Passive Optical Networks (PON) technology
brings an evolution in the industry of Telecommunication for the
provisioning of High Speed Internet (HSI) and Triple Play
bundled Services that includes Voice, Data, and Video Streaming
throughout the world. In Pakistan most of the service providers
are offering broadband services on traditional copper OSP
(Outside Plant) network since 2000. Demand for the high speed
internet and broadband is increasing rapidly, it is desired with
great need to migrate from traditional copper based OSP network
to PON – FTTx (Fiber To The x) infrastructure. Considering the
geographical requirements in Pakistan a scalable fiber network is
required which can be optimized as per the user’s requirements
and demands with high speed bandwidth efficiency, involving the
minimum losses and with ideal capital expenditure (CAPEX). In
this work a platform for migration from copper to fiber access
network with a scalable and optimized PON – FTTx
infrastructure in green field and dry field areas of Pakistan have
been proposed using Geographic Information system (GIS). In
any developing country like Pakistan having the same cultural
and geographical topology, this platform can be used to migrate
from copper to fiber access network to provide the PON based
telecom services. The developed platform for migration from
copper to PON based fiber has been studied, planned, and then
simulated on a selected geographical area of Pakistan with
physical execution that showed better and efficient results with
reduction in capital and operational expenditures. A factual plan
without ambiguities assists the operators of Pakistan to
analyze/forecast bandwidth requirements of an area, optimized
network planning along with the in time and efficient
deployment.
This document discusses Fiber To The Home (FTTH) network structures. It describes two common FTTH structures: point-to-point fiber, where a dedicated fiber line runs from the service provider directly to each customer; and shared fiber core, where a splitter divides a single fiber line to serve multiple customers. The key devices for shared fiber core FTTH are the Optical Line Termination (OLT) located at the service provider, the Optical Network Unit (ONU) located at each customer site, and splitters to divide the fiber lines. Diagrams and pictures are provided to illustrate how these components connect in each type of FTTH network structure.
This document provides an overview and guidelines for the design and installation of a Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) network. It describes the different components of an outside plant (OSP) including optical fiber cables, closures, and fiber distribution hubs. It also covers inside plant (ISP) materials like riser cables and termination boxes. The document establishes design criteria for both the OSP and ISP and provides guidance on network topologies, pre-wiring deployment, and redundancy strategies.
After our successful launch of '5G for Absolute Beginners' course (http://bit.ly/5Gbegins) in 2020, we decided to create an introductory training course on 6G Mobile Wireless Communications technology. The course is ready and the best way to navigate it is via the Free 6G Training page at: https://bit.ly/6Gintro - this will ensure that you have the latest version of each video and also the most recent version of the 6G technologies videos as and they are added.
In this part we will look at how and why the industry and research community believes that things will be very different in 2030 and to get ready for that era, we need to start looking at and defining 6G today. While some believe that there will be an intermediate 5.5G or Beyond 5G step before jumping directly on to 6G, others believe that 6G will require step change that 5G evolution may not achieve satisfactorily.
This course is part of #Free6Gtraining initiative (https://www.free6gtraining.com/)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
6G and Beyond-5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/6G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Free 6G Training Blog: https://www.free6gtraining.com/
The document discusses 5G radio access network (RAN) fundamentals and architectures. It describes how the RAN has evolved from previous generations with more distributed and virtualized architectures in 5G. Key aspects of 5G RAN covered include centralized/virtualized RAN, Open RAN specifications, functional splits, and new concepts like network slicing and multi-access edge computing. Example use cases are also mentioned.
After our successful launch of '5G for Absolute Beginners' course (http://bit.ly/5Gbegins) in 2020, we decided to create an introductory training course on 6G Mobile Wireless Communications technology. The course is ready and the best way to navigate it is via the Free 6G Training page at: https://bit.ly/6Gintro - this will ensure that you have the latest version of each video and also the most recent version of the 6G technologies videos as and they are added.
In this part we will look at the 6G Groups. Many different countries and regions have setup groups to ensure leadership in the next generation of technology. In addition to these, some universities are starting their own groups and initiatives to ensure 6G leadership. This video will look at some of the main ones. Please feel free to let us know the ones we missed. This will help us include them in future updates.
This course is part of #Free6Gtraining initiative (https://www.free6gtraining.com/)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
6G and Beyond-5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/6G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Free 6G Training Blog: https://www.free6gtraining.com/
This document discusses Fiber To The Home (FTTH) network structures. It describes two common FTTH structures: point-to-point fiber, where a dedicated fiber line runs from the service provider directly to each customer; and shared fiber core, where a splitter divides a single fiber line to serve multiple customers. The key devices for shared fiber core FTTH are the Optical Line Termination (OLT) located at the service provider, the Optical Network Unit (ONU) located at each customer site, and splitters to divide the fiber lines. Diagrams and pictures are provided to illustrate how these components connect in each type of FTTH network structure.
This document provides an overview and guidelines for the design and installation of a Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) network. It describes the different components of an outside plant (OSP) including optical fiber cables, closures, and fiber distribution hubs. It also covers inside plant (ISP) materials like riser cables and termination boxes. The document establishes design criteria for both the OSP and ISP and provides guidance on network topologies, pre-wiring deployment, and redundancy strategies.
After our successful launch of '5G for Absolute Beginners' course (http://bit.ly/5Gbegins) in 2020, we decided to create an introductory training course on 6G Mobile Wireless Communications technology. The course is ready and the best way to navigate it is via the Free 6G Training page at: https://bit.ly/6Gintro - this will ensure that you have the latest version of each video and also the most recent version of the 6G technologies videos as and they are added.
In this part we will look at how and why the industry and research community believes that things will be very different in 2030 and to get ready for that era, we need to start looking at and defining 6G today. While some believe that there will be an intermediate 5.5G or Beyond 5G step before jumping directly on to 6G, others believe that 6G will require step change that 5G evolution may not achieve satisfactorily.
This course is part of #Free6Gtraining initiative (https://www.free6gtraining.com/)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
6G and Beyond-5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/6G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Free 6G Training Blog: https://www.free6gtraining.com/
The document discusses 5G radio access network (RAN) fundamentals and architectures. It describes how the RAN has evolved from previous generations with more distributed and virtualized architectures in 5G. Key aspects of 5G RAN covered include centralized/virtualized RAN, Open RAN specifications, functional splits, and new concepts like network slicing and multi-access edge computing. Example use cases are also mentioned.
After our successful launch of '5G for Absolute Beginners' course (http://bit.ly/5Gbegins) in 2020, we decided to create an introductory training course on 6G Mobile Wireless Communications technology. The course is ready and the best way to navigate it is via the Free 6G Training page at: https://bit.ly/6Gintro - this will ensure that you have the latest version of each video and also the most recent version of the 6G technologies videos as and they are added.
In this part we will look at the 6G Groups. Many different countries and regions have setup groups to ensure leadership in the next generation of technology. In addition to these, some universities are starting their own groups and initiatives to ensure 6G leadership. This video will look at some of the main ones. Please feel free to let us know the ones we missed. This will help us include them in future updates.
This course is part of #Free6Gtraining initiative (https://www.free6gtraining.com/)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
6G and Beyond-5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/6G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Free 6G Training Blog: https://www.free6gtraining.com/
Mobile spectrum and network evolution to 2025 slides coleago - 24 mar 21Coleago Consulting
A review for telecoms regulators and operators of key global developments, insights, trends, and best international practices, to inform future spectrum policy and management and operator strategies.
Introducing our 5G Platform for the first movers in 5G, the first completely end-to-end solution that combines core and radio solutions in 5G to enable new opportunities and use cases
Real Fibre optic FTTH FTTX network design, engineering & planning software fo...van den Dool Dick
ITS-NetDesign™
Our Fibre optic FTTH / FTTX network design, engineering & planning software for Autocad® is an important member of our suite of software solutions & planning tools.
Simply: design, engineer & plan FTTH / FTTX optical fibre networks.
Advanced modelling of P2P & GPON networks.
Real network design & engineering software for Autocad®.
Faster and more flexible than any GIS.
Software details, engine, installation, usage, customization, examples, LISP programming
This document discusses fiber to the x (FTTx) network architectures, including fiber to the home (FTTH), fiber to the premises (FTTP), fiber to the curb (FTTC), and fiber to the node (FTTN). It provides an overview of the current status and adoption of FTTx networks in the United States, drivers for telecommunications companies and homeowners to implement FTTx, and common FTTx network designs like home run, active star, and passive optical networks (PON). The document also outlines the components involved in FTTx networks and benefits of FTTx for contractors.
Get a better understanding of 5G in this "Introduction to 5G"presentation by Doug Hohulin, Nokia 4G/5G Mobile Technology, whose focus is the strategy and business development of AV, UAS, Smart City, IoT and 5G technologies. This was part of Doug's presentation at the 2017 Gigabit City Summit (GCS17)
3GPP Release 17: Completing the first phase of 5G evolutionQualcomm Research
The document discusses 3GPP Release 17, which brings new system capabilities and expands 5G to new devices, applications, and deployments. Some key points:
- Release 17 completes the first phase of 5G evolution. It expands 5G to new reduced capability devices, applications in new industries, and deployment models like non-terrestrial networks.
- Release 17 enhances technologies like massive MIMO, mmWave expansion, device power savings, coverage, and ultra-reliable low latency communications. It also introduces integrated access and backhaul and simple repeaters to expand 5G mmWave coverage.
- The release further scales 5G NR to support a wide range of device classes from high-end smartphones to
The document discusses SUN Telecom's FTTx FTTH cabling system product line. It describes the various components of the system including the central office equipment, optical distribution network components like cabinets and splitters, user end devices, testing equipment, cables, connectors and more. Diagrams and pictures are provided to illustrate the different parts of the FTTx FTTH network architecture and cabling system.
Zyxel’s Fiber Access solution provides versatile fiber connectivity for service providers according to the deployment requirements. Service providers can highly optimize and integrate various FTTx applications with the freedom to deploy services easily on GPON, GEPON, Active Fiber solutions with OLT, ONU/ONT and active fiber gateways.
1. The document discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 6G, comparing their key features such as bandwidth, deployment years, and services provided. 2. 6G is proposed to integrate 5G networks with satellite technology to provide global coverage with high-speed internet connectivity up to 11 Gbps for multimedia and weather information services on mobile devices. 3. 6G aims to use nanotechnology and artificial intelligence to connect all network operators to a single core and provide benefits like smart homes and cities, space technology applications, and disaster control.
This document summarizes how telecommunications companies can automate the design of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks using GIS technology. It discusses how building FTTH networks is challenging due to the scale and complexity involved. It then describes how one company developed a four-step automated design process using ESRI ArcGIS and a design assistant to generate optimized network designs that standardize components and connections while minimizing costs and design time. Automating the FTTH design process can accelerate design times by 40% and save telecom companies millions of dollars for every 100,000 homes connected to the network.
Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) is a new submarine cable paradigm that allows for higher total cable capacity by increasing the number of fiber pairs in a cable, even if capacity per pair is lower. SDM cables sacrifice spectral efficiency per pair in order to add more pairs and compensate with a higher cable capacity overall. This approach helps maximize capacity as we near the limits imposed by Shannon's law. Initial SDM cables deployed around 12-24 fiber pairs and achieved cable capacities over 300Tbps. Future SDM designs could scale to 32 or even 40 fiber pairs to support petabit cable systems.
