This document provides an overview of fundamentals of noise. It defines sound as acoustic waves that propagate through a medium, with noise being unwanted or disturbing sound. Key concepts covered include:
- Sound is measured by properties like frequency, sound pressure level, intensity level, and power level.
- The decibel scale is used to quantify sound levels in a way that reflects human perception.
- Sound can be analyzed by its intensity or pressure levels across frequency bands like octave or one-third octave bands.
- The relationship between sound intensity, pressure, and power is explained. Combining sound from multiple sources is also addressed.
The document provides an overview of basic acoustics concepts including quantification of sound through measurements of sound pressure, intensity, and power. It discusses acoustic variables such as sound pressure level and intensity level which are expressed on a logarithmic decibel scale. Key concepts covered include the inverse square law describing how sound pressure/intensity decreases with distance from a point source, effects of multiple sound sources, relationships between frequency and sound perception, and directionality of sound sources. Measurement techniques and standards are also summarized.
1) The document is a lesson on acoustics that discusses sound fundamentals like frequency, wavelength, decibels and the human range of hearing.
2) It then covers acoustic concepts such as power, intensity, impedance and how they relate to a vibrating surface like a panel.
3) The document focuses on calculating the radiated acoustic power from a panel using Rayleigh's integral formulation and defines terms like transmission loss and radiation efficiency.
Noise is unwanted sound that varies air pressure in ways detectable by human ears. Common sources of noise pollution include traffic, industrial equipment, construction, and crowds. Noise is measured in decibels and standards set maximum levels for different land uses and times of day. Noise can be mitigated by modifying sources, transmission paths, or protecting receivers.
This document discusses fundamentals of acoustics, including:
- Sound consists of air molecule vibrations that propagate in longitudinal waves.
- Pitch is perceived as frequency and is measured in Hertz. The human range is 20Hz to 20kHz.
- Loudness relates to amplitude, power, and intensity of sound waves. It is measured in decibels on a logarithmic scale.
- Timbre is the quality that distinguishes different musical instrument sounds and is determined by the relative strengths of harmonic overtones above the fundamental pitch frequency.
Sound waves are caused by vibrations that create regions of high and low pressure in air molecules. Longitudinal waves propagate through fluids by relying on pressure forces between molecules. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity of the medium - more elastic media allow sound to travel faster. Pitch is perceived as the frequency of a sound wave, while loudness depends on the amplitude. Timbre, which allows distinction between sounds of the same pitch and loudness, is influenced most by the harmonic content or overtones present in the sound waveform.
The document discusses key concepts in acoustics including:
1. Acoustics is the science of sound, including its production, propagation, and effects. Sound is a wave motion consisting of compressions and rarefactions in an elastic medium.
2. For sound to be produced, there must be a vibrating body, transmitting medium, and receiving medium. The audible frequency range for humans is 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
3. Physical properties of sound waves include amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, and velocity of propagation. The velocity of sound depends on the properties of the medium it is traveling through.
4. When a sound wave encounters an obstruction, it can be reflected,
The document discusses key concepts related to the propagation of sound waves. It defines that sound needs a medium to propagate through and discusses how sound waves are generated by vibrating sources and transmitted through different mediums. The speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium, not the frequency or amplitude of the sound. Sound intensity decreases with distance from the source according to the inverse square law.
This document discusses the key characteristics of sound and how it is measured. It defines frequency, time period, intensity, wavelength, sound power, sound pressure, sound pressure level, amplitude, and decibel. Frequency is the number of vibrations per second, measured in Hertz. Intensity is the amount of sound energy received per unit area and time, measured in watts per square meter. Sound pressure level converts sound pressure to the decibel scale. Common tools for measuring sound include measuring intensity in decibels using a reference intensity of 10^-12 watts per square meter. The document also briefly discusses the permissible ambient noise levels defined for different zones in India.
The document provides an overview of basic acoustics concepts including quantification of sound through measurements of sound pressure, intensity, and power. It discusses acoustic variables such as sound pressure level and intensity level which are expressed on a logarithmic decibel scale. Key concepts covered include the inverse square law describing how sound pressure/intensity decreases with distance from a point source, effects of multiple sound sources, relationships between frequency and sound perception, and directionality of sound sources. Measurement techniques and standards are also summarized.
1) The document is a lesson on acoustics that discusses sound fundamentals like frequency, wavelength, decibels and the human range of hearing.
2) It then covers acoustic concepts such as power, intensity, impedance and how they relate to a vibrating surface like a panel.
3) The document focuses on calculating the radiated acoustic power from a panel using Rayleigh's integral formulation and defines terms like transmission loss and radiation efficiency.
Noise is unwanted sound that varies air pressure in ways detectable by human ears. Common sources of noise pollution include traffic, industrial equipment, construction, and crowds. Noise is measured in decibels and standards set maximum levels for different land uses and times of day. Noise can be mitigated by modifying sources, transmission paths, or protecting receivers.
This document discusses fundamentals of acoustics, including:
- Sound consists of air molecule vibrations that propagate in longitudinal waves.
- Pitch is perceived as frequency and is measured in Hertz. The human range is 20Hz to 20kHz.
- Loudness relates to amplitude, power, and intensity of sound waves. It is measured in decibels on a logarithmic scale.
- Timbre is the quality that distinguishes different musical instrument sounds and is determined by the relative strengths of harmonic overtones above the fundamental pitch frequency.
Sound waves are caused by vibrations that create regions of high and low pressure in air molecules. Longitudinal waves propagate through fluids by relying on pressure forces between molecules. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity of the medium - more elastic media allow sound to travel faster. Pitch is perceived as the frequency of a sound wave, while loudness depends on the amplitude. Timbre, which allows distinction between sounds of the same pitch and loudness, is influenced most by the harmonic content or overtones present in the sound waveform.
The document discusses key concepts in acoustics including:
1. Acoustics is the science of sound, including its production, propagation, and effects. Sound is a wave motion consisting of compressions and rarefactions in an elastic medium.
