The presentation covers the fundamental thermodynamics concepts and is designed in three main parts. First, it describes the basic definitions of essential parameters in the field (based on chapters 1-5 of Van Wylen's book). Second, thermodynamic laws (0,1,2,3) are demonstrated, and different examples are solved (based on chapters 2-6 of Van Wylen's book). Finally, the refrigeration cycles are explained, and some models are illustrated (based on chapters 11 and 12 of Van Wylen's book).
The aims of the presentation are 1)to acquaint students with thermodynamic concepts and 2) to create the ability to analyze energy systems based on them.
Unit 1 thermodynamics by varun pratap singh (2020-21 Session)Varun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Dear Students,
Please find the Basic Mechanical Engineering (TME-101, 2020-21 Session) Unit One notes in this section.
Topic cover in this section are:
UNIT-1: Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
Definition of thermodynamics, System, Surrounding and universe, Phase, Concept of continuum, Macroscopic & microscopic point of view. Density, Specific volume, Pressure, temperature. Thermodynamic equilibrium, Property, State, Path, Process, Cyclic and non-cyclic processes, Reversible and irreversible processes, Quasi-static process, Energy and its forms, Enthalpy.
1. The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and concepts related to entropy, including spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, the Carnot cycle, entropy changes in reversible and irreversible processes, statements of the second law, and free energy functions.
2. It introduces the Carnot cycle as a model for converting heat into work using an ideal gas as a working substance through four steps of isothermal and adiabatic changes.
3. Entropy is defined in relation to reversible processes as the ratio of heat absorbed to temperature (q/T). The second law is explained through entropy changes and the principle that the total entropy change is zero for reversible processes but increases for irreversible processes.
The document discusses concepts related to thermodynamics including:
- Compressibility is defined as the relative change in volume of a fluid or solid in response to a pressure change. It can be expressed as the negative partial derivative of volume with respect to pressure.
- Thermal expansion coefficients describe how the size of an object changes with temperature. The volumetric coefficient is the most basic and relevant for fluids. It is defined as the fractional change in size per degree change in temperature at constant pressure.
- Mathematical definitions are provided for volumetric, area, and linear coefficients of thermal expansion in solids, liquids, and gases. The volumetric coefficient is the partial derivative of volume with respect to temperature at
chemical equilibrium and thermodynamicsAayashaNegi
1. The document discusses key concepts in chemical thermodynamics including the first law of thermodynamics. It defines important terms like system, surroundings, state functions, extensive and intensive properties.
2. The first law states that energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed. For a process, the change in internal energy of a system equals the heat transferred plus work done.
3. Enthalpy is a state function equal to the internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume. For a constant pressure process, the enthalpy change equals the heat transferred.
Basic mechanical engineering unit 1 thermodynamics by varun pratap singh (202...Varun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Notes for Basic mechanical engineering subject unit 1 thermodynamics for Uttarakhand Technical University
Unit 2: BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING by varun pratap singhVarun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
UNIT-2:
Zeroth law: Zeroth law, Different temperature scales and temperature measurement
First law: First law of thermodynamics. Processes - flow and non-flow, Control volume, Flow work and non-flow work, Steady flow energy equation, Unsteady flow systems and their analysis.
Second law: Limitations of first law of thermodynamics, Essence of second law, Thermal reservoir, Heat engines. COP of heat pump and refrigerator. Statements of the second law and their equivalence, Carnot cycle, Carnot theorem, Thermodynamic temperature scale, Clausius inequality. Concept of entropy.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemical thermodynamics. It begins with definitions of state functions, extensive and intensive properties, and reviews the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The fundamental equation of thermodynamics is derived by combining the first and second laws. The document discusses open and closed systems, and introduces Legendre transforms and free energies. It provides an outline of topics that will be covered, including single and multicomponent systems, the ideal solution model, nonideal solutions, equations of state, and chemical reaction equilibria.
Thermodynamic Chapter 2 Properties Of Pure SubstancesMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of properties of pure substances and phase change processes. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition throughout. Pure substances can exist in solid, liquid, or gas phases. Phase change processes like melting, boiling, and condensation occur at saturation conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium. Properties like specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy vary based on temperature, pressure, and quality (ratio of vapor mass to total mass) of mixtures. Property tables and interpolation are used to determine properties at given conditions for pure substances like water. Examples show how to apply these concepts to calculate properties like pressure, temperature, and enthalpy at different states.