This technical proposal summarizes Huawei's DWDM backbone network solution for NTC. The key elements include:
1. OSN 6800, 7500, 3500 and 2500 equipment for long haul DWDM and SDH connectivity between sites.
2. OptiX iManager U2000 for network management across servers, clients and local craft terminals.
3. A detailed network design outlining the topology, fiber attenuation, power budget, OSNR, and wavelength configuration across three fiber rings to interconnect over 50 sites.
The document outlines the process for planning and designing a fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) network, including: 1) digitally documenting the existing network and planning duct routes; 2) registering marketing data to establish rollout priorities; 3) defining customer equipment specifications in design software; 4) planning fiber network clusters, backbones, and distribution lines; 5) obtaining approvals from authorities and owners. The process aims to optimize the network design by utilizing existing infrastructure and finding cost-efficient routes.
Next Generation Network Architecture, by Sunny Yeung.
A presentation given at APRICOT 2016’s Opening Ceremony and APRICOT Plenary 1 session on 22 February 2016.
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO technology in 5G networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and a literature review. It then discusses 5G technology, including spectrum deployment, features, architecture and challenges. It also covers MIMO in 4G LTE networks. The main topic of massive MIMO in 5G is then explained, including its construction, operation modes, limitations and the issue of pilot contamination. Applications and the scope of massive MIMO are discussed before concluding with a summary of the key points.
The act of data collection using surveying devices such as GPS & others is very vital for a successful project implementation of Outside plant fiber Project
The document provides an overview of GPON architecture and training. It describes GPON access, specifications, reference standards and protocols, product availability, system principles, activation process in GPON, GPON terminals, FTTx scenarios, and brief configuration. Key points include that GPON uses a point-to-multipoint architecture with an OLT, ODN, and multiple ONUs/ONTs. It supports high bandwidth, long transmission distances, and various services like voice, data, and video.
FTTH Deployment in Ireland: Eir's experiences (workshop FTTH EU Conference 2016)Comsof
Ireland is an interesting market to focus on, as FTTH deployment in Ireland involves different players, varying types of population densities and different architectures and deployment methods. The very competitive market structure in some parts of the country is countered by government involvement to improve the infrastructure for rural areas. Eir’s Senior Access Strategist, David Renehan will explain how they handle all these difficulties and will highlight their learnings from the project, while experts from Comsof and GE dive into specific issues in the planning and deployment process.
This is the presentation from a workshop at the FTTH EU Conference 2016 titled "Learning from Real life cases - key success factors during preparation of a FTTH rollout" organized by iMinds, GE and FiberPlanIT.
Fiber to the Home: Making That Business Model WorkYankee Group
The document discusses building a generic business model for fiber to the home (FTTH) networks. It finds that for a payback period of less than 5 years, subscriber takeup must be at least 30%. Increasing takeup and reducing costs per home connected have the strongest positive impact on payback. Increasing ARPU and cash margins have a lower effect. Introducing a cost of money increases payback periods, but also increases the sensitivity to improvements. Potential solutions to enhance the business model include addressing underserved business markets, pursuing partnerships, and reconsidering premium and wholesale strategies.
Mobile spectrum and network evolution to 2025 slides coleago - 24 mar 21Coleago Consulting
A review for telecoms regulators and operators of key global developments, insights, trends, and best international practices, to inform future spectrum policy and management and operator strategies.
Introducing our 5G Platform for the first movers in 5G, the first completely end-to-end solution that combines core and radio solutions in 5G to enable new opportunities and use cases
Real Fibre optic FTTH FTTX network design, engineering & planning software fo...van den Dool Dick
ITS-NetDesign™
Our Fibre optic FTTH / FTTX network design, engineering & planning software for Autocad® is an important member of our suite of software solutions & planning tools.
Simply: design, engineer & plan FTTH / FTTX optical fibre networks.
Advanced modelling of P2P & GPON networks.
Real network design & engineering software for Autocad®.
Faster and more flexible than any GIS.
Software details, engine, installation, usage, customization, examples, LISP programming
This document discusses fiber to the x (FTTx) network architectures, including fiber to the home (FTTH), fiber to the premises (FTTP), fiber to the curb (FTTC), and fiber to the node (FTTN). It provides an overview of the current status and adoption of FTTx networks in the United States, drivers for telecommunications companies and homeowners to implement FTTx, and common FTTx network designs like home run, active star, and passive optical networks (PON). The document also outlines the components involved in FTTx networks and benefits of FTTx for contractors.
Get a better understanding of 5G in this "Introduction to 5G"presentation by Doug Hohulin, Nokia 4G/5G Mobile Technology, whose focus is the strategy and business development of AV, UAS, Smart City, IoT and 5G technologies. This was part of Doug's presentation at the 2017 Gigabit City Summit (GCS17)
3GPP Release 17: Completing the first phase of 5G evolutionQualcomm Research
The document discusses 3GPP Release 17, which brings new system capabilities and expands 5G to new devices, applications, and deployments. Some key points:
- Release 17 completes the first phase of 5G evolution. It expands 5G to new reduced capability devices, applications in new industries, and deployment models like non-terrestrial networks.
- Release 17 enhances technologies like massive MIMO, mmWave expansion, device power savings, coverage, and ultra-reliable low latency communications. It also introduces integrated access and backhaul and simple repeaters to expand 5G mmWave coverage.
- The release further scales 5G NR to support a wide range of device classes from high-end smartphones to
The document discusses SUN Telecom's FTTx FTTH cabling system product line. It describes the various components of the system including the central office equipment, optical distribution network components like cabinets and splitters, user end devices, testing equipment, cables, connectors and more. Diagrams and pictures are provided to illustrate the different parts of the FTTx FTTH network architecture and cabling system.
Zyxel’s Fiber Access solution provides versatile fiber connectivity for service providers according to the deployment requirements. Service providers can highly optimize and integrate various FTTx applications with the freedom to deploy services easily on GPON, GEPON, Active Fiber solutions with OLT, ONU/ONT and active fiber gateways.
1. The document discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 6G, comparing their key features such as bandwidth, deployment years, and services provided. 2. 6G is proposed to integrate 5G networks with satellite technology to provide global coverage with high-speed internet connectivity up to 11 Gbps for multimedia and weather information services on mobile devices. 3. 6G aims to use nanotechnology and artificial intelligence to connect all network operators to a single core and provide benefits like smart homes and cities, space technology applications, and disaster control.
This document summarizes how telecommunications companies can automate the design of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks using GIS technology. It discusses how building FTTH networks is challenging due to the scale and complexity involved. It then describes how one company developed a four-step automated design process using ESRI ArcGIS and a design assistant to generate optimized network designs that standardize components and connections while minimizing costs and design time. Automating the FTTH design process can accelerate design times by 40% and save telecom companies millions of dollars for every 100,000 homes connected to the network.
Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) is a new submarine cable paradigm that allows for higher total cable capacity by increasing the number of fiber pairs in a cable, even if capacity per pair is lower. SDM cables sacrifice spectral efficiency per pair in order to add more pairs and compensate with a higher cable capacity overall. This approach helps maximize capacity as we near the limits imposed by Shannon's law. Initial SDM cables deployed around 12-24 fiber pairs and achieved cable capacities over 300Tbps. Future SDM designs could scale to 32 or even 40 fiber pairs to support petabit cable systems.
This technical proposal summarizes Huawei's DWDM backbone network solution for NTC. The key elements include:
1. OSN 6800, 7500, 3500 and 2500 equipment for long haul DWDM and SDH connectivity between sites.
2. OptiX iManager U2000 for network management across servers, clients and local craft terminals.
3. A detailed network design outlining the topology, fiber attenuation, power budget, OSNR, and wavelength configuration across three fiber rings to interconnect over 50 sites.
The document outlines the process for planning and designing a fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) network, including: 1) digitally documenting the existing network and planning duct routes; 2) registering marketing data to establish rollout priorities; 3) defining customer equipment specifications in design software; 4) planning fiber network clusters, backbones, and distribution lines; 5) obtaining approvals from authorities and owners. The process aims to optimize the network design by utilizing existing infrastructure and finding cost-efficient routes.
Next Generation Network Architecture, by Sunny Yeung.
A presentation given at APRICOT 2016’s Opening Ceremony and APRICOT Plenary 1 session on 22 February 2016.
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO technology in 5G networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and a literature review. It then discusses 5G technology, including spectrum deployment, features, architecture and challenges. It also covers MIMO in 4G LTE networks. The main topic of massive MIMO in 5G is then explained, including its construction, operation modes, limitations and the issue of pilot contamination. Applications and the scope of massive MIMO are discussed before concluding with a summary of the key points.
The act of data collection using surveying devices such as GPS & others is very vital for a successful project implementation of Outside plant fiber Project
The document provides an overview of GPON architecture and training. It describes GPON access, specifications, reference standards and protocols, product availability, system principles, activation process in GPON, GPON terminals, FTTx scenarios, and brief configuration. Key points include that GPON uses a point-to-multipoint architecture with an OLT, ODN, and multiple ONUs/ONTs. It supports high bandwidth, long transmission distances, and various services like voice, data, and video.
FTTH Deployment in Ireland: Eir's experiences (workshop FTTH EU Conference 2016)Comsof
Ireland is an interesting market to focus on, as FTTH deployment in Ireland involves different players, varying types of population densities and different architectures and deployment methods. The very competitive market structure in some parts of the country is countered by government involvement to improve the infrastructure for rural areas. Eir’s Senior Access Strategist, David Renehan will explain how they handle all these difficulties and will highlight their learnings from the project, while experts from Comsof and GE dive into specific issues in the planning and deployment process.
This is the presentation from a workshop at the FTTH EU Conference 2016 titled "Learning from Real life cases - key success factors during preparation of a FTTH rollout" organized by iMinds, GE and FiberPlanIT.
Fiber to the Home: Making That Business Model WorkYankee Group
The document discusses building a generic business model for fiber to the home (FTTH) networks. It finds that for a payback period of less than 5 years, subscriber takeup must be at least 30%. Increasing takeup and reducing costs per home connected have the strongest positive impact on payback. Increasing ARPU and cash margins have a lower effect. Introducing a cost of money increases payback periods, but also increases the sensitivity to improvements. Potential solutions to enhance the business model include addressing underserved business markets, pursuing partnerships, and reconsidering premium and wholesale strategies.
2007 hassan and islam - application of GIS for drinking water - paper_108SM Tanvir Hassan
This document summarizes a study that used GIS tools to identify areas in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh where groundwater levels fell below critical levels for rural drinking water supply during dry seasons from 1995-2003. The study compared interpolation methods to model groundwater surfaces and found that kriging most accurately estimated depths at observation wells. Critical areas were defined as those where groundwater depths exceeded 6 meters. The maximum critical area (49.7% of the study area) occurred in 1995, causing severe drought. Some areas, like Dinajpur Sadar upazila, experienced drinking water scarcity for up to 120 days in 1999. The study helps identify locations requiring solutions to mitigate dry season drinking water shortages.
