* An overview of ICT and applications in B2B.
* Touching on the most common ICT applications, and trends on telecom platform.
* Touching on the basic infrastructure that supports the use of ICT tools and services within organizations.
* Application Interface.
* Data representation and Processing
The document discusses environmental laws and sustainable development in India. It provides an introductory lesson on environmental laws in India. It notes that environmental laws are complex and difficult for most people to understand. It encourages simplifying environmental laws so they can be more easily implemented. It also discusses various acts related to environmental protection, pollution control boards, and sustainable development practices in India.
Social auditing involves regularly assessing an organization's social and environmental performance based on indicators agreed upon with stakeholders. It aims to evaluate impact on stakeholders, determine how well the organization lives up to its values, and improve strategic planning and accountability. The process involves defining objectives, identifying stakeholders, collecting and verifying data, analyzing and interpreting results, and disclosing findings publicly. Social audits empower communities and increase transparency and accountability in development programs.
The document discusses social impact assessment (SIA) and its importance in development projects. It provides an overview of SIA, including its origins in the US and incorporation by the World Bank. In India, SIA gained importance after the Bhopal disaster to avoid social risks. The document outlines the steps involved in conducting an SIA, from preliminary assessments to documentation. It discusses key aspects like identifying affected communities, assessing land values, entitlement frameworks, and public consultations. Relevant laws and policies for resettlement and rehabilitation are also summarized.
The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Pubic Policy Process Advocacy in a...Sharmaine McLaren
This study examines the role of nonprofit organizations in the public policy process following the 2007-2009 economic recession. The summary analyzes a document submitted for a Master's degree that includes:
1) An abstract outlining the study of how nonprofits advocate in a post-recession economy and how their role has evolved over time.
2) An introduction describing the purpose of better understanding nonprofit advocacy, the influence of the recession, and research questions about how size, legal understanding, and collaboration impact efforts.
3) A literature review covering the history and definitions of nonprofits, previous research studies, and the methodologies used to study the sector.
The document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIAs as processes that identify, predict, and evaluate the physical, chemical, biological, social, and other impacts of proposed projects prior to major decisions. The document outlines the key stages of EIAs, including screening, scoping, preliminary assessments, mitigation, environmental management plans, public participation, and impact assessment methods. It emphasizes that EIAs are tools used to reduce negative environmental impacts and promote sustainable development.
After studying this unit, learners will be able to:
•Know the socio-cultural positive and negative impact of tourism.
•Describe the environmental positive and negative impact of tourism.
•Understand the economic positive and negative impact of tourism.
line and staff agencies public addmin, M.A.Gurdeep singh
This document discusses line agencies, staff agencies, and auxiliary agencies in public administration.
Line agencies deal directly with the public and fulfill the primary objectives of the government, such as health, defense, and education. Staff agencies act as extensions of the chief executive to provide advice and information to line agencies. Auxiliary agencies support line agencies by providing necessary supplies and services, such as construction work and procurement. The key differences are that line agencies directly implement programs, staff agencies advise, and auxiliary agencies provide support services.
This document discusses extortionary corruption in India. It defines extortionary corruption as corruption imposed by government bodies and enforcement agencies that forces citizens to pay bribes. It affects the middle class and poor the most. Some examples provided include bribes for driver's licenses or certificates. The causes are discussed as imbalance between demand and supply as well as addiction to easy money. Government and citizens share responsibility, and professions like revenue, medical, and judiciary see high levels. Effects include political, economic, and social impacts. Education, e-governance, transparency, and stronger anti-corruption laws are recommended to reduce extortionary corruption.
The document discusses environmental laws and sustainable development in India. It provides an introductory lesson on environmental laws in India. It notes that environmental laws are complex and difficult for most people to understand. It encourages simplifying environmental laws so they can be more easily implemented. It also discusses various acts related to environmental protection, pollution control boards, and sustainable development practices in India.
Social auditing involves regularly assessing an organization's social and environmental performance based on indicators agreed upon with stakeholders. It aims to evaluate impact on stakeholders, determine how well the organization lives up to its values, and improve strategic planning and accountability. The process involves defining objectives, identifying stakeholders, collecting and verifying data, analyzing and interpreting results, and disclosing findings publicly. Social audits empower communities and increase transparency and accountability in development programs.
The document discusses social impact assessment (SIA) and its importance in development projects. It provides an overview of SIA, including its origins in the US and incorporation by the World Bank. In India, SIA gained importance after the Bhopal disaster to avoid social risks. The document outlines the steps involved in conducting an SIA, from preliminary assessments to documentation. It discusses key aspects like identifying affected communities, assessing land values, entitlement frameworks, and public consultations. Relevant laws and policies for resettlement and rehabilitation are also summarized.
The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Pubic Policy Process Advocacy in a...Sharmaine McLaren
This study examines the role of nonprofit organizations in the public policy process following the 2007-2009 economic recession. The summary analyzes a document submitted for a Master's degree that includes:
1) An abstract outlining the study of how nonprofits advocate in a post-recession economy and how their role has evolved over time.
2) An introduction describing the purpose of better understanding nonprofit advocacy, the influence of the recession, and research questions about how size, legal understanding, and collaboration impact efforts.
3) A literature review covering the history and definitions of nonprofits, previous research studies, and the methodologies used to study the sector.
The document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It defines EIAs as processes that identify, predict, and evaluate the physical, chemical, biological, social, and other impacts of proposed projects prior to major decisions. The document outlines the key stages of EIAs, including screening, scoping, preliminary assessments, mitigation, environmental management plans, public participation, and impact assessment methods. It emphasizes that EIAs are tools used to reduce negative environmental impacts and promote sustainable development.
After studying this unit, learners will be able to:
•Know the socio-cultural positive and negative impact of tourism.
•Describe the environmental positive and negative impact of tourism.
•Understand the economic positive and negative impact of tourism.
line and staff agencies public addmin, M.A.Gurdeep singh
This document discusses line agencies, staff agencies, and auxiliary agencies in public administration.
Line agencies deal directly with the public and fulfill the primary objectives of the government, such as health, defense, and education. Staff agencies act as extensions of the chief executive to provide advice and information to line agencies. Auxiliary agencies support line agencies by providing necessary supplies and services, such as construction work and procurement. The key differences are that line agencies directly implement programs, staff agencies advise, and auxiliary agencies provide support services.
This document discusses extortionary corruption in India. It defines extortionary corruption as corruption imposed by government bodies and enforcement agencies that forces citizens to pay bribes. It affects the middle class and poor the most. Some examples provided include bribes for driver's licenses or certificates. The causes are discussed as imbalance between demand and supply as well as addiction to easy money. Government and citizens share responsibility, and professions like revenue, medical, and judiciary see high levels. Effects include political, economic, and social impacts. Education, e-governance, transparency, and stronger anti-corruption laws are recommended to reduce extortionary corruption.
The document discusses various ways to curb corruption. It outlines different types of corruption like petty, political, and systemic corruption. It then discusses the effects of corruption like loss of money to the exchequer, unhealthy business climate, and denial of opportunities to merited people. The document recommends measures like strong leadership with integrity, credibility of anti-corruption efforts, public involvement, responsible press, improved institutions, and oversight bodies to effectively curb corruption. It also discusses the Jan Lokpal bill aimed at deterring corruption and protecting whistleblowers.
The document discusses anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing regulations. It provides definitions of money laundering and terrorist financing under Hong Kong law. It also outlines Hong Kong's anti-money laundering regulatory framework, including the key ordinance, regulatory authorities for financial institutions, and components of supervision and enforcement.
The document compares the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) safeguard policies to other institutions' policies. It provides an overview of ADB's three main safeguard policies relating to the environment, involuntary resettlement, and indigenous peoples. It also summarizes the World Bank and Japan International Cooperation Agency's environmental and social policies. ADB's policies aim to avoid harm, ensure participation, and support sustainable development. The document outlines ADB and borrowers' roles in implementing social and environmental plans.
Tourism sector is the fastest growing industry which contributes a great extent in global economic development. Read this sample to know about various tasks involved in tourism development planning.
9-22-11 Anti-Bribery and Corruption PreventionKendal Peterson
The document discusses the growing risk of bribery and corruption offenses and outlines an anti-bribery and corruption training program. It notes that bribery and corruption fines have increased significantly in recent years. It then describes a flexible online training program with multiple courses that can be tailored to focus on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, UK Bribery Act, or both. The training is designed to help organizations mitigate risks and demonstrate having adequate procedures to prevent bribery.