Unit 1 thermodynamics by varun pratap singh (2020-21 Session)Varun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Dear Students,
Please find the Basic Mechanical Engineering (TME-101, 2020-21 Session) Unit One notes in this section.
Topic cover in this section are:
UNIT-1: Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
Definition of thermodynamics, System, Surrounding and universe, Phase, Concept of continuum, Macroscopic & microscopic point of view. Density, Specific volume, Pressure, temperature. Thermodynamic equilibrium, Property, State, Path, Process, Cyclic and non-cyclic processes, Reversible and irreversible processes, Quasi-static process, Energy and its forms, Enthalpy.
1. The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and concepts related to entropy, including spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, the Carnot cycle, entropy changes in reversible and irreversible processes, statements of the second law, and free energy functions.
2. It introduces the Carnot cycle as a model for converting heat into work using an ideal gas as a working substance through four steps of isothermal and adiabatic changes.
3. Entropy is defined in relation to reversible processes as the ratio of heat absorbed to temperature (q/T). The second law is explained through entropy changes and the principle that the total entropy change is zero for reversible processes but increases for irreversible processes.
The document discusses concepts related to thermodynamics including:
- Compressibility is defined as the relative change in volume of a fluid or solid in response to a pressure change. It can be expressed as the negative partial derivative of volume with respect to pressure.
- Thermal expansion coefficients describe how the size of an object changes with temperature. The volumetric coefficient is the most basic and relevant for fluids. It is defined as the fractional change in size per degree change in temperature at constant pressure.
- Mathematical definitions are provided for volumetric, area, and linear coefficients of thermal expansion in solids, liquids, and gases. The volumetric coefficient is the partial derivative of volume with respect to temperature at
chemical equilibrium and thermodynamicsAayashaNegi
1. The document discusses key concepts in chemical thermodynamics including the first law of thermodynamics. It defines important terms like system, surroundings, state functions, extensive and intensive properties.
2. The first law states that energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed. For a process, the change in internal energy of a system equals the heat transferred plus work done.
3. Enthalpy is a state function equal to the internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume. For a constant pressure process, the enthalpy change equals the heat transferred.
Basic mechanical engineering unit 1 thermodynamics by varun pratap singh (202...Varun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Notes for Basic mechanical engineering subject unit 1 thermodynamics for Uttarakhand Technical University
Unit 2: BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING by varun pratap singhVarun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
UNIT-2:
Zeroth law: Zeroth law, Different temperature scales and temperature measurement
First law: First law of thermodynamics. Processes - flow and non-flow, Control volume, Flow work and non-flow work, Steady flow energy equation, Unsteady flow systems and their analysis.
Second law: Limitations of first law of thermodynamics, Essence of second law, Thermal reservoir, Heat engines. COP of heat pump and refrigerator. Statements of the second law and their equivalence, Carnot cycle, Carnot theorem, Thermodynamic temperature scale, Clausius inequality. Concept of entropy.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemical thermodynamics. It begins with definitions of state functions, extensive and intensive properties, and reviews the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The fundamental equation of thermodynamics is derived by combining the first and second laws. The document discusses open and closed systems, and introduces Legendre transforms and free energies. It provides an outline of topics that will be covered, including single and multicomponent systems, the ideal solution model, nonideal solutions, equations of state, and chemical reaction equilibria.
Thermodynamic Chapter 2 Properties Of Pure SubstancesMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of properties of pure substances and phase change processes. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition throughout. Pure substances can exist in solid, liquid, or gas phases. Phase change processes like melting, boiling, and condensation occur at saturation conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium. Properties like specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy vary based on temperature, pressure, and quality (ratio of vapor mass to total mass) of mixtures. Property tables and interpolation are used to determine properties at given conditions for pure substances like water. Examples show how to apply these concepts to calculate properties like pressure, temperature, and enthalpy at different states.
