The document provides an overview of basic acoustics concepts including quantification of sound through measurements of sound pressure, intensity, and power. It discusses acoustic variables such as sound pressure level and intensity level which are expressed on a logarithmic decibel scale. Key concepts covered include the inverse square law describing how sound pressure/intensity decreases with distance from a point source, effects of multiple sound sources, relationships between frequency and sound perception, and directionality of sound sources. Measurement techniques and standards are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in acoustics and audio fundamentals. It discusses the physics of sound, how sound is processed by the ear and brain, concepts of loudness and pitch, principles of sound measurement including decibels and meters, properties of sound waves like reflection and absorption, and applications in architectural acoustics. Key topics covered include the anatomy of the ear, function of the cochlea, psychoacoustics, principles of sound pressure, intensity and power levels, characteristics of VU and peak meters, and the inverse square law governing sound wave propagation.
The document discusses key concepts related to the propagation of sound waves. It defines that sound needs a medium to propagate through and discusses how sound waves are generated by vibrating sources and transmitted through different mediums. The speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium, not the frequency or amplitude of the sound. Sound intensity decreases with distance from the source according to the inverse square law.
WHAT IS ACOUSTICS? what is sound? AMPLITUDE AND VOLUME, FREQUENCY AND PITCH
LOUDNESS OR INTENSITY
LOUDNESS OR INTENSITY
LOUDNESS OR INTENSITY, TIMBRE
VELOCITY OF SOUND
AMPLITUDE
REFLECTION
Sound is defined as vibrations that travel through air or another medium and can be heard. It includes speech, music, and noise. Noise lacks a regular pattern and is considered undesirable sound. Sound is measured in decibels and can be recorded using microphones. The science of acoustics deals with the production, transmission, and effects of sound. It is divided into sound, which travels through fluids, and vibration, which is felt through denser materials. Psychoacoustics studies the relationship between the physical properties of sound and the sensations and perceptions they produce in human hearing.
The document discusses acoustics and sound. It begins by defining acoustics as the branch of physics dealing with sound generation, propagation, and analysis. It then discusses key acoustics terminology like amplitude, frequency, wavelength, absorption, and reverberation. The document explains how sound intensity decreases with distance according to the inverse square law. It also discusses how different materials can absorb or reflect sound to varying degrees, and how the reverberation time of a space is measured. In summary, the document provides an introduction to acoustics concepts including sound properties, behavior in enclosed spaces, and factors that influence sound absorption.
1) Acoustics refers to vibrations that are audible to humans, ranging from 20-20,000 Hertz. All sounds originate from object vibrations.
2) Key characteristics of sound include requiring a medium to propagate, having a finite velocity, and traveling at different speeds in different materials. Sounds can be classified by pitch, timbre, and intensity.
3) Important factors that affect building acoustics include optimizing reverberation time, avoiding uneven loudness or focusing due to interference or resonance, and reducing echoes and noise. Absorbing materials and proper ventilation help address these factors.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in acoustics and audio fundamentals. It discusses the physics of sound, how sound is processed by the ear and brain, concepts of loudness and pitch, principles of sound measurement including decibels and meters, properties of sound waves like reflection and absorption, and applications in architectural acoustics. Key topics covered include the anatomy of the ear, function of the cochlea, psychoacoustics, principles of sound pressure, intensity and power levels, characteristics of VU and peak meters, and the inverse square law governing sound wave propagation.
The document discusses key concepts related to the propagation of sound waves. It defines that sound needs a medium to propagate through and discusses how sound waves are generated by vibrating sources and transmitted through different mediums. The speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium, not the frequency or amplitude of the sound. Sound intensity decreases with distance from the source according to the inverse square law.
WHAT IS ACOUSTICS? what is sound? AMPLITUDE AND VOLUME, FREQUENCY AND PITCH
LOUDNESS OR INTENSITY
LOUDNESS OR INTENSITY
LOUDNESS OR INTENSITY, TIMBRE
VELOCITY OF SOUND
AMPLITUDE
REFLECTION
Sound is defined as vibrations that travel through air or another medium and can be heard. It includes speech, music, and noise. Noise lacks a regular pattern and is considered undesirable sound. Sound is measured in decibels and can be recorded using microphones. The science of acoustics deals with the production, transmission, and effects of sound. It is divided into sound, which travels through fluids, and vibration, which is felt through denser materials. Psychoacoustics studies the relationship between the physical properties of sound and the sensations and perceptions they produce in human hearing.
The document discusses acoustics and sound. It begins by defining acoustics as the branch of physics dealing with sound generation, propagation, and analysis. It then discusses key acoustics terminology like amplitude, frequency, wavelength, absorption, and reverberation. The document explains how sound intensity decreases with distance according to the inverse square law. It also discusses how different materials can absorb or reflect sound to varying degrees, and how the reverberation time of a space is measured. In summary, the document provides an introduction to acoustics concepts including sound properties, behavior in enclosed spaces, and factors that influence sound absorption.