2. For sound to be produced, there must be a vibrating body, transmitting medium, and receiving medium. The audible frequency range for humans is 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
3. Physical properties of sound waves include amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, and velocity of propagation. The velocity of sound depends on the properties of the medium it is traveling through.
4. When a sound wave encounters an obstruction, it can be reflected,
The document discusses key concepts related to the propagation of sound waves. It defines that sound needs a medium to propagate through and discusses how sound waves are generated by vibrating sources and transmitted through different mediums. The speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium, not the frequency or amplitude of the sound. Sound intensity decreases with distance from the source according to the inverse square law.
This document discusses the key characteristics of sound and how it is measured. It defines frequency, time period, intensity, wavelength, sound power, sound pressure, sound pressure level, amplitude, and decibel. Frequency is the number of vibrations per second, measured in Hertz. Intensity is the amount of sound energy received per unit area and time, measured in watts per square meter. Sound pressure level converts sound pressure to the decibel scale. Common tools for measuring sound include measuring intensity in decibels using a reference intensity of 10^-12 watts per square meter. The document also briefly discusses the permissible ambient noise levels defined for different zones in India.
This document discusses key concepts in ultrasound therapy. It defines ultrasound as mechanical energy consisting of areas of compression and rarefaction. Frequency is the number of compression/rarefaction cycles per second. Propagation speed depends on the medium and determines wavelength. Accoustic impedance describes resistance to an ultrasound beam. Reflection and refraction occur at impedance boundaries. Attenuation reduces intensity as ultrasound propagates through tissue. Intensity is further defined as spatial peak, average, temporal peak and average.
Physiology of Hearing by Dr. Sudin Kayastha Sudin Kayastha
1) Sound is a vibratory energy that travels as pressure waves through a medium such as air, water or solid materials. In air at 20°C, sound travels at approximately 344 meters per second.
2) The inner ear converts sound waves into electrical signals that are transmitted by the auditory nerve to the brain. Key components of hearing include the outer, middle and inner ear. The middle ear provides impedance matching between air and cochlear fluids.
3) The cochlea contains the organ of Corti which converts sound waves into neural signals through the movement of hair cells. These signals are transmitted by the auditory nerve and processed at various levels of the central auditory system to analyze features
Industrial noise can negatively impact human health. It is defined as unwanted sounds that are sensed by the ear due to fluctuations in air pressure. The key characteristics of noise are intensity, frequency, and exposure duration. Prolonged or frequent exposure to loud noise can cause both temporary and permanent hearing loss. It can also increase blood pressure and heart rate. Those most at risk are industrial workers who are regularly exposed to high noise levels. Noise is measured using sound level meters and dosimeters to evaluate exposure levels and implement effective noise controls.
1. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity and density of the medium, traveling fastest in solids and slower in liquids and gases. The speed varies in gases based on temperature, pressure, and humidity but is approximately 343 m/s in dry air.
2. Sound pressure represents the amplitude of a sound wave, measured as the difference between the local pressure caused by the wave and the static pressure. It can be perceived from 20 microPascals to over 100 Pascals by the human ear.
3. Frequency is the number of oscillations per second, determining the pitch of a sound. The normal human hearing range is 20-20,000 Hz. Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
1. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity and density of the medium, traveling fastest in solids and slower in liquids and gases. The speed varies in gases based on temperature, pressure, and humidity but is approximately 343 m/s in dry air.
2. Sound pressure represents the amplitude of a sound wave, measured as the difference between the local pressure caused by the wave and the static pressure. It can be perceived from 20 microPascals to over 100 Pascals by the human ear.
3. Frequency is the number of oscillations per second, determining the pitch of a sound. The normal human hearing range is 20-20,000 Hz. Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
1. The lecture covered sound waves and their properties including the speed of sound in different mediums, intensity, loudness, standing waves in pipes, and the Doppler effect.
2. Honors papers are due on Friday, November 12th by email and there will be a special quiz after Thanksgiving.
3. Key equations include the speed of sound, intensity, loudness in decibels, frequencies of standing waves in open and closed pipes, and the Doppler effect formula relating source and observer frequencies.
1. The lecture covered sound waves and their properties including speed of sound in different mediums, intensity, loudness, standing waves in pipes, and the Doppler effect.
2. Honors papers are due on Friday, November 12th by email. There will be a special quiz after Thanksgiving.
3. The speed of sound is higher in helium than in air, so the fundamental frequency of a pipe would decrease if the air inside was replaced with helium.
This document discusses analog communication and noise. It defines noise as unwanted energy that interferes with signal reception and reproduction. Noise is classified as either external noise generated outside receivers, like atmospheric or man-made noise, or internal noise generated within receivers, like thermal, flicker, and transit-time noise. Thermal noise is generated by random molecule motion, while flicker noise occurs at low audio frequencies in transistors. Transit-time noise results from electron transit time in transistors. Signal-to-noise ratio is the power ratio of signal to noise, and noise figure is the ratio of input to output signal-to-noise ratios of a receiver. Simple noise problems can be solved using the provided formulas.
This document discusses analog communication and noise. It defines noise as unwanted energy that interferes with signal reception and reproduction. Noise is classified as either external noise generated outside receivers, like atmospheric or man-made noise, or internal noise generated within receivers, like thermal, flicker, and transit-time noise. Thermal noise is generated by random molecule motion, while flicker noise occurs at low audio frequencies in transistors. Transit-time noise arises during electron transit time in transistors at very high frequencies. Signal-to-noise ratio is the power ratio of signal to noise, and noise figure is the ratio of input to output signal-to-noise ratios of a receiver. Simple noise problems can be solved using the provided formulas.
This document discusses the physics of sound and how humans perceive attributes like loudness. It covers topics like sound pressure level, the inverse relationship between intensity and distance, and how loudness depends on factors like frequency, bandwidth, duration, and partial masking. Loudness is measured in phones and contours of equal loudness show how loudness level varies with frequency. The ear's loudness response depends on critical bands and loudness can be greater for binaural vs monaural sounds. Intensity discrimination involves changes in neuron firing rates and patterns at different sound levels.