Trabajo de ingeniería electrónica sobre el presente y futuro de la FTTH, así como comparativa y presencia en el mundo de la tecnología. Actualizado en el 2012.
m2fx : How Pushable fiber is transforming AfricaSimon Roberts
I recently hosted a workshop at the FTTH Africa conference on how the m2fx FTTH pushable solutions are transforming fiber installation and empowering operators and installers alike.
It's good to share and please enjoy
ArcGIS for Server - Conferencia Esri España 2012Esri
Presentación de Aitor Calero, del dpto. técnico de Esri España en la pasada Conferencia Esri 2012.
Si quieres ver el resto de presentaciones, fotos y vídeos:
http://evento.esri.es/es/esri2012/
Esta presentación muestra la funcionalidades de Autocad Map sobre Formatos de ESRI Arcgis. El objetivo es que usted conozca hasta dónde puede llegar el productos de Autodesk, Autocad Map, con archivos como SHP, GDB, ArcSDE...
Para más información contacte con nosotros a través de www.cadmax.es
La fibra óptica permite distribuir servicios avanzados a través de redes con mayor velocidad y fiabilidad. Se comenzó a implementar hace 10 años para satisfacer las grandes demandas de servicios de las empresas y usuarios. El objetivo es expandir la fibra óptica hasta el hogar a la mayoría de empresas y usuarios, aprovechando que no produce interferencias, permite redes de alta capacidad y puede conectar a largas distancias de forma liviana y sistemática.
El documento analiza la factibilidad técnica y económica de la implementación de la arquitectura GPON para proveedores de servicios triple play. GPON permite ofrecer voz, video e internet a través de una sola fibra óptica, mejorando la calidad de servicio. El estudio concluye que la inversión se recupera en menos de 5 años y permite competir con proveedores nacionales. Se recomienda que los proveedores locales adopten esta tecnología.
The document discusses Cyient's integrated plan-build-operate-field engineering (iPBOF) ecosystem for effective multi-access network rollouts. It outlines the key pillars of access network lifecycles, including technologies, operations, deployment and design. It then describes Cyient's enablers for the iPBOF ecosystem such as design automation tools, service management tools, and mobile workforce management to optimize processes and reduce costs. The document also provides examples of Cyient's solutions for planning and design, network migration, and integrated service assurance.
Este documento describe la herramienta GPON Tester para técnicos de redes FTTH. GPON Tester permite realizar pruebas rápidas y precisas de la potencia óptica, reflexiones, sincronización y servicios GPON. Consiste en un dispositivo portátil, un emulador OLT y una aplicación que generan informes. GPON Tester reduce los costes y tiempos de despliegue y mantenimiento de redes FTTH.
The document discusses network development challenges and options for access networks, including deploying fiber and GPON networks. It recommends:
1. Reviewing requirements for Q3, Q4 2006 and 2007 and coordinating with marketing.
2. Developing GPON networks while using existing equipment temporarily if services are urgently needed.
3. Considering wireless solutions if no fixed infrastructure is available.
The document provides an overview of an ONT portfolio, including:
1. Data only ONTs that provide Ethernet interfaces for internet access.
2. Data and voice ONTs that provide both Ethernet and POTS interfaces to support internet, phone, and TV services to residential users.
3. Wireless ONTs that integrate WiFi access point functionality to provide wireless internet in addition to wired Ethernet and phone interfaces.
4. MDU ONTs designed for multi-dwelling units like apartments, providing VDSL interfaces over existing in-building copper wiring to multiple residential units.
This document provides an overview of Alcatel-Lucent's 7360 ISAM FX fiber access platform, including its shelf types, board types, and line cards. The 7360 ISAM FX offers various shelf configurations (FX-16, FX-8, FX-4) that can accommodate different mixtures of fiber line cards. It supports both GPON and EPON fiber technologies as well as point-to-point Ethernet services. The document describes the control and line cards available, including high-capacity GPON and 10G PON options. It positions the 7360 ISAM FX as a flexible fiber access platform for residential, business, and mobile backhaul services.
The document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networking (PON) and GPON fundamentals. It begins with the objectives of the course and describes the basic components and properties of a PON network, including optical fibers, splitters, transmitters, receivers, and wavelength usage. It then focuses on GPON specifics such as downstream and upstream data transmission using time-division multiple access, the 125us frame format, and how bandwidth allocation maps are used to assign timeslots to different ONTs.
FTTH Rollout in Rural areas: Make it possibleIDATE DigiWorld
This document discusses strategies for rolling out fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks in rural areas. It provides examples of successful FTTH projects in rural communities in Austria and Germany where local municipalities partnered with private companies. Public bodies play a key role in enabling small rural FTTH projects by using existing infrastructure, directly deploying open access networks, and aggregating demand from local consumers and businesses. Challenges include reactions from incumbent telecom providers and ensuring financial viability.
This document describes how GIS was used to create the Telephone Exchange Information and Planning System (TEIPS) for the Vastrapur telephone exchange in Ahmedabad, India. TEIPS integrated spatial and non-spatial data on the telephone network into a GIS database to help with tasks like cable route planning, fault detection, and monitoring pillar utilization over time. The system allowed technicians to more efficiently plan and maintain the network.
The document discusses key concepts and technologies of GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks), including:
1) The basic architecture of PON networks consisting of an OLT, ONUs, and a passive optical splitter.
2) Reasons for adopting the GPON standard such as supporting high-bandwidth transmission and long reach.
3) Key GPON technologies including ranging, equalization delay, dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for upstream/downstream transmission.
Comparative analysis of LTE backbone transport techniques for efficient broad...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document provides a comparative analysis of LTE backbone transport techniques for efficient broadband penetration in a heterogeneous network. It discusses how IP/MPLS currently serves as the transport technique but suffers from failures that can cause delays and packet loss. As an alternative, IP/ATM is proposed which can dynamically allocate bandwidth and support varying QoS requirements. The paper aims to evaluate the performance of these two techniques through simulation to establish which better addresses the challenges of IP/MPLS. Simulation results showed IP/ATM had superior performance over IP/MPLS in terms of average bandwidth utilization, mean traffic drop, and mean traffic delay.
Power Consumption Modeling and Analysis of Integrated Optical-Wireless Access...IJECEIAES
The integration of optical and wireless technologies at access networks are considered as a future solution which provide both high bandwidth and high mobility in an efficient way. GPON is a suitable candidate for optical backhaul due to the combination of higher data rates, greater split ratio and support for triple play services hence it offers maximum flexibility and cost advantages. On the other hand, recent developments of new radio access technologies and introduction of femtocell base stations provide the potential of offering broadband services and applications to everyone and everywhere. However, the power consumption of this network demands a particular attention because access networks are the largest contributor the network related electricity consumption. Therefore, in this paper we evaluate the power consumption of integrated optical-wireless access network which is based on independent ONU-BS architecture. We proposed a power consumption model for such network and the assessment has been done under different simulation scenarios. The constructed model will provide insight of the energy performance of the integrated access network so that in the network design process, focus can be done to the most energy saving strategies.
Analysis Of Operator XL Axiata S Readiness On IP Based Voice Interconnection ...Heather Strinden
The document analyzes the readiness of Indonesian mobile operator XL Axiata to transition from TDM-based voice interconnection to IP-based interconnection to support Voice over LTE (VoLTE) implementation. It finds that while XL Axiata currently uses TDM interconnects, it has deployed the necessary IP infrastructure including an IMS platform, LTE network, and IP transmission to support VoLTE and IP interconnects. The document calculates that IP interconnection would reduce bandwidth requirements for XL Axiata compared to TDM, with the reduction influenced by the codec used.
. FTTh network design (centralized/decentralized architecture, ...) serving multi-Services Providers
2. Fiber cables distribution and duct Capacities canlculation
3. SLA for infrastructure sharing
4. New telecom business model: single Fixed Mobile network owner wholesaler of white labeling services to retailers in fixed (FVNO) and mobile (MVNO)
5. Regulatory aspects
Internet Access Using Ethernet over PDH Technology for Remote AreaRadita Apriana
There was still is gap among people living in city and in remote area to get information access,
especially who lived in the Eastern part of Indonesia. People living in such remote area usually were
isolated from town by natural condition like rivers, valleys, hills and so on. Therefore, telecommunication
infrastructure for remote area using cooper was not effective and efficient way to build. The issue was how
information and communication technology could penetrate such areas. This research aimed to propose
technology that could be implemented to overcome the difficulties. Ethernet over Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy (EoPDH) was one of many techniques that provided Ethernet connectivity over non-Ethernet
networks. EoPDH was a standardized methodology for transporting native Ethernet frames over the
existing established PDH transport technology. To provide last milefor the local people, use of Mesh
Wireless Local Area Network was made and connected to internet gateway via Ethernet over PDH based
microwave radio link. The test showed that The Ethernet frames were successfully transported to remote
area with good quality of service such as throughput, response time, and transaction rate.
IRJET- Analysis of 5G Mobile Technologies and DDOS DefenseIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on 5G mobile technologies and defenses against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. It discusses two key 5G technologies: photonic technologies for 5G transport and data centers, which use fiber optics to transmit large amounts of data, and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), which allows more users to be served simultaneously. It also discusses challenges of 5G such as interference and proposes software-defined networking and network function virtualization approaches to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks.
This document provides information about telecommunications in Bangladesh. It details the country's wireless broadband infrastructure, including internet service providers, international bandwidth, fiber optic lines, and local internet providers. It also describes the Department of Telecommunications, which is responsible for telecom policy, tariffs, and spectrum management. Finally, it discusses Bangladesh's spectrum monitoring capabilities and goals to improve coverage and address public health issues from radio transmissions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IRJET- Campus-Wide Internet Telephony Design and Simulation using Voice over ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) system for Adamawa State University in Nigeria using Cisco Packet Tracer. VoIP allows voice calls to be placed over an IP network like the internet rather than a traditional phone network. The proposed VoIP system would allow users across the university's campus to communicate freely using IP phones. The author conducted several simulations of the network architecture in Cisco Packet Tracer to develop a prototype VoIP system for the university. This would provide more flexible communication and help increase information sharing across the university's departments and offices by integrating them into a single network.
Wireless network implementation is a viable option for building network infrastructure in rural
communities. Rural people lack network infrastructures for information services and socio-economic
development. The aim of this study was to develop a wireless network infrastructure architecture for
network services to rural dwellers. A user-centered approach was applied in the study and a wireless
network infrastructure was designed and deployed to cover five rural locations. Data was collected and
analyzed to assess the performance of the network facilities. The results shows that the system had been
performing adequately without any downtime with an average of 200 users per month and the quality of
service has remained high. The transmit/receive rate of 300Mbps was thrice as fast as the normal Ethernet
transmit/receive specification with an average throughput of 1 Mbps. The multiple output/multiple input
(MIMO) point-to-multipoint network design increased the network throughput and the quality of service
experienced by the users.