1) Acoustics refers to vibrations that are audible to humans, ranging from 20-20,000 Hertz. All sounds originate from object vibrations.
2) Key characteristics of sound include requiring a medium to propagate, having a finite velocity, and traveling at different speeds in different materials. Sounds can be classified by pitch, timbre, and intensity.
3) Important factors that affect building acoustics include optimizing reverberation time, avoiding uneven loudness or focusing due to interference or resonance, and reducing echoes and noise. Absorbing materials and proper ventilation help address these factors.
The decibel (dB) is a unit used to express the ratio between two power levels or intensities. It is based on a logarithmic scale, where each 10 dB increase represents a tenfold increase in power. Common references used with decibels include dBm, referenced to 1 milliwatt, and dBW, referenced to 1 watt. Decibels allow power ratios, voltages, currents and other levels to be conveniently expressed and calculated through addition and subtraction rather than multiplication and division.
This document discusses indoor and outdoor noise propagation, psychoacoustics, and noise criteria. It describes how sound propagates spherically outdoors but is affected by room geometry and surfaces indoors. Psychoacoustics is the study of sound perception and the brain's processing of sound. Noise criteria like Noise Criterion (NC) curves are used to set limits on noise levels in different indoor spaces based on intended use. The document provides details on concepts like sound reflections, absorption, localization, masking, and noise evaluation indices.
The document discusses acoustics in buildings and outlines conditions for good acoustics such as producing sound that can be heard evenly throughout a space without distortions. It also covers types of noise from indoor and outdoor sources and how noise can be classified based on transmission path. The document proposes measures for noise control including suppressing noise at its source, layout planning, insulation design, and absorption design.
The proposed materials are intended to be light structures, recyclable or degradable and with high noise reduction efficiency, being proper in buildings structures, noise barrier structures and automotive components.
Key words: acoustic, composite, noise control, absorption, Kundt’s tube, noise barriers
The document discusses acoustical measurements and covers several topics related to sound. It defines sound and discusses how sound is produced, transmitted, and perceived. It also covers basic acoustical parameters like sound pressure, sound power, and sound intensity. The document discusses psychoacoustic relationships and sound measuring apparatus and techniques, including microphones and sound level meters. It touches on applied spectrum analysis, measurement of industrial and environmental noise, and methods for measuring sound intensity.
Visit https://alexisbaskind.net/teaching for a full interactive version of this course with sound and video material, as well as more courses and material.
Course series: Fundamentals of acoustics for sound engineers and music producers
Level: undergraduate (Bachelor)
Language: English
Revision: January 2020
To cite this course: Alexis Baskind, Psychoacoustics 1 – The ear, course material, license: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA.
Course content
1.What is psychoacoustics?
Psychophysics and psychoacoustics - Physical and perceptual attributes - Why is psychoacoustics important for music production?
2.The physiology of the ear
Inner ear, middle ear, outer ear - Inner hair cells - Corti organ
3.Hearing damages
Ear fatigue - ear damages
Sound travels through reflection in auditoriums. Echoes occur when sound reflects off obstacles at a distance of at least 17 meters from the source. Reverberation, or prolonged sound, is controlled through sound absorption materials and curved ceilings and surfaces to distribute sound evenly throughout the hall.
The document discusses acoustics and the theory of sound. It defines acoustics as the science dealing with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound. It also defines key terms like resonance, reverberation, and echo. The document discusses how sound is generated by vibrating bodies, and how sound waves propagate through the air in longitudinal compressional waves, requiring a medium to travel through. It notes that sound propagation means the movement of sound through a medium from a source to a receiver.
Acoustics is the science dealing with mechanical waves, including sound. It involves the study of sound propagation, absorption, and reflection. Acoustics consultants provide services related to architectural acoustics, noise control, vibration analysis, and modeling of sound. The spectrum of sound ranges from infrasound to ultrasound. Sound is transmitted through materials as longitudinal or transverse waves. Key characteristics of sound waves include amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and the decibel scale used to measure intensity.
The document discusses key concepts in acoustics including:
1. Acoustics covers the properties and transmission of sound, and architectural acoustics applies these principles to buildings.
2. Important acoustic concepts include frequency, wavelength, amplitude, intensity measured in decibels, and reverberation.
3. A room's acoustics are determined by how sound waves propagate and are reflected off surfaces based on their material and shape.
4. Reverberation is the gradual decay of sound in a room after the source stops due to multiple reflections, and is measured by reverberation time.
This document defines sound intensity and decibels. It explains that intensity is the rate of energy transfer per unit area, measured in watts per square meter. The range of human hearing spans from 1x10^-12 W/m2 to 1 W/m2. However, decibels provide a more efficient scale since they are logarithmic units that allow comparison to a reference intensity. The document provides formulas to convert between intensity (I) and decibel (dB) measurements.
Chapter 5 introduction of noise and noise pollutionNoor Farahin
The document discusses introduction to noise and noise pollution. It defines noise pollution and sound, and describes the properties of sound including frequency, wavelength, amplitude, speed and intensity. It discusses standards for noise pollution from the World Health Organization and Department of Safety and Health in Malaysia. It also addresses noise pollution levels, noise measurement using decibels, and sound pressure level and frequency.