REDD policymaking in Nepal: business as usual or transformational change?CIFOR-ICRAF
Nepal is recognised for its participatory conservation and community-based forest governance policies and programs. But in recent years, government officials and forestry bureaucrats have attempted to restrict the autonomy of forest communities and capture more economic value from forests. This presentation examines whether the current process of REDD policy formation – and the actors involved – will reinforce existing centralised forest governance, or forge more cooperative institutions capable of producing effective, cost-efficient and equitable outcomes for REDD.
Bryan Bushley, of the University of Hawaii and East-West Center, gave this presentation on 18 June 2012 at a panel discussion organised by CIFOR and partners at the ISEE 2012 Conference at Rio, which convened under the topic "Ecological Economics and Rio+20: Challenges and Contributions for a Green Economy". The panel was titled ‘National strategies for reducing emissions from avoided deforestation and degradation – how much transformational change is possible in current political and economic realities? Part II – A policy network perspective’. The research forming the basis of this presentation was conducted collaboratively with Dil Bahadur Khatri and others at ForestAction Nepal.
Nepal is the oldest independent sovereign country in South Asia, called “the country of Himalayas”. It has three geographical belts (Himalayas, Mountain & Terrain) with climatic variations. Highest peak of the world – Mount Everest (8848.86 Meter) is located in Nepal. Nepal is rich in Socio-Cultural and Ethno-diversity (More than 123 languages, 125 ethnicities and 10 religious' people). Nepal is secular country. However, more than 80 percent people are Hindu. Nepal is called the place of living biodiversity and Natural Virginity. It is one of the most selected Tourist Destinations of the World.
Corporate governance involves balancing the interests of a company's stakeholders through systems of rules, practices, and processes. It ensures transparency, accountability, and that companies are directed in stakeholders' best interests. Good corporate governance promotes fairness and is simply good business. It has become increasingly important due to concerns over financial reporting, accountability, and international corporate collapses.
The document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It notes that EIAs identify, predict, and mitigate potential environmental effects of development projects. The main steps in an EIA are screening, scoping, prediction and mitigation, management and monitoring, and auditing. EIAs began in the 1960s and were codified in legislation like the US's NEPA in 1969. The document outlines the EIA process and data requirements, discusses positive and negative externalities of EIAs, and notes their benefits like informed decision making and mitigation of environmental impacts.
The document discusses the concept and importance of aftercare services for prisoners released from correctional institutions. It outlines that aftercare aims to help rehabilitate ex-prisoners and reintegrate them into society through assistance like counseling, job placement, housing, etc. to prevent recidivism. The document traces the historical development of aftercare services in various countries like the UK, US, Singapore and India and highlights key committees and recommendations that shaped policies and programs.
This is my presentation about what is money laundering crime and what is the role of financial institutions in the fight against it. I used it during my speech for a bunch of Business School Students (ISM).
Corporate governance is "the system by which companies are
directed and controlled". It involves regulatory and market
mechanisms, and the roles and relationships between a
company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other
stakeholders, and the goals for which the corporation is
governed. In contemporary business corporations, the main
external stakeholder groups are shareholders, debt holders,
trade creditors, suppliers, customers and communities affected
by the corporation's activities. Internal stakeholders are the
board of directors, executives, and other employees.
India holds a position under 40 in the world's most visited nations and ranks 6th in Asian tourism. The major advantages that draw tourists to India include its diverse culture, weather, spirituality, yoga, food, states, and huge number of destinations. The tourism industry in India contributes greatly to the economy and job opportunities through related sectors such as hotels, restaurants, retail, transportation, travel agencies, tour companies, tourist attractions, recreation, sports, and cultural industries. The tourism sector has created over 11 million jobs so far and has potential to generate 37 million more jobs in the future.
EIA training for Environmental Management PlanAbid Hussainy
The document presents an environmental management plan for a project to construct a new water intake on the Indus River. It discusses (1) the objectives and roles of the environmental management plan, including mitigation measures, monitoring, and training; (2) the roles and responsibilities of different parties involved in the project; (3) the mitigation and monitoring plans; and (4) highlights that the project area is environmentally sensitive due to the presence of Indus dolphins, and outlines mitigation measures to minimize impacts on dolphins during construction and operation.
Role of Independent Director in Corporate GovernancePavan Kumar Vijay
The document discusses the role of independent directors in corporate governance. It defines an independent director as someone not connected to the company who works to safeguard shareholder interests. Independent directors were created to encourage companies to adopt better corporate governance practices. The duties of independent directors include acting in the best interests of the company, safeguarding stakeholder interests, and providing independent oversight of business decisions. However, the document also notes some challenges independent directors face in fulfilling their roles.
Organization dimension in public administrationDefny Holidin
This document discusses organization theory in public administration. It defines an organization as a social unit constructed to achieve specific goals. Key elements of organizations include specialized roles, hierarchy, permanence, career structures, impersonal relationships, and rule-bound operations. The document also outlines six approaches to understanding organizations: systems, evolutionary, human relations, scientific management, political, and legal. It analyzes organizations based on actors, structure, and processes.
Cultural and heritage tourism focuses on historical, artistic, and lifestyle experiences. It can provide significant economic benefits through jobs and tax revenue. Successful cultural tourism requires high quality products and services, strategic planning, marketing, and support from public policy. Ukraine has great potential given its historic sites, traditions, and cultural assets, but must ensure accessibility, authentic experiences, and support for small businesses.
E-commerce and m-commerce allow for the sale of goods and services through online and mobile channels. E-commerce includes B2B, B2C, C2B, C2C and P2P transactions conducted over the internet. M-commerce refers to transactions made via mobile devices and provides additional convenience for users. Both e-commerce and m-commerce provide benefits like flexibility and access to a wide range of options but also have limitations like infrastructure dependence and security/privacy risks.
This document discusses e-commerce and the new digital economy. It covers topics like definitions of e-commerce and the new economy, advantages like cost effectiveness and 24/7 accessibility, applications in areas like e-banking and e-shopping, and both positive and negative social impacts. The positive impacts include benefits to health, education, gender equality and poverty alleviation, while negative impacts include issues like marginalization, social isolation and cyber theft.
The document discusses various ways to curb corruption. It outlines different types of corruption like petty, political, and systemic corruption. It then discusses the effects of corruption like loss of money to the exchequer, unhealthy business climate, and denial of opportunities to merited people. The document recommends measures like strong leadership with integrity, credibility of anti-corruption efforts, public involvement, responsible press, improved institutions, and oversight bodies to effectively curb corruption. It also discusses the Jan Lokpal bill aimed at deterring corruption and protecting whistleblowers.
The document discusses anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing regulations. It provides definitions of money laundering and terrorist financing under Hong Kong law. It also outlines Hong Kong's anti-money laundering regulatory framework, including the key ordinance, regulatory authorities for financial institutions, and components of supervision and enforcement.
The document compares the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) safeguard policies to other institutions' policies. It provides an overview of ADB's three main safeguard policies relating to the environment, involuntary resettlement, and indigenous peoples. It also summarizes the World Bank and Japan International Cooperation Agency's environmental and social policies. ADB's policies aim to avoid harm, ensure participation, and support sustainable development. The document outlines ADB and borrowers' roles in implementing social and environmental plans.
Tourism sector is the fastest growing industry which contributes a great extent in global economic development. Read this sample to know about various tasks involved in tourism development planning.
9-22-11 Anti-Bribery and Corruption PreventionKendal Peterson
The document discusses the growing risk of bribery and corruption offenses and outlines an anti-bribery and corruption training program. It notes that bribery and corruption fines have increased significantly in recent years. It then describes a flexible online training program with multiple courses that can be tailored to focus on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, UK Bribery Act, or both. The training is designed to help organizations mitigate risks and demonstrate having adequate procedures to prevent bribery.
REDD policymaking in Nepal: business as usual or transformational change?CIFOR-ICRAF
Nepal is recognised for its participatory conservation and community-based forest governance policies and programs. But in recent years, government officials and forestry bureaucrats have attempted to restrict the autonomy of forest communities and capture more economic value from forests. This presentation examines whether the current process of REDD policy formation – and the actors involved – will reinforce existing centralised forest governance, or forge more cooperative institutions capable of producing effective, cost-efficient and equitable outcomes for REDD.
Bryan Bushley, of the University of Hawaii and East-West Center, gave this presentation on 18 June 2012 at a panel discussion organised by CIFOR and partners at the ISEE 2012 Conference at Rio, which convened under the topic "Ecological Economics and Rio+20: Challenges and Contributions for a Green Economy". The panel was titled ‘National strategies for reducing emissions from avoided deforestation and degradation – how much transformational change is possible in current political and economic realities? Part II – A policy network perspective’. The research forming the basis of this presentation was conducted collaboratively with Dil Bahadur Khatri and others at ForestAction Nepal.
