Sample Student Paper1
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze if and how television affects peoples' perception
of society. Social learning theory and cultivation theory are introduced as two possible reasons
why television can have such an influence over its viewers. This report analyzes how body
image, stereotypes, and job glorification are affected by what is shown on television. An online
survey was taken by twenty-two people in order to see if the amount of television people
watched affected television's influence over its viewers. The questions attempted to analyze how
television affected their perceptions of themselves, others, and the professions of doctors,
lawyers, and police officers. Although the sample size was rather small the results showed that
reality television was affected by the frequency one watched television. However, more studies
should be conducted to analyze if realism or frequency plays a more predominant role in the
effects of television.
Key terms: Body image, Cultivation theory, Job glorification, Social learning theory,
Stereotypes, Television influence
Problem Statement
On average Americans, spend 2.8 hours watching television every day (American Time
Use Survey Summary). Television shows can be very influential to people, they have the ability
to move, inspire, and educate them. However, this may be causing people to believe that
television is always an accurate portrayal of real life. The belief that television shows are always
factual has the potential to affect one's judgments, which could lead to body image issues,
increased stereotyping, job glorification and more. "In addition to exposure to television, the
extent to which individuals perceive content as realistic is related to their social judgments"
Sample Student Paper2
(Busselle 47). This paper will analyze if and how, through the factors set forth in the social
learning and cultivation theories, television affects peoples' perception of society.
Literature Review
In 1939 television first started being broadcasted, and ever since the effects television has
on its viewers has been the focus of many debates and concerns. The censorship of television
shows has greatly decreased since its early days. "In the 1950s and 1960s, networks and
advertisers imposed strict controls on what could be show on television" (Hanson 329). In the
early days of television, content was highly regulated and there were a lot of rules about what
was acceptable to show on television. For example, Laura and Rob Petrie, from the Dick Van
Dyke show, had to sleep in separate beds even though they were married. Even Lucille Balls’s
pregnancy caused great concern (Hanson 329). In the 1950s and 1960s, married couples were
shown sleeping separately; however, today it is commonplace to find unmarried couples sharing
a bed on television. Although the rules and regulations about what is appropria.
According to cultivation theory, heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as portrayed on television. The theory proposes that extensive television exposure can influence viewers' beliefs about the world, such as exaggerating the prevalence of violence and danger. Cultivation analysis examines the long-term effects of repetitive television content on viewers' conceptions of social reality.
This document discusses George Gerbner's cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewing can influence viewers' perceptions of social reality. It presents Gerbner's three-pronged research strategy of institutional process analysis, message system analysis, and cultivation analysis. Cultivation analysis examines whether heavy viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as reflected in common television messages and portrayals. The document also discusses key concepts like mainstreaming and reviews international studies and recent findings on how television viewing can cultivate beliefs around topics like crime, health, politics, and gender roles.
Cultivation theory proposes that heavy television viewing can influence people's perceptions of social reality. Developed by George Gerbner, cultivation theory suggests that the more time people spend watching television, the more likely they are to believe portrayals of the world reflected in television programming. In particular, heavy television viewers may overestimate occurrences of violence and hold more fearful views than light viewers. Cultivation theory research involves large surveys and experiments that relate television viewing habits to perceptions of issues like crime rates and personal safety.
Cultivation Theory proposes that heavy television viewers come to see the real world in ways that reflect the most common and recurrent messages of the television world. It suggests that the more time people spend watching television, the more likely they are to believe social realities portrayed on television reflect the actual world. The theory was developed by George Gerbner and focuses on how television shapes viewers' perceptions of violence and crime in society. Later refinements added the concepts of "mainstreaming" and "resonance" to better explain television's influence on viewers' beliefs. While influential, Cultivation Theory has also received criticisms for being an oversimplification and not accounting for other social and media influences.