A WIRELESS NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE FOR RURAL COMMUNITIESijcsit
Wireless network implementation is a viable option for building network infrastructure in rural communities. Rural people lack network infrastructures for information services and socio-economic development. The aim of this study was to develop a wireless network infrastructure architecture for network services to rural dwellers. A user-centered approach was applied in the study and a wireless network infrastructure was designed and deployed to cover five rural locations. Data was collected and
analyzed to assess the performance of the network facilities. The results shows that the system had been performing adequately without any downtime with an average of 200 users per month and the quality of service has remained high. The transmit/receive rate of 300Mbps was thrice as fast as the normal Ethernet transmit/receive specification with an average throughput of 1 Mbps. The multiple output/multiple input
(MIMO) point-to-multipoint network design increased the network throughput and the quality of service experienced by the users.
Sandeep Kumar is a telecom network designer with over 9 years of experience in planning and designing fiber optic, copper, and HFC networks for telecom projects in India and abroad. He has extensive experience using software such as AutoCAD, ArcGIS, and Spatial Net to design greenfield and brownfield FTTx networks for projects with NBNCo Australia, Reliance Jio, and Videotron Canada. Currently he works as a team lead at Accenture managing a team of 15 members supporting their physical network inventory.
Sandeep Kumar is a telecom network designer with over 9 years of experience in planning and designing fiber optic, copper, and HFC networks for telecom projects in India and abroad. He has extensive experience using software such as AutoCAD, ArcGIS, and Spatial Net to design greenfield and brownfield telecom networks for technologies including FTTH, GPON, and HFC. His most recent roles include a Business Process Lead for NBNCo Australia's FTTx project and a Software Engineer Team Lead at Accenture working on physical network inventory and maintenance projects.
Sandeep Kumar is seeking a position applying his 9+ years of experience in telecom network planning and design, GIS mapping, and software engineering. He has extensive experience designing fiber optic, copper, and HFC networks for projects in India and other countries. His technical skills include AutoCAD, ArcGIS, and Spatial Net. Currently he works as a Team Lead at Accenture, handling incident management and consulting on physical network infrastructure projects.
FSO: Efficient Connectivity Solution for Campus Area NetworkLaraib Khan
This project proposes using a free space optics (FSO) system as an efficient connectivity solution for the campus area network of the University of Sindh. The document compares FSO to fiber optic networks and finds that FSO has lower installation costs and time while providing high bandwidth connectivity. Simulations show that FSO links can achieve data rates similar to fiber optics over distances up to 2km before signal degradation becomes an issue. Cost estimates indicate that an FSO system would cost approximately 70% less than a comparable fiber optic network for the University of Sindh campus. The project aims to increase awareness of FSO as a feasible alternative to fiber optics for shorter-distance, high-speed data communication in Pakistan.
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Video Streaming over WiMAX Network IJECEIAES
Nowadays, the desire of internet access and the need of digital encodings have influenced quite a large number of users to access high quality video application. Offering multimedia services not only to the wired but to wireless mobile client is becoming more viable. In wireless medium, videostreaming still has high resource requirements, for example, bandwidth, traffic priority, smooth play-backs. Therefore, bandwidth demands of these applications are far exceeding the capacity of 3G and Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). The current research demonstrates the introductory understanding of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) network, applications, the mechanisms, its potential features, and techniques used to provide QoS in WiMAX, and lastly the network is simulated to report the diverse requirements of streamed video conferencing traffic and its specifications. For this purpose two input parameters of video traffic are selected, i.e, refresh rate, which is monitored in terms of frames per second and pixel resolutions which basically counts the number of pixels in digital imaging. The network model is developed in OPNET. Different outcomes from simulation based models are analyzed and appropriate reasons are also discussed. Apart from this, the second aim of the current research is to address whether WiMAX access technology for streaming video applications could provide comparable network performance to Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). For this purpose network metrices such as End to End delay and throughput is taken into consideration for optimization.
This document is a training report submitted by Jatin Kumar, a student at B.S. Anangpuria Institute of Technology and Management, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report provides an overview of the student's training at Electronics Niketan, under the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Government of India. It includes acknowledgments, a table of contents, and sections on the company profile, an introduction to cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access, the history and background leading to cognitive radio, basic concepts of cognitive radio, and future applications.
Experience in the implementation of wi fi community solution for rural in kiu...Conference Papers
This document summarizes a project to implement a wireless community network in Kiulu, Sabah, Malaysia. The project aimed to bridge the digital divide and provide free Wi-Fi internet access in the rural area, which previously had no internet access. The network design involved comprehensive site surveys to identify suitable locations for wireless mesh nodes. 18 nodes were installed across locations like schools, community halls, and government buildings to provide connectivity. The network uses MIMOS' locally developed Mi-MESA wireless mesh devices along with antennas, switches, routers, and other infrastructure to deliver internet access to the Kiulu community.
Broadband Digital connectivity to rural india - strategyKumar Ranjan
This document discusses strategies for providing wireless broadband connectivity to rural India. It recommends a two-phase approach: Phase 1 uses short-coverage wireless technologies like WiFi access points to provide connectivity at public spots in villages. Phase 2 uses wide-coverage technologies like 3G/4G to provide connectivity across gram panchayats. A key challenge is the lack of reliable backhaul networks, so it recommends using point-to-multipoint wireless technologies to extend internet bandwidth from BharatNet fiber POPs to WiFi access points. A viable business model is also needed, as telecom operators cannot support rural networks individually. It proposes a shared infrastructure model where a new SPV builds and manages the network infrastructure.
Review and Analysis of WiMAX Technology using different Modulation scheme wit...ijtsrd
The last few decades, there has been a incredible growth in the wireless communication technology. The growing demand of multimedia services and the growth of Internet related contents lead to increasing interest to high speed communications. The Wireless communication technology, affordable wireless service has become a reality. In wireless communication, radio propagation refers to the behavior of radio waves when they are propagated from transmitter to receiver. In the course of propagation, radio waves are mainly affected by three different modes of physical phenomena: reflection, diffraction, and scattering. In this paper, we analysis of MIMO-OFDM system employing different Modulation scheme is analysed using AWGN channel. The Simulation results show that this is a novel technique for next generation wireless systems using MATLAB toll R2013a. Arvind Yadav | Er. Praveen Kumar Patidar"Review and Analysis of WiMAX Technology using different Modulation scheme with AWGN Channel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11662.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/11662/review-and-analysis-of-wimax-technology-using-different-modulation-scheme-with-awgn-channel/arvind-yadav
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
1. International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)
ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-5 Issue-4, September 2015
118
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
ABSTRACT—Passive Optical Networks (PON) technology
brings an evolution in the industry of Telecommunication for the
provisioning of High Speed Internet (HSI) and Triple Play
bundled Services that includes Voice, Data, and Video Streaming
throughout the world. In Pakistan most of the service providers
are offering broadband services on traditional copper OSP
(Outside Plant) network since 2000. Demand for the high speed
internet and broadband is increasing rapidly, it is desired with
great need to migrate from traditional copper based OSP network
to PON – FTTx (Fiber To The x) infrastructure. Considering the
geographical requirements in Pakistan a scalable fiber network is
required which can be optimized as per the user’s requirements
and demands with high speed bandwidth efficiency, involving the
minimum losses and with ideal capital expenditure (CAPEX). In
this work a platform for migration from copper to fiber access
network with a scalable and optimized PON – FTTx
infrastructure in green field and dry field areas of Pakistan have
been proposed using Geographic Information system (GIS). In
any developing country like Pakistan having the same cultural
and geographical topology, this platform can be used to migrate
from copper to fiber access network to provide the PON based
telecom services. The developed platform for migration from
copper to PON based fiber has been studied, planned, and then
simulated on a selected geographical area of Pakistan with
physical execution that showed better and efficient results with
reduction in capital and operational expenditures. A factual plan
without ambiguities assists the operators of Pakistan to
analyze/forecast bandwidth requirements of an area, optimized
network planning along with the in time and efficient
deployment.
Keywords—FTTx, GIS, HSI, OSP, PON
I. INTRODUCTION
In the modern era; demand of the high speed internet
(HSI) in the form of Multimedia Broadband (MM&BB)
services are growing rapidly in the world [1] that is
changing the human lifestyles [2] and the environs of their
surroundings due to the smooth and in time services
enabling. These rapid technical developments in Broadband
services connecting entities, societies, building awareness,
generating capital [3], supporting social media and creating
opportunities to bring change
Revised Version Manuscript Received on September 04, 2015.
Umar Farooq, MSTN, Iqra University, Khayaban-E-Johar, Islamabad,
Pakistan.
Dr. Khawaja Tauseef Tasneem, HOD, Department of Computer
Science, Iqra University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Dr. Sajid Bashir, Department of Computer Science, Iqra University,
Islamabad, Pakistan,
A. Saboor, Military College of Signals, National University of Sciences
and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
A. Rauf, Military College of Signals, National University of Sciences and
Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
for betterment of humanity [1], [4]-[5], [6]-[9].Broadband is
now regarded as essential to a country’s infrastructure, to
business and overall competitiveness and is gradually
moving closer to being widely recognized as a human right
[10].
Key focus of the new era content providers is to digitize
the services and to create the rich online experience. There
are numerous technologies available in the world with
service providers who are competing fast rigorously to
provide high speed internet and multimedia broadband
services with quality installations.
The evolved technologies for the provisioning of
multimedia broadband (MM&BB) services have bounds
considering bandwidth, reliability, coverage, and cost [1],
[4]-[5], [9],[11].Therefore, the major issue to balance the
range of cost, coverage and quality [12] should be
formulated for the rapid growth and service provisioning of
multimedia broadband technologies epically for an average
citizen in developing country like Pakistan as per its cultural
and topographic variations. To stay competitive and to
satisfy bandwidth demand, telecom operators are
permanently improving their network infrastructure with
new technologies [6].
The trends of broadband technology in Pakistan are in
stark contrast compared to worldwide trends where wire-line
leads the broadband market. The pace of broadband growth
in wireline is very slow in Pakistan that is very much
obvious. The slow growth is due to some factors that need
improvement; these factors include [13]:
1) Low (level of) consumer awareness,
2) No coverage of Broadband services,
3) Traffic reduction in broadband services,
4) Low literacy rate,
5) Low local content development,
6) Low computer penetration,
7) Cost of service (Tariff),
Out of the mentioned factors the most important is the
coverage area and wire line infrastructure deployment
especially for Passive Optical Networks (PON). FiberOptic
(FO) is the latest and the most advanced mode of data
transmission having the huge bandwidth, interference free,
best signal security, fast upgradability, low cost, small size
and less weight etc. But at present the PON have a share of
only 0.4% in broadband services [9].
Passive Optical Network (PON) technology can be
exploited by planning and deployment in a variety of
topographic infrastructures which are mainly categorized as
FTTx (Fiber to the x) [6]-[7], [12],[14]-[15].
The service providers are facing problems for the
maintenance and monitoring of their wire-line networks i.e.
copper network, which needs the uplifting, continuous
Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network
using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry
Field Areas of Pakistan
Umar Farooq, Sajid Bashir, Tauseef Tasneem, A.Saboor, A.Rauf
2. Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
maintenance and rehabilitation to improve the
satisfaction index [9].
The penetration of the Passive Optical Network (PON) in
Access is very slow as compared to the increa
demand. In Pakistan no any integrated platform is available
that can be deployed as per topographic variations and
cultural diversity. This platform will offer:
Ease and time saving in Planning, Optimization and
Monitoring of PON
1) Low Capital Investment involvement
2) Futuristic
There is a big research work in the network migration
from copper to the fiber that has been published [1
[11]-17], [26-43]. The already researched work needs a lot
of tunings and modifications before deployme
Pakistan as stated in the problem statement earlier.