Nepal is the oldest independent sovereign country in South Asia, called “the country of Himalayas”. It has three geographical belts (Himalayas, Mountain & Terrain) with climatic variations. Highest peak of the world – Mount Everest (8848.86 Meter) is located in Nepal. Nepal is rich in Socio-Cultural and Ethno-diversity (More than 123 languages, 125 ethnicities and 10 religious' people). Nepal is secular country. However, more than 80 percent people are Hindu. Nepal is called the place of living biodiversity and Natural Virginity. It is one of the most selected Tourist Destinations of the World.
Corporate governance involves balancing the interests of a company's stakeholders through systems of rules, practices, and processes. It ensures transparency, accountability, and that companies are directed in stakeholders' best interests. Good corporate governance promotes fairness and is simply good business. It has become increasingly important due to concerns over financial reporting, accountability, and international corporate collapses.
The document discusses environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It notes that EIAs identify, predict, and mitigate potential environmental effects of development projects. The main steps in an EIA are screening, scoping, prediction and mitigation, management and monitoring, and auditing. EIAs began in the 1960s and were codified in legislation like the US's NEPA in 1969. The document outlines the EIA process and data requirements, discusses positive and negative externalities of EIAs, and notes their benefits like informed decision making and mitigation of environmental impacts.
The document discusses the concept and importance of aftercare services for prisoners released from correctional institutions. It outlines that aftercare aims to help rehabilitate ex-prisoners and reintegrate them into society through assistance like counseling, job placement, housing, etc. to prevent recidivism. The document traces the historical development of aftercare services in various countries like the UK, US, Singapore and India and highlights key committees and recommendations that shaped policies and programs.
This is my presentation about what is money laundering crime and what is the role of financial institutions in the fight against it. I used it during my speech for a bunch of Business School Students (ISM).
Corporate governance is "the system by which companies are
directed and controlled". It involves regulatory and market
mechanisms, and the roles and relationships between a
company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other
stakeholders, and the goals for which the corporation is
governed. In contemporary business corporations, the main
external stakeholder groups are shareholders, debt holders,
trade creditors, suppliers, customers and communities affected
by the corporation's activities. Internal stakeholders are the
board of directors, executives, and other employees.
India holds a position under 40 in the world's most visited nations and ranks 6th in Asian tourism. The major advantages that draw tourists to India include its diverse culture, weather, spirituality, yoga, food, states, and huge number of destinations. The tourism industry in India contributes greatly to the economy and job opportunities through related sectors such as hotels, restaurants, retail, transportation, travel agencies, tour companies, tourist attractions, recreation, sports, and cultural industries. The tourism sector has created over 11 million jobs so far and has potential to generate 37 million more jobs in the future.
EIA training for Environmental Management PlanAbid Hussainy
The document presents an environmental management plan for a project to construct a new water intake on the Indus River. It discusses (1) the objectives and roles of the environmental management plan, including mitigation measures, monitoring, and training; (2) the roles and responsibilities of different parties involved in the project; (3) the mitigation and monitoring plans; and (4) highlights that the project area is environmentally sensitive due to the presence of Indus dolphins, and outlines mitigation measures to minimize impacts on dolphins during construction and operation.
Role of Independent Director in Corporate GovernancePavan Kumar Vijay
The document discusses the role of independent directors in corporate governance. It defines an independent director as someone not connected to the company who works to safeguard shareholder interests. Independent directors were created to encourage companies to adopt better corporate governance practices. The duties of independent directors include acting in the best interests of the company, safeguarding stakeholder interests, and providing independent oversight of business decisions. However, the document also notes some challenges independent directors face in fulfilling their roles.
Organization dimension in public administrationDefny Holidin
This document discusses organization theory in public administration. It defines an organization as a social unit constructed to achieve specific goals. Key elements of organizations include specialized roles, hierarchy, permanence, career structures, impersonal relationships, and rule-bound operations. The document also outlines six approaches to understanding organizations: systems, evolutionary, human relations, scientific management, political, and legal. It analyzes organizations based on actors, structure, and processes.
Cultural and heritage tourism focuses on historical, artistic, and lifestyle experiences. It can provide significant economic benefits through jobs and tax revenue. Successful cultural tourism requires high quality products and services, strategic planning, marketing, and support from public policy. Ukraine has great potential given its historic sites, traditions, and cultural assets, but must ensure accessibility, authentic experiences, and support for small businesses.
E-commerce and m-commerce allow for the sale of goods and services through online and mobile channels. E-commerce includes B2B, B2C, C2B, C2C and P2P transactions conducted over the internet. M-commerce refers to transactions made via mobile devices and provides additional convenience for users. Both e-commerce and m-commerce provide benefits like flexibility and access to a wide range of options but also have limitations like infrastructure dependence and security/privacy risks.
This document discusses e-commerce and the new digital economy. It covers topics like definitions of e-commerce and the new economy, advantages like cost effectiveness and 24/7 accessibility, applications in areas like e-banking and e-shopping, and both positive and negative social impacts. The positive impacts include benefits to health, education, gender equality and poverty alleviation, while negative impacts include issues like marginalization, social isolation and cyber theft.
This document discusses e-commerce (electronic commerce). It defines e-commerce as the buying and selling of goods and services over electronic networks, primarily the Internet. It describes the different models of e-commerce including business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-government (B2G), and consumer-to-consumer (C2C). It also discusses the necessary technologies and infrastructure to support e-commerce such as networks, web servers, electronic catalogs, and payment systems.
What are the newest innovations driving B2B marketing? Our analysts and marketing strategists have identified seven emerging trends that are propelling savvy marketers in 2017.
The document discusses different types of e-commerce:
- B2B e-commerce accounts for about 80% of all e-commerce and is the fastest growing segment. It involves transactions between businesses.
- B2C e-commerce involves transactions between businesses and consumers through online retail stores. It was an early form of e-commerce.
- B2G e-commerce is commerce between businesses and the public sector, such as through government procurement websites. However, it is a small part of the overall e-commerce market.
- C2C e-commerce allows transactions between individuals, such as through online auctions, file sharing, and classified listings. It has potential to create new markets.
E commerce & international information systems, mis, csvtuNarender Chintada
This document discusses eCommerce and provides an overview of key topics such as the history and growth of eCommerce, types of eCommerce models, strategies for developing an eCommerce system, required technologies, and methodology considerations. It outlines the core components of an eCommerce architecture including web servers, databases, application servers and integration with backend systems. It also discusses other relevant technologies and factors to consider such as hosting, content management, and payment processing.
1. The document discusses the scope, needs, and importance of e-commerce. It describes how e-commerce involves buying and selling products over the internet and other networks using technologies like online payments and inventory management.
2. The document outlines several areas of business that e-commerce impacts, including marketing, computer science, finance, economics, and operations management. E-commerce allows for faster order processing, mass customization, and reduced costs.
3. The document emphasizes that e-commerce levels the playing field for small and medium businesses to compete globally. It also provides developing countries more access to international markets. Overall, e-commerce has significantly changed traditional business models and customer relationships.
The document discusses electronic commerce (e-commerce) and mobile commerce (m-commerce). It outlines various forms of e-commerce like business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), and consumer-to-consumer (C2C). It also describes technologies needed for e-commerce and m-commerce like the wireless application protocol (WAP) and provides examples of applications in areas like retail, manufacturing, and finance. Finally, it discusses advantages and challenges of e-commerce and m-commerce including security, intellectual property theft, and lack of internet access.
The document discusses e-business models and the different areas companies conduct business online. It describes the four main areas as direct marketing/selling/services, financial/information services, maintenance/repair/operations, and intermediaries. The two main types of e-business relationships are business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C). B2B includes e-procurement and exchanges, while B2C includes e-tailing, online services, and consumer demographics. The document also covers challenges of e-business and future trends such as e-channels, e-portals, and e-government models like consumer-to-government.
E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet. It includes the entire online process from developing and marketing products to delivering, servicing, and receiving payment. There are several types of e-commerce including business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer, business-to-government, and mobile commerce. E-commerce provides benefits such as reduced costs, increased flexibility, and access to new markets, but also poses risks such as security issues and lack of quality guarantees.
Effectiveness implementation of e commerce in the developing countries empiri...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of e-commerce implementation in developing countries, using Jordan as a case study. The study aims to analyze factors affecting consumer online purchasing trends in Jordan and identify opportunities and risks of e-commerce. A survey was conducted with 177 participants in Jordan. The findings show that quality, price and global access are driving e-commerce's importance. However, the study also sought to identify other key factors for e-commerce success, such as product quality, security of payments, and the sufficiency of consumer protection laws.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to e-commerce and digital markets. It begins with learning objectives and then defines topics like digital goods, different e-commerce models (B2B, B2C, C2C), revenue models, and how e-commerce has transformed marketing and business transactions. It also discusses the growth of mobile commerce and important applications. Additional sections cover issues to consider when building an e-commerce presence and how management information systems can benefit one's career. Videos and interactive examples are provided to help illustrate major concepts.