This document discusses several media theories and their relevance to communication practice. It begins by discussing indigenous media or folk media, which refers to traditional means of mass communication used by ancient communities, such as drums, dances, and paintings. The Magic Bullet Theory is relevant here, as indigenous audiences are directly influenced by these media. It then discusses traditional print and broadcast media, noting the Cultivation Theory, which posits that heavy exposure to media shapes audiences' views of social reality. The document emphasizes that understanding media theories is important for communication students and practitioners to effectively reach and influence audiences.
This document discusses several media theories and their relevance to communication practice. It begins by discussing indigenous media or folk media, which refers to traditional means of mass communication used by ancient communities, such as drums, dances, and paintings. The Magic Bullet Theory is relevant here, as indigenous audiences are directly influenced by these media. It then discusses traditional print and broadcast media, noting the Cultivation Theory, which posits that heavy exposure to media shapes audiences' views of social reality. The document emphasizes that understanding media theories is important for communication students and practitioners to effectively reach and influence audiences.
This document discusses the rise and development of cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewing can significantly impact people's perceptions of social reality. It outlines key researchers and concepts, including George Gerbner who founded the theory in the 1960s. The theory has since diversified and remains popular among social scientists. It focuses on how extensive exposure to television can shape viewers' beliefs about crime, violence, and social issues. The document analyzes several influential studies on cultivation theory and its continued relevance even as media formats evolve.
TV In the context of: “Uses and Gratification approach”Rijitha R
Uses & Gratifications approach arose originally in the 1940s and underwent a revival in the 1970s and 1980s. It presents the use of media in terms of the gratification of social or psychological needs of the individual (Blumler & Katz 1974). The mass media compete with other sources of gratification, but gratifications can be obtained from a medium's content (e.g. watching a specific program). Zillmann (cited by McQuail 1987: 236) has shown the influence of mood on media choice: boredom encourages the choice of exciting content and stress encourages a choice of relaxing content. The same TV program may gratify different needs for different individuals.
According to cultivation theory, heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as portrayed on television. The theory proposes that extensive television exposure can influence viewers' beliefs about the world, such as exaggerating the prevalence of violence and danger. Cultivation analysis examines the long-term effects of repetitive television content on viewers' conceptions of social reality.
This document discusses George Gerbner's cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewing can influence viewers' perceptions of social reality. It presents Gerbner's three-pronged research strategy of institutional process analysis, message system analysis, and cultivation analysis. Cultivation analysis examines whether heavy viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as reflected in common television messages and portrayals. The document also discusses key concepts like mainstreaming and reviews international studies and recent findings on how television viewing can cultivate beliefs around topics like crime, health, politics, and gender roles.
Cultivation theory proposes that heavy television viewing can influence people's perceptions of social reality. Developed by George Gerbner, cultivation theory suggests that the more time people spend watching television, the more likely they are to believe portrayals of the world reflected in television programming. In particular, heavy television viewers may overestimate occurrences of violence and hold more fearful views than light viewers. Cultivation theory research involves large surveys and experiments that relate television viewing habits to perceptions of issues like crime rates and personal safety.
Cultivation Theory proposes that heavy television viewers come to see the real world in ways that reflect the most common and recurrent messages of the television world. It suggests that the more time people spend watching television, the more likely they are to believe social realities portrayed on television reflect the actual world. The theory was developed by George Gerbner and focuses on how television shapes viewers' perceptions of violence and crime in society. Later refinements added the concepts of "mainstreaming" and "resonance" to better explain television's influence on viewers' beliefs. While influential, Cultivation Theory has also received criticisms for being an oversimplification and not accounting for other social and media influences.
This document discusses several media theories and their relevance to communication practice. It begins by discussing indigenous media or folk media, which refers to traditional means of mass communication used by ancient communities, such as drums, dances, and paintings. The Magic Bullet Theory is relevant here, as indigenous audiences are directly influenced by these media. It then discusses traditional print and broadcast media, noting the Cultivation Theory, which posits that heavy exposure to media shapes audiences' views of social reality. The document emphasizes that understanding media theories is important for communication students and practitioners to effectively reach and influence audiences.