Group E of Sanskar Public School completed a physics project on thermodynamics during the 2018-2019 academic year. The project was led by Sawarni Tiwari and included group members Manjeet Kumar, Shreya Tiwari, Mahwish, and Abhishek Singh. The project covered various topics in thermodynamics including the zeroth law, different types of processes, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The group thanked their teacher and principal for guidance and support in completing the successful project.
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and other forms of energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system remains constant, such that any increase in one form of energy (such as heat) results in an equal decrease in another form (such as work). The second law states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body without an input of work. The third law states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
This document provides an overview of properties of pure substances and phase changes. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition and discusses the three principal phases of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Phase change processes such as vaporization, condensation, and melting are examined. The concept of saturation, quality, and moisture content are introduced for mixtures of vapor and liquid phases. Property tables are presented to determine thermodynamic properties at various conditions. Examples demonstrate using these concepts and tables to solve problems involving pure substances.
Group E of Sanskar Public School completed a physics project on thermodynamics during the 2018-2019 academic year. The project was led by Sawarni Tiwari and included group members Manjeet Kumar, Shreya Tiwari, Mahwish, and Abhishek Singh. The project covered topics such as the laws of thermodynamics, heat and internal energy, state variables, processes like isothermal and adiabatic processes, and the work done in different processes. The principal and physics teacher certified that the project was the work of Group E and praised their initiative, cooperation, and the quality of their content and analysis.
This document contains 51 short answer questions related to aerodynamics and compressible flow. The questions cover topics like gas dynamics, compressible versus incompressible flow, compressibility, types of compressibility, properties of perfect gases, adiabatic and isentropic processes, Mach number, flow regimes, continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Many questions also focus specifically on nozzle flow, including definitions of different types of nozzles, choking, expansion, under-expanded versus over-expanded nozzles, and nozzle efficiency.
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
1. Look up the saturated pressure and specific volume values for water vapor at 45°C and 50°C in steam tables.
2. Use the saturated pressure and specific volume to determine the state (saturated vapor).
3. Look up the internal energy and enthalpy values for saturated water vapor at 45°C and 50°C from the steam tables.
4. Report the requested properties for saturated water vapor at 45°C and 50°C.
The saturated pressure at 45°C is 1.93 bar, specific volume is 0.9612 m3/kg. The internal energy is 2730 kJ/kg and the ent
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics including:
- The zeroth law of thermodynamics which establishes that two bodies in thermal equilibrium with a third body are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- Entropy, available energy, properties of pure substances, and mixtures of gases.
- Thermodynamic relations including processes, cycles, and the Gibbs phase rule.
- Energy interactions including definitions of work and different types of thermometers used to measure temperature.
Basic Mechanical Engineering Unit 4 Thermodynamics@by V.P.SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Basic Mechanical Engineering Unit 4 Thermodynamics for B.Tech. First-year students
Unit IV:
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic system, properties, state, process, Zeroth, First and second law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes at constant pressure, volume, enthalpy & entropy.
Steam Engineering: Classification and working of boilers, mountings, and accessories of boilers, steam properties, use of steam tables, P-V, T-S diagram
STEADY FLOW OF A VISCOUS FLUID THROUGH A SATURATED POROUS MEDIUM AT A CONSTAN...Journal For Research
In this paper the Steady flow of a viscous fluid through a porous medium over a fixed horizontal, impermeable and thermally insulated bottom. The flow through the porous medium satisfies the general momentum and energy equations are obtained when the temperature on the fixed bottom and on free surface prescibed. By using Galerkin Method, the expression for Velocity and Drag force are obtained. The Galerkin Method endowed with distinct features that account for its superiority over competing methods. The effect of different parameters on Velocity and Drag force are discussed with the help of graphs.
This document provides information about a thermodynamics course including:
- Recommended textbooks for the course
- Policies such as prohibiting cell phone disturbances and not accepting late assignments
- How to access the course outline and materials online
- An introduction to concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, processes, and the first law of thermodynamics.
- The document is a lecture on vapor power cycles and properties of pure substances given by Dr. Akhilendra Pratap Singh at IIT (BHU) Varanasi.
- It discusses the basics of vapor power cycles, their applications, and steam power plants. It also covers phases of pure substances, phase change processes, temperature-volume diagrams, and tables of thermodynamic properties.