The Global NetworkISYS11862081Course BackgroundCourse.docxcherry686017
The Global Network
ISYS1186/2081
Course Background
Course Details
Course Name:
The Global Network
Course Code:
ISYS1186 (Postgraduate offering)
ISYS2081 (Undergraduate offering)
Credit Points:
12
Contact Details
Dr Huan Vo-Tran (Course Coordinator of F2F and Online Offering)
Email: [email protected]rmit.edu.au
Phone: +61 3 9925 1699
Location: Building 80, Level 9, Office 48
Availability: via appointment
Laki Sideris
Email: [email protected]rmit.edu.au
Phone: + 61 3 9925 8240
Availability: via appointment
Assessment
Total of two assessment tasks for the course.
Each worth 50%
Assignment Guide can be found on Blackboard under “Assessment Submission”
All assessment items must be submitted through Blackboard
Any extensions must be formally submitted using the correct forms as per RMIT policy.
All assessment items must be placed onto Turnitin for the detection of plagiarism.
All emails to be should have the course code in the header: ISYS1186 or ISYS2081.
The Global Network
The ‘spaces’ that this course will touch upon ....
The ‘wired web’ / Internet
Mobile web / mobile business
Social media / mobility
And other emerging communication technologies
The Global Network …
The course deliberately aims to be exploratory in nature
The primary questions
How will the changing network / mobility / social communication impact on your future work?
We will explore, debate and have fun looking at current and emerging trends
The Global Network ...
Wired web...
While initially a distributed computer infrastructure
Content quickly became a focus of WWW
The Global Network ...
Mobile communication
Initially established as a voice carrier
Focus was on
Technology
Different carriers
Standards
Devices
Content was secondary
Changes in network speed / devices / applications
See a shift towards
Mobile content
Mobile service
The Global Network ...
Social media / mobility
Mobile phone access to social spaces
Ad hoc mobile networking
Location aware / social tracking
Social media marketing
Social media training
Learning networks
The Global Network ...
What does this mean for:
Business?
Advertising
Customer contact
Service access and delivery
Broader society?
Location aware
Privacy
Social network / influence
Information access?
Portable information access
Screen design
Remote clients
E and M-business frameworks
Aims
Provide initial background on business concepts and models associated with electronic and mobile applications
Use this as a starting framework for ongoing focus associated with global communication developments
Electronic Commerce
Back to basics !
Language of electronic business…
E-business jargon
B2B:
Business to Business. Supply chain interoperability
B2C:
Business to Consumer. Main popular focus of e-commerce development
B2B2C:
Business to Business to Consumer: product/service is on-sold to the customer by a third part eg: travel agents selling airline bookings to a customer
E-business jargon ...
This document discusses various topics related to electronic retailing and commerce. It begins by describing electronic retailing or e-tailing, and the different business models for e-tailing. It then discusses topics like online travel services, the online job market, real estate and stock trading services, banking and personal finance online, and the delivery of digital products and entertainment. It also covers online purchase decision aids and lessons learned from early e-tailing businesses.
This document is a project report submitted by Sudhanshu kumar sah to the Computer Society of India on creating an e-commerce website using J2EE, HTML, and MySQL. It acknowledges the guidance provided by Computer Society of India and two individuals. The contents section provides an outline of topics to be covered in the report, including introduction, history, electronic commerce, customers, product selection, payment, delivery, shopping cart systems, design, advantages, and disadvantages. It also includes an introduction to the project and certificates of completion.
The document discusses various topics related to e-commerce including definitions of e-commerce and e-business, differences between buy-side and sell-side e-commerce, types of e-business models, drivers and barriers to adoption of sell-side e-commerce, examples of digital information, and what the semantic web is. It also provides a bibliography of sources for the information presented.
The document provides an introduction to electronic commerce (e-commerce) presented by Khalid Khan from the Department of Computer Science at the University of Peshawar. It defines e-commerce and its differences from e-business. The history and types of e-commerce are discussed. The document outlines the key components of a successful e-commerce transaction loop and forces fueling the growth of e-commerce such as economic, market, and technology forces. Students are instructed to study relevant books and online materials on e-commerce and e-business.
E-commerce is a new way of conducting, managing an executing business transactions using modern information technology. E-commerce is a ‘commerce based on bytes’. E-commerce, defined simply, is the commercial transaction of services in an electronic format. In general terms, e-commercial is a business methodology that addresses the needs of organizations, traders and consumers to reduce costs while improving the quality of goods and services and increasing the speed of service delivery. It may also be referred to as the paperless exchange of business information using Electronic Data Interchange, Electronic Fund Transfer etc. E-commerce is not only about simple transactions of data but also general commercial acts such as publicity, advertisements, negotiations contracts and fund settlements. It refers to all forms of transactions relating to commercial activities including both organizations and individuals that are based upon the processing and transmission of digitized data, including text sound and visual images. E-commerce is thus a business practice and involves use of computers, computer system or computer networks.
This document provides the syllabus for the course "E-Commerce and Governance (IT-721)" taught at Technocrats Institute of Technology in Bhopal, India. The syllabus covers 5 units: (1) Introduction to e-commerce including models, history and legal environment, (2) Electronic payment systems, (3) E-government and models, (4) E-readiness and applications, and (5) E-government security. The course aims to provide students an understanding of e-commerce and e-governance concepts, applications, benefits and issues.
Ali Abd Elsamad Tawfek Mohamed-Assig.1 E-commerce .docxZoma Ibrahem
The document discusses key aspects of e-commerce including why it is important to study, definitions of terms like e-commerce and e-business, technological components, themes in e-commerce like mobile commerce and personalization, types of e-commerce like B2C and C2C, and the evolution and major themes of studying e-commerce. It covers topics like business models, academic disciplines, and components of e-commerce models.
Electronic commerce has existed for over 40 years and has evolved from electronic data interchange between businesses to include e-business conducted over the internet. There are two main business models - business-to-consumer which involves selling directly to consumers online, and business-to-business which facilitates transactions between businesses electronically. Key drivers of e-commerce include technological, political, social and economic factors, while essential processes support functions like security, personalization, payments and collaboration.
The document discusses e-business and e-commerce. It defines e-commerce as buying and selling over computer networks, while e-business refers more broadly to servicing customers, collaborating with partners, and processing transactions electronically. The document outlines types of e-commerce like B2B, B2C, and C2C and discusses developing a web store, managing transactions securely, and integrating e-commerce with other business systems.
E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods or services over the Internet. There are several types including business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), and consumer-to-business (C2B). The document traces the history of e-commerce from the 1970s to today and discusses how the Internet has enabled global e-commerce opportunities and challenges. Key issues for multinational companies include understanding cultural differences that impact adoption rates, building consumer trust, and designing websites that are culturally sensitive.
Similar to Fundmentals of ICT in B2b on Telecomms Platform (20)
Future focus international limited specializes in entertainment business development, branding, partnership and integration management.
when, how, where and what entertainment meets business strategies.
This document describes Hisplus Systems Limited's integrated automated biometrics identification and registration system. The system uses face scans and fingerprints to identify individuals for security purposes such as access control, border control, law enforcement, and healthcare records. It consists of enrollment, server management, and matching modules along with fingerprint scanners, cameras, time/attendance software, and ID card production systems. The system aims to accurately identify individuals, check identities, and search biometrics databases across various applications.
The dynamic and fast paced nature of the global financial markets necessitate the use of technology to provide the industry with next generation solutions that are reliable and function with accuracy. The industry faces the challenge of providing innovative products to cope up with the demands of a growing population of technology-savvy and affluent clientele and at the same time increase their profitability by making effective use of resources with a view to minimize costs and risks with a dynamic workforce.
Financial institution is facing tougher competition, reduced margins, rapid change and new regulatory requirements, banking organizations are under pressure to have access to and provide more timely and accurate information. In order to overcome these challenges, ERP helps banks become more customer-centric and efficient. Critical business tasks – including business analytics, financial and accounting processes, human capital management, support and logistics – are improved for employee access, while customers, vendors and partners can gain more flexible, yet secure, access to key service areas. These enable banks to provide innovative, result-oriented and cost-effective solutions.
Bearing this in mind, we hereby present our proposal as attached for development, installation, implementation and maintenance of Enterprise Resource Management (ERP) for your organization.