1. Sound level meters are devices used to measure sound pressure levels in decibels. They consist of a microphone, amplifier, frequency weighting filter, detector, and display. Common types are integrating and real-time meters.
2. Sound level meters have applications in environmental monitoring, occupational safety, entertainment, and product testing to ensure compliance with noise regulations and standards.
3. Regular calibration is important for sound level meter accuracy, as measurements inform regulatory limits on acceptable noise exposure.
FUNDAMENTAL ACOUSTICS AND WIND TURBINE NOISE ISSUESriseagrant
Wind turbines produce noise from aerodynamic and mechanical sources. Aerodynamic noise from airflow over the blades is the main contributor. The noise is amplitude modulated by blade rotation and varies with wind speed. Wind turbines can be perceived as intrusive in rural areas with low background noise. Noise regulations set limits on allowable sound levels and require setbacks from residences. Low frequency noise and infrasound may be issues for some downwind turbine designs.
FUNDAMENTAL ACOUSTICS AND WIND TURBINE NOISE ISSUESriseagrant
Wind turbines produce noise from aerodynamic and mechanical sources. Aerodynamic noise from airflow over the blades is the largest contributor. The sound is amplitude modulated by blade rotation. Wind turbine noise is perceived as more annoying than constant noise due to its unpredictable nature. Noise levels decrease with distance from the turbine following laws of spherical spreading and atmospheric absorption. Low frequency noise and infrasound may be issues for some turbines operating downwind of towers. Regulations establish noise limits and setback distances to minimize community impact.
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound that is loud or unpleasant. Sound becomes noise when it reaches unbearable levels and causes irritation or damage to the ear. The speed of sound depends on factors like the type of medium and temperature, traveling faster in liquids, solids, and at higher temperatures. Noise can harm hearing by causing temporary or permanent threshold shifts. The decibel scale is used to measure sound pressure levels, with prolonged exposure to sounds over 85 dB posing risk of noise-induced hearing loss. NIHL arises from repeated exposure in noisy areas and damages the inner ear over time.
The document provides terminology definitions related to noise control and acoustics. It defines key terms like insertion loss, noise reduction coefficient, sound pressure level, sound intensity level, octave bands, and more. It also discusses fundamental noise control concepts like frequency, sound pressure, sound power levels, and subjective loudness changes. The document is an engineering guide for noise control that refers the reader to a Price Industries HVAC handbook for more information on the topic.
This document provides an overview of sound from a mathematical perspective. It discusses how sound is created through vibration, its propagation as a longitudinal pressure wave, and how frequency and wavelength are related through the speed of sound. The speed of sound varies according to the medium and environmental factors like temperature. Sound intensity decreases with the inverse square of distance from the source and is measured on the decibel scale. Common sources of sound production are also examined, including vocal cords, speakers, and musical instruments like the French horn.
A sound level meter is an instrument used to objectively measure sound pressure levels in decibels in a standardized way, similar to how the human ear perceives sound. It has a microphone that converts sound to electrical signals, and uses time and frequency weightings to process the signals in a way that approximates human hearing. The processed signal is then amplified and its root mean square value determined to indicate the sound level. Sound level meters are used to measure noise from sources like industry, traffic, and construction to evaluate noise environments.
Acoustics is the science dealing with mechanical waves, including sound. It involves the study of sound propagation, absorption, and reflection. Acoustics consultants provide services related to architectural acoustics, noise control, vibration analysis, and modeling of sound. The spectrum of sound ranges from infrasound to ultrasound. Sound is transmitted through materials as longitudinal or transverse waves. Key characteristics of sound waves include amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and the decibel scale used to measure intensity.
This document discusses key concepts in ultrasound therapy. It defines ultrasound as mechanical energy consisting of areas of compression and rarefaction. Frequency is the number of compression/rarefaction cycles per second. Propagation speed depends on the medium and determines wavelength. Accoustic impedance describes resistance to an ultrasound beam. Reflection and refraction occur at impedance boundaries. Attenuation reduces intensity as ultrasound propagates through tissue. Intensity is further defined as spatial peak, average, temporal peak and average.
Physiology of Hearing by Dr. Sudin Kayastha Sudin Kayastha
1) Sound is a vibratory energy that travels as pressure waves through a medium such as air, water or solid materials. In air at 20°C, sound travels at approximately 344 meters per second.
2) The inner ear converts sound waves into electrical signals that are transmitted by the auditory nerve to the brain. Key components of hearing include the outer, middle and inner ear. The middle ear provides impedance matching between air and cochlear fluids.
3) The cochlea contains the organ of Corti which converts sound waves into neural signals through the movement of hair cells. These signals are transmitted by the auditory nerve and processed at various levels of the central auditory system to analyze features
Industrial noise can negatively impact human health. It is defined as unwanted sounds that are sensed by the ear due to fluctuations in air pressure. The key characteristics of noise are intensity, frequency, and exposure duration. Prolonged or frequent exposure to loud noise can cause both temporary and permanent hearing loss. It can also increase blood pressure and heart rate. Those most at risk are industrial workers who are regularly exposed to high noise levels. Noise is measured using sound level meters and dosimeters to evaluate exposure levels and implement effective noise controls.
1. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity and density of the medium, traveling fastest in solids and slower in liquids and gases. The speed varies in gases based on temperature, pressure, and humidity but is approximately 343 m/s in dry air.
2. Sound pressure represents the amplitude of a sound wave, measured as the difference between the local pressure caused by the wave and the static pressure. It can be perceived from 20 microPascals to over 100 Pascals by the human ear.
3. Frequency is the number of oscillations per second, determining the pitch of a sound. The normal human hearing range is 20-20,000 Hz. Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
1. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity and density of the medium, traveling fastest in solids and slower in liquids and gases. The speed varies in gases based on temperature, pressure, and humidity but is approximately 343 m/s in dry air.
2. Sound pressure represents the amplitude of a sound wave, measured as the difference between the local pressure caused by the wave and the static pressure. It can be perceived from 20 microPascals to over 100 Pascals by the human ear.