This document discusses several media theories and their relevance to communication practice. It begins by discussing indigenous media or folk media, which refers to traditional means of mass communication used by ancient communities, such as drums, dances, and paintings. The Magic Bullet Theory is relevant here, as indigenous audiences are directly influenced by these media. It then discusses traditional print and broadcast media, noting the Cultivation Theory, which posits that heavy exposure to media shapes audiences' views of social reality. The document emphasizes that understanding media theories is important for communication students and practitioners to effectively reach and influence audiences.
This document discusses the rise and development of cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewing can significantly impact people's perceptions of social reality. It outlines key researchers and concepts, including George Gerbner who founded the theory in the 1960s. The theory has since diversified and remains popular among social scientists. It focuses on how extensive exposure to television can shape viewers' beliefs about crime, violence, and social issues. The document analyzes several influential studies on cultivation theory and its continued relevance even as media formats evolve.
TV In the context of: “Uses and Gratification approach”Rijitha R
Uses & Gratifications approach arose originally in the 1940s and underwent a revival in the 1970s and 1980s. It presents the use of media in terms of the gratification of social or psychological needs of the individual (Blumler & Katz 1974). The mass media compete with other sources of gratification, but gratifications can be obtained from a medium's content (e.g. watching a specific program). Zillmann (cited by McQuail 1987: 236) has shown the influence of mood on media choice: boredom encourages the choice of exciting content and stress encourages a choice of relaxing content. The same TV program may gratify different needs for different individuals.
This document provides an overview of mass media and its functions. It discusses how mass media reflects cultural values while also influencing attitudes and behaviors. Mass media is defined as communication targeting a large, anonymous audience through technologies like newspapers, radio, and television. Key points made include:
- Mass media has immense power to incorporate people into society and influence their values, though direct links between media messages and behavior are difficult to prove.
- Television in particular has become a dominant medium, with people spending half their free time watching on average. However, television may not fully capture viewers' attention.
- Mass media serves important functions like warning of dangers, providing companionship through media personalities, and conferring status on individuals through
The document discusses several theories related to how media affects audiences:
- The hypodermic needle theory suggests media has a direct effect on audiences by "injecting" ideas and behaviors, but it is an oversimplified view.
- Cultivation theory proposes that repeated exposure to media shapes peoples' perceptions of reality over time, even for light viewers, by reinforcing mainstream values.
- Reception theory focuses on the active role of audiences in interpreting meanings from media texts based on their own experiences and contexts, rather than meanings intended by producers. Different audiences can derive different readings from the same text.
The document discusses different theories about how audiences interact with and are influenced by media. It describes the uses and gratifications theory, which proposes that audiences actively seek out media to fulfill needs like acquiring information. It also outlines the hypodermic needle theory, where media directly injects ideas into passive audiences. Additionally, it discusses theories about active versus passive audiences, and whether people critically engage with media or just accept messages. Examples provided relate these theories to how documentaries aim to inform audiences and how North Korea controls media seen by its people.
This document provides an overview of major communication theories developed since the early 20th century. It discusses early theories like rhetorical theory and symbolic interaction theory. It then covers research in the 1930s-40s that studied the effects of media like film, radio and newspapers. This led to theories around two-step flow of communication, uses and gratifications, and limited effects of media. The document also summarizes cognitive dissonance theory, agenda setting theory, spiral of silence theory, cultivation theory, dependency theory and other influential communication theories.