Hisplus Systems Limited
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E- library system also known as a digital library is concerned with that body of knowledge relating to the collection, organization, storage, distribution, retrieval, and utilization of digital information. Digital libraries basically store materials in electronic format and manipulate large collections of those materials effectively.
Format would be a combination of text, imaging, sound, video, audio and animation.
PROPOSAL FOR E-BUSINESS B2B AND B2C WEBSITE INTEGRATION SYSTEM
HISPLUS Systems Limited is an indigenous IT company. We specialize in the development and deployment of computer application programs, ERP, e-commerce, e-business, e-portals, allied sales and services, biometrics management and IT training.
Aim
To integrate e-business and e-commerce systems into Afro – Asia Industries Limited online portal.
Methodology
The code to use in building the website will be DHTML with PHP scripting having interactive database capability.
Goals and Objectives
1. A welcoming window that is easy to navigate if for first time users
2. Colours that match Afro Asia
3. Interactive capacity to do the following
a. Make enquiries { which we would respond to promptly}
b. Establish company product ranges and its availability
c. Establish the product prices
d. Make orders which can be approved on receipt of payments confirmation
e. Confirm loading day and time
f. Establish other support eg Transport {where customer does not have its own truck}
g. Enquire about employment and be able to submit CV's
h. Customers should be able to make payment direct to our bank account through VISA/V Pay, Verve/Interswitch, E Transact e.t.c., Cash, RTGS, and other form of electronic transfer
i. Where the internet is unavailable, customer can also pay via POS Terminals to be operated from our Office in Nnewi here before loading. This would remove the need to move cash from one Bank to the other with the attendant risk.
j. Customers should also be able to book, Pay and on confirmation of payment, the goods would be loaded and delivered to the customer at his/her cost but to his/her chosen location without coming to our factory
E-business and ecommerce Integration features.
The website contents accessible by user names and passwords will have the main menu as outlined below.
1. Payment gateways (Online Shopping)
2. E- business Home
3. Registration
4. Login
5. Sales Management
6. Inventory Management
7. Online Quotation system
8. Transport Management
9. Career Management
10. Search System
11. Desktop Integration System
12. Admin
a. Setup
b. Company Information
c. User Maintenance (Buyers, Suppliers, Agents, Company Users / Staff)
d. Role Permissions
e. Sales Types
f. Customer Types
g. Supplier Types
h. Payment Terms
i. Set Purchase Order Authorization levels
j. Payment Methods
k. Sales People / Areas
k. Content Management System / Maintenance
l. New Products Platform
m. Output setup
i. Printing
ii. SMS
iii. Email
13. Social Networking
a. Facebook
b. Twitter
c. LinkedIn
d. YouTube
e. Picasa
14. Search by
a. Basic / General
b. Index
c. Advanced
15. Browse by
a. Colour
b. Size
c. Model Number
d. Name
e. Weight
f. Unit of Measurement
g. Other attributes as defined by the administrator
16. Online Catalog System
17. POS Terminal Integration
This training by Hisplus systems is the systematic deployment of business knowledge on participants in helping a state or country or sector or council boosting its economy with strategic business knowledge. Some topics to be treated are
Project Design & Proposal writing
Project life cycle – Project management covering all aspects of the project various phases and processes.
Business Planning process and the elements that make up a business plan.
Marketing and sales methodologies and processes including the ability to tailor the delegates own businesses.
Product and service management. (I.e. product lifecycle management, pricing, etc.) ()
Training in Finance, including but not limited to basic accounting, costing techniques, investment evaluation; ()
Legal environment for business, procurement and contract management. ()
Human Resources Management ()
Communications management. ()
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This document describes a political mobilization technology platform called POLMOT that aims to help politicians get elected or re-elected. It allows politicians (candidates/aspirants) and electorates to interact through features on a website such as sending/receiving messages, viewing campaign videos and photos, discussion forums, and more. Candidates can analyze supporter data like numbers and locations to improve their campaigns. Electorates can follow candidates, give opinions, and receive gifts. The goal is to help candidates build political skills to influence electorates positively and get their support and votes.
This document is a proposal from MCL Solutions Limited, a finance consultancy and software development firm, to review bank charges and recover excess charges imposed on past transactions for a client. MCL uses their specialized Bank Charges and Reconciliation Software (Banker) to accurately analyze transactions and identify areas where banks have overcharged fees and interest. They are proposing to conduct a review of the client's past bank transactions and recover any excess charges identified, or install their Banker software to help the client manage their accounts and identify overcharges going forward. The document provides examples of common ways banks overcharge and explains the capabilities of the Banker software to detect these issues.
HISPLUS Systems Limited, having its head office in Lagos, is an Information
Technology Company specializing in computer application programming, business technology, training, ERP, ecommerce, e-business, e-portal, biometrics management, allied products and services.
HISPLUS is being managed by well-seasoned professionals both nationally and internationally.
We also engage in web and mobile applications development where we work together as a team to deliver the ultimate in customer satisfaction while also helping each business or company achieve their unique needs.
Hisplus has gained exceptional experience in application development, software integration, technical support and maintenance, web application development, biometrics and other programming services for big and small companies in Nigeria, Malaysia and UK.
Our Vision
Explore the key differences between silicone sponge rubber and foam rubber in this comprehensive presentation. Learn about their unique properties, manufacturing processes, and applications across various industries. Discover how each material performs in terms of temperature resistance, chemical resistance, and cost-effectiveness. Gain insights from real-world case studies and make informed decisions for your projects.
Abasse Twalal Harouna: The Maestro of Digital Marketing - His Journey and Ach...Abasse Twalal Harouna
Abasse Twalal Harouna, a name synonymous with innovation and excellence in the digital marketing industry, has made significant strides in empowering small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) to achieve remarkable growth. With a career marked by numerous accolades and a trail of success stories, Harouna's journey from a passionate student of marketing to a renowned digital marketing expert is both inspiring and instructive.
Abasse Twalal Harouna’s early life laid a strong foundation for his future success. Born and raised in a family that highly valued education and innovation, Harouna was encouraged to pursue his interests from a young age. This supportive environment fueled his passion for technology and business, leading him to pursue higher education in Business Administration with a focus on Marketing at a prestigious Canadian university. His academic background provided him with a comprehensive understanding of business principles and marketing strategies, setting the stage for his remarkable career.
Upon completing his degree, Abasse Twalal Harouna quickly recognized the transformative potential of digital marketing. He understood that the digital landscape was rapidly evolving and that businesses needed to adapt to remain competitive. With a clear vision, Harouna entered the digital marketing field, driven by a desire to help businesses grow through innovative online strategies. His early career was marked by hands-on experience with various digital marketing agencies, where he honed his skills in SEO, content marketing, social media marketing, and PPC advertising.
Abasse Twalal Harouna’s expertise spans multiple facets of digital marketing, making him a versatile and highly effective strategist. One of his key areas of specialization is Search Engine Optimization (SEO). Harouna understands that SEO is crucial for enhancing online visibility and driving organic traffic to websites. By employing advanced SEO techniques, such as thorough keyword research, on-page optimization, and building high-quality backlinks, Harouna ensures that his clients' websites rank high on search engine results pages (SERPs). This not only attracts more visitors but also improves the overall online presence of the businesses he works with.
Content marketing is another domain where Abasse Twalal Harouna excels. He firmly believes that content is king in the digital world and leverages it to create compelling, value-driven content that resonates with target audiences. From blog posts and articles to videos and infographics, Harouna’s content marketing strategies are designed to engage and educate potential customers. This approach not only drives brand awareness but also fosters customer loyalty, contributing to long-term business success.
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Abasse Twalal Harouna: The Maestro of Digital Marketing - His Journey and Ach...
Fundmentals of ICT in B2b on Telecomms Platform
1. ICT in B2B
Tunde Omitogun
Hisplus Systems Limited.
info@hisplus.net
www.hisplus.net
+234-809-505-2922
+234-803-888-8701
2. Fundamentals of ICT in B2B on Telecom‟s
Platform
An overview of ICT and applications in B2B.
Touching on the most common ICT
applications, and trends.
Touching on the basic infrastructure that
supports the use of ICT tools and services
within organizations.
Application Interface
Data representation and Processing
3. • B2B stands for business to business. Some businesses only provide products or
services to other businesses.
• B2B is frequently used as to describe different types of transactions and services
between two businesses.
• Selling B2B selling applications allow a business to sell to other businesses through
an electronic transaction. Some companies choose to sell through a private website
while others may use an electronic selling service, or e-commerce site, run by
another business.
• B2B buying applications involve a business purchasing goods and services from
another company via an electronic transaction. This can also be done via an e-
commerce site.