3. Frequency is the number of oscillations per second, determining the pitch of a sound. The normal human hearing range is 20-20,000 Hz. Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
1. The lecture covered sound waves and their properties including the speed of sound in different mediums, intensity, loudness, standing waves in pipes, and the Doppler effect.
2. Honors papers are due on Friday, November 12th by email and there will be a special quiz after Thanksgiving.
3. Key equations include the speed of sound, intensity, loudness in decibels, frequencies of standing waves in open and closed pipes, and the Doppler effect formula relating source and observer frequencies.
1. The lecture covered sound waves and their properties including speed of sound in different mediums, intensity, loudness, standing waves in pipes, and the Doppler effect.
2. Honors papers are due on Friday, November 12th by email. There will be a special quiz after Thanksgiving.
3. The speed of sound is higher in helium than in air, so the fundamental frequency of a pipe would decrease if the air inside was replaced with helium.
This document discusses analog communication and noise. It defines noise as unwanted energy that interferes with signal reception and reproduction. Noise is classified as either external noise generated outside receivers, like atmospheric or man-made noise, or internal noise generated within receivers, like thermal, flicker, and transit-time noise. Thermal noise is generated by random molecule motion, while flicker noise occurs at low audio frequencies in transistors. Transit-time noise results from electron transit time in transistors. Signal-to-noise ratio is the power ratio of signal to noise, and noise figure is the ratio of input to output signal-to-noise ratios of a receiver. Simple noise problems can be solved using the provided formulas.
This document discusses analog communication and noise. It defines noise as unwanted energy that interferes with signal reception and reproduction. Noise is classified as either external noise generated outside receivers, like atmospheric or man-made noise, or internal noise generated within receivers, like thermal, flicker, and transit-time noise. Thermal noise is generated by random molecule motion, while flicker noise occurs at low audio frequencies in transistors. Transit-time noise arises during electron transit time in transistors at very high frequencies. Signal-to-noise ratio is the power ratio of signal to noise, and noise figure is the ratio of input to output signal-to-noise ratios of a receiver. Simple noise problems can be solved using the provided formulas.
This document discusses the physics of sound and how humans perceive attributes like loudness. It covers topics like sound pressure level, the inverse relationship between intensity and distance, and how loudness depends on factors like frequency, bandwidth, duration, and partial masking. Loudness is measured in phones and contours of equal loudness show how loudness level varies with frequency. The ear's loudness response depends on critical bands and loudness can be greater for binaural vs monaural sounds. Intensity discrimination involves changes in neuron firing rates and patterns at different sound levels.
1. Sound level meters are devices used to measure sound pressure levels in decibels. They consist of a microphone, amplifier, frequency weighting filter, detector, and display. Common types are integrating and real-time meters.
2. Sound level meters have applications in environmental monitoring, occupational safety, entertainment, and product testing to ensure compliance with noise regulations and standards.
3. Regular calibration is important for sound level meter accuracy, as measurements inform regulatory limits on acceptable noise exposure.
FUNDAMENTAL ACOUSTICS AND WIND TURBINE NOISE ISSUESriseagrant
Wind turbines produce noise from aerodynamic and mechanical sources. Aerodynamic noise from airflow over the blades is the main contributor. The noise is amplitude modulated by blade rotation and varies with wind speed. Wind turbines can be perceived as intrusive in rural areas with low background noise. Noise regulations set limits on allowable sound levels and require setbacks from residences. Low frequency noise and infrasound may be issues for some downwind turbine designs.
FUNDAMENTAL ACOUSTICS AND WIND TURBINE NOISE ISSUESriseagrant
Wind turbines produce noise from aerodynamic and mechanical sources. Aerodynamic noise from airflow over the blades is the largest contributor. The sound is amplitude modulated by blade rotation. Wind turbine noise is perceived as more annoying than constant noise due to its unpredictable nature. Noise levels decrease with distance from the turbine following laws of spherical spreading and atmospheric absorption. Low frequency noise and infrasound may be issues for some turbines operating downwind of towers. Regulations establish noise limits and setback distances to minimize community impact.
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound that is loud or unpleasant. Sound becomes noise when it reaches unbearable levels and causes irritation or damage to the ear. The speed of sound depends on factors like the type of medium and temperature, traveling faster in liquids, solids, and at higher temperatures. Noise can harm hearing by causing temporary or permanent threshold shifts. The decibel scale is used to measure sound pressure levels, with prolonged exposure to sounds over 85 dB posing risk of noise-induced hearing loss. NIHL arises from repeated exposure in noisy areas and damages the inner ear over time.
The document provides terminology definitions related to noise control and acoustics. It defines key terms like insertion loss, noise reduction coefficient, sound pressure level, sound intensity level, octave bands, and more. It also discusses fundamental noise control concepts like frequency, sound pressure, sound power levels, and subjective loudness changes. The document is an engineering guide for noise control that refers the reader to a Price Industries HVAC handbook for more information on the topic.
This document provides an overview of sound from a mathematical perspective. It discusses how sound is created through vibration, its propagation as a longitudinal pressure wave, and how frequency and wavelength are related through the speed of sound. The speed of sound varies according to the medium and environmental factors like temperature. Sound intensity decreases with the inverse square of distance from the source and is measured on the decibel scale. Common sources of sound production are also examined, including vocal cords, speakers, and musical instruments like the French horn.
A sound level meter is an instrument used to objectively measure sound pressure levels in decibels in a standardized way, similar to how the human ear perceives sound. It has a microphone that converts sound to electrical signals, and uses time and frequency weightings to process the signals in a way that approximates human hearing. The processed signal is then amplified and its root mean square value determined to indicate the sound level. Sound level meters are used to measure noise from sources like industry, traffic, and construction to evaluate noise environments.
Acoustics is the science dealing with mechanical waves, including sound. It involves the study of sound propagation, absorption, and reflection. Acoustics consultants provide services related to architectural acoustics, noise control, vibration analysis, and modeling of sound. The spectrum of sound ranges from infrasound to ultrasound. Sound is transmitted through materials as longitudinal or transverse waves. Key characteristics of sound waves include amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and the decibel scale used to measure intensity.