This document discusses concepts related to the perception of sound including loudness, pitch, and timbre. It defines key terms like intensity, loudness, frequency, pitch, phon, sone, mel, and timbre. Intensity is a physical property measured in decibels, while loudness, pitch and timbre represent human perception. The phon, sone and mel scales were developed through experiments with listeners adjusting tones to be equally loud or high in pitch. Understanding these concepts is important for audio engineering and applying amplification for hearing loss.
This document discusses noise control measures for HVAC systems. It begins by outlining the effects of noise on humans and some common mistakes in noise control. It then describes basic noise control methods like absorption, damping, decoupling, mass, and flow control. Specific examples of decoupling measures like resilient channels, clips, and hangers are provided. The document also includes a case study of noise control applied to an HVAC system, identifying common noise sources and effective control approaches like equipment location, sealing, isolation, attenuation, and ductwork design. Active noise control is discussed as a supplement to traditional passive methods.
The document defines decibels as a unit used to express the intensity of sound waves equal to 20 times the common logarithm of the pressure produced by the sound wave compared to a reference pressure. It explains that the logarithmic scale is used because the change in sound is only noticeable using powers of 10 and it takes about 10 times the intensity for a sound to be perceived as twice as loud. Additionally, it provides guidelines that spending more than 30 minutes at 110 dB can cause permanent damage and recommends using ear plugs if needed.
Explains basics about sound and what classroom issues are present due to sound effects which causes problem for students to hear teacher properly.
Explains concept of reverberation and other issues and suggests about its solution for better classroom sound efficiency
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of noise. It defines sound as acoustic waves that propagate through a medium, with noise being unwanted or disturbing sound. Key concepts covered include:
- Sound is measured by properties like frequency, sound pressure level, intensity level, and power level.
- The decibel scale is used to quantify sound levels in a way that reflects human perception.
- Sound can be analyzed by its intensity or pressure levels across frequency bands like octave or one-third octave bands.
- The relationship between sound intensity, pressure, and power is explained. Combining sound from multiple sources is also addressed.
Noise is unwanted sound that varies air pressure in ways detectable by human ears. Common sources of noise pollution include traffic, industrial equipment, construction, and crowds. Noise is measured in decibels and standards set maximum levels for different land uses and times of day. Noise can be mitigated by modifying sources, transmission paths, or protecting receivers.
The decibel (dB) is a unit used to express the ratio between two power levels or intensities. It is based on a logarithmic scale, where each 10 dB increase represents a tenfold increase in power. Common references used with decibels include dBm, referenced to 1 milliwatt, and dBW, referenced to 1 watt. Decibels allow power ratios, voltages, currents and other levels to be conveniently expressed and calculated through addition and subtraction rather than multiplication and division.
This document discusses indoor and outdoor noise propagation, psychoacoustics, and noise criteria. It describes how sound propagates spherically outdoors but is affected by room geometry and surfaces indoors. Psychoacoustics is the study of sound perception and the brain's processing of sound. Noise criteria like Noise Criterion (NC) curves are used to set limits on noise levels in different indoor spaces based on intended use. The document provides details on concepts like sound reflections, absorption, localization, masking, and noise evaluation indices.
The document discusses acoustics in buildings and outlines conditions for good acoustics such as producing sound that can be heard evenly throughout a space without distortions. It also covers types of noise from indoor and outdoor sources and how noise can be classified based on transmission path. The document proposes measures for noise control including suppressing noise at its source, layout planning, insulation design, and absorption design.
The proposed materials are intended to be light structures, recyclable or degradable and with high noise reduction efficiency, being proper in buildings structures, noise barrier structures and automotive components.
Key words: acoustic, composite, noise control, absorption, Kundt’s tube, noise barriers
The document discusses acoustical measurements and covers several topics related to sound. It defines sound and discusses how sound is produced, transmitted, and perceived. It also covers basic acoustical parameters like sound pressure, sound power, and sound intensity. The document discusses psychoacoustic relationships and sound measuring apparatus and techniques, including microphones and sound level meters. It touches on applied spectrum analysis, measurement of industrial and environmental noise, and methods for measuring sound intensity.
Visit https://alexisbaskind.net/teaching for a full interactive version of this course with sound and video material, as well as more courses and material.
Course series: Fundamentals of acoustics for sound engineers and music producers
Level: undergraduate (Bachelor)
Language: English
Revision: January 2020
To cite this course: Alexis Baskind, Psychoacoustics 1 – The ear, course material, license: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA.
Course content
1.What is psychoacoustics?
Psychophysics and psychoacoustics - Physical and perceptual attributes - Why is psychoacoustics important for music production?
2.The physiology of the ear
Inner ear, middle ear, outer ear - Inner hair cells - Corti organ
3.Hearing damages
Ear fatigue - ear damages
Sound travels through reflection in auditoriums. Echoes occur when sound reflects off obstacles at a distance of at least 17 meters from the source. Reverberation, or prolonged sound, is controlled through sound absorption materials and curved ceilings and surfaces to distribute sound evenly throughout the hall.