- The key topics are the ideal gas law, saturated liquid and vapor states, and using property diagrams and tables to analyze phase change processes.
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter. The document defines key concepts in thermodynamics including system, surroundings, boundary, state, process, extensive and intensive properties, and phases. It also provides examples of thermodynamic processes like isobaric, isochoric, and isothermal processes. The document concludes by defining thermodynamic cycles and providing computational problems to practice applying thermodynamic concepts.
This document provides an introduction to engineering thermodynamics for mechanical engineering students. It defines key concepts like system, state, path, process, equilibrium and introduces the three laws of thermodynamics. The first law is the conservation of energy, the second law is the conservation of entropy, and the zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium. It explains the differences between open, closed and isolated systems and discusses properties of state, intensive and extensive properties. Reversible and irreversible processes are also defined. The goal is to provide students the foundation to analyze thermodynamic processes and devices.
Phy Chem EKC113 - 1 (Intro - Material Eq.) .pdfAmerAlsadi1
This document provides information about a physical chemistry course for the 2018/2019 semester. It includes:
- Details about the course instructors and their contact information.
- An outline of the course content including topics to be covered, references, objectives, outcomes and assessment details.
- The course is worth 3 credit units and students will be evaluated based on exams (60%), coursework (40%) including tests, assignments and quizzes.
- Class times and locations are provided, with notes that attendance is mandatory or students may be prevented from sitting exams.
This document provides an overview of the course MCT-114: Fundamentals of Thermal Sciences. The objectives of the course are to provide a solid grounding in engineering thermodynamics and its fundamental concepts. Topics covered include the basic concepts, laws of energy, ideal gas model, entropy, and power/refrigeration cycles. The course also introduces heat transfer concepts. The document outlines the suggested textbooks, course learning objectives, and provides an introduction to thermal-fluid sciences, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics.
This document provides information about P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering & Technology in Oovery, India. It specifically discusses the Department of Mechanical Engineering course ME3391 Engineering Thermodynamics, Unit I which covers basics, zeroth law, and first law of thermodynamics. The document then provides 15 multiple choice and short answer questions related to concepts covered in Unit I such as closed and open systems, intensive/extensive properties, steady flow processes, reversible processes, and applications of the first law of thermodynamics. It directs the reader to specific thermodynamics textbooks for reference in solving similar problems.
This document provides information about P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering & Technology in Oovery, India. It specifically discusses the Department of Mechanical Engineering course ME3391 Engineering Thermodynamics, Unit I which covers basics, zeroth law, and first law of thermodynamics. The document then provides 15 multiple choice and numerical problems related to thermodynamics concepts like systems, properties, processes, laws of thermodynamics, cycles and applications to devices like turbines, nozzles and compressors. It directs the reader to specific thermodynamics textbooks for reference in solving similar problems.
Application of first law of thermodynamicsPranit Mehta
This document discusses the application of the first law of thermodynamics, or the steady flow energy equation (SFEE), to various thermodynamic systems. It states that for steady flow, the rate of fluid flow is constant, and defines the assumptions of the SFEE. The SFEE states that the increase in enthalpy from state 1 to 2 equals the heat added plus work done. The document then provides examples of applying the SFEE to systems like boilers, turbines, compressors, nozzles, and condensers. It derives the specific equations that relate heat, work, enthalpy, and kinetic energy for each system.
process, Thermodynamic process,workdone, relation between pressure volume,first law of thermodynamic,need of second law,statement of second law,carnot heat engine,efficiency,numericals
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
More Related Content
Similar to Fundamentals_of_thermodynamics_and_refrigeration_cycles.pptx
Group E of Sanskar Public School completed a physics project on thermodynamics during the 2018-2019 academic year. The project was led by Sawarni Tiwari and included group members Manjeet Kumar, Shreya Tiwari, Mahwish, and Abhishek Singh. The project covered various topics in thermodynamics including the zeroth law, different types of processes, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The group thanked their teacher and principal for guidance and support in completing the successful project.