This document discusses various concepts related to property valuation, including:
1. Definitions of key terms like cost, prime cost, supplementary cost, and value.
2. Factors that affect property value like location, maintenance, purpose of valuation, and supply and demand.
3. Methods of calculating depreciation like the straight line method and constant percentage method.
4. Uses of valuation tables and examples of calculating present value, future value, and sinking funds.
5. Methods of valuing properties like the rental method, land and building method, and profit-based method.
This document discusses urban health issues, challenges, and solutions in India. It notes that urbanization is increasing rapidly due to migration, leading to overcrowded slums lacking basic infrastructure. This puts urban populations at risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Key challenges to the health system include the dual burden of diseases, large urban poor populations, administrative issues, and operational challenges in equitably providing health services and coordinating various agencies. Proposed solutions include improving health data, inter-sectoral coordination, strengthening public-private partnerships, financing techniques, and public health facilities.
This document discusses basic respiratory mechanics relevant for mechanical ventilation. It covers topics such as volume change over time, gas flow, pressure differences, compliance, airway resistance, and the mechanical response to positive pressure application. Equations of motion relating pressure, volume, compliance, and resistance are presented. The effects of varying time constants on lung volume change over time are explored. Optimizing settings like tidal volume, inspiratory time, and expiratory time based on a patient's respiratory mechanics is discussed. The relationship between airway pressure, alveolar pressure, transpulmonary pressure, and chest wall elastance is also examined.
The document discusses project estimation and scheduling. It introduces the COCOMO model, which is an algorithmic cost modeling technique. COCOMO estimates software development effort, cost, and schedule as a function of several cost drivers and project attributes. It categorizes projects into organic, semidetached, and embedded modes with different productivity rates and equations. The intermediate COCOMO model multiplies the basic estimate by effort adjustment factors based on ratings for 15 cost drivers.
Maintenance of facilities and equipment is important to achieve quality, reliability and efficiency. The objectives of plant maintenance are to increase reliability, maximize equipment life, minimize costs, and enhance safety. Preventive maintenance helps reduce downtime costs which usually exceed costs of inspection and service. An effective maintenance program requires trained staff, regular inspection and service, and record keeping. The goal is to prevent failures through planned activities rather than relying on expensive emergency repairs after breakdowns.
The document provides an overview of home and building automation systems. It defines home automation as the automation and remote control of devices in a home like lighting, HVAC, and appliances. Building automation automates security, fire detection, HVAC, and other systems in commercial buildings. The document discusses various technologies used in home and building automation like KNX, Modbus, MyHome/OpenWebNet protocols and networks. It provides details on the architecture, applications, and data models of these different automation standards.
This document discusses various methods of damp proofing in buildings. It begins by defining dampness as the access and penetration of moisture into buildings through walls, floors and roofs. Several causes of dampness are outlined like moisture from the ground, splashing of rain, and condensation. The ideal properties of damp proofing materials are described as being impervious, durable, dimensionally stable and flexible. Common damp proofing methods for foundations, floors, and walls are then explained involving bitumen, plastic sheets, and damp proof courses. The principles of effective damp proofing and different treatments for various building elements are provided.
This document provides an overview of composite materials. It defines a composite as a material made of two or more physically distinct phases that produce properties different from the individual components. The document discusses various types of composite materials, including metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and polymer matrix composites. It also covers the classification of composites, functions of the matrix, reinforcing phases, properties, processing techniques, and applications.
Green buildings are designed to reduce environmental impact through efficient use of resources, protecting health, and reducing pollution. They meet objectives such as energy efficiency, water conservation, indoor air quality and use of sustainable materials. While the green building movement started in the late 1980s, it has grown significantly in recent decades driven by concerns over energy prices, environmental protection and sustainability.
This document provides an outline and learning objectives for a chapter on project management. The outline covers topics like project planning, scheduling, controlling, and techniques like PERT and CPM. It also defines key project management terms and provides examples of how to create a work breakdown structure, network diagrams, and Gantt charts. The learning objectives indicate what students should be able to do after completing the chapter, such as using Gantt charts, drawing networks, and calculating variances.
A Building Management System (BMS) controls and monitors a building's technical systems and services. It links individual equipment to operate as an integrated whole. Key benefits include improved tenant comfort, energy management to reduce costs, and tools to manage building ratings. Operational considerations include regular tuning, documentation, maintenance, and planning for the system lifecycle.
Building services engineering (BSE) involves designing, installing, and servicing systems that make buildings comfortable, safe, and convenient. This includes mechanical and electrical systems like HVAC, plumbing, lighting, and fire protection. BSE is an important field as these systems account for 30-60% of building costs and affect occupant health, comfort, and productivity. BSE design considers factors like climate, codes, costs, and sustainability to meet objectives of hygiene, safety, and comfort. Government departments and professional bodies regulate BSE work in Hong Kong.
A Building Management System (BMS) controls and monitors a building's technical systems and services. It links individual equipment to operate as an integrated whole. Key benefits include improved tenant comfort, energy management to reduce costs, and tools to manage building ratings. Operational considerations include regular tuning, documentation, maintenance, and planning for the system lifecycle.
The document summarizes a report by the Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA) about smart cities and intelligent buildings. CABA promotes connected home and building technologies. The report discusses major drivers of smart cities like urbanization, aging infrastructure, and new technologies. It outlines key aspects of smart city development including vertical applications, enabling technologies, and the role of intelligent buildings. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated trends like remote working and demand for touchless buildings solutions. The report recommends technologies that can help address post-pandemic challenges in areas like indoor air quality, occupancy monitoring, and digital twins.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF NOISE
Dr. ASHISH K DARPE
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IIT DELHI
2. Sound is a sensation of acoustic waves (disturbance/pressure
fluctuations setup in a medium)
Unpleasant, unwanted, disturbing sound is generally treated
as Noise and is a highly subjective feeling
3. • Sound is a disturbance that propagates through a medium
having properties of inertia ( mass ) and elasticity. The
medium by which the audible waves are transmitted is air.
Basically sound propagation is simply the molecular
transfer of motional energy. Hence it cannot pass through
vacuum.