The document discusses acoustics and the theory of sound. It defines acoustics as the science dealing with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound. It also defines key terms like resonance, reverberation, and echo. The document discusses how sound is generated by vibrating bodies, and how sound waves propagate through the air in longitudinal compressional waves, requiring a medium to travel through. It notes that sound propagation means the movement of sound through a medium from a source to a receiver.
Acoustics is the science dealing with mechanical waves, including sound. It involves the study of sound propagation, absorption, and reflection. Acoustics consultants provide services related to architectural acoustics, noise control, vibration analysis, and modeling of sound. The spectrum of sound ranges from infrasound to ultrasound. Sound is transmitted through materials as longitudinal or transverse waves. Key characteristics of sound waves include amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and the decibel scale used to measure intensity.
The document discusses key concepts in acoustics including:
1. Acoustics covers the properties and transmission of sound, and architectural acoustics applies these principles to buildings.
2. Important acoustic concepts include frequency, wavelength, amplitude, intensity measured in decibels, and reverberation.
3. A room's acoustics are determined by how sound waves propagate and are reflected off surfaces based on their material and shape.
4. Reverberation is the gradual decay of sound in a room after the source stops due to multiple reflections, and is measured by reverberation time.
This document defines sound intensity and decibels. It explains that intensity is the rate of energy transfer per unit area, measured in watts per square meter. The range of human hearing spans from 1x10^-12 W/m2 to 1 W/m2. However, decibels provide a more efficient scale since they are logarithmic units that allow comparison to a reference intensity. The document provides formulas to convert between intensity (I) and decibel (dB) measurements.
Chapter 5 introduction of noise and noise pollutionNoor Farahin
The document discusses introduction to noise and noise pollution. It defines noise pollution and sound, and describes the properties of sound including frequency, wavelength, amplitude, speed and intensity. It discusses standards for noise pollution from the World Health Organization and Department of Safety and Health in Malaysia. It also addresses noise pollution levels, noise measurement using decibels, and sound pressure level and frequency.
This document discusses concepts related to the perception of sound including loudness, pitch, and timbre. It defines key terms like intensity, loudness, frequency, pitch, phon, sone, mel, and timbre. Intensity is a physical property measured in decibels, while loudness, pitch and timbre represent human perception. The phon, sone and mel scales were developed through experiments with listeners adjusting tones to be equally loud or high in pitch. Understanding these concepts is important for audio engineering and applying amplification for hearing loss.
This document discusses noise control measures for HVAC systems. It begins by outlining the effects of noise on humans and some common mistakes in noise control. It then describes basic noise control methods like absorption, damping, decoupling, mass, and flow control. Specific examples of decoupling measures like resilient channels, clips, and hangers are provided. The document also includes a case study of noise control applied to an HVAC system, identifying common noise sources and effective control approaches like equipment location, sealing, isolation, attenuation, and ductwork design. Active noise control is discussed as a supplement to traditional passive methods.
The document defines decibels as a unit used to express the intensity of sound waves equal to 20 times the common logarithm of the pressure produced by the sound wave compared to a reference pressure. It explains that the logarithmic scale is used because the change in sound is only noticeable using powers of 10 and it takes about 10 times the intensity for a sound to be perceived as twice as loud. Additionally, it provides guidelines that spending more than 30 minutes at 110 dB can cause permanent damage and recommends using ear plugs if needed.
Explains basics about sound and what classroom issues are present due to sound effects which causes problem for students to hear teacher properly.
Explains concept of reverberation and other issues and suggests about its solution for better classroom sound efficiency
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of noise. It defines sound as acoustic waves that propagate through a medium, with noise being unwanted or disturbing sound. Key concepts covered include:
- Sound is measured by properties like frequency, sound pressure level, intensity level, and power level.
- The decibel scale is used to quantify sound levels in a way that reflects human perception.
- Sound can be analyzed by its intensity or pressure levels across frequency bands like octave or one-third octave bands.
- The relationship between sound intensity, pressure, and power is explained. Combining sound from multiple sources is also addressed.
Noise is unwanted sound that varies air pressure in ways detectable by human ears. Common sources of noise pollution include traffic, industrial equipment, construction, and crowds. Noise is measured in decibels and standards set maximum levels for different land uses and times of day. Noise can be mitigated by modifying sources, transmission paths, or protecting receivers.
FUNDAMENTAL ACOUSTICS AND WIND TURBINE NOISE ISSUESriseagrant
Wind turbines produce noise from aerodynamic and mechanical sources. Aerodynamic noise from airflow over the blades is the largest contributor. The sound is amplitude modulated by blade rotation. Wind turbine noise is perceived as more annoying than constant noise due to its unpredictable nature. Noise levels decrease with distance from the turbine following laws of spherical spreading and atmospheric absorption. Low frequency noise and infrasound may be issues for some turbines operating downwind of towers. Regulations establish noise limits and setback distances to minimize community impact.