• E-commerce is the way shopping and selling is done on Internet. Credit cards can
be used to purchase services and products in virtual stores. Marketing Businesses
can also use electronic means to market their services and goods to other
businesses.
• Email promotions and electronic newsletters are commonly used to promote B2B
services.
• "Business to Business" markets, in which sellers sale to the other businesses instead
of final consumers and Buyers purchase to resale the goods after finishing to end-
users. An example of it is wholesale business in which Wholesalers buy from
manufacturers in order to resell the products to "retailers".
4. B2B: Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions
between businesses, such as
• between a manufacturer and a wholesaler
• between a wholesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are business-
to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-government (B2G).
• B2B branding is a term used in marketing.
• The overall volume of B2B (Business-to-Business) transactions is
much higher than the volume of B2C transactions.
• The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will
be many B2B transactions involving sub components or raw
materials, and only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the
finished product to the end customer.
• For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B
transactions such as buying tires, glass for windscreens, and rubber
hoses for its vehicles. The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to
the consumer, is a single (B2C) transaction.
8. E-Learning
– Student and lecturer can communicate
to each other if there is something
problem or have to make discussion no
matter how far the distance to each
other.
Internet
– We have an internet to get more
information about our learning.
12. Advertising.
Eg : billboard,
magazine
4. COMMERCE
E-commerce.
Buying and
selling
something
from the
internet
Eg : online
payment
Partnership
Manufacturers – Distributors
13. Applicationscommunicating applications
newsletters
websites
multimedia presentations
music scores
cartoons
flyers / posters
interactive communication applications
blogs
wikis
social networking websites
Entertainment
Animation
Make belief
Movie
Morphing
Music
Games analysis
measurement applications
scientific experiments
electronic timing
environmental monitoring
data handling applications
surveys
address lists
tuck shop records
clubs and society records
school reports
school libraries
control applications
turtle graphics
control of lights, buzzers and motors
automatic washing machines
automatic cookers
central heating controllers
burglar alarms
video recorders / players
microwave ovens
computer controlled greenhouse
modelling applications
3D modelling
simulation (e.g. flight or driving)
spreadsheets for personal finance
spreadhseets for tuck shop finances
14. Applicationscommunication applications
the Internet
electronic mail
fax
electronic conferencing
mobile telephones
Internet telephony (VOIP) services
publicity and corporate image publications
business cards
letterheads
flyers
brochures
applications in manufacturing industries
robotics in manufacture
production line control
applications for finance departments
billing systems
stock control
payroll
school management systems
registration
records
Reports
applications in the retail industry
stock control
POS
EFTPOS
internet shopping
automatic re- ordering
booking systems
travel industry
theatre
cinemas
applications in banking
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)
ATMs for cash withdrawals and bill paying
credit/debit cards
cheque clearing
phone banking
Internet banking
applications in medicine
doctors' information systems
hospital and pharmacy records
patient monitoring
expert systems for diagnosis
applications in libraries
records of books and borrowers
issue of books
the use of expert systems
mineral prospecting
car engine fault diagnosis
medical diagnosis
chess games
15. Few ICT data from developing countries
E-commerce (B2B, B2C, B2G sales and purchases)
Use of ICT by SMEs (e-business)
Use of ICT within economic sectors (wholesale & retail trade,
services, manufacturing)
Emerging data collection
For promoting competitiveness in enterprises in SMEs
For measuring ICT impact on enterprise development
For policy advice on development strategies incorporating ICTs
ICT data and B2B
16. E-tourism as case study
E-tourism is the digitisation of all the
processes and value chains in the
tourism, travel, hospitality and catering
industries that enable organisations to
maximise their efficiency and
effectiveness
17. Tourisma. Hotel Reservation Systems
i. Reservation Systems (CRS)
ii. Profiles
iii. Groups and blocks
iv. Rate and inventory control
v. Administration
vi. Reporting
vii. Global distribution interface
viii. PMS interface
ix. Tracking of inventory in real time.
x. CVB access to real time inventory at
participating hotels.
xi. Notification for reservation.
xii. Confirmation of reservation.
b. Events Management System
i. Event organizers for routing
ii. Customizable Events Management
c. Advertisement Management
i. Advertising Presentation Banners
ii. Branding
iii. Marketing through the Global
Distribution System (GDS) and Computer
d. Technical support
i. Help-Desk Support
ii. Knowledge Management
iii. Online Ticket Support
Management
f. Tourism
i. Tour Operators Management
ii. Tourist product suppliers and
iii. Pre-travel arrangements
1. general information
2. availability/prices inquiries
3. negotiations and bargaining
4. reservations & confirmations
iv. ancillary services
1. Travel related documentation
2. lists of groups/visitors
3. receipts/documents
4. vouchers & tickets production
v. Post travel arrangements
1. payments & commissions
2. feedback & suggestions
3. complaint handling
vi. Consolidation of distribution structure of organized
tours
vii. Business travel
viii. Vacation packages
ix. Location strategy targeting major world capitals
x. Location strategy in sun, sea and sand destinations with
suitable access
xi. Tour Operators Marketing and promotion strategic
management
xii. Elite tourism
xiii. Mass tourism
xiv. Segmented tourism
xv. Restaurants Management
xvi. Excursions with registered private guides
xvii. Low-price standardized tour
xviii. Tourist class hotels
18. ICT Today
Cell phone applications (SMS)
Digital cameras
Internet
Wireless (WiFi and WiMAN)
GPS & GIS
Digital radio
Applications on demand
19. Characteristics (Cont)
Dominated by small enterprise
History of lengthy supply chains based
on commissions
– Product suppliers
– Consolidators
– Wholesalers
– Retailers
– Consumers
20. ICT, b2b and Tourism
e-tourism is the leading B2B with B2C applications - 40% of all
B2C e-commerce
50% of German tourists use Internet to get information on
destinations.
"Internet will account for 25% of travel purchases within the next
five years."
“…Predicted to be the next revolution in travel technology. …
Waiting for the customer to come to you is no longer enough."
Brand: 80 percent of on-line customers prefer buying from
companies they already know.
21. Tourism Site Selection, Management,
Monitoring
Geospatial Information Technologies help
delineate:
– Boundaries of the proposed tourism attractions
– Location of surrounding communities
– Who has rights to which pieces of land
– Proximity of roads and lodging to proposed sites
– Areas in need of protection
– Location of utilities – water, power
– How land use is changing over time
V. Managing, monitoring site and
destination
IV. Operations
III. Customer Relationship
Management
II. Marketing
I. Selecting, designing, developing
destination
23. Prevalence of PCs and access to Internet
Presence of website, intranet and extranet
Use of ICTs for business processes:
Customer relationship management
Finance, budget and account management
Human resource management
Product design & development
Logistics (inbound & outbound) and inventory
control
Product service and support
Knowledge management
ICT usage in b2b
24. Few official ICT data in developing countries despite increasing
demand
Indicators and data are rarely comparable between countries
Insights
Businesses with PCs .. ..
Employees using PCs .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Businesses with an intranet .. .. ..
Businesses with an extranet .. .. .. ..
Businesses with Internet access
Employees using the Internet .. .. .. .. ..
Businesses with a website .. ..
Businesses receiving orders over
the Internet (Internet sales)
.. .. .. ..
Businesses placing orders over
the Internet (Internet purchases)
.. .. .. .. .. ..
Indicator Argentina Chile Colombia
Russian
Federation
Singapore ThailandMorocco Peru Philippines Romania
23 developing countries surveyed
20 replies, of which 10 provided comparable results
Source: UNCTAD (2004)
Household data is more prevalent than business data
Readiness (access) data is more prevalent than intensity (usage)
data
Limited capacity for ICT data collection
25. Exercise
How have you been using
Information communication
Technology in you’re your business
as a provider of products and
services for other businesses?
26. Some examples of IT
Image Morphing
– changing (or morphing) one image into another through a
seamless transition
28. GPS Tracking
– Track your vehicles, wherever they go,
using GPS.
Geo Spatial for O&G
Some examples of IT
29. Exercise
List some other uses in enterprises
b2b
– Computer Technology
– Communication Technology
30. Related IT terms
The E-word ; E Stands for Electronic
–E-mail
–E-learning
–E-business
–E-commerce
–E-government
31. Exercise
Generate a list of ways the computer/IT
has impacted the world.
– Include both positive changes and negative
changes.
– think creatively.