Frequency: Number of pressure
cycles / time
also called pitch of sound (in Hz)
Guess how much is particle
displacement??
8e-3nm to 0.1mm
4. The disturbance gradually diminishes as it travels outwards
since the initial amount of energy is gradually spreading over a
wider area. If the disturbance is confined to one dimension (
tube / thin rod), it does not diminish as it travels ( except loses
at the walls of the tube )
5.
6. Speed of Sound
The rate at which the disturbance (sound wave) travels
Property of the medium
0
0
P
c
RT
c
M
Alternatively,
c – Speed of sound P0, 0 - Pressure and Density
- Ratio of specific heats R – Universal Gas Constant
T – Temperature in 0KM – Molecular weight
Speed of Light: 299,792,458 m/s Speed of sound 344 m/s
2
1
0
273
1
c
T
c
c
s
m
c /
5
.
343
25
s
m
c /
355
40
7. Sound Measurement
• Provides definite quantities that describe and rate
sound
• Permit precise, scientific analysis of annoying
sound (objective means for comparison)
• Help estimate Damage to Hearing
• Powerful diagnostic tool for noise reduction
program: Airports, Factories, Homes, Recording
studios, Highways, etc.
8. Quantifying Sound
Root Mean Square Value (RMS) of Sound Pressure
Mean energy associated with sound waves is its
fundamental feature
energy is proportional to square of amplitude
1
2
2
0
1
[ ( )]
T
p p t dt
T
0.707
p a
Acoustic Variables: Pressure and Particle Velocity
9. Range of RMS pressure fluctuations that a human ear can
detect extends from
0.00002 N/m2 (threshold of hearing)
to
20 N/m2 (sensation of pain) 1000000 times larger
Atmospheric Pressure is 105N/m2
so the peak pressure associated with loudest sound
is 3500 times smaller than atm.pressure
The large range of associated pressure is one of the reasons we
need alternate scale
RANGE OF PRESSURE
10. Human ear responded logarithmically to power difference
Alexander Graham Bell
invented a unit Bel to measure the ability of people to hear
Power Ratio of 2 = dB of 3
Power Ratio of 10 = dB of 10
Power Ratio of 100 = dB of 20
In acoustics, multiplication by a given factor is encountered most
W1=W2*n
So, Log10W1= Log10W2 + Log10n
Thus, if the two powers differ by a factor of 10 (n=10), the
difference between the Log values of two power quantities is 1Bel
dB SCALE
11. 10Log10W1= 10Log10W2 + 10Log10n to avoid fractions
Now we have above quantities in deciBel, 10dB=1Bel
deciBels are thus another way of expressing ratios
2
V
W
R
2
P
W
r
Electrical
Power
Sound
Power
20Log10V1= 20Log10V2 + 20Log10n(1/2)
20Log10P1= 20Log10P2 + 20Log10n(1/2)
r - acoustic impedance
Decibel
12. Sound Pressure Level
20Log10P1= 20Log10P2 + 20Log10n(1/2)
20Log10(P1/P2) = 20Log10n(1/2)
20Log10n(1/2) is still in deciBel, defined as Sound Pressure Level
Sound pressure level is always relative to a reference
In acoustics, the reference pressure P2=2e-5 N/m2 or 20Pa (RMS)
SPL=20Log10(P1/2e-5) P1 is RMS pressure
n: Ratio of sound powers
13. Corresponding to audio range of Sound Pressure
2e-5 N/m2 - 0 dB
20 N/m2 - 120 dB
Normal SPL encountered are between 35 dB to 90 dB
For underwater acoustics different reference pressure is used
Pref = 0.1 N/m2
It is customary to specify SPL as 52dB re 20Pa
Sound Pressure Level
16. Sound Intensity
A plane progressive sound wave traveling in a medium (say
along a tube) contains energy and
rate of transfer of energy per unit cross-sectional area is
defined as Sound Intensity
0
1
T
I p u dt
T
2
0
P
I
c
10
10
ref
I
IL Log
I
2
1 0
1
10 10 2
0
/( )
20 10
2 5 (2 5) /( )
p c
p
SPL Log dB Log dB
e e c
12 12
10 10 10
12 2 2
0 0
10 10
10 10 10
10 (2 5) /( ) (2 5) /( )
ref
I I
SPL Log dB Log Log
e c I e c
For air, 0c 415Ns/m3 so that 0.16 dB
SPL IL
Hold true also for spherical
waves far away from source
17. COMBINATION OF SEVERAL SOURCES
Total Intensity produced by several sources
IT=I1+ I2+ I3+…
Usually, intensity levels are known (L1, L2,…)
3
1 2
10
10 10
10 10 10 10 ...
L
L L
T
L Log
12
10
10
T
T
I
L Log
1
1 12
10
10
I
L Log
18. If intensity levels of each of the N sources is same,
1
10
10 10
L
T
L Log N
1
10
T
L LogN L
Thus for 2 identical sources, total Intensity Level is 10Log2
i.e., 3dB greater than the level of the single source
For 2 sources of different intensities: L1 and L2
COMBINATIONS OF SOURCES
L1=60dB, L2=65.5dB
LT=66.5dB
L1=80dB, L2=82dB
LT=84dB
19. FREQUENCY & FREQUENCY BANDS
Frequency of sound ---- as important as its level
Sensitivity of ear
Sound insulation of a wall
Attenuation of silencer all vary with freq.