FUNDAMENTAL ACOUSTICS AND WIND TURBINE NOISE ISSUESriseagrant
Wind turbines produce noise from aerodynamic and mechanical sources. Aerodynamic noise from airflow over the blades is the main contributor. The noise is amplitude modulated by blade rotation and varies with wind speed. Wind turbines can be perceived as intrusive in rural areas with low background noise. Noise regulations set limits on allowable sound levels and require setbacks from residences. Low frequency noise and infrasound may be issues for some downwind turbine designs.
1) The document is a lesson on acoustics that discusses sound fundamentals like frequency, wavelength, decibels and the human range of hearing.
2) It then covers acoustic concepts such as power, intensity, impedance and how they relate to a vibrating surface like a panel.
3) The document focuses on calculating the radiated acoustic power from a panel using Rayleigh's integral formulation and defines terms like transmission loss and radiation efficiency.
The document discusses key concepts in acoustics including:
1. Acoustics is the science of sound, including its production, propagation, and effects. Sound is a wave motion consisting of compressions and rarefactions in an elastic medium.
2. For sound to be produced, there must be a vibrating body, transmitting medium, and receiving medium. The audible frequency range for humans is 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
3. Physical properties of sound waves include amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, and velocity of propagation. The velocity of sound depends on the properties of the medium it is traveling through.
4. When a sound wave encounters an obstruction, it can be reflected,
The document provides terminology definitions related to noise control and acoustics. It defines key terms like insertion loss, noise reduction coefficient, sound pressure level, sound intensity level, octave bands, and more. It also discusses fundamental noise control concepts like frequency, sound pressure, sound power levels, and subjective loudness changes. The document is an engineering guide for noise control that refers the reader to a Price Industries HVAC handbook for more information on the topic.
Sound waves are caused by vibrations that create regions of high and low pressure in air molecules. Longitudinal waves propagate through fluids by relying on pressure forces between molecules. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity of the medium - more elastic media allow sound to travel faster. Pitch is perceived as the frequency of a sound wave, while loudness depends on the amplitude. Timbre, which allows distinction between sounds of the same pitch and loudness, is influenced most by the harmonic content or overtones present in the sound waveform.
This document discusses noise pollution and its measurement. It defines sound as pressure variations that propagate as waves. Frequency, amplitude, wavelength, and period are characteristics of sound waves. Sound is measured in decibels, with higher decibel levels indicating louder sounds. Common instruments for noise measurement include sound level meters, which can measure noise across different frequencies. Methods for noise control include reducing noise at the source, blocking its transmission, and protecting receivers with equipment.
This document discusses noise pollution and its assessment. It defines noise and sound, and explains that decibels are used to measure sound power level, sound intensity level, and sound pressure level. It describes how sound is transmitted and the relationships between sound power, intensity, and pressure levels. It outlines the health effects of noise pollution and guidelines for controlling noise, including absorption, barriers, isolation, and personal protective equipment. It also discusses modeling noise propagation from mining complexes and measuring ambient noise levels.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in antennas and propagation. It defines an antenna as a device that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. It describes common antenna types like dipoles and parabolic reflectors. It also covers topics like radiation patterns, antenna gain, propagation modes (ground wave, sky wave, line-of-sight), factors that affect signal strength over distance like free space loss and multipath, and techniques to mitigate noise and fading like diversity and error correction.
The document discusses noise pollution, including its measurement, sources, effects, and control. It defines sound and noise, and explains how sound is measured in units such as frequency, intensity, and decibels. Common sources of noise pollution like traffic, construction, and industrial activities are identified. The effects of noise on hearing, health, communication, and work are outlined. Standards for acceptable noise limits in different areas are provided. Finally, the document discusses approaches to control noise pollution through modifications to noise sources, transmission paths, and receivers.
Noise is any unwanted signal that interferes with the desired signal. There are two main categories of noise - interference from human-made sources and naturally occurring random noise. Naturally occurring noise comes from atmospheric disturbances, solar noise, cosmic noise, and thermal noise within electronic components. Thermal noise arises from the random movement of electrons in conductors and follows Johnson's and Nyquist's laws. Shot noise results from the random arrival of charge carriers. Flicker noise is a low frequency noise that follows a 1/f relationship. Receiver noise comes from internal components and includes thermal noise, shot noise, partition noise, and avalanche noise. The signal-to-noise ratio is a measure of the desired signal strength relative to the
Business Energy Magazine 206-06 Edition - MIRATECH ArticleMehmood Ahmed
This document discusses solutions for sound attenuation and emission concerns from distributed power generation sources like generators, turbines, and engines. It describes how noise is created by these sources and discusses standards and regulations around noise pollution. It then outlines various mechanical methods that manufacturers use to provide sound attenuation, including enclosures, silencers, and spark arrestors from companies like Girtz Industries, Harco Manufacturing, and Miratech. These solutions help distributed power sources meet noise limits set by local codes and ordinances.