33. ICT b2b In Society
Computers / mobile at home
• Business
• Entertainment
• Communication
• Education
1A-33
34. Computers / mobile In Society
Computers in education
– Computer literacy required at all levels
Computers in small business
– Makes businesses more profitable
– Allows owners to manage
Computers in industry
– Computers are used to design products
– Assembly lines are automated
1A-34
35. Computers / mobile In Society
Computers in government
– Necessary to track data for population
• Police officers
• Tax calculation and collection
– Governments should be the first computer
users. Is it in Nigeria?
1A-35
36. Computers / mobile In Society
Computers in health care
– Revolutionized health care
– New treatments possible
– Scheduling of patients has improved
– Delivery of medicine is safer
1A-36
41. Infrastructure
Backbone e.g.
MTN
Information and Communication Infrastructure for Grenada
ICT Industry
Development
Modernizing
Government
Human
Resource
Development
Regulation &
Legal
Infrastructure
ICT Infrastructure
42. ICT
Dynamic
Industry
Knowledge-
Based Society
MTN
Physical Infrastructure
Human Resource
Development
Regulatory & Legal
Infrastructure
LAN
Development
Access &
Connectivity
Pre-Literacy
Internet Access
Facilities
IT
Competence
E-CommerceE-Government E-Business
Infrastructure
Backbone
LAN/WAN
Strategy & Action Plan
E-Transaction
43. ICT for Grenada-Physical Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Backbone
Integrated
Voice, Data,
Video
Ease Of Access
Connectivity
WAN
Tele-Density of
1:1
44. ICT for Grenada -Education & TrainingInfrastructural Support ( Business / Oil and Gas / SME)
Infrastructure
Backbone
SME
O and G
Vocational
Training
Tertiary
Education
Skill TargetsReal Estate
Entertainment
Financial
Institution
45. Companies
Infrastructure
Backbone
ICT for Grenada - Regulation & Legal Infrastructure
Recognition of
electronic
records
Original
Form
Writing
Formation &
Validity
Signatures
Certification
Service Providers
Standards
& Code Of
conduct
Virtual
Companies
Encryption
Liability Of
Intermediaries
Personal
Data
46. ICT for Grenada - Regulation & Legal Infrastructure
Companies
Infrastructure
Backbone
Recognition
of electronic
records
Original
Form
Writing
Formation &
Validity
Signatures
Certification
Service
Providers
Standards
& Code Of
conduct
Virtual
Companies
Encryption
Liability Of
Intermediaries
Personal
Data
• Judicial admissibility
for e-documents
• “ In Writing”
requirements satisfied by
e-documents
• e-records used
in place of
originals
• e-signatures
authorize usage
for evidentiary
purposes
• Authentication of e-
signature through issue
of accredited certification
• e- contractual
acceptance for all
contractual negotiations
•Electronic business
boundaries definition
• Lawful use of
encryption programs,
and authority to
decode encrypted
information
• Clear definition of
the liabilities of ISP’s
and protection against
content
• Standards
established
to guide
quality of
transaction
behavior
• Standards
and
protection
criteria
established
for personal
data
47. E- Government Local Area Network
Ministry
Agriculture, Lands
Ministry Social
Services
Ministry Finance
DEPARTMENTS
E-Government
Server/Storage /
Resources
Ministry Health
State Govt
Ministry Foreign
Affairs
Ministry Office
Ministry
Implementation
Ministry
Tourism,Civil
Aviation
Ministry
Carriacou &
Petite
Martinique
Ministry
Education
Ministry
Works, Com.
Ministry Legal
Affairs
Youth,Sports &
Community Dev
Infrastructure
Backbone
Customs
48. E- Business Local Area Network
ON-LINE
SHOPPING
TELE-BANKING
E-Business
Server/Storage
ATM
Help Desk
Services
Professional
Services
Financial
Transactions
ON-LINE
PURCHASING
Infrastructure
Backbone
Global
Advertising
49. E- Commerce Local Area Network
Manufacturing Placing Orders
E-Commerce
Server/Storage/
Resources
Real Estate
Investment
Services
Professional
Services
Financial
Transactions
On-Line
Marketing
Infrastructure
Backbone
Global
Transaction
51. Application Interface
Characteristics of different types of user
interfaces.
Types of user interfaces which make
them appropriate for use by different
types of users or B2B.
52. Human Computer Interface (HCI) /
User Interface (UI)
The means by which the human and the
computer communicate.
53. Human Computer
/ User Interfaces
Graphical
User
Interface
(GUI)
Command
Line
Interface
(CLI)
Natural
Language
Windows
Icons
Mouse
Pointer
(WIMP)
Windows,
Apple Mac,
Linux
DOS
Menu-
Based
Form -
Based
e.g.
Key:
54. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Most popular today is WIMP (windows,
icons, menus, pointer).
–View different applications or files in windows.
–Use some sort of pointing device to select
options in menus and small pictures (icons).
55. Uses of GUI
Non-experienced user
Justifications
Largely intuitive and only requires a little
knowledge of how a computer actually
works.
It is possible to restrict access to certain
parts of the system.
56. Command Line Interface (CLI)
User types a series of commands at the
keyboard which tell the computer what their
intentions are.
The user needs to:
–Know what commands are available.
–Understand the commands.
–Understand the way that material is stored in
the computer system.
57. Uses of CLI
technician looking after a network
Justifications
Allows access to whole system.
Does not use large amount of memory
58. Menu Based Interface
Restricted number of choices offered to the
user which may lead to further sub-menus.
Uses of Menu Based Interface
Typically with touch screen e.g.
information bureaus
59. Easy to use and very intuitive (even for non-computer
users), requires almost no knowledge of how a
computer actually works.
Limits user to choices required by the data structure
Easy to test, administer and change
Restricts access to computer system
Helps customers to determine what they want
because choices are given at each stage.
Justifications
60. Form Based Interface
Replicates a hard copy paper form.
Specified areas for the data which may have helpful
instructions (usually by clicking a ? mark by the text box).
–E.g. boxes for input of coded material like the date or the sex
of the customer, and areas to be filled in with textual
information.
Can contain radio buttons and/or drop down lists.
A cursor moves to the next box to be filled in.
Highlighted boxes make it clear where the data is to
be inserted
User can be forced to enter data before being allowed
to continue.
Checks can be made to make sure input is sensible
for that box before moving on to the next.
61. Uses of Form Based Interface
telephone sales, order forms
Justifications
User can be forced to enter data in a
predetermined order
Does not allow information to be missed
out
Simple to use and easy to validate data
62. Plenary
What is a or human computer
interface or user interface?
– The means by which the human and
the computer communicate.
63. Plenary
Describe the following types of user
interface. For each type of interface
give a suitable use, justifying your
answer in each case.
64. Plenary
Form-based
– Prompts operator for inputs / Specified areas for
the data / Data entered in order / in format
– Operator taking information over phone
– Does not allow information to be missed out /
simple to use
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
– Icons used to stand for options/when selected,
command code is run/normally accessed by use
of mouse or other pointing device / WIMP
– Non-experienced user / child in school
– Restricts access to certain parts of the system
65. Plenary
Command line
– Set of commands recognised by the OS / typed in
at prompt/need to be learned by user
– Technician
– Allows access to whole system / does not use
large amount of memory
Menu based
– Restricted number of choices offered to the user
which may lead to further sub-menus.
– Typically with touch screen e.g. information
bureaus
– Helps customers to determine what they want
because choices are given at each stage.
67. Define e-business and discuss
how it can help achieve business
success.
Distinguish between a corporate
and a marketing Web site.
List the major forms of B2B
e-business.
Explain B2C e-business and
identify the products most often
sold online.
Describe some of the challenges
associated with e-business.
Discuss how organizations use
Internet communications to
advance their objectives.
Discuss Web sites and identify
methods for measuring
Web site effectiveness.
