).
Some food additives such as salicylates, artificial colors, and flavors directly or by reacting with other food ingredients produce various physiological disorders that may cause
hypersensitivity reactions or hyperactivity and neurophysiological disturbances especially
in children (Wroblewska, 200
Pesticides have been linked to a number of health problems, including neurologic and endocrine (hormone) system disorders, birth defects, cancer, and other diseases.
Pesticides are important input to modern agriculture and also used in public health in controlling communicable disease.
The toxicity of these compounds poses risk to human health, environment and to the organisms which may not be targeted by pesticides.
The effect of pesticides and their mobility depend upon their chemical and physical properties, soil characteristics, groundwater infiltrations and vadose zone behaviour, vegetation and local weather conditions. They resist degradation by chemical, physical or biological means.
“There is no sort of lower standard or different standard used for pesticide products,” says Angus Cameron, a former manager of the firm Inveresk Research International in Scotland, where many of the human tests have been conducted.
NTRODUCTION
Thousands of food additives are used in foodstuffs for imparting various properties
during food processing. The European Union Regulation EC 1333/2008 defined food additives as substances that are not intended for food individually but are added to impart
technological features like color, flavor, preservation, and acidity regulation. Some food
additives also functions as thickeners, stabilizers, and emulsifier or anticaking agents.
They may be natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic in nature and sometimes xenobiotic substances that are not present in the human body (Mepham, 2011). Food safety is important
for health, control of illness, and quality of livelihood and it is critical for safer food development. The main food contaminants come from anthropogenic substances like pharmaceuticals, pesticide residues, Maillard reaction products, and organic pollutants, and heavy
metals, metalloids, marine biotoxins, and mycotoxins come from natural sources (Alvito
et al., 2016). Legislation for food safety starts with the framing of the Pure Food and Drugs
Act in 1906 in the United States, and in 1938, the Food, Drugs and Cosmetic Act was introduced to ensure the identity, quality of ingredients, and standard for packing of finished
products. The U.S. Food Safety Law 1958 was introduced along with the Food Additive
Amendment in 1958. It came in existence to provide rules and regulation for the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA). In 1982, the FDA framed Food Safety Regulation for
food additives in the U.S. FDA’s “Red Book” (Pressman et al., 2017).
CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD ADDITIVES
Chemical Contaminants
Chemical contaminants in food and food additives mainly contain traces of heavy
metals such as lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury, and arsenic. Some forms of nitrates,
organic environmental contaminants like organochlorides (polychlorinated biphenols), and
pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane may also present in food and food
additives. Some other preparations were also reported for their health hazardous effect on
consumers (Larsen et al., 2001). The main sources of chemical contaminants are soil, personal care products, disinfectant byproducts, water, air, and material used for packaging
of products. Such contaminants reach systemic circulation of humans by consumption, use
of plastic containers, disinfectants, deodorants, detergents, pesticides, herbicides, weedicides, etc. (Rather et al., 2017).
Another category of chemical contaminants belongs to mycotoxins like aflatoxins,
ochratoxin A, patulin, and trichothecenes produced by various fungi, which can produce
disorders related to liver, kidneys, and nervous system (Larsen et al., 2001).
Some food additives such as salicylates, artificial colors, and flavors directly or by reacting with other food ingredients produce various physiological disorders that may cause
hypersensitivity reactions or hyperactivity and neurophysiological disturbances especially
in children (Wroblewska, 200
Pesticides have been linked to a number of health problems, including neurologic and endocrine (hormone) system disorders, birth defects, cancer, and other diseases.
Pesticides are important input to modern agriculture and also used in public health in controlling communicable disease.
The toxicity of these compounds poses risk to human health, environment and to the organisms which may not be targeted by pesticides.
The effect of pesticides and their mobility depend upon their chemical and physical properties, soil characteristics, groundwater infiltrations and vadose zone behaviour, vegetation and local weather conditions. They resist degradation by chemical, physical or biological means.
“There is no sort of lower standard or different standard used for pesticide products,” says Angus Cameron, a former manager of the firm Inveresk Research International in Scotland, where many of the human tests have been conducted.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. FUNGICIDE RESIDUE AND HEALTH
HAZARDS
Submitted by,
Ranapratap A. Raut
Ph. D. (1st Year)
Department of Plant Pathology,
N. M. College of Agriculture,
NAU, Navsari (Gujrat)
2. Pesticides have consistently revealed their worth through increased agriculture productivity,
reduced insect- borne, endemic diseases and protection as well as restoration of plantations,
forests, harvested wood products, homes and fiber.