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and other forms of energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system remains constant, such that any increase in one form of energy (such as heat) results in an equal decrease in another form (such as work). The second law states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body without an input of work. The third law states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
This document provides an overview of properties of pure substances and phase changes. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition and discusses the three principal phases of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Phase change processes such as vaporization, condensation, and melting are examined. The concept of saturation, quality, and moisture content are introduced for mixtures of vapor and liquid phases. Property tables are presented to determine thermodynamic properties at various conditions. Examples demonstrate using these concepts and tables to solve problems involving pure substances.
Group E of Sanskar Public School completed a physics project on thermodynamics during the 2018-2019 academic year. The project was led by Sawarni Tiwari and included group members Manjeet Kumar, Shreya Tiwari, Mahwish, and Abhishek Singh. The project covered topics such as the laws of thermodynamics, heat and internal energy, state variables, processes like isothermal and adiabatic processes, and the work done in different processes. The principal and physics teacher certified that the project was the work of Group E and praised their initiative, cooperation, and the quality of their content and analysis.
This document contains 51 short answer questions related to aerodynamics and compressible flow. The questions cover topics like gas dynamics, compressible versus incompressible flow, compressibility, types of compressibility, properties of perfect gases, adiabatic and isentropic processes, Mach number, flow regimes, continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Many questions also focus specifically on nozzle flow, including definitions of different types of nozzles, choking, expansion, under-expanded versus over-expanded nozzles, and nozzle efficiency.
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
1. Look up the saturated pressure and specific volume values for water vapor at 45°C and 50°C in steam tables.
2. Use the saturated pressure and specific volume to determine the state (saturated vapor).
3. Look up the internal energy and enthalpy values for saturated water vapor at 45°C and 50°C from the steam tables.
4. Report the requested properties for saturated water vapor at 45°C and 50°C.
The saturated pressure at 45°C is 1.93 bar, specific volume is 0.9612 m3/kg. The internal energy is 2730 kJ/kg and the ent
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics including:
- The zeroth law of thermodynamics which establishes that two bodies in thermal equilibrium with a third body are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- Entropy, available energy, properties of pure substances, and mixtures of gases.
- Thermodynamic relations including processes, cycles, and the Gibbs phase rule.
- Energy interactions including definitions of work and different types of thermometers used to measure temperature.
Basic Mechanical Engineering Unit 4 Thermodynamics@by V.P.SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Basic Mechanical Engineering Unit 4 Thermodynamics for B.Tech. First-year students
Unit IV:
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic system, properties, state, process, Zeroth, First and second law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes at constant pressure, volume, enthalpy & entropy.
Steam Engineering: Classification and working of boilers, mountings, and accessories of boilers, steam properties, use of steam tables, P-V, T-S diagram
STEADY FLOW OF A VISCOUS FLUID THROUGH A SATURATED POROUS MEDIUM AT A CONSTAN...Journal For Research
In this paper the Steady flow of a viscous fluid through a porous medium over a fixed horizontal, impermeable and thermally insulated bottom. The flow through the porous medium satisfies the general momentum and energy equations are obtained when the temperature on the fixed bottom and on free surface prescibed. By using Galerkin Method, the expression for Velocity and Drag force are obtained. The Galerkin Method endowed with distinct features that account for its superiority over competing methods. The effect of different parameters on Velocity and Drag force are discussed with the help of graphs.
This document provides information about a thermodynamics course including:
- Recommended textbooks for the course
- Policies such as prohibiting cell phone disturbances and not accepting late assignments
- How to access the course outline and materials online
- An introduction to concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, processes, and the first law of thermodynamics.
- The document is a lecture on vapor power cycles and properties of pure substances given by Dr. Akhilendra Pratap Singh at IIT (BHU) Varanasi.
- It discusses the basics of vapor power cycles, their applications, and steam power plants. It also covers phases of pure substances, phase change processes, temperature-volume diagrams, and tables of thermodynamic properties.
- The key topics are the ideal gas law, saturated liquid and vapor states, and using property diagrams and tables to analyze phase change processes.
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, radiation, and physical properties of matter. The document defines key concepts in thermodynamics including system, surroundings, boundary, state, process, extensive and intensive properties, and phases. It also provides examples of thermodynamic processes like isobaric, isochoric, and isothermal processes. The document concludes by defining thermodynamic cycles and providing computational problems to practice applying thermodynamic concepts.