Explain the global scope
of e-business.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Exercises
69. It is easier to create a bad website than a good one.
Organizations must think about:
Planning and Preparation
Content and Connections
Costs and Maintenance
70. Cloud Computing: Software-as-a-Service for b2b
The Changing Face
of Infrastructure
Expressed Interest
Public Impact
LOW HIGH
HIGH
TechnologyComplexity
Cost
FOIA Manager
Situational
Landscape
Health
Terminology
Management
Grants Mgmt
Data
Visualization
Call Center
Management
Broad solution targeted at a specific function
Specialized solution targeted at specific activity or problem
Low Complexity, Low Cost,
High Interest, High Impact
Low Complexity, Low Cost,
Low Interest, Low Impact
High Complexity, High Cost,
High Interest, High Impact
High Complexity, High Cost,
Low Interest, Low Impact
Asset
Management
Security-As-A-
Service
Compute-As-
A-Service
IT Service Mgmt
Storage-As-A-
Service
Social
Collaboration
E-Mail
ERP
Logistics
71. Innovations to Address Mobile Workforce in b2b
On Travel
Disaster Response
In the Office
Home
PC On-A-Stick
• Mobility: Desktop Travels with You
on a Flash Drive
• Tiered Security: Application White
Listing and Wrappers, Hardware
Encryption
• Enterprise Management: Complete
Centralized Control
72. Mobile Solutions
Incident Management – Aids Field
Tech Investigation, Diagnosis,
Resolution, Problem ID
• Expert Help
• Knowledge Base Access
• Rich Capture
Asset Management – Integration
with scanner technology
• By year-end 2015, 2.0 billion people will carry handsets capable
of rich, mobile commerce providing a rich environment for the
convergence of mobility and the Web (Gartner)
• By 2012, 70% of all workers will be mobile and 90% of all
enterprises will develop at least one mobile application
(Forrester & IDC)
74. Computing Systems Data
Usually the computing systems are
complex devices, dealing with a vast
array of information categories
The computing systems store, present,
and help us modify:
– Text
– Audio
– Images and graphics
– Video
75. Digital vs. Analog (1)
Computing systems are finite machines. They store a limited
amount of information, even if the limit is very big.
– The goal, is to represent enough of the world to satisfy our
computational needs and our senses of sight and sound.
The information can be represented in one or two ways:
analog or digital.
– Analog data is a continuous representation, analogous to the actual
information it represents.
• In example, a mercury thermometer is an analog device. The mercury rises in a
continuous flow in the tube in direct proportion to the temperature.
– Digital data is a discrete representation, breaking the information up
into separate (discrete) elements.
• Computers can’t work with analog information, so a need do digitize the analog
information arise.
• This is done by breaking the analog information into pieces and representing those
pieces using binary digits
76. Digital vs. Analog (2)
Why digital signal?
– Both electronic signals (analog and digital) degrade as
they move down a line. The voltage of the signal fluctuates
due to environmental effects.
– As soon as an analog signal degrades, information is lost.
Since any voltage level within the range is valid, it is
impossible to know that the original signal was even
changed
– Digital signals jump sharply between two extremes (high
and low state). A digital signal can degrade quite a bit until
the information is lost, because any value over a certain
threshold is considered high value and bellow the
threshold is considered low value
Answer: Signal Integrity can be maintained!
77. Digital vs. Analog (3)
Threshold
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Digital Signal
Analog Signal
Digital Signal Degradation
Analog Signal Degradation
• You can still retrieve the information from a reasonably
degraded digital signal
• Periodically a digital signal is reclocked to regain its
original shape. As long as it is reclocked before too
much degradation, no info is lost.
78. Binary Representation (1)
Why binary representation (as suppose to
decimal or octal, etc..)?
– Because the devices that store and manage the
digital data are far less expensive and complex
for binary representation.
– They are also far more reliable when they have
to represent one out of two possible values.
– Because the electronic signals are easier to
maintain if they carry only binary data.
79. Binary Representation (2)
One bit can be either 0 or 1. Therefore, one bit can
represent only two things.
To represent more than two things, we need
multiple bits. Two bits can represent four things
because there are four combinations of 0 and 1 that
can be made from two bits: 00, 01, 10,11.
In general, n bits can represent 2n things because
there are 2n combinations of 0 and 1 that can be
made from n bits. Note that every time we increase
the number of bits by 1, we double the number of
things we can represent.
80. Review Question 1
Why digital signal is better than
analogue signal in computing systems
A. Signal integrity can be maintained
relatively easy
B. Information is never lost
C. Digital signal is more precise
D. I don’t know …
81. Review Question 2
How many things can a bit represent ?
A. One
B. Two
C. Ten
D. I don’t know …
82. Review Question 3
How many things a byte can represent ?
A. One
B. Two
C. 256
D. I don’t know
83. Data Formats - How to Interpret Data
Meaning of internal representation must be
appropriate for the type of processing to take place:
– i.e. Images & sound: have to be digitized
• Images – need detailed description of the data, how color is
represented at each data point
• Sound – need sampling rate
Proprietary formats
– Unique to a product or company
– E.g., Microsoft Word, Corel Word Perfect, IBM Lotus
Notes
Standards
– Evolve two ways:
• Proprietary formats become de facto standards (e.g., Adobe
PostScript, Apple Quick Time)
• Committee is struck to solve a problem (Motion Pictures Experts
Group, MPEG)
84. Why Standards? They exist because they are:
– Convenient – sometimes the time to market is very
important whenever trying to finish a product, therefore
existing standards may be used to save time elaborating
own protocols and interfaces
– Efficient – most of the standards are put together by
committees with a wide experience in the specific area
– Flexible – usually the standards allow for manufacturer or
OEM specific extensions
– Appropriate – address a specific problem in a specific
domain
Allow communication and sharing of information
Allow computing systems and software to
interoperate (at both hardware and software levels)
Sometimes standards are arbitrary and have some
“blast from the past” (due to historical evolution)
85. Standards Organizations
ISO – International Standards
Organization
IEEE – Institute for Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
CSA – Canadian Standards Association
ANSI – American National Standards
Institute
NSAI – National Standards Authority of
Ireland
86. Examples of Standards
Type of Data Standards
Alphanumeric ASCII, Unicode
Image JPEG, GIF, PCX, TIFF, BMP,
etc
Motion picture MPEG-2, MPEG-4, etc
Sound WAV, AU, MP3, etc..
Outline graphics/fonts PostScript, TrueType, PDF
87. Alphanumeric Data
Three standards for representing letters
(alpha) and numbers
– ASCII – American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
– EBCDIC – Extended Binary-Coded Decimal
Interchange Code (not used anymore, used to be
used in IBM mainframes)
– Unicode
88. Codes and Characters
The problem:
– Representing text strings, such as
“Hello, world”, in a computer
Each character is coded as a byte ( = 8
bits)
Most common coding system is ASCII
ASCII = American National Standard
Code for Information Interchange
89. ASCII Features
7-bit code
8th bit is unused (or used for a parity bit)
27 = 128 codes
Two general types of codes:
– 95 are “Graphic” codes (displayable on a
console)
– 33 are “Control” codes (control features of
the console or communications channel)
90. 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
Most significant bit
Least significant bit
Replace any with naira
91. 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
i.e. „a‟ = 11000012 = 9710 = 6116
92. 95 Graphic codes
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
93. 33 Control codes
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
94. Alphabetic codes
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
96. Numeric codes
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
0000 NULL DLE 0 @ P ` p
0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 EDT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 FF FS , < L l |
1101 CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL
97. Audio Information Representation (1)
Sound is perceived when a series of air
compressions vibrate a membrane in our ear,
which sends signals to our brain
A stereo sends an electrical signal to a speaker to
produce sound. This signal is an analog
representation of the sound wave. The voltage in
the signal varies in direct proportion to the sound
wave
To digitize the signal we periodically measure the
voltage of the signal and record the appropriate
numeric value. The process is called sampling
In general, a sampling rate of around 40,000 times
per second is enough to create a very good high
quality sound reproduction
98. Audio Formats
Several popular formats are: WAV, AU, AIFF, VQF,
and MP3. Currently, the dominant format for
compressing audio data is MP3.
MP3 is short for MPEG-2, audio layer 3 file.
Compressed formats usually employ both lossy
and lossless compression.
– Analyzes the frequency spread and compares it to
mathematical models of human psychoacoustics (the
study of the interrelation between the ear and the brain)
and it discards information that can’t be heard by humans.
– Then the bit stream is compressed using a form of
Huffman encoding to achieve additional compression.
99. Representing Images and Graphics (4)
RGB Value
ColorRed Green Blue
0 0 0 black
255 255 255 white
255 255 0 yellow
255 130 255 Pink
146 81 0 brown
157 95 82 purple
140 0 0 maroon
100. Digitized Images and Graphics
Digitizing a picture is the act of representing
it as a collection of individual dots called
pixels.
The number of pixels used to represent a
picture is called the resolution.
The storage of image information on a pixel-
by-pixel basis is called a raster-graphics
format.
– Several popular raster file formats including
bitmap (BMP), GIF, and JPEG.
101. BMP Raster Image Example
The smiley face in the
top left corner is a
bitmap image.
When enlarged,
individual pixels appear
as squares.
Each pixel is described
by a value for red, green
and blue.
102. Review Question 6
Given a raster image with a 16x12
resolution, what would be the number of
pixels:
A. 192 pixels
B. 256 pixels
C. 512 pixels
D. I don’t know …
103. Review Question 7
Given a raster image with a 16x12
resolution, what would be the aspect
ratio:
A. 16:9
B. 4:3
C. 3:2
D. I don’t know …