Currently, pesticides are very valuable in developing nations, particularly those in tropical are as
looking for an entry in the global economy by providing off-season fresh vegetables and fruits to
nations in more temperate weathers.
However, these goals cannot be achieved without the increased use of pesticides, mainly
insecticides, herbicides and fungicides.
The increased use of chemical pesticides has resulted in contamination of the environment and
also caused many associated long-term effects on human health.
Pesticides have been associated with a wide spectrum of human health hazards, ranging from
short-term impacts such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like cancer, reproductive
harm and endocrine disruption
3. Fungicide
A fungicide is a specific type of pesticide that controls fungal disease by specifically
inhibiting or killing the fungus causing the disease.
Fungicide residue
Fungicide residue refers to the fungicide or metabolic products of the fungicide that may
remain in food grains, vegetables and fruits after they are applied to crops.
The amount of initially laid down pesticide after application on the surface or substrate is
termed as deposit while the amount of pesticide left over after a lapse of time may be
referred as residue.
It is expressed as parts per million (ppm).
4. Persistence – Period for which the pesticide remain
unaltered.
Deposit –Amount of initially laid down chemical after
application on the surface.
Surface residue – Amount of insecticide that remain
on treated surface after a lapse of time.
Cuticular residue - Residue found in the cuticular
region of plant.
Harvest time residue - Residue found in the substrate
at the time of harvest
Related Terms
5. Contamination of crop or animals
exposed to chemical in the environment
Intentional use of pesticide for protection
of growing crops and stored products
Unintentional exposure to pesticides
such as would occur in crops, grown in
soil treated previously or contaminated
by foliar treatment of other crops grown
earlier in the rotation.
How pesticide residue occur in agriculture commodities
6. REGULATION
Each country adopts their own agricultural policies and Maximum Residue Limits (MRL)
and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI).
Some countries use the International Maximum Residue Limits - Codex Alimentarius to
define the residue limits; this was established by Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) in 1963 to develop
international food standards, guidelines codes of practices, and recommendation for food
safety.
Currently the CODEX has 185 member countries.
7. Maximum Residue Limits (MRL)
Maximum concentration of a residue that is legally permitted or recognized as acceptable
in or on, a food, agricultural commodity or animal feedstuff as set by codex or national
regulatory authority (mg/kg).
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
Estimate of the amount of pesticide in food and drinking water which can be ingested
daily over a life time by humans without appreciable health risk(mg/kg body weight/day).
8. Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) in India
Central Codex committee of Food Standards
(The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954)
Sr. No. Pesticides Food MRL (mg/kg)
1 Dithiocarbamates Tomatoes 3.0
2
Benomyl
Mango 2.0
Other fruits 1.0
Vegetables 0.50
3 Captafol Tomato 5.0
4 Copper oxychloride Fruits and vegetables 20
5
Carbendazim
Mango 2.0
Banana 1.0
Other fruits 5.0
Dry Fruits 0.01
Vegetables 0.50
6 Hexaconazole Apple 0.1
7 Dodine Apple 5.0
9. Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) in India
Central Codex committee of Food Standards
(The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954)
Sr. No. Pesticides Food MRL (mg/kg)
8 Penconazole Grapes 0.2
9 Myclobutanil Grapes 1.0
10 Chlorothalonil Potato 0.1
11 Propiconazole Wheat 0.05
12 Captan Fruits and vegetables 15.0
13 Mancozeb Chillies 1.0
14 Tricyclazole Rice 0.02
10. Toxic effects of pesticide residues on human health
Toxic effects of pesticides depend upon their toxicological properties, the level of residues and
degree of exposure of human beings to residues.
The presence of pesticide residues in grains does not necessarily mean that it is hazardous.
To be toxic, the residues have to be present in quantities large enough to be considered unsafe.
The organophosphate, organochlorine and related pesticides act by binding to the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase, disrupting nerve function, resulting in paralysis and may cause death.
They may produce acute effects manifesting as meiosis, urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis,
lacrimation, excitation of central nervous system and salivation
Specific effects of pesticides can include damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems,
cancer, allergies and hypersensitivities, reproductive disorders and disruption of the immune
system
11. 1. Neuronal damage due to cholinergic neuronal excitotoxicity and dysfunction
Following exposure to organophosphates,
accumulation of acetylcholine at synapses
results in rapid and profound excitotoxicity
and dysfunction of cholinergic neurons in
the brain.