This document provides an introduction to engineering thermodynamics for mechanical engineering students. It defines key concepts like system, state, path, process, equilibrium and introduces the three laws of thermodynamics. The first law is the conservation of energy, the second law is the conservation of entropy, and the zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium. It explains the differences between open, closed and isolated systems and discusses properties of state, intensive and extensive properties. Reversible and irreversible processes are also defined. The goal is to provide students the foundation to analyze thermodynamic processes and devices.
Phy Chem EKC113 - 1 (Intro - Material Eq.) .pdfAmerAlsadi1
This document provides information about a physical chemistry course for the 2018/2019 semester. It includes:
- Details about the course instructors and their contact information.
- An outline of the course content including topics to be covered, references, objectives, outcomes and assessment details.
- The course is worth 3 credit units and students will be evaluated based on exams (60%), coursework (40%) including tests, assignments and quizzes.
- Class times and locations are provided, with notes that attendance is mandatory or students may be prevented from sitting exams.
This document provides an overview of the course MCT-114: Fundamentals of Thermal Sciences. The objectives of the course are to provide a solid grounding in engineering thermodynamics and its fundamental concepts. Topics covered include the basic concepts, laws of energy, ideal gas model, entropy, and power/refrigeration cycles. The course also introduces heat transfer concepts. The document outlines the suggested textbooks, course learning objectives, and provides an introduction to thermal-fluid sciences, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics.
This document provides information about P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering & Technology in Oovery, India. It specifically discusses the Department of Mechanical Engineering course ME3391 Engineering Thermodynamics, Unit I which covers basics, zeroth law, and first law of thermodynamics. The document then provides 15 multiple choice and short answer questions related to concepts covered in Unit I such as closed and open systems, intensive/extensive properties, steady flow processes, reversible processes, and applications of the first law of thermodynamics. It directs the reader to specific thermodynamics textbooks for reference in solving similar problems.
This document provides information about P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering & Technology in Oovery, India. It specifically discusses the Department of Mechanical Engineering course ME3391 Engineering Thermodynamics, Unit I which covers basics, zeroth law, and first law of thermodynamics. The document then provides 15 multiple choice and numerical problems related to thermodynamics concepts like systems, properties, processes, laws of thermodynamics, cycles and applications to devices like turbines, nozzles and compressors. It directs the reader to specific thermodynamics textbooks for reference in solving similar problems.
Application of first law of thermodynamicsPranit Mehta
This document discusses the application of the first law of thermodynamics, or the steady flow energy equation (SFEE), to various thermodynamic systems. It states that for steady flow, the rate of fluid flow is constant, and defines the assumptions of the SFEE. The SFEE states that the increase in enthalpy from state 1 to 2 equals the heat added plus work done. The document then provides examples of applying the SFEE to systems like boilers, turbines, compressors, nozzles, and condensers. It derives the specific equations that relate heat, work, enthalpy, and kinetic energy for each system.
process, Thermodynamic process,workdone, relation between pressure volume,first law of thermodynamic,need of second law,statement of second law,carnot heat engine,efficiency,numericals
Similar to Fundamentals_of_thermodynamics_and_refrigeration_cycles.pptx (20)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
1. Important concepts in thermodynamics
(Based on chapters 1 to 5 of Van Wylen)
Process engineering course
Supervisor: Dr. Avami
TA: Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi
Department of energy engineering – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
3. 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝐸 =
1
2
𝑚𝑉2 =
3
2
𝐾𝐵𝑇
Macro
Micro
MACROSCOPIC VERSUS MICROSCOPIC POINTS OF VIEW
3
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
4. A phase is defined as a quantity of matter that is homogeneous
throughout.
State, which is determined by some parameters called thermodynamic properties
(e.g. Temperature, pressure, quality, enthalpy, entropy, specific volume, density and
so on)
thermodynami
c
properties
Intensiv
e
Extensiv
e
Temp,
density…
Heat, internal
energy…
PROPERTIE
S
4
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
5. Whenever one or more of the properties of a system change, we
say that a change in state has occurred. For example, when one of
the weights on the piston in Fig. 2.3 is removed, the piston rises and
a change in state occurs, for the pressure decreases and the
specific volume increases. The path of the succession of states
through which the system passes is
called the process.