Demographics, Psychographics and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Understa...ijtsrd
The issues of how the media affect people and what people do with the media have presented perennial and perplexing questions for communication scholars. Some of the research results in these areas are more controversial than useful. Uses and gratification studies straddle the two domains of media effects and people’s employment of the media. The field of gratification research holds great promise in the continual search for comprehensive knowledge on how and why we use the media. Drawing from a wide range of local and international literature, this paper presents a clear and concise review of the ontological, epistemological and axiological assumptions of the uses and gratifications theory. Paleowei, Zikena Cletus "Demographics, Psychographics and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Understanding Text and Preferences" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56314.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/56314/demographics-psychographics-and-the-uses-and-gratifications-theory-understanding-text-and-preferences/paleowei-zikena-cletus
The document summarizes Cultivation Theory, which was developed by Professor George Gerbner to analyze the long-term effects of television viewing. Some key points:
- Cultivation Theory predicts that heavy television viewing shapes peoples' perceptions of the real world by cultivating exaggerated beliefs, such as that the world is a more violent place.
- Studies found heavy viewers overestimated statistics like crime rates compared to light viewers. This supported the theory's key concept of a "Mean World Syndrome" from extensive television exposure.
- The theory was later modified to include the concepts of "Mainstreaming," where heavy viewing converges viewpoints across groups, and "Resonance," where effects are stronger for vulnerable populations.
-
Cultivation Theory examines the long-term effects of television exposure on viewers' perceptions of social reality. Developed by George Gerbner in the late 1960s, it suggests that the more time people spend watching television, the more likely they are to believe the portrayals of social reality on television. Gerbner's research found that heavy television viewers perceived the world as a more dangerous place than light viewers, with higher estimated risks of criminal victimization, perceived police activity, and general mistrust of people. The theory posits that extensive television viewing can "cultivate" perspectives among viewers that align with the frequently dramatized portrayals on television.
The three views of audiences according to Stuart Hall are:
1. The reflective view - The audience passively accepts the preferred meaning encoded by the media producer.
2. The intentional view - The media producer encodes the meaning into the media text and the audience decodes it as intended.
3. The constructionist view - The audience plays an active role in determining the meaning. The audience does not just accept the preferred meaning but can negotiate or oppose the meaning based on their own experiences and point of view.
Process and effectsEffects and usesIt is really interest.docxbriancrawford30935
Process and effects
Effects and uses
It is really interesting that the earlier studies focused on studying the ‘effects’ of media and concluded that the media played a limited role in influencing public opinion!!
There are many theories study the effects such as magic bullet theory or hypodermic theory, payne fund studies, and agenda sitting.
- The "hypodermic theory" which was done by Lasswell, implied mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences. The mass media in the early studies were perceived as a powerful influence on behavior change. This theory suggests that the mass media could influence a very large group of people directly by ‘injecting’ them with appropriate messages designed to have a desired response. The bullet theory suggests that the message is a bullet, fired from the "media gun" into the viewer's "head". They express the view that the media is a dangerous means of communicating an idea because the receiver or audience is powerless to resist the impact of the message. There is no escape from the effect of the message in these models. The "war of the worlds" broadcast is a good example of the magic bullet theory and this is exactly how this theory worked, by injecting the message directly into the public’s mind in order to make effects. The war of the worlds became known as the "Panic Broadcast" made by Orson Welles.
- “Payne Fund Studies” are the second important studies that also focused on the effects standpoint these studies were developed by the motion picture research council and these studies were concerning about the effects of motion pictures on children particularly. Payne fund studies of effects included the effects on children's information acquisition, attitude change, emotion stimulation, health, and behavior. Children acquired then save or keep the information they received in the movies. Movie viewing changed attitudes concerning ethnic and social issues. Emotions were stimulated especially those related to fear. Health effects were measured by looking at the sleep patterns of children after watching movies, and certain movies disturbed healthy sleep. Children who attended movies regularly were found to behave poorly in school compared to those who attended less frequently. Children imitated favorable behavior they saw in movies, but movies also appeared to play a direct role in delinquent careers. Overall researchers found that movies influenced both children's attitudes and behaviors.
- “Agenda sitting” Agenda setting describes a very powerful influence of the media – the ability to tell us what issues are important. “The world outside and the pictures in our heads” which was done by Lippmann. The article is about an island that was populated by Germans, French and British. The case is that of Madam Caillaux, who was facing a trial for shooting someone. The murder was because of the hate that the English and the French were concealing against the Germans. The people of the island.
