The document discusses fundamentals of computer programming using C++, including program flow controls like selection and loop statements. It defines flow control and different types of selection statements like if, if-else, and switch statements. Loop statements like while, for, and do-while are also covered. The objectives are to use these flow controls to design programs that can evaluate conditions and execute code repeatedly. Recommended reading materials on these topics from various books and online sources are also provided.

1. Jan 2023
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
Chere L. (M. Tech)
Lecturer, SWEG, AASTU
Using C++

2. Jan 2023
PROGRAM FLOW CONTROLS
(Selection Statements)
Outline
▪ Introduction to flow control
▪ Branching flow controls
✓ One-way selection
✓ Two-way selection
✓ Multiple selections
✓ switch statement
CHAPTER FOUR

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PROGRAM FLOW CONTROLS
(Loop Statements)
Outline
▪ Introduction to iterative flow control
▪ Iterative/looping flow controls Stmts
✓ for loop
✓ while loop
✓ do . . . while loop
▪ Jumping statements
✓ break, continue, goto
▪ Program termination statements
✓ return, exit, abort
CHAPTER FOUR

4. Jan 2023
Objectives
At the end of this section, you able to
▪ Identify and use selection flow controls and iterative flow controls.
▪ Form and evaluate Boolean expressions
▪ Examine the relational and logical operators
▪ Determine the use case of the various selection, looping, jumping,
and program termination statements
▪ Design and develop a program using selection and loop statements
and the other flow control statements.

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4.1 Introduction to Flow Control

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What is flow control?
▪ It refers to the order in which a program statements (instructions) are
executed (performs actions).
▪ The term reflects the fact that the currently executing statement has
control of the CPU and is handed over (flow) to another statement when
its execution is completed.

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Cont’d
The natural flow control of program
▪ Typically, the flow control in a program is
sequential, which is the most common and
straightforward.
▪ However, usually a program execution is not
limited to a sequential

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Cont’d
Can the programmer
alter the normal
order of program
execution?
▪ Yes, programmers can control the order of
instruction execution
▪ Accordingly, most programming language
including C++ provides control structures that
serve to specify what has to be done by our
program, when and under which circumstances.

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The Basic Program Flow Controls
▪ Generally there are three basic program flow controls
Execution of instructions
sequentially one after
another
allow alternative actions
based upon conditions that
are evaluated at run time
allows to execute a
statement or group of
statements multiple times

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Types of Selection Statements
✓ One-way selection --- if Stmts
✓ Two-way selection --- if . . . else Stmts
✓ Multiple selection
➢ if . . . else if Stmts
➢ switch Stmts
➢ nested selection Stmts
Types of Looping Statements
✓ while loop
✓ for loop
✓ do...while loop
✓ Nested looping
Also group as
➢ Pre-test loops Vs. Post-test loops
➢ Count-controlled Vs. Event-controlled

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Selection Statements

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Identify the type of selection statements and write their syntax
1
2
if (expression) {
statement (s);
}
next statement(s);
▪ if the condition (Boolean expression)
is TRUE (evaluated to 1), then
statement(s) or the block that follows
the selection is executed and then the
next statement(s) gets executed.
▪ Otherwise nothing will be executed and
execution continues with the next
statement in the program.
Expression/condition
✓ It is a Boolean expression
✓ A condition that must be evaluated to
be true/false
✓ two or more relational expressions can
be combined with logical operators
if (expression){
statement1 / block1
}else{
statement2 / block2;
}
next statement(s);

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Cont’d
3
if (expression1){
statement1 / block1
}
else if (expression2){
statement2 / block2;
}
. . . . .
else {
statement-N / block-N;
}
next statement(s);

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Cont. . .
4

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Nested Selection Stmts
5
if (expression1){
if (expression1.1){
statement1.1 / block1.1;
}
statement1.2 / block1.2 //optional
}
else {
if (expression2){
statement2 / block2;
}
else if (expression3){
statement3 / block3;
}
else
statement4 / block4
}
next statement(s);

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Looping Statements

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Part of looping statements
▪ Initialization Expression(s)
✓ Initialize(s) the loop
✓ Variables at the beginning of the loop.
▪ Test Expression
✓ Decides whether the loop will be executed (if the test expression is true) or
not (if the test expression is false).
▪ Update Expression(s)
✓ Update(s) the values of loop variables after every iteration of the loop.
▪ The Body-of-the-Loop
✓ Contains statements to be executed repeatedly.

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Identify the type of looping statements and write their syntax
6
while (repetition condition) {
statement (s);
}
next statement(s);

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Cont’d
7
statement
true
condition
evaluated
false
increment
initialization
for ( initialization ; condition ; increment )
{
statement;
}
Theinitialization is
executed once before
the loopbegins
✓ It is similar to the while loop
condition part
✓ The statement is executed until
the conditionbecomes false
The incrementportionis
executed at
the end of eachiteration

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Cont’d
8
do {
statement (s);
} while (repetition condition)
next statement(s);

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Nested Loops
9

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Reading Resources/Materials
eBooks – selection statements
▪ Chapter 5 & 6: Diane Zak; An Introduction to Programming with C++ [8th Edition],
2016 Cengage Learning
▪ Chapter 4: Gary J. Bronson; C++ For Engineers and Scientists [3rd edition],
Course Technology, Cengage Learning, 2010
▪ Chapter 2 (section 2.4): Walter Savitch; Problem Solving With C++ [10th edition],
University of California, San Diego, 2018
▪ Chapter 4: P. Deitel , H. Deitel; C++ how to program, [10th, Global Edition] (2017)

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Reading Resources/Materials
eBooks – loop statements
▪ Chapter 7 & 8: Diane Zak; An Introduction to Programming with C++ [8th Edition],
2016 Cengage Learning
▪ Chapter 5: Gary J. Bronson; C++ For Engineers and Scientists [3rd edition],
Course Technology, Cengage Learning, 2010
▪ Chapter 2 (section 2.4): Walter Savitch; Problem Solving With C++ [10th edition],
University of California, San Diego, 2018
▪ Chapter 4 & 5: P. Deitel , H. Deitel; C++ how to program, [10th, Global Ed.] (2017)

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Reading Resources/Materials
Online Materials
▪ https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/default.asp
▪ https://www.javatpoint.com/cpp-tutorial
▪ https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming
▪ https://www.hackerrank.com/domains/cpp
▪ https://cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/

25. Jan 2023
Thank You
For Your Attention!!