<20Hz 20Hz to 20000Hz > 20000Hz
Infrasonic Audio Range Ultrasonic
21. Amplitude
(dB)
A1
f1 Frequency (Hz)
Complex Noise Pattern
No discrete tones, infinite frequencies
Better to group them in frequency bands – total strength in
each band gives measure of sound
Octave Bands commonly used (Octave: Halving / doubling)
produced by exhaust of Jet Engine, water at base of
Niagara Falls, hiss of air/steam jets, etc
22. OCTAVE BANDS
1= 1
1x2=2
2x2=4
4x2=8
8x2=16
16x2=32
32x2=64
64x2=128
128x2=256
256x2=512
512x2=1024
10 bands(Octaves)
For convenience Internationally accepted ratio is
1:1000 (IEC Recommendation 225)
Center frequency of one octave band is 1000Hz
Other center frequencies are obtained by continuously
dividing/multiplying by 103/10 starting at 1000Hz
Next lower center frequency = 1000/ 103/10 500Hz
Next higher center frequency = 1000*103/10 2000Hz
c U L
f f f
International Electrotechnical Commission
24. Instruments for
analysing Noise
Constant Bandwidth Devices
Proportional Bandwidth Devices
2
U
L
f
f
c U L
f f f
Absolute Bandwidth = fU - fL = fL
% Relative Bandwidth = (fU-fL / fc) = 70.7%
If we divide each octave into three
geometrically equal subsections, i.e.,
1/3
2
U
L
f
f
These bands are thus called 1/3rd octave bands with
% relative bandwidth of 23.1%
1/10
2
U
L
f
f
For 1/10th Octave filters, % relative bandwidth of 5.1%
2n
U
L
f
f
n=1 for octave,
n=3 for 1/3rd octave
25. Octave and 1/3rd Octave
band filters
mostly to analyse relatively
smooth varying spectra
If tones are present,
1/10th Octave or Narrow-band
filter be used
26. For most noise, the instantaneous spectral density
(t) is a time varying quantity, so that in this
expression is average value taken over a suitable
period τ so that =< (t)>τ
So, many acoustic filters & meters have both fast (1/8s) and slow (1s)
integration times (For impulsive sounds some sound meters have I
characteristics with 35ms time constant)
Intensity
I
f1 Frequency (Hz)
f2
INTENSITY SPECTRAL DENSITY
Acoustic Intensity for most sound
is non-uniformly distributed over time and frequency
Convenient to describe the distribution through spectral density
2
1
f
f
I
f
I df
is the intensity within the frequency band Δf=1Hz
27. DeciBel measure of is the Intensity Spectrum Level (ISL)
.1
10log
ref
Hz
ISL
I
If the intensity is constant over the frequency
bandwidth w (= f2- f1),
then total intensity is just I= w and
and Intensity Level for the band is
1 .
1
w
I Hz
Hz
10log
IL ISL w
Intensity Spectrum Level (ISL)
If the ISL has variation within the frequency band (w),
each band is subdivided into smaller bands so that in each band ISL
changes by no more than 1-2dB
28. IL is calculated and converted to Intensities Ii and then total
intensity level ILtotal is
10log
i
i
total
ref
I
IL
I
10log
i i i
IL ISL w
as SPL and IL are numerically same, 10log
SPL PSL w
PSL (Pressure Spectrum Level) is defined over a 1Hz interval – so the SPL of a tone is same as its PSL
10
10
10log 10
i
IL
total
i
IL
10log
i
i
total
ref
I
IL
I
Can be
written as
Thus, when intensity level in each band is known, total intensity level can be estimated
29. Combining Band Levels and Tones
SPL = PSL + 10 log w
For pure tones, PSL = SPL
so, two SPL of the tones is 63 & 60 dB
For the broadband noise,
SPL = PSL + 10 log w
= PSL + 10 log 100
SPL = 60 dB
Thus the overall band level
= Band level of broadband noise + Level of tones
= 60 + 63 + 60 = 64.7 + 60
≈ 66 dB
30. Sound Power
Intensity : Average Rate of energy transfer per unit area
2
2
W/m
4
W
I
r
2
2 2
0
4 4 Watt
p
W r I r
c
Sound Power Level: 10
10log
ref
W
SWL
W
Reference Power Wref =10-12 Watt
dB
Peak Power output:
Female Voice – 0.002W, Male Voice – 0.004W, A
Soft whisper – 10-9W, An average shout – 0.001W Large
Orchestra – 10-70W, Large Jet at Takeoff – 100,000W
15,000,000 speakers speaking simultaneously generate 1HP
33. Radiation from Source
Radiates sound waves equally in all directions (spherical radiation)
W: is acoustic power output of the source;
power must be distributed equally over spherical surface area
10 10
2 12 2
10 10
12
1 1
10log 10log
4 4 10
10log 20log
4 10
ref
W W
IL
r I r
W
IL r
Constant term Depends on distance
from source
When distance doubles (r=2r0) ; 20log 2 + 20log r0 means 6dB difference in the Sound Intensity Level
Inverse Square Law
2
2 2
0
4 4 Watt
p
W r I r
c
Point Source (Monopole)
34. If the point source is placed on ground,
it radiates over a hemisphere,
the intensity is then doubled and
10 2
10 10
12
1
10log
2
10log 20log
2 10
ref
W
IL
r I
W
IL r
35. Line Source
(Long trains, steady stream of traffic, long straight run of pipeline)
If the source is located on ground,
and has acoustic power output of
W per unit length
radiating over half the cylinder
Intensity at radius r,
W
I
r
10 10
12
10log 10log
10
W
IL r
When distance doubles; 10log 2 + 10log r means 3dB difference in the Sound Intensity Level
36. In free field condition,
Any source with its characteristic dimension small compared to
the wavelength of the sound generated is considered a point
source
Alternatively a source is considered point source if the receiver is
at large distance away from the source
Some small sources do not radiate sound equally in all directions
Directivity of the source must be taken into account to calculate
level from the source power
VALIDITY OF POINT SOURCE
37. Sound sources whose dimensions are small compared to the wavelength of
the sound they are radiating are generally omni-directional;
otherwise when dimensions are large in comparison, they are directional
DIRECTIVITY OF SOUND SOURCE
power W
sound
same
the
radiating
source
l
directiona
-
omni
a
from
r
distance
at
Intensity
Sound
power W
sound
radiating
source
l
directiona
a
from
r
distance
at
and
angle
an
at
Intensity
Sound
Q
38. Directivity Factor & Directivity Index
2
2
S
s p
p
I
I
Q
pS
p L
L
DI
thus
Q
DI
10
log
10
Q
I
r2
4
Directivity Factor Directivity Index
Rigid boundaries force an omni-directional source to radiate sound in preferential direction
39. Radiated Sound Power of the source can be affected by a
rigid, reflecting planes
Strength and vibrational velocity of the source does not
change but the hard reflecting plane produces double the
pressure and four-fold increase in sound intensity compared to
monopole (point spherical source)
If source is sufficiently above the ground this effect is reduced
EFFECT OF HARD REFLECTING GROUND
48. The Human Ear
Outer Ear: Pinna and auditory canal
concentrate pressure on to drum
Middle Ear: Eardrum, Small Bones
connecting eardrum to inner ear
Inner Ear: Filled with liquid, cochlea
with basilar membrane respond to
stimulus of eardrum with the help of
thousands of tiny, highly sensitive hair
cells, different portions responding
different frequencies of sound.