Several processes are described by the fact that one property remains constant.
The prefix iso- is used to describe such a process. An isothermal process is a
constant-temperature process, an isobaric (sometimes called isopiestic) process is
a constant-pressure process, and an isochoric process is a constant-volume
process
PROPERTIE
S
5
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
6. When a system in a given initial state goes through a number of different
changes of state or processes and finally returns to its initial state, the system
has undergone a cycle.
Energy
One very important concept in a study of thermodynamics is energy.
Energy is a fundamental concept, such as mass or force, and, as is
often the case with such concepts, it is very difficult to define. Energy
has been defined as the capability to produce an effect. Fortunately
the word energy and the basic concept that this word represents are
familiar to us in everyday usage, and a precise definition is not
essential at this point. Energy can be stored within a system and can
be transferred (as heat, for example) from one system to another.
CYCLE
6
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
7. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when two bodies have equality of
temperature with a third body, they in turn have equality of temperature with each
other. This seems obvious to us because we are so familiar with this experiment.
Because the principle is not derivable from other laws, and because it precedes
the first and second laws of thermodynamics in the logical presentation of
thermodynamics, it is called the zeroth law of thermodynamics. This law is really
the basis of temperature measurement. Every time a body has equality of
temperature with the thermometer, we can say that the body has the temperature
we read on the thermometer.
Zeroth law of
thermodynamics
7
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
10. A pure substance is one that has a homogeneous and invariable chemical
composition. It may exist in more than one phase, but the chemical composition is
the same in all phases. Thus, liquid water, a mixture of liquid water and water vapor
(steam), and a mixture of ice and liquid water are all pure substances; every phase
has the same chemical composition.
THE PURE SUBSTANCE
The term saturation temperature designates the temperature at which vaporization
takes place at a given pressure. This pressure is called the saturation pressure for
the given temperature. Thus, for water at 99.6◦C the saturation pressure is 0.1
MPa, and for water at 0.1 MPa the saturation temperature is 99.6◦C.
10
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
13. 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥𝑠𝑓𝑔 ℎ = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑓 + 𝑥𝑢𝑓𝑔
QUALITY
13
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
14. INDEPENDENT PROPERTIES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE
To understand the significance of the term independent property, consider the
saturated-liquid and saturated-vapor states of a pure substance. These two states
have the same pressure and the same temperature, but they are definitely not the
same state. In a saturation state, therefore, pressure and temperature are not
independent properties. Two independent properties, such as pressure and specific
volume or pressure and quality, are required to specify a saturation state of a pure
substance.
the state of a simple compressible pure substance (that is, a pure substance in the
absence of motion, gravity, and surface, magnetic, or electrical effects) is defined by
two independent properties.
14
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
15. Thermodynamic properties of a pure substance and the phase boundaries for solid,
liquid, and vapor states are discussed. Phase equilibrium for vaporization (boiling
liquid to vapor), or the opposite, condensation (vapor to liquid); sublimation (solid to
vapor) or the opposite, solidification (vapor to solid); and melting (solid to liquid) or the
opposite, solidifying (liquid to solid), should be recognized. The three-dimensional P–
v–T surface and the two-dimensional representations in the (P, T), (T, v) and (P, v)
diagrams, and the vaporization, sublimation, and fusion lines, are related to the
printed tables in Appendix B. Properties from printed and computer tables covering a
number of substances are introduced, including two-phase mixtures, for which we use
the mass fraction of vapor (quality).
SUMMARY
15
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
22. Water
T = 80 C and P = 500 KPa
T = 100 C and P = 10 KPa
P = 30 KPa and x = 0
T = 65 C and s = 6.5 => h=?
T = 57 C and x = 1 => h=?