It is suggested to build a platform to Migrate from Copper
to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for
Green and Dry Field Areas of Pakistan. The platform is
proposed because more bandwidth requirement of the
subscribers and new customers due to bandwidth hungry
application like HDTV, Online gaming, video conferencing
etc. also most of the existing copper access network in
Pakistan is out aged especially bandwidth demand areas
urban and sub urban areas and bandwidth demand cannot be
fulfilled without deployment of PON FTTx access network
infrastructure. Major hurdle in copper access network is
distance limitation; the signal declines severely when it
reaches that limit for specific bit rate that results in increased
customer fault ratio [1], [4]-[5], [9], [16]. PON technology is
selected being futuristic technology as the access network
will be passive and no external power required to any
passive component, thus saving also energy resources [1
[16]-[17].
On selected geographic location ArcGIS is used for land
base digitization, using the same digitized base map the
physical survey will be carried out. Optical
Network will be planned and designed using ArcGIS
the validation of data collected during the field surveys.
Calculations for power budget and different analysis will be
done for Optical-Distribution Network (ODN) optimization
aided with simulations. Final optimized Optical
Network design will be deployed and the results taken by
simulated network will be compared with the final results
for further improvements if required. Upon the successful
execution and deployment the as built diagram will be
updated on GIS data for the future use and also for real time
monitoring upon integration of GIS system with GOPN
network elements.
II. FIBER BASED ACCESS NETWORK
Total transformation from copper to fiber is not feasible
in one go especially in Pakistan. The main reason is the
capital investment required for this purpose is very high [1
[4]-[5], [8]. The Fiber-Optic (FO) OSP includes
network: 1) Active-Optical Network (AON); 2) Pass
Optical Networks (PON). Fig.1 presents the both PON and
AON access networks.
The Active-Optical Networks, the primary copper cables
are replaced in steps by introducing active elements in field
[1], [4]-[5], [8]. The distribution cabinet in the access local
Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
Areas of Pakistan
119
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
maintenance and rehabilitation to improve the customer
The penetration of the Passive Optical Network (PON) in
Access is very slow as compared to the increased bandwidth
In Pakistan no any integrated platform is available
that can be deployed as per topographic variations and
cultural diversity. This platform will offer:
Planning, Optimization and
Investment involvement
There is a big research work in the network migration
published [1], [4]-[8],
The already researched work needs a lot
of tunings and modifications before deployment the same in
Pakistan as stated in the problem statement earlier.
It is suggested to build a platform to Migrate from Copper
to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for
Green and Dry Field Areas of Pakistan. The platform is
more bandwidth requirement of the
subscribers and new customers due to bandwidth hungry
application like HDTV, Online gaming, video conferencing
etc. also most of the existing copper access network in
Pakistan is out aged especially bandwidth demand areas i.e.
urban and sub urban areas and bandwidth demand cannot be
fulfilled without deployment of PON FTTx access network
infrastructure. Major hurdle in copper access network is
distance limitation; the signal declines severely when it
specific bit rate that results in increased
]. PON technology is
selected being futuristic technology as the access network
will be passive and no external power required to any
o energy resources [1],
On selected geographic location ArcGIS is used for land
base digitization, using the same digitized base map the
physical survey will be carried out. Optical-Distribution
Network will be planned and designed using ArcGIS upon
the validation of data collected during the field surveys.
Calculations for power budget and different analysis will be
Distribution Network (ODN) optimization
aided with simulations. Final optimized Optical-Distribution
gn will be deployed and the results taken by
simulated network will be compared with the final results
for further improvements if required. Upon the successful
execution and deployment the as built diagram will be
d also for real time
monitoring upon integration of GIS system with GOPN
ETWORK
Total transformation from copper to fiber is not feasible
in one go especially in Pakistan. The main reason is the
required for this purpose is very high [1],
includes two types of
Optical Network (AON); 2) Passive-
presents the both PON and
etworks, the primary copper cables
are replaced in steps by introducing active elements in field
The distribution cabinet in the access local
cable network of legacy copper based OSP is replaced with
the Optical-Network Units (ONUs). The
as intermediate nodes because both Fiber
and copper access network (secondary cables) are
terminated on it. These nodes convert the electrical signals
in to optical signals and transmit the subscriber traffic to the
respective switching Inside Plant (ISP) node using a
transmission node. This transmission node is SDH based.
ONUs are available in different sizes and comes in both
indoor and outdoor configuration
Fig.1 Active and Passive Optical Network [18
The other one is passive
uses point-to-multipoint fiber to the premises
unpowered optical splitters are used
deploying worldwide. The name passive depicts that there is
no available electrical source in OSP or no any active node
is required in the fiber access network for service
provisioning to the subscribers.
Currently, the major access network in Pakis
upon copper which is required to be transformed into Fiber
Optic (FO) access network. Fig.
fiber based OSP in which different category customers like
corporate, residential, enterprise and building etc. are
connected with access network using Fiber Optic (FO) s.
Fig.2 Fiber based Outside Plant (OSP)
III. GIS FOR TELECOMMUNICATION
GIS is an information system that is used to input, store,
manipulate, retrieve, analyze and generate geographically
referenced data or geospatial data, take in decision making
for planning and management of telecommunication, natural
resources, land use, urban services and facilities,
transportation, environment and other related administrative
records.
Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
cable network of legacy copper based OSP is replaced with
Network Units (ONUs). These ONUs are used
as intermediate nodes because both Fiber-Optic (FO) cables
and copper access network (secondary cables) are
terminated on it. These nodes convert the electrical signals
in to optical signals and transmit the subscriber traffic to the
ctive switching Inside Plant (ISP) node using a
transmission node. This transmission node is SDH based.
ONUs are available in different sizes and comes in both
indoor and outdoor configuration [1], [4]-[5], [8].
and Passive Optical Network [18]
The other one is passive optical network (PON)
fiber to the premises in which
are used [18]and are widely
deploying worldwide. The name passive depicts that there is
no available electrical source in OSP or no any active node
is required in the fiber access network for service
.
access network in Pakistan is based
is required to be transformed into Fiber
Optic (FO) access network. Fig.2 showing a typical optic
fiber based OSP in which different category customers like
corporate, residential, enterprise and building etc. are
access network using Fiber Optic (FO) s.
Fiber based Outside Plant (OSP)
ELECOMMUNICATION
GIS is an information system that is used to input, store,
manipulate, retrieve, analyze and generate geographically-
referenced data or geospatial data, take in decision making
for planning and management of telecommunication, natural
urban services and facilities,
transportation, environment and other related administrative
3. International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)
ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-5 Issue-4, September 2015
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A. GIS Structure
GIS structure is based on layer type, which is integrated
all together to get the desired data. Out of these layers Base
Map is most critical and the important requirement of the
GIS.
Fig.3 GIS Structure
B. Base Map Preparation
In GIS the creation of base map is the basic requirement
to overlay any other data on it. This means before planning
and design Fiber Out-side plant using GIS we have to
prepare the base map of that specific area. After the creation
of base maps all of the fiber related layers will be created
and used for access network planning and designing with
reference to that base map.
ArcGIS is the well-known GIS application used to create,
manipulates, analysis and output creation of data and
information. ArcGIS latest version 10.2 is released and
available in the market.
C. Geo Referencing
Before going to start the digitization of Base Map, some
basic inputs are mandatory that includes:
An image of the site map as .tif, or .png or .jpeg file
Or a rich satellite image
Map or image is Georeferenced at first step
Google Earth
Arc Map 10.0 or latest
Geo-Referencing is the Pre digitization step, it means that
we need to make our data (shape file, imagery or map)
understand its geographic reference on earth; it’s just like
playing with puzzles. The steps are:
1) First to collect ground control points or (x, y) co-
ordinates and then assign these coordinates tothe site image
or map that is being georeferenced.
2) GPS can be used to collect the coordinates by physical
survey of the site, or can be picked up by using Google
Earth.
3) Picking the coordinates by using Google Earth is very
easy, just need to place mark for the corner or building of
the area for which you want to collect coordinates as shown
in Fig.4.
4) Geo-referencing .CAD (AutoCAD drawing), export the
CAD drawing to jpeg format by opening it in AutoCAD or
Arc GIS. After this the same process as above is used to
collect or assign coordinates for the selected ground control
points.
5) Geo-referencing a Map or Imagery, using the same
technique as of .CAD drawing; map should be in .tiff or
.jpeg format.
Fig.4 Taking (x, y) coordinates from Google Earth
6) Open Arc GIS application, from menu bar click
customized tab and select tool bar then select Geo-
referencing as shown in Fig.5
Fig.5 Geo-referencing in Arc Map, Step (1)
7) Add the JPEG image or satellite imagery in Arc Map,in
the beginning assign that image proper coordinate system
that will be available to all data sets of allied Telecom layers
and Land base feature class. It is recommended to import the
current geographic coordinate system or get the projection
from Arc catalog, WGS 1984 43N is used for Pakistan.
8) After this assign each point that is already selected as
ground control point to its individual geographic coordinates
taken from the Google Earth, for the this purpose first left
click on the corner or edge on the image and then right click
and click input x and y coordinate value as shown in Fig.6.
At minimum four points are needed for effective geo
referencing.
9) After assigning coordinates to all of four points click
update geo referencing, by doing so image will be
automatically rotated and moved to its original coordinated
location and is ready to be digitized.
10) Separate layers for the base map are created for
separate data set along with allied attribute info which
includes layers of zone or sub zone, water bodies, road,
parcel (polygon) shown in Fig.7.
Staff Related
Data
CMS/CRM Data
Cable Diagrams
Billing & Customer Care Data
Integrated Layers
Network Lifecycle
Management
Input Data
Base Map
4. Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
Fig.6 Geo-referencing in Arc Map, Step (2)
Fig.7Digitized Roads, Parcels or polygon
Fig.8 Base Map
11) Fig.8 is final and ready product for survey, planning,
designing and optimizing, analyzing along with budget
calculation for GPON infrastructure. In a similar approach,
layers for GPON infrastructure will also be created that
includes PVC duct routes for Fiber Optic (FO) OSP,
Structure (for hand holes, manholes and JBs), and
equipment (for FDH, FAT and OLT etc.), Feeder cables and
Distribution cables or any other if required.
IV. PON ACCESS NETWORK DESIGNING
Fiber to the Home (FTTH) is network having end to end
fiber in access network that has become ultimate
requirement for any service provider in wire line business.
FTTH could be designed and deployed in two topologies:
Point-To Point (PTP) Network,
Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
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referencing in Arc Map, Step (2)
Parcels or polygon
is final and ready product for survey, planning,
designing and optimizing, analyzing along with budget
calculation for GPON infrastructure. In a similar approach,
layers for GPON infrastructure will also be created that
Optic (FO) OSP,
Structure (for hand holes, manholes and JBs), and
equipment (for FDH, FAT and OLT etc.), Feeder cables and
Distribution cables or any other if required.
ESIGNING
Fiber to the Home (FTTH) is network having end to end
fiber in access network that has become ultimate
requirement for any service provider in wire line business.