This document provides an overview of sound from a mathematical perspective. It discusses how sound is created through vibration, its propagation as a longitudinal pressure wave, and how frequency and wavelength are related through the speed of sound. The speed of sound varies according to the medium and environmental factors like temperature. Sound intensity decreases with the inverse square of distance from the source and is measured on the decibel scale. Common sources of sound production are also examined, including vocal cords, speakers, and musical instruments like the French horn.
This document summarizes key concepts about antennas and propagation. It discusses the basic functions and types of antennas, including radiation patterns and gain. It also covers propagation modes like ground-wave, sky-wave and line-of-sight. Factors that affect transmission like free space loss, noise and multipath interference are explained. Error compensation techniques such as forward error correction, equalization and diversity are also summarized.
1. Sound level meters are devices used to measure sound pressure levels in decibels. They consist of a microphone, amplifier, frequency weighting filter, detector, and display. Common types are integrating and real-time meters.
2. Sound level meters have applications in environmental monitoring, occupational safety, entertainment, and product testing to ensure compliance with noise regulations and standards.
3. Regular calibration is important for sound level meter accuracy, as measurements inform regulatory limits on acceptable noise exposure.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in antennas and propagation. It defines an antenna as a device that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. It describes common antenna types like dipoles and parabolic reflectors. It also covers topics like radiation patterns, antenna gain, propagation modes (ground wave, sky wave, line-of-sight), free space loss, noise, multipath, and techniques to mitigate signal degradation like diversity and error correction.
different types of internal and external noises, s/n ratio, s/n ratio of a tandem connection, noise factor, amplifier input noise, noise factor of amplifiers in cascade (friss's formula).
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
2024 HIPAA Compliance Training Guide to the Compliance OfficersConference Panel
Join us for a comprehensive 90-minute lesson designed specifically for Compliance Officers and Practice/Business Managers. This 2024 HIPAA Training session will guide you through the critical steps needed to ensure your practice is fully prepared for upcoming audits. Key updates and significant changes under the Omnibus Rule will be covered, along with the latest applicable updates for 2024.
Key Areas Covered:
Texting and Email Communication: Understand the compliance requirements for electronic communication.
Encryption Standards: Learn what is necessary and what is overhyped.
Medical Messaging and Voice Data: Ensure secure handling of sensitive information.
IT Risk Factors: Identify and mitigate risks related to your IT infrastructure.
Why Attend:
Expert Instructor: Brian Tuttle, with over 20 years in Health IT and Compliance Consulting, brings invaluable experience and knowledge, including insights from over 1000 risk assessments and direct dealings with Office of Civil Rights HIPAA auditors.
Actionable Insights: Receive practical advice on preparing for audits and avoiding common mistakes.
Clarity on Compliance: Clear up misconceptions and understand the reality of HIPAA regulations.
Ensure your compliance strategy is up-to-date and effective. Enroll now and be prepared for the 2024 HIPAA audits.
Enroll Now to secure your spot in this crucial training session and ensure your HIPAA compliance is robust and audit-ready.
https://conferencepanel.com/conference/hipaa-training-for-the-compliance-officer-2024-updates
Can Allopathy and Homeopathy Be Used Together in India.pdfDharma Homoeopathy
This article explores the potential for combining allopathy and homeopathy in India, examining the benefits, challenges, and the emerging field of integrative medicine.
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
The "Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips" offers essential guidance for navigating rainy weather conditions. It covers strategies for staying safe during storms, flood prevention measures, and advice on preparing for inclement weather. This advisory aims to ensure individuals are equipped with the knowledge and resources to handle the challenges of the rainy season effectively, emphasizing safety, preparedness, and resilience.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
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PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
6. 6
Power / Intensity / Pressure
Intensity & pressure – measured using
instruments
Power is calculated
Power is basic measure of acoustic
energy it can produce
& is independent of surroundings
7. 7
Power / Intensity / Pressure ???
Sound Power:
for noise rating of machines
unique descriptor of noisiness of
source
Sound Pressure:
evaluation of harmfulness and
annoyance of noise sources
Sound Intensity:
location & rating of noise sources
rate of energy flow per unit area
15. 15
Quantifying Sound
Root Mean Square Value (RMS) of Sound Pressure
Mean energy associated with sound waves is its
fundamental feature
energy is proportional to square of amplitude
1
2
2
0
1
[ ( )]
T
p p t dt
T
ˆ
0.707
p p
Acoustic Variables: Pressure and Particle Velocity
16. 16
Range of RMS pressure fluctuations
that a human ear can detect extends
from
0.00002 N/m2 (Pascal)
(threshold of hearing)
to
20 N/m2 (Pascal)
(sensation of pain)
1,000,000 times larger
peak pressure of loudest
sound
is 3500 times smaller than
atm. pressure
17. 17
Very large range of
sound intensity which
the ear can
accommodate,
from the loudest
(1 watt/m2)
to the quietest
(10-12 watts/m2),
energy received from a 50 watt bulb
18. 18
Levels
• A unit of a logarithmic scale of power or intensity
called the power level or intensity level.