The movement of hair cells is
conveyed as sensation of sound to the
brain through nerve impulses
Masking takes place at the membrane;
Higher frequencies are masked by
lower ones, degree depends on
freq.difference and relative
magnitudes of the two sounds
49. Unless there is a 3 dB difference in SPL, human beings can
not distinguish the difference in the sound
Sound is perceived as doubled in its loudness when there is
10dB difference in the SPL.
(Remember 6dB change represents doubling of sound pressure!!)
Ear is not equally sensitive at all frequencies:
highly sensitive at frequencies between 2kHz to 5kHz
less at other freq.
This sensitivity dependence on frequency is also dependent
on SPL!!!!
SOUND BITS
50. Equal Loudness Contours for pure tones,
Free Field conditions
RESPONSE OF HUMAN EAR
Loudness Level
(Phon)
Equal to numerical
value of SPL at
1000Hz
0Phon: threshold of
hearing
Loudness Level
(Phon) useful for
comparing two
different frequencies
for equal loudness
But, 60Phon is still
not twice as loud as
30Phon
Doubling of loudness
corresponds to increase
of 10Phon
53. LOUDNESS INDEX
Direct relationship between
Loudness Level ‘P’ (Phons) and
Loudness Index ‘S’ (Sones)
8 Sones is twice as loud as
4 Sones
40
10
2
P
S
54. Hearing Damage Potential to sound energy
depends on its level & duration of exposure
Equivalent Continuous Sound Level (Leq)
10
10
1
10 10
j
L
N
eq j
j
L Log t dB
tj : Fraction of total time
duration for which SPL of
Lj was measured
Total time interval
considered is divided in N
parts
with each part has constant
SPL of Lj
100 70
10 10
10
1 7
10 10 10 91
8 8
eq
L Log dB
55. Integrating Sound Level Meter for randomly varying sound
e.g., 60sec Leq
Sound Exposure Level (SEL)
Constant level acting for 1sec
that has the same acoustic
energy as the original sound
Vehicle passing by;
Aircraft flying over…
56. Noise Dose Meters display
Noise Exposure Measurements
Regulations:
Basis of 90dB(A) for 8hr a day.
ISO(1999): Increase in SPL
from 90 to 93dB(A) must
reduce time of exposure from 8
to 4 hours
OSHA: with every 5dB(A)
increase, reduce exposure by
half
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
58. Errors of the order of 6dB around 400Hz due to reflections
59. Sources:
Vibration and Noise for Engineers, K Pujara
Fundamentals of Acoustics, Kinsler and Frey
Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration Analysis for
Engineers, M Norton and D Karczub
Introduction to Acoustics, R D Ford
Measuring Sound, B&K Application Notes
Sound Intensity, B&K Application Notes
Basic Concepts of Sound, B&K Application Notes
61. SOURCES
The primary source of acoustic noise generation in a transformer is the
periodic mechanical deformation of the transformer core under the
influence of fluctuating electromagnetic flux associated with these parts.
The physical phenomena associated with this tonal noise generation can be
classified as follows:
vibration of the core
core laminations strike against each
other due to residual gaps between
laminations
62. • The material of a transformer core exhibits magnetostrictive
properties. The vibration of the core is due to its
magnetostrictive strain varying at twice the frequency of the
alternating magnetic flux. The frequencies of the magnetic flux
are equal to the power system supply frequency and its
harmonics.
• When there are residual gaps between laminations of the core,
the periodic magneto-motive force may cause the core
laminations to strike against each other and produce noise.
Also, the periodic mutual forces between the current-carrying
coil windings can induce vibrations.
63.
64.
65. A core structure is a complicated stack of Si-Fe alloy laminations clamped
together at suitable points. Clamping is essential to hold together the laminations.
The clamping arrangement also influences the dynamic behaviour of a core.
As laminations do not have good matching flat surfaces and as they are not
clamped together over an entire surface area, hence residual gaps between the
laminations are unavoidable. Magneto-motive forces acting across these air gaps
could set relative transverse motions between the laminations also with clamped
constraint points in place.
Higher the core loss (eddy current loss, hysterisis, copper loss) greater the noise
level.
Figure: Core overlap region
Noise level increases with
increasing overlap length.
66. METHODS
• By changing the conventional grain-oriented (grade M4) material of core
with any of high-permeability (Grade MOH) and laser-scribed (grade ZDKH)
material can reduce noise 2-4db because higher-grade materials have
lower magnetostriction.
• A method of controlling noise is to construct a wall with high sound absorbing
bricks.
• The most effective way to reduce noise is varnishing or using adhesive
material inside transformer tank (Viscoelastic materials)
– Enclosing transformer inside an enclosure which uses two thin plates separated by
viscous material.
– The noise hits inner plate and energy is damped out by viscous material so that outer
one does not vibrate.
67. This may change an efficiently radiating
vibration shape into an ineffectively radiating
shape resulting in a lower sound radiation ratio.
69. Figure6: Configuration of the control simulation.
Decentralized ANC can be implemented. In this transformer tank surface is divided
into number of elements. For each element unit consist of micro phone located in
front of loud speaker delivers error signal, this signal is fed to controller which drives
loud speaker is attached. An experimentation of decentralized active noise control
on power transformer is shown in figure 5 and Configuration of the control simulation
is shown in figure 6.
Figure 5: experimentation of decentralized active noise
control on power transformer