Influence of Mass Media on Today's Young PeopleNadia Syafikah
Educators face the challenge of teaching students to critically evaluate media and develop taste and discrimination in their media use. Modern technology has increased access to a wide range of media experiences, both positive and negative, that reflect real life. While media can provide valuable information and enrichment, there is also concern about the influence of violence, sex, and passive viewing on young people. Research shows television in particular has become a major source of knowledge and values for many families, though the precise impacts are complex to study. Educators and parents continue seeking ways to address these challenges while respecting freedoms of communication.
George Gerbner was a media researcher who studied the effects of television violence for over 30 years. He founded the Cultural Indicators Project in 1968 to analyze television content and its effects on viewers' perceptions of the world. Gerbner developed cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewers come to see the real world as similar to the fictional world portrayed on TV. The Cultural Indicators Project monitored television programming to measure the amount of violence and how it impacted viewers' beliefs about society.
According to cultivation theory, prolonged exposure to television and mass media can influence people's perceptions of social reality. The theory proposes that the more time spent consuming media, the more likely viewers will believe that the world presented in media accurately reflects the real world. George Gerbner, who founded cultivation theory, argued that repetitive exposure to media over time shapes people's beliefs and attitudes. Specifically, heavy media consumption can lead to "Mean World Syndrome," wherein people perceive the real world as more violent and threatening due to repeated exposure to violence and negativity in media. Algorithms may exacerbate this effect by promoting sensationalized content and pushing out more reliable sources of information. Digital literacy is important for forming an independent view of reality and recognizing
Medium theory proposes that the medium used to deliver a message influences how people receive and understand that message. McLuhan argued that a medium's content takes on the characteristics of the medium itself. Cultivation theory suggests that heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive the real world as similar to how it is portrayed on television. Both theories may be applicable to social media today, as the platforms themselves shape the nature of interactions and content exchanged through their technical features and design.
This document discusses various theories about media audiences and effects, including:
- Direct effects theories that see audiences as passive recipients of media messages.
- Uses and gratifications theory that sees audiences as active in using media to fulfill needs.
- Cultivation theory that examines how heavy media exposure shapes viewers' perceptions of social reality.
- Agenda-setting theory about how media influence which issues the public sees as important.
- Two-step flow theory that found opinions are often influenced through opinion leaders not direct media exposure.
- Reception theories that examine how audiences make meanings from media in social and cultural contexts.
The hypodermic needle theory from the early 1920s suggests that mass media can easily influence a large audience without challenge. It views the audience as passive receivers of messages directly injected into their minds by media producers, immediately affecting behavior. It does not account for individual differences in how people analyze and respond to media messages.
The hypodermic needle theory viewed audiences of mass media as passive receivers who were directly influenced by media messages in a powerful way. It suggested media could uniformly inject ideas into large groups and trigger a desired response without resistance. This strong effects view was influenced by the rise of radio/TV, advertising/propaganda, Payne Fund studies on film/children, and Hitler's media control. It saw audiences as unable to avoid media impacts and thinking only what they were told due to a lack of other information sources.
The hypodermic needle theory viewed audiences of mass media as passive receivers who were directly influenced by media messages in a powerful way. It suggested media could uniformly inject ideas into large groups and trigger a desired response, with audiences having no ability to resist influence. This strong effects view was influenced by the rise of radio/TV, advertising/propaganda industries, Payne Fund studies on film impacting children, and Hitler's media control. However, later reception and uses and gratifications theories saw audiences as active interpreters who engaged with media selectively based on needs and social contexts.
Medium theory proposes that the medium used to deliver a message influences how people receive and understand that message. Marshall McLuhan argued that a medium's content takes on the characteristics of the medium itself. Cultivation theory suggests that heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive the real world based on what they see on TV rather than reality. Both theories explore how the medium or format used to present information can shape audience understanding and perspectives.