• The decibel is defined as one tenth of a bel
• One bel represents a difference in level between two
intensities (one of the two is ten times greater than
the other)
• Thus, the intensity level is the comparison of one
intensity to another and may be expressed:
Intensity level = 10 log10 (I1 /Iref) (dB)
19. 19
Why log ratio?
• Logarithmic scale compresses the high amplitudes and
expands the low ones
• The other reason: Equal relative modifications of the
strength of a physical stimulus lead to equal absolute
changes in the salience of the sensory events (Weber-
Fechner Law) and can be approximated by a logarithmic
characteristics
(Ear responds logarithmically to stimulus)
20. 20
Acoustic parameters are expressed as logarithmic ratio of the
measured value to a reference value
The Bel (B) is a unit of measurement invented by Bell Labs and
named after Alexander Graham Bell.
The Bel was too large, so the deciBel(dB), equal to 0.1 B,
became more commonly used as a unit for measuring sound
intensity
Power Ratio of 2 = dB of 3
Power Ratio of 10 = dB of 10
Power Ratio of 100 = dB of 20
dB SCALE
21. 21
Sound Pressure Level
In acoustics, the reference pressure
Pref=2e-5 N/m2 or 20Pa (RMS) loudest sound pressure that a
normal person can barely perceive at 1000Hz
In linear vibroacoustics, time averaged power values are
proportional to the squared rms-amplitudes of the field variables
(e.g., pressure, particle velocity)
Thus to calculate logarithmic levels from the field variables, it is
these squared rms-amplitudes that must be used.
2
1
10 2
10 rms
ref
p
SPL Log dB
p
1
10
20 rms
ref
p
SPL Log dB
p
22. 22
Corresponding to audio range of Sound Pressure
2e-5 N/m2 - 0 dB
20 N/m2 - 120 dB
Normal SPL encountered are between 35 dB to 90 dB
For underwater acoustics different reference pressure is used
Pref = 0.1 N/m2
It is customary to specify SPL as 52dB re 20Pa
Sound Pressure Level
24. 24
Threshold of hearing 0 dB Motorcycle (30 feet) 88 dB
Rustling leaves 20 dB Foodblender (3 feet) 90 dB
Quiet whisper (3 feet) 30 dB Subway (inside) 94 dB
Quiet home 40 dB Diesel truck (30 feet) 100 dB
Quiet street 50 dB Power mower (3 feet) 107 dB
Normal conversation 60 dB Pneumatic riveter (3 feet) 115 dB
Inside car 70 dB Chainsaw (3 feet) 117 dB
Loud singing (3 feet) 75 dB Amplified Rock and Roll (6 feet) 120 dB
Automobile (25 feet) 80 dB Jet plane (100 feet) 130 dB
Typical average decibel levels (dBA) of some common sounds.
25. 25
Sound Power
Intensity : Average Rate of energy transfer per unit area
2
2
W/m
4
W
I
r
2
2 2
0
4 4 Watt
p
W r I r
c
Sound Power Level:
10
10log
ref
W
SWL
W
Reference Power Wref =10-12 Watt
dB
Peak Power output:
Female Voice – 0.002W, Male Voice – 0.004W, A
Soft whisper – 10-9W, An average shout – 0.001W Large
Orchestra – 10-70W, Large Jet at Takeoff – 100,000W
15,000,000 speakers speaking simultaneously generate 1HP
26. 26
Sound Intensity
0
1
T
I p u dt
T
2
0
P
I
c
10
10
ref
I
IL Log
I
2
1 0
1
10 10 2
0
/( )
20 10
2 5 (2 5) /( )
p c
p
SPL Log dB Log dB
e e c
12 12
10 10 10
12 2 2
0 0
10 10
10 10 10
10 (2 5) /( ) (2 5) /( )
ref
I I
SPL Log dB Log Log
e c I e c
For air, 0c 415Ns/m3 so that 0.16 dB
SPL IL
For plane progressive waves;
Hold true also for spherical
waves far away from source
Reference Intensity Iref =10-12 Watt/m2
28. 28
Effect of multiple sound sources
Lp1
Lp2
2 2 2
1 2
tot
p p p
1
2
1 10
2
10
p
L
ref
p
p
1 2
2 2 10 10
10 10
p p
L L
tot ref
p p
1 2
2
10 10
10 10
2
10log 10log 10 10
p p
L L
tot
ref
p
p
10
10
1
10log 10
n
Lp
N
tot
n
Lp
2
1
10 2
10 rms
ref
p
SPL Log dB
p
29. 29
If intensity levels of each of the N sources is same,
1
10
10 10
L
T
L Log N
1
10
T
L LogN L
Thus for 2 identical sources, total Intensity Level is 10Log2
i.e., 3dB greater than the level of the single source
For 2 sources of different intensities: L1 and L2
COMBINATIONS OF SOURCES
L1=60dB, L2=65.5dB
LT=66.5dB
L1=80dB, L2=82dB
LT=84dB
32. 32
FREQUENCY & FREQUENCY BANDS
Frequency of sound ---- as important as its level
Sensitivity of ear
Sound insulation of a wall
Attenuation of silencer all vary with freq.