Overstimulation of muscarinic
acetylcholine receptors may also disrupt
the balance of excitatory and inhibitory
mechanisms to cause neuronal excitotoxic
lesions leading to seizures and respiratory
depression.
12. Secondary neuronal damage is an indirect consequence of the initial lesion and a major
contributor to the ultimate neuronal cell death and neural loss in the injured brain
leading to serious neuropsychiatric impairments, including memory loss, inability to
concentrate, speech problems, motor and sensory deficits, and behavioural problems
13. 2. Long-term neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders
Exposure to organophosphates involve
damage to cholinergic neurons of basal
forebrain and the limbic system, which may
cause memory, cognitive, mental, emotional,
motor and sensory deficits by disrupting this
putative sensory-limbic gating mechanism.
In 1991, US soldiers were exposed to sarin
and cyclosarin when two large chemical
ammunition caches were destroyed at
Khamisiyah, Iraq during the Gulf War. The
Gulf War-deployed veterans exposed to sarin
14. Memory and cognitive deficits are one of the most
common and persistent behavioral sequelae in
victims exposed to organophosphates.
Exposure to organophosphatessarin and cyclosarin
at Khamisiyah resulted in long-term cognitive and
memory impairments in the Gulf War-deployed
veterans in 1991. Chronic memory and cognitive
impairments were also observed in the victims of
the Tokyo subway sarin attack.
Loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain
with aging results in a decline in cognitive capacity
3. Persistent memory and cognitive deficits
15. Clinical study has demonstrated that the Gulf War-
deployed veterans exposed to sarin and cyclosarin at
Khamisiyah suffered impaired fine psychomotor
dexterity, reduced visuospatial abilities and deficits in
motor function and coordination.
After the Tokyo subway sarin attack, a chronic decline
of psychomotor function existed in 23 subway workers
exposed to sarin for 7 years.
The high-exposure subway workers had a significantly
slower performance of the finger tapping tests of both
the dominant and non-dominant hands than control
group.
4. Psychomotor performance deficits and somatic complaints
16. In another clinical study, most of the victims of the Tokyo subway sarin attack were
found to have long-lasting somatic complaints (such as gastrointestinal problems,
constipation, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, colitis, migraines, headaches, backaches,
and skin disorders) at 5 - 6 years after poisoning.
The long lasting somatic complaints and decreased psychomotor function of the
victims exposed to organophosphates may be associated with neuronal damage in the
cortex and thalamus
17. 5. Oxidative stress
In sub chronic or chronic
organophosphate exposition
induction of oxidative stress has
been reported as the main
mechanism of organophosphate
toxicity.
Oxidative stress is induced in
both acute and chronic
intoxication with
organophosphate compounds in
humans and experimental
animals.
18. Hyperglycaemia is one of the mechanism of oxidative
stress in organophosphate intoxication. Studies on chronic
exposure to carbamate insecticides and case reports of
long-term exposure give equivocal results.
An extensive survey of the toxicology of the common
insecticide, carbaryl, reports a variety of reversible
neurobehavioral and neurotoxic effects in vertebrates, all
associated with acute poisoning symptoms.
The carbamate, carbofuran, has been observed to
accentuate oxidative stress in rat brain by inducing lipid
peroxidation and diminishing the antioxidant defense.
19. The studies on cancer analyze the risks associated with the
consumption of specific products which have some pesticide
residues.
These consumption products include fish, water, seafood, and
milk or other dairy products. In general, these studies find a
small but statistically significant association between cancer
risks and some specific pesticide residues, such as
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.
Specifically polychlorinated biphenyls present a higher risk for
consumers.
Organochlorine pesticide residue levels were reported
significantly higher in the cancer patients.
6. Development of cancer
20. 7. Reproductive disorders
Results indicated that increase of insecticides in blood level in vertebrates causes
reproductive dysfunction and suggested that for human beings food like fish, chick and goat
containing beyond permissible limit of insecticides must be avoided.
Consumption of high pesticide residue fruits and vegetables was associated with lower total
sperm count, ejaculate volume and percentage of morphologically normal sperm among
men attending a fertility clinic.
Pesticides exposure may lead to reduced fertility, early and late pregnancy loss, prolonged
time-to-pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, and premature birth in female and genetic
alterations in sperm, reduced sperm count, damage to germinal epithelium and altered
hormone function in male.
