The paragraph discusses two approaches that have been used to identify teratogens, or exposures during pregnancy that harm the fetus or embryo. The first approach involves identifying a rare exposure linked to a rare defect, as was done for rubella virus and fetal alcohol syndrome. The second approach uses epidemiological data to confirm an association, as was done for valproic acid and spina bifida. It concludes that no single piece of evidence confirms causal relationships, and instead they emerge from multiple lines of evidence that each suggest but do not prove the relationship.

2. PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT BY
LISTING
Example N°1 & Analysis:
“As is typically the case in epidemiology and medicine, no “smoking gun” (a single definitive piece of
evidence that confirms Zika virus as a cause of congenital defects) should have been anticipated.
Instead, the determination of a causal relationship would be expected to emerge from various
lines of evidence, each of which suggests, but does not on its own prove, that prenatal Zika virus
infection can cause adverse outcomes. Two approaches have been used to identify potential
teratogens (exposures to a mother during pregnancy that have a harmful effect on her embryo or
fetus): first, the identification of a combination of a rare exposure and a rare defect (sometimes
referred to as the astute clinician approach),and second, the use of epidemiologic data to confirm
an association. Many teratogens were first identified by means of the rare exposure–rare defect
approach, including rubella virus, which was identified after an ophthalmologist noted a
characteristic form of cataracts in infants whose mothers had rubella during pregnancy, and heavy
alcohol use, which was identified as a teratogen after the recognition of a characteristic pattern of
malformations that became known as the fetal alcohol syndrome. In contrast, some teratogens
have been identified on the basis of epidemiologic studies (e.g., valproic acid was identified as a
teratogen after a case–control study showed an odds ratio of 20 for the association of spina bifida
with use of this drug during the first trimester of pregnancy).”
In this paragraph, we could find examples of words used to enumerate ideas related to the evidence
that support these ideas. It also contains a sentence that refutes the previous ideas.
Bibliography:
- Rasmussen S., Jamieson D., Honein M. and Petersen L. Zika Virus and Birth Defects —
Reviewing the Evidence for Causality. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:1981-1987May 19, 2016. Retrieved
from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr1604338#t=article

3. PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT BY
EXAMPLES
Example N°1 & Analysis:
“In the United States, circumstances often force people to live alone. For
example, many high school and college graduates move away from their hometowns and
continue their educations or take jobs. Most schools assign roommates, but employers
usually expect people to take care of their own living arrangements. Also, married people
might feel they will always be together, but currently one out of two marriages ends in
divorce. An even sadder statistic concerns the death of a spouse. Estimates are that in the
next twenty years eight out of ten married women will become widows, usually late in life.
These facts show that most people have to live by themselves at least once in their lives
whether they want to or not.”
In this paragraph, we can fin many transitional word and phrases that help us to give examples
about the topic. In this case, the writer use phrases such as: “For example”; “Also”; “Most
schools” and “An even sadder statistic”. At the end of the paragraph, the writer concludes
with a sentence that support the main topic.
Bibliography:
- TROYKA,L., SIMON, and SCHUSTER. From
Handbook for Writers. pp 64-66.

4. PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT BY
COMPARISON
Example N°1 & Analysis:
“Additionally, M is also an early example of sound as a motif in film; the murderer at the center
of the story whistles a haunting tune that is used at crucial plot points to drive the narrative
forward. However, M’s use of sound in itself is not what led to the film’s quality, but rather
the filmmaker’s ability to discerningly and skillfully use it. Additionally, the use of sound
alone is not enough to declare that it is better than films of the silent era. For comparison,
the narrative of The Cheat was clearly and convincingly conveyed visually and its story was
not muddled by the absence of synchronized sound. The makers of both films managed to
successfully tell their story by using the technology at hand. However, while The Cheat
would not necessarily have benefited from sound, M, as it is, would have been a difficult if
not impossible story to tell without it. This highlights the function of the technological
evolution in allowing, but not mandating, filmmakers to do what was not possible with more
primitive technology”
- Transitional words & phrases: “For comparison”, “…both…”
- The restatement sentence shows us that it is comparing the technological evolution with the
filmmaker ability.
Bibliography:
- Piccirillo, R. A. (2011). "The Technological
Evolution of Filmmaking and its Relation to
Quality in Cinema." Inquiries Journal/Student
Pulse, 3(08). Retrieved from

5. PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT BY
CONTRAST
Example N°1 & Analysis:
“The development of motion picture complexity has been driven by a continuing technological
evolution, ignited and manipulated by human initiative and inventiveness, which has
afforded filmmakers the opportunity to practice a more complex craft to tell more complex
stories. In concert with societal attitudes and proximity, this evolution has driven the
development of distinct styles, movements, and methods that would have been impossible
without increasingly advanced apparatus. However, while this technological progression
has been linear, it has not necessarily coincided with a similar evolution of quality; the skill
of a filmmaker should not be judged by the technological complexity of the production, but
by the ability of the filmmaker to wield the technology of the time and of his or her choosing
to effectively and clearly convey a narrative, evoke an emotion, or make an impression.
Although the linear technological evolution of filmmaking has empowered filmmakers by
offering a more diverse catalogue of tools and techniques, it is the filmmaker’s ability to
effectively and discerningly utilize this technology within a temporal and societal context that
truly drives cinematic quality, of which there has been no clear linear progression.”
- Transitional words: “However”; “Although”.
- This paragraph is contrasting the technological evolution with the ability of the filmmaker.
Bibliography:
- Piccirillo, R. A. (2011). "The Technological Evolution
of Filmmaking and its Relation to Quality in Cinema."
Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse, 3(08). Retrieved from
http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=560

6. PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT BY
DEFINITION
Example N°1 & Analysis:
“The evolution of social media sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc., have changed
the way we look at relationships. Social networking sites have become a popular place to
meet and connect with other people. They are also a place where romantic partners can go
to display their relationships to their peers. Previous studies have shown that social
networking sites can have both positive and negative effects on interpersonal relationships.
This paper will focus on the development, maintenance and dissolution of romantic partners
on social networking sites.”
- This paragraph used different words to refer to the same topic.
- Then, the restatement sentence provides us an idea of what the topic of the paper is.
Bibliography:
- Wilkerson, K. T. (2017). "Social Networking Sites and Romantic
Relationships: Effects on Development, Maintenance, and
Dissolution of Relationships." Inquiries Journal, 9(03). Retrieved
from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=1576