<20Hz 20Hz to 20000Hz > 20000Hz
Infrasonic Audio Range Ultrasonic
34. 34
Amplitude
(dB)
A1
f1 Frequency (Hz)
Complex Noise Pattern
No discrete tones, infinite frequencies
Better to group them in frequency bands – total strength in
each band gives measure of sound
Octave Bands commonly used (Octave: Halving / doubling)
produced by exhaust of Jet Engine, water at base of
Niagara Falls, hiss of air/steam jets, etc
37. 37
Octave and 1/3rd Octave
band filters
mostly to analyse relatively
smooth varying spectra
If tones are present,
1/10th Octave or Narrow-band
filter be used
39. Radiation from Source
Radiates sound waves equally in all directions (spherical radiation)
W: is acoustic power output of the source;
power must be distributed equally over spherical surface area
10 10
2 12 2
10 10
12
1 1
10log 10log
4 4 10
10log 20log
4 10
ref
W W
IL
r I r
W
IL r
Constant term Depends on distance
from source
When distance doubles (r=2r0) ; 20log 2 + 20log r0 means 6dB difference in the Sound Intensity/pressure
Level
Inverse Square Law
2
2 2
0
4 4 Watt
p
W r I r
c
Point Source (Monopole)
40. 40
If the point source is placed on ground,
it radiates over a hemisphere,
the intensity is then doubled and
10 2
10 10
12
1
10log
2
10log 20log
2 10
ref
W
IL
r I
W
IL r
20log 8
P
L L r dB
Vs 20log 11
P
L L r dB
For source not on
ground
Pressure level gets
doubled at the same point
41. 41
Line Source
(Long trains, steady stream of traffic, long straight run of pipeline)
If the source is located on ground,
and has acoustic power output of
W per unit length
radiating over half the cylinder
Intensity at radius r,
W
I
r
10 10
12
10log 10log
10
W
IL r
When distance doubles; 10log 2 + 10log r means 3dB difference in the Sound Intensity Level
10log 5
P
L L r dB
42. 42
In free field condition,
Any source with its characteristic dimension small compared to
the wavelength of the sound generated is considered a point
source
Alternatively a source is considered point source if the receiver is
at large distance away from the source
Some small sources do not radiate sound equally in all directions
Directivity of the source must be taken into account to calculate
power from the sound pressure
VALIDITY OF POINT SOURCE
44. 44
Sound sources whose dimensions are small compared to the wavelength of
the sound they are radiating are generally omni-directional;
otherwise when dimensions are large in comparison, they are directional
DIRECTIVITY OF SOUND SOURCE
power W
sound
same
the
radiating
source
l
directiona
-
omni
a
from
r
distance
at
Intensity
Sound
power W
sound
radiating
source
l
directiona
a
from
r
distance
at
and
angle
an
at
Intensity
Sound
Q
45. 45
Directivity Factor & Directivity Index
2
2
S
s p
p
I
I
Q
pS
p L
L
DI
thus
Q
DI
10
log
10
Q
I
r2
4
Directivity Factor Directivity Index
Rigid boundaries force an omni-directional source to radiate sound in preferential direction
46. 46
Radiated Sound Power of the source can be affected by a
rigid, reflecting planes
Strength and vibrational velocity of the source does not
change but the hard reflecting plane produces double the
pressure and four-fold increase in sound intensity compared to
monopole (point spherical source) in free space
If source is sufficiently above the ground this effect is reduced
EFFECT OF HARD REFLECTING GROUND
49. 49
2
4
I r
2
12 12
10log 10log 10log4 10log
10 10
I r
11 20log
I
L L r
20log 11
P
L L r dB
I P
with L L
20log 8
I
L L r dB
If hemisphere surface is used then the above
equation changes to
Sound Power Estimation from
Pressure level measurements
50. 50
Measurement of Power in
Reverberant Room
10 2
4
10log
4
p
Q
L L
r R
1
avg
avg
S
R
Which is called room
constant team used to
describe acoustic
characteristic of a room
Alternatively,
Lπ = Lp + 10 log V – 10 log T60 - 14
51. 51
Semi-reverberant field technique
When sound field is
neither free nor
completely diffuse.
Use calibrated sound
source with known power
spectrum.
Then use
Lπ = Lπ’r - Lp’r + Lp
52. 52
Semi-reverberant field technique
To take care of nearby
reflecting surfaces and
background noise,
Measure at number of locations
on measuring surface
Lpd = Lp – 10log10(d/r)2
Then use
L
Lpd + 10log10 (2d2)
Lpd is equivalent sound pressure level at
the reference radius d, and
Lp is mean sound pressure level
measured over surface of area S, and
radius r= (S/2)½
Background noise < 10dB
r
53. 53
What we learnt
• Sound Pressure, Intensity and Power
• dB levels
• Multiple Sound Sources
• Types of Sound Sources
• Directivity