FTTH could be designed and deployed in two topologies:
Point-To Multi Point (PTMP) Network.
In PTP a dedicated fiber for each tenant whereas PTMP
used the fiber sharing among a tenant group, typica
subscribers shown in Fig.9 (a) and (b).
Fig.9 PTP and PTMP Networks
In PTP network, there is an individual dedicated fiber
with a dedicated port of OLT for a single
ONT is directly connected to the OLT PON port, requires a
huge investment and not a good approach. It is suggested to
keep spare capacity in feeder and distribution cables to fulfil
such minute demands. However, in PTMP PON network the
optical reach is less than that of PTP PON structure that has
no splitters installed in it. A PON port could cover a distance
of 20 Km from the OLT to cover most of the area. PTP PON
networks should be deployed in the remote areas where
OLT placement is not economical but demand exists.
In PTMP PON access networks, PON port is shared
among the subscribers using the splitters. A single OLT
PON port could be shared between 2 to 128 users depending
upon the bandwidth requirement and splitters availability.
The GPON access network that we are developing for
Pakistan will promise asymmetrical communication with 2.5
Gb/s downstream and 1.25 Gb/s upstream. GPON
technology supports Ethernet, ATM and WDM by using
superset multi-protocol layer. GPON
(GEM) a transport protocol layer is used to support both
Ethernet as well as ATM protocols.
A. Optical Distribution Network (ODN) Planning
The GPON ODN designed is based upon four basic
sections of PON networks that include:
OLT/CO Planning
Splitter Planning
Route Protection/Diversity Planning
FTTx planning
B. OLT/CO Planning
Location finalization for Optical Line
has great importance, Big impact of OLT location on
increase or decrease in investment. In telecom network the
central office (CO) is Inside Part that houses the OLT and
Optical Distribution Frame (ODF). The ODF is installed
such that the all feeder cable could be terminated on it. An
ODF should not be expanded or any expansion in ODF must
be done in same room. An Optical Distribution Network
(ODN) is planned for serving multi services. The ODF must
Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
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To Multi Point (PTMP) Network.
r for each tenant whereas PTMP
used the fiber sharing among a tenant group, typically 32
(a) and (b).
PTP and PTMP Networks
In PTP network, there is an individual dedicated fiber
with a dedicated port of OLT for a single user. Only one
ONT is directly connected to the OLT PON port, requires a
huge investment and not a good approach. It is suggested to
keep spare capacity in feeder and distribution cables to fulfil
such minute demands. However, in PTMP PON network the
al reach is less than that of PTP PON structure that has
no splitters installed in it. A PON port could cover a distance
of 20 Km from the OLT to cover most of the area. PTP PON
networks should be deployed in the remote areas where
nomical but demand exists.
In PTMP PON access networks, PON port is shared
among the subscribers using the splitters. A single OLT
PON port could be shared between 2 to 128 users depending
upon the bandwidth requirement and splitters availability.
access network that we are developing for
Pakistan will promise asymmetrical communication with 2.5
Gb/s downstream and 1.25 Gb/s upstream. GPON
technology supports Ethernet, ATM and WDM by using
GPON Encapsulation Method
a transport protocol layer is used to support both
Ethernet as well as ATM protocols.
Optical Distribution Network (ODN) Planning
The GPON ODN designed is based upon four basic
sections of PON networks that include:
Route Protection/Diversity Planning
Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
has great importance, Big impact of OLT location on
increase or decrease in investment. In telecom network the
central office (CO) is Inside Part that houses the OLT and
Optical Distribution Frame (ODF). The ODF is installed
ll feeder cable could be terminated on it. An
ODF should not be expanded or any expansion in ODF must
be done in same room. An Optical Distribution Network
(ODN) is planned for serving multi services. The ODF must
5. provide flexible arrangement to manage fib
pigtails, and feeder) with protection for bending radius.
Legacy copper cables Main Distribution Frames (MDFs)
and copper cable chambers are not required for FiberOptic
(FO) cables, since existing standard cable trays and channels
can be used to route fiber cables to ODF. OLT should be
installed in central office (CO) in standard rack with
termination at front side. The OLT rack comprise of 2 to 3
sub racks, each with 16 GPON cards, 4 or 8 PON ports per
GPON card.
Physical reach is defined as the maximum ph
distance between the ONT and the OLT. In GPON,two
options are defined for the physical reach: 10 km and 20 km.
It is assumed that 10 km is themaximum distance over
which FP-LD can be used in the ONU for high bit rates such
as 1.25 Gbit/sor above [19], but it may reduce
available components. The reach range of GPON could be
increased or decreased by changing the location, reducing or
adding the splitter levels. Fig.10 defines the Central Office
(CO) / OLT placement. OLTs are normally installed in
existing exchanges for smooth transformation of copper; this
will reduce the cost by re-utilizing the existing resources.
Existing cable routes of access and junction includin
existing civil structures e.g. Manholes and hand holes should
be used to extend feeder fiber cables to proposed FDH
locations.
OLT should be proposed at place with the concept to feed
the locality within its physical reach. Green Field or remote
far areas should be feed directly by extended PON port.
Boundaries of two OLTs should not be overlapped as it is
the capital wastage. The customers within 500 meters should
be feed directly from OLT without any FDH or FAT
placement. The OLT capacity planning depe
potential business demand and expected demand of tenants.
FDH
JB JB
Zero
Manhole
CO
New Area
Within 15 Km
Exchange
Boundary
Central Office
Old Boundary
Zero
Manhole
Zero
Manhole
JB
JB
JB
3
1
7
4
2
FDH
FDH
FDH
FDH
Exchange
Boundary
Fig.10 OLT Planning
C. Splitter Planning
Splitter planning depends on the 1) Splitter n
2) centralized setting 3) Dispersed setting. Fig
the said three setting, splitter could be used in 2 levels that is
1st splitter of size 1:2 or 2:2 could be installed in central
office and the 2nd splitter of size 1:32 or 2:32, 1:16 or 2:16,
1:8 or 2:8, 1:4 0r 2:4 etc. could be installed in FDH
FAT. Increasing the splitter size will result reduction the
limit of bandwidth with increased number of tenants. A
PON port supports a maximum of 64 customers delivering
the average bandwidth of approx. 38 Mbps per user.
However, in case of deployment single level splitting having
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)
ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume
122
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provide flexible arrangement to manage fibers (jumper,
pigtails, and feeder) with protection for bending radius.
Legacy copper cables Main Distribution Frames (MDFs)
and copper cable chambers are not required for FiberOptic
(FO) cables, since existing standard cable trays and channels
to route fiber cables to ODF. OLT should be
installed in central office (CO) in standard rack with
termination at front side. The OLT rack comprise of 2 to 3
sub racks, each with 16 GPON cards, 4 or 8 PON ports per
maximum physical
ONT and the OLT. In GPON,two
options are defined for the physical reach: 10 km and 20 km.
It is assumed that 10 km is themaximum distance over
LD can be used in the ONU for high bit rates such
but it may reduce with the
available components. The reach range of GPON could be
increased or decreased by changing the location, reducing or
defines the Central Office
(CO) / OLT placement. OLTs are normally installed in
existing exchanges for smooth transformation of copper; this
utilizing the existing resources.
Existing cable routes of access and junction including
existing civil structures e.g. Manholes and hand holes should
be used to extend feeder fiber cables to proposed FDH
OLT should be proposed at place with the concept to feed
reach. Green Field or remote
as should be feed directly by extended PON port.
Boundaries of two OLTs should not be overlapped as it is
the capital wastage. The customers within 500 meters should
be feed directly from OLT without any FDH or FAT
placement. The OLT capacity planning depends upon the
potential business demand and expected demand of tenants.
Zero
Manhole
Zero
Manhole
JB
6
5
FDH
FDH
New Area
Within 15 Km
AN Cable
Junction
Cable
Splitter planning depends on the 1) Splitter n-level setting
ng 3) Dispersed setting. Fig-11 showing
the said three setting, splitter could be used in 2 levels that is
1st splitter of size 1:2 or 2:2 could be installed in central
office and the 2nd splitter of size 1:32 or 2:32, 1:16 or 2:16,
1:8 or 2:8, 1:4 0r 2:4 etc. could be installed in FDH or in
FAT. Increasing the splitter size will result reduction the
limit of bandwidth with increased number of tenants. A
PON port supports a maximum of 64 customers delivering
the average bandwidth of approx. 38 Mbps per user.
t single level splitting having
1:64 or 2:64 splitters, PON port reach is increased
considerably but number of users and bandwidth per users
remains same.
Centralized setting of splitters is useful for small coverage
area and few splitters are required with minimum of splitter
cabinets whereas in decentralized
installed suing the mounted micro ODFs near to a group of
customers, resulting in increased number of splitter cabinets
also PON port usage is poor.
Fig.11 Splitter Planning
D. Telecom Resilience
Network diversity ensures the customer protection for
uninterrupted services. In diversity, there is a compromise
between cost and uninterrupted service availability. There
are three ways to achieve link protection:
• Type A Protection: There is no automatic protection
available in both distribution and feeder.
• Type B Protection: Routing protection is provided in
Type B, only feeder cables are protected by using of 2: N
splitter like 2:2, 2:16, and 2:32 etc., two separate feeder fiber
cables either from same OLT card or from different OLT
card to the Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH)
• Type C Protection: Maximum protection by drawing
both feeder as well as distribution cable in mirrored, it is not
an economical solution.
E.Fiber Flooding-FTTx
Fiber To The-x is actually the fiber flooding from OLT to
ONT. Migration from copper access network to fiber access
network is a step by step transformation. It is based on the
concept of fiber in copper out (FICO) with FTTH is the
ultimate requirement. FTTx in different flavors being
deployed in the world wide, dependi
situation. Fig.12 showing the different variants of FTTx that
includes:
• FTTB – Fiber to the Building
• FTTC – Fiber to the Curb
• FTTH – Fiber to the Home
• FTTM – Fiber to the Mobile (fiber backbone to mobile
BTS towers)
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)
2307, Volume-5 Issue-4, September 2015
Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
1:64 or 2:64 splitters, PON port reach is increased
considerably but number of users and bandwidth per users
Centralized setting of splitters is useful for small coverage
area and few splitters are required with minimum of splitter
in decentralized setting, the splitters are
installed suing the mounted micro ODFs near to a group of
ulting in increased number of splitter cabinets
Splitter Planning
Network diversity ensures the customer protection for
uninterrupted services. In diversity, there is a compromise
cost and uninterrupted service availability. There
are three ways to achieve link protection:
Type A Protection: There is no automatic protection
available in both distribution and feeder.