How to use the table
22
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
23. T h
55 2600
57 y
60 2609
55−60
2600−2609
=
55−57
2600−𝑦
=> 𝑦 = 2603.6
How to use the table
Saturated vapor
Linear interpolation
23
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
24. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR A MASS VOLUME
conservation of
energy
𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
𝑒 = 𝑢 +
𝑣2
2
+ 𝑔𝑧
24
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
27. 27
Important concepts in thermodynamics
(Based on chapters 6 to 10 of Van Wylen)
Process engineering course
Supervisor: Dr. Avami
TA: Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi
Department of energy engineering – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
28. First-Law Analysis for a Control Volume
continuity
equation
28
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
30. Example 1
Flow P T m
R-134a (Hot, in) 1 MPa 60 C 0.2 Kg/s
R-134a (Hot, out) 0.95 MPa 35 C 0.2 Kg/s (liq)
Water (cold, in) 10
?
Water (cold, out) 20
Enthalpies can be calculated
based on the above table and
thermodynamic tables of the
reference book.
(R134a: p810, water: p777)
30
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
37. The Second Law of Thermodynamic
37
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
38. The Kelvin–Planck statement: It is impossible to construct a device that will
operate in a cycle and produce no effect other than the raising of a weight and
the exchange of heat with a single reservoir.
The Clausius statement: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a
cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a
hotter body.
The question that can now logically be posed is this: If it is impossible to have a heat
engine of 100% efficiency, what is the maximum efficiency one can have? The first
step in the answer to this question is to define an ideal process, which is called a
reversible process.
The Second Law of Thermodynamic
38
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
40. THE CARNOT CYCLE
It is impossible to construct an engine that
operates between two given reservoirs and
is more efficient than a reversible engine
operating between the same two
reservoirs.
First Proposition
All engines that operate on the Carnot cycle
between two given constant-temperature
reservoirs have the same efficiency.
Second Proposition
Power cycle: 𝑊
𝑟𝑒𝑣 ≥ 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑣 heat pumps: 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑣 ≥ 𝑊
𝑟𝑒𝑣 40
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
45. Entropy
Negative zero positive
𝑠 = 1 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥𝑠𝑔
𝑠 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥𝑠𝑓𝑔
Pure substance
Reversible
45
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
46. irreversible
entropy balance equation for a control mass
Entropy generation is always associated with the irreversibilities.
Entropy change = Heat transfer + disorder
ENTROPY IN IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES
46
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
47. Energy is conserved but entropy is
not
Change = +in - out +
generation
principle of the increase of
entropy
Feasible processes are those
with nonnegative entropy
change
CONSERVATION
47
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
48. 45 C
25 C First law:
∆𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙= 0
∆𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙= 0
10 J
Second law:
∆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙= ∆𝑆𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑒 ⇒
10
45 + 273
−
10
25 + 273
= −0.00211
𝐽
𝐾
∆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙= ∆𝑆𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑒 ⇒ −
10
45 + 273
+
10
25 + 273
= 0.00211
𝐽
𝐾
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTtxlaeC9PY
PROCESS
DIRECTION
48
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
49. THERMODYNAMIC LAWS FOR A TYPICAL CONTROL VOLUME
49
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
50. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR A CONTROL
VOLUME
Mass volume
Control volume
steady-state process
steady-state single flow process
steady-state single flow process per unit mass
50
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
52. For a thermodynamic cycle to be feasible, both first and second laws should be applicable.
FEASIBILITY OF A THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
Violation of the first law of thermodynamics:
Violation of the second law of thermodynamics:
52
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
54. 54
Process engineering course
Supervisor: Dr. Avami
TA: Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi
Department of energy engineering – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
Refrigeration cycles
(Based on chapters 11 & 12 of Van Wylen)
55. Saturated water
x = 0
Saturated vapor
x = 1
REGRIGERATION CYCLES
55
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
56. Example 6
Table of R134a: p810
56
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
57. Example 7
T1=-20, saturated vapor
P3=
Saturated liquid
saturated vapor
Table of R134a: p810
57
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
59. DEVIATION OF THE ACTUAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE FROM THE IDEAL CYCLE
59
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021
61. THE AIR-STANDARD REFRIGERATION CYCLE
If we consider the original ideal four-process refrigeration cycle with a
noncondensing (gaseous) working fluid, then the work output during the isentropic
expansion process is not negligibly small, as was the case with a condensing
working fluid.
61
Alireza Ghader Tootoonchi – Sharif university of technology- Fall 2021