Type B Protection: Routing protection is provided in
eeder cables are protected by using of 2: N
splitter like 2:2, 2:16, and 2:32 etc., two separate feeder fiber
cables either from same OLT card or from different OLT
e Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH)
Type C Protection: Maximum protection by drawing
both feeder as well as distribution cable in mirrored, it is not
x is actually the fiber flooding from OLT to
ONT. Migration from copper access network to fiber access
sformation. It is based on the
concept of fiber in copper out (FICO) with FTTH is the
ultimate requirement. FTTx in different flavors being
deployed in the world wide, depending upon the site
showing the different variants of FTTx that
Fiber to the Building
Fiber to the Home
Fiber to the Mobile (fiber backbone to mobile
6. Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
Fig.12 FTTX Planning – Fiber Flooding
V. GREEN FIELD AND DRY FIELD AREAS
The fiber count from the central office OLT shall be with
spare capacity and of suitable size that ensure future
requirements of fiber capacity. In planning or forecasting
25% more fibers rounded to the nearest next cable size is
selected e.g. for demand count of 20 fibers, at least 24 fiber
cable is planned. While in fiber cable planning process,
section lengths of Manhole, Hand holes should be
considered keeping in mind the cable drum length to avoid
the unwanted joints or splices that can increase the loss and
results in poor grade of service. To increase customer base
and for business development, the OSP design should be
capable enough to meet with the hidden demand, therefore,
number of direct fibers should be accompanied while
planning for main fiber cables to retain room for the
provision of PTP services or dedicated fiber provisioning.
The spare capacity that is available in junction or existing
PVC cable routes should be utilized to access a remote green
field area to connect a FDH or FAT with the OLT.
Requirements of duct routes and related civil structures
(hand holes, manholes, joint chambers or boxes etc.)
significantly reduced in the PON OSP network due to the
fiber characteristic like high bandwidth carrying capacity
and small in size and most importantly due to fiber splitting.
It should be ensured that the main feeder fiber cables should
not be accessed frequently to divert or put through fibers.
The drop fiber closures and splicing trays should be placed
inside joint boxes located near to group of villas or as per
the field requirement, again cable drum lengths must be
considered while planning for distribution cables.
The OSP deployment in the dry field area is not a
process; it is difficult as compared with development in the
green field areas. Therefore migration from copper to FTTH
in the dry field areas should be done in phases and on case
to case basis in accordance to resource availability.
Deployment of FTTH in the urban areas should be more
preferred over the remote areas. Existing laid fiber cables,
cabinets and the different telecom civil structures of the
network must be considered during the planning and
deployment process of GPON network to reduce th
A. Splitter Calculation and Cable Sizing
In PON access networks a dedicated fiber is required by
every splitter and a dedicated cable from splitter to ONT.
Fiber network have a typical life of 20 years, therefore
Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
Areas of Pakistan
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Fiber Flooding
REAS PLANNING
The fiber count from the central office OLT shall be with
spare capacity and of suitable size that ensure future
requirements of fiber capacity. In planning or forecasting
fibers rounded to the nearest next cable size is
selected e.g. for demand count of 20 fibers, at least 24 fiber
cable is planned. While in fiber cable planning process,
section lengths of Manhole, Hand holes should be
rum length to avoid
the unwanted joints or splices that can increase the loss and
results in poor grade of service. To increase customer base
and for business development, the OSP design should be
capable enough to meet with the hidden demand, therefore,
umber of direct fibers should be accompanied while
planning for main fiber cables to retain room for the
provision of PTP services or dedicated fiber provisioning.
The spare capacity that is available in junction or existing
ized to access a remote green
field area to connect a FDH or FAT with the OLT.
Requirements of duct routes and related civil structures
(hand holes, manholes, joint chambers or boxes etc.)
significantly reduced in the PON OSP network due to the
cteristic like high bandwidth carrying capacity
and small in size and most importantly due to fiber splitting.
It should be ensured that the main feeder fiber cables should
not be accessed frequently to divert or put through fibers.
and splicing trays should be placed
inside joint boxes located near to group of villas or as per
the field requirement, again cable drum lengths must be
considered while planning for distribution cables.
The OSP deployment in the dry field area is not a simple
process; it is difficult as compared with development in the
green field areas. Therefore migration from copper to FTTH
in the dry field areas should be done in phases and on case
to case basis in accordance to resource availability.
TTH in the urban areas should be more
preferred over the remote areas. Existing laid fiber cables,
cabinets and the different telecom civil structures of the
network must be considered during the planning and
deployment process of GPON network to reduce the cost.
Splitter Calculation and Cable Sizing
In PON access networks a dedicated fiber is required by
every splitter and a dedicated cable from splitter to ONT.
Fiber network have a typical life of 20 years, therefore
planning is done to provide a network
the potential services and future demands.
localization of splitters depend on
the mapping distribution of the premises
cost is less than the cost of PVC duct space, the
suggested that to provide the number of fibers to cater for 20
years tenants requirements. Splitters per cabinet are
calculated by total number of tenants dividing by the split
ratio.
Total number of Splitter = No. of Tenants / split ratio
The calculated number of splitters can be used to decide
the size of optical fiber cable, maximum possible expansion
and outstanding fiber.
B. Distribution and Drop Fiber Cables
The distribution cables with loose tube having different
sizes 96F, 48F, 24F, 16F or 8F should be used or any
combination of different sizes depending on the villas
locations, numbers and grouping.
The drop fibers mostly used in the size of 2F core.
Enclosures should be capable to accommodate 8 to 24 drop
cables. In the small building a
located as outdoor and distribution cables should be
considered as the outgoing cables. It is recommended to
splice one fiber of drop cable with the distribution cable to
extend the services to the ONT while keeping the second
fiber spare (stumped). The stumped fiber could be used for
the maintenance purpose or for a
portion of same villas or building.
The scenario of overhead or aerial distribution cables,
fiber cables are erected in similar fashion, wi
fiber cables from FDH and the drop fibers from the
enclosures. The fiber cables in access network must be
properly labeled and arranged. The extended drop fiber
cables in micro ODF installed for single villas in dry and
green fields. All the apartments and flats must be pre cabled
up to the installed micro ODF ensuring that there will be no
splice in between the tenants and micro ODF. Fig.
showing the fiber cable distribution from FDH to each user.
Drop Closures
Outdoor FDH Cabinet
Customer Premises
Fig-13 Cable Distributing from Cabinet
C. Developed PON Infrastructure
Fig.14 (a) to (d) describes the ODN designing for
different scenarios extend PON based services to different
category of users in both green and dry field sites starting
from the OLT in central office till customer’s premises. The
ODN design is finalized by considering all the planning
Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
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planning is done to provide a network which could support
the potential services and future demands. The split ratio and
localization of splitters depend on the engineering plan and
the mapping distribution of the premises [20]. Further, fiber
cost is less than the cost of PVC duct space, therefore it is
suggested that to provide the number of fibers to cater for 20
years tenants requirements. Splitters per cabinet are
calculated by total number of tenants dividing by the split
Total number of Splitter = No. of Tenants / split ratio
e calculated number of splitters can be used to decide
the size of optical fiber cable, maximum possible expansion
istribution and Drop Fiber Cables
The distribution cables with loose tube having different
or 8F should be used or any
combination of different sizes depending on the villas
locations, numbers and grouping.
The drop fibers mostly used in the size of 2F core.
Enclosures should be capable to accommodate 8 to 24 drop
cables. In the small building areas or villas the FDH is
located as outdoor and distribution cables should be
considered as the outgoing cables. It is recommended to
splice one fiber of drop cable with the distribution cable to
extend the services to the ONT while keeping the second
er spare (stumped). The stumped fiber could be used for
the maintenance purpose or for an additional connection to a
portion of same villas or building.
The scenario of overhead or aerial distribution cables,
fiber cables are erected in similar fashion, with distribution
fiber cables from FDH and the drop fibers from the
enclosures. The fiber cables in access network must be
properly labeled and arranged. The extended drop fiber
cables in micro ODF installed for single villas in dry and
e apartments and flats must be pre cabled
up to the installed micro ODF ensuring that there will be no
the tenants and micro ODF. Fig.13
showing the fiber cable distribution from FDH to each user.
FDH
2F Drop Cable 16F Cable =
24F Cable =
24F Cable =Lead/in Joint
Cable Distributing from Cabinet
Developed PON Infrastructure
(d) describes the ODN designing for
different scenarios extend PON based services to different
category of users in both green and dry field sites starting
office till customer’s premises. The
ODN design is finalized by considering all the planning
7. International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)
ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-5 Issue-4, September 2015
124
Published By:
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& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
requirements including central office, splitter, route
protection/diversity and FTTx – fiber flooding planning.
Scenarios – I: ODN Design for Villas with Outdoor FDH
OLT ODF
JOINTBOX(JB)
Outdoor FDH
SPLITTER JBWITHDROP
CLOSURE
CASSETTE/
MICROODF
ONT
STB
FO FO
48F/1000F
Ribbon
8F/16F/24F/ Feeder
Loose Tube
2FDrop
Cable
8F/16F/24F
Distribution
Loose Tube
CAT 06 (90 m)
Central Office OutsidePlan InsideVilla
1:2 splitter
Nx (1:32) Splitter
Nx RJ45
Sockets
(a)
Scenarios – II (a): ODN Design for High Rise Building
with Indoor FDH
InsideFlat
OLT ODF
JOINTBOX(JB)
IndoorFDH
SPLITTER
FO FO
48F/1000F
Ribbon
8F/16F/24F/Feeder
Loose Tube
CentralOffice
1:2splitter
Nx (1:32)Splitter
2FDrop
Cable
CASSETTE/
MICROODF ONT
CAT06 (90 m)
NxRJ45
Sockets
STB
OutsidePlan TelecomRoom
(b)
Scenarios – II (b): ODN Design for Small Building (up to
5 Floors) with less than 32 subscribers with Indoor wall
mounted FDH
InsideFlat
OLT ODF
JOINTBOX(JB)
IndoorFDH –
Wall Mounted
SPLITTER
FO FO
48F/1000F
Ribbon
8FFeeder
Loose Tube
Central Office
1:2 splitter
1:32 Splitter
2FDrop
Cable
CASSETTE/
MICROODF ONT
CAT06 (90 m)
NxRJ45
Sockets
STB
OutsidePlan TelecomRoom
(c)
Scenarios – II (c): ODN Design for Small Building (up to
5 Floors) with less than 32 subscribers with Outdoor
FDH
InsideFlat
OLT ODF
JOINTBOX(JB)
OutdoorFDH
SPLITTER
FO FO
48F/1000F
Ribbon
CentralOffice
1:2splitter
CASSETTE/
MICROODF ONT
CAT06 (90 m)
Nx RJ45
Sockets
STB
OutsidePlan
8F/16F/24F/
Feeder Loose Tube
Nx (1:32)Splitter
JBWITHDROP
CLOSURE
2FDrop
Cable
8F/16F/24F
Distribution
Loose Tube
(d)
Fig.14 (a) – (d) Optical Distribution Network – (ODN)
Design
D. Digitization of ODN Using GIS
The ODN access network planning and designing using
the GIS is the utmost requirement. Since, GIS gives help to
analyze the area, to calculate the existing potential demand
as well as the forecasted and anticipated demand. GIS helps
to speed up the designing and planning process by boosting
the survey activities. Separate layer for each OSP network
component should be prepared and are integrated together
with base map to get the final product. Fig.15 to 19
explaining the digitization of ODN access network planning
using GIS.
• First step to have digitized the base map and to draw the
sector boundaries. The exact location for OLT and FDH
along with their service area must be defined by forecasting
the ultimate users shown in Fig-16.
Fig.15 FDH proposed locations
• Duct planning for feeder cables connectivity from
central office OLT to FDH is done according to the
FDH boundaries by considering the cost impact. The
placement of allied civil structures Manholes, Hand
hole and Joint Boxes for PVC duct should also be
planned along, shown in Fig.16.
• Once PVC duct planning for feeder cables is
completed, the feeder fiber cables are calculated as
per the splitter requirements.
Fig.16 Duct and civil structure planning
• Further identify the locations for joint box to connect
each user with distribution cable via drop fiber
cables; it is time taking and most critical activity
shown in Fig.17.
Fig-17 Proposed location of joint boxes and enclosures
(small dots are joint boxes)
8. Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
Areas of Pakistan
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• When the joint box locations have been finalized,
distribution PVC ducts and fiber cables could be
planned as shown in the Fig.18.
Fig.18 Distribution network planning
• At final, all the layers (FDH/FAT locations, its
feeding areas, Feeder PVC ducts and fiber cables,
distribution ducts (if required) with distribution fiber
cables and joint boxes location) are once planned, all
the layers could be integrated to get the final product.
All the network deployment with development
should be done using this planned GIS based ODN
design as shown in Fig.19.
Fig.19 Integrated GIS layers (ODN Design)
E. Power-Budget Calculations of ODN
The ODN design is incomplete and not ready for
deployment until and unless end to end loss calculation is
done and provided with the ODN design. ODN planning
with GIS helps us to complete an optimized design but still
required power budget analysis. Power budgeting is the end
to end calculation of total maximum loss that an ODN
design can offers to each user. In PON system the optical
signals are transmitted by the transceiver with a minimum
and a maximum possible loss threshold, service could not be
provisioned if the single loss level will remain in between
the defined threshold values.
GPON optical transmission is based on class B+ standard,
according to ITU-T G.984. The optical threshold for the
total loss should remain between 13dB and 28dB [21]. ONT
will not receive the service if the received signal strength is
not lie in between the specified range. Attenuator will be
used if the received loss is less the 13db (<13db).
The power budget calculations must be done at the
designing stage that gives the analysis of maximum reach
ability of an OLT PON port. On the later stage, power
budget is calculated at the time of service provisioning to
ensure standard grade of service for each user. However, at
planning stage, it is not possible to calculate power budget
for each and every possible user, with experience, it is learnt
that the power budget loss calculations must be done for the
farthest tenant, as if the service is perfectly extendable to a
distant user then then obviously it could be made available
to rest of the users.
The calculations for power budget are done by summing
the all losses offered by each and every network component.
Following formula has been derived for power budget loss
calculation upon the finalization of ODN:
Total Loss of
ODN
= Sum of all component loss (L)
∑ (L) =
Addition of Summation of all losses
offered by fiber cable (transmission
Loss), offered by physical connectors
(connection), offered by splatters
(splitting loss), offered by splices
(splicing loss),and Engineering margin
∑ (L) = ∑ TL + ∑CL + ∑SL + ∑SPL + EM (1)
∑ TL (per
km)
=
Transmission Loss cables is offered by
the optical fiber cables and measured as
per kilometer (km), generally calculated
for the smallest wavelength as it gives
the maximum loss.
∑ CL (each) =
Loss offered by each connector is
calculated.
∑ SL (each) =
Loss offered by the splitters, different
splitters have different insertion loss,
larger the spit ratio bigger the loss.
∑ SPL (each) =
Loss of each splice (fusion or
mechanical)
EM (each) =
3 dB engineering margin is kept for and
for operation and maintenance (O&M)
and future expansion purposes.
VI. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS
The Bill of Material (BOM) is required for the
calculations of power budget, so that comparison could be
carried out between the theoretical and practical values
acquired upon physical network deployment of planned
platform in selected area of Pakistan.
The theoretical insertion losses for different ODN
components are commonly known and shown in Table- I
Table- I
Description
Theoretical
Values (dB)
Practical
Values (dB)
Transmission
Loss
0.35 0.36
Splicing Loss 0.1 0.05
Connector
Loss
0.2 0.21
1:64 splitter
loss
19.7 19.8
1:32 splitter
loss
17 17.13
9. 1:16 splitter
loss
13.5
1:8 splitter loss 10.5
1:4 splitter loss 7.2
1:2 splitter loss 3.5
Engineering
Margin
3
Table. I Comparison of Theoretical and Practical Loss
values
Practical scenarios are devised to simulate the developed
platform by using theoretical and practical values. The
practical scenarios are devised with of modeled str
mentioned in section 5-C of this document.
The simulation is translated in to simple mathema
model and calculations are done using total loss
derived in section V-E, all the mathematical calculations are
done using Microsoft Excel.
Assumptions (All Scenarios): Capacity of each PON port
is to serve maximum of 64 users, as the OLT
maximum split ratio of 64. A 3dB loss as engineering
margin is included for O&M purpose.
Scenarios – I secure average bandwidth of 37.5 Mb/s
per Tenant using 1-level of splitting.
Fig.20 Results related to scenarios
Result: The proposed platform with this scenarios
showing reduction in total loss by 0.036%. 37.5 Mbps
maximum bandwidth could be easily made available at a
distance of 9.8 km. Using single level or 1
there is increase in the reach ability but it is only effective
for multi-story or high rise buildings.
Scenarios – II securing average bandwidth of 37.5
Mb/s per Tenant with 2-level of splitting
Fig.21 Results related to scenarios
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13.72
10.69
7.15
3.48
3
Comparison of Theoretical and Practical Loss
scenarios are devised to simulate the developed
platform by using theoretical and practical values. The
practical scenarios are devised with of modeled structures
of this document.
The simulation is translated in to simple mathematical
model and calculations are done using total loss equation
all the mathematical calculations are
: Capacity of each PON port
is to serve maximum of 64 users, as the OLT model with
maximum split ratio of 64. A 3dB loss as engineering
I secure average bandwidth of 37.5 Mb/s
Results related to scenarios – I
Result: The proposed platform with this scenarios
showing reduction in total loss by 0.036%. 37.5 Mbps
be easily made available at a
Using single level or 1-level splitting,
but it is only effective
II securing average bandwidth of 37.5
level of splitting
Results related to scenarios – II
Result: The proposed platform using two
shown reduction in overall loss by 1.033%. The maximum
bandwidth of 37.5 Mbps could be easily made available at a
distance of 4.8 km.
Scenarios – III securing average bandwidth of 37.5
Mb/s per Tenant with 3-level of splitting
Fig.22 Results related to scenarios
Result: The proposed platform of three levels splitting the
reduction in overall loss by 1.36 %. The maximum
bandwidth of 37.5 Mbps could be easily
distance of only 0.8 km. The loss is improve
less reach ability, 3-level of splitting is not recommended.
Scenarios – IV Securing average bandwidth of 75
Mb/s per Tenant with 2-level of splitting
Fig.23 Results related to scenarios
Result: The proposed platform in
reduction in overall loss by 0.961%. The average maximum
bandwidth of 75 Mbps could be easily made available at a
distance of 14 km, however half of the PON port capacity is
compromised.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
1) Section V-D (Fig-16 to
Graphical Information (GIS) could be used to design optical
fiber based Outside Plant. The optical distribution network
designed on GIS will be an efficient and optimized network
required by a service provider to fulfil customer
expectations.
2) The proposed planning guidelines together with the
equation of total loss:
∑ ( L) = ∑ TL + ∑CL + ∑
Will help the operator to develop desired platform for the
OSP using PON infrastructure for green and dry field areas
of Pakistan.
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)
2307, Volume-5 Issue-4, September 2015
Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Result: The proposed platform using two levels splitting
shown reduction in overall loss by 1.033%. The maximum
bandwidth of 37.5 Mbps could be easily made available at a
III securing average bandwidth of 37.5
level of splitting
Results related to scenarios – III
Result: The proposed platform of three levels splitting the
reduction in overall loss by 1.36 %. The maximum
bandwidth of 37.5 Mbps could be easily made available at a
distance of only 0.8 km. The loss is improved, but due to
level of splitting is not recommended.
IV Securing average bandwidth of 75
level of splitting
Results related to scenarios – IV
Result: The proposed platform in this scenarios shown
reduction in overall loss by 0.961%. The average maximum
bandwidth of 75 Mbps could be easily made available at a
distance of 14 km, however half of the PON port capacity is
ONCLUSIONS
to 20) shows how the Geo
Graphical Information (GIS) could be used to design optical
fiber based Outside Plant. The optical distribution network
designed on GIS will be an efficient and optimized network
required by a service provider to fulfil customer
proposed planning guidelines together with the
∑CL + ∑SL + ∑SPL + EM
help the operator to develop desired platform for the
OSP using PON infrastructure for green and dry field areas
10. Migration from Copper to Fiber Access Network using Passive Optical Network for Green and Dry Field
Areas of Pakistan
127
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3) Section VI (Fig-21 to 24) shows that developed
platform will not only equipped the service providers of
Pakistan with an optimized way of planning but it will also
help them to perform:
i. Bandwidth analysis and its forecasting, the actual
requirement of the customers can be easily identified for
futuristic planning by effective assortment and
anticipation of forecasted tenancy. Further, it will support
the planner’s tocalculate the bandwidth requirement of
each and every user along with the bandwidth
requirement of the system.
ii. Scalable optimized network designing, the optical
distribution network based on developed platform can be
easily expanded if additional demand is raised in the same
area. Also, PON based services could be easily extended
by increasing the reachability of the PON ports.
iii. Deployed of OSP with minimum CAPEX by maximizing
quality along with efficient and time saving development.
4) The developed platform could extend additional
support in:
i. Network re-engineering, the infrastructure based on this
platform is future proof and can incorporated any
technological advancements that is same optical access
network will be used with new Inside plant
equipment’s.
ii. Fault localization and management, as the network is
available in digitized form and if physical changes and
amendments are updated in the already digitized
network then fault tracing and its rectification is
possible.
iii. Marketing of new services, order booking for new
customers is possible by confirming resource
availability with the help of updated digitized network
footprint.
VIII. FUTURE WORK
Having seen the results given above, it is evident that the
world is going towards digitization. However, there is a
need to break the silos so that information sharing process
could be speed up. Therefore, integration of different
platforms is required, it is not necessary that all these
discrete platforms are directly linked to each other instead
they are inter depend to achieve the same cause.
GIS
• Telecom Model
• Inventory Location
• Pair Mapping
ERP Inventory Module
• Reference
Inventory
• Instance Inventory
Customer Resource
Management - CRM
• Fault Inventory
Billing and Customer
Care
• Fault Inventory
NOC
• Alarm Inventory
Network
Planning
Fig.24 GIS Integration
Fig.24 shows an example of indirectly inter depended
platforms that are working for single purpose that is to
achieve business excellence. The platforms shown are
National Operation Center (NOC) which monitors all active
network elements to ensure normally service delivery to
customers, Billing and Customer Care (Bn CC) captures
customer demands and divert it to concerned departments
for service provisioning, Customer Resource Management
(CRM) register customer complaint and refers it to
concerned team for rectification, Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) an inventory management system, and Geo
graphic Information System (GIS).
In the coming future, it will be a requirement that all of
such platforms could be integrated altogether with the help
of GIS system. The integration will results in the real time
monitoring of customer complaints, new customer requests,
and NOC alarms with geo-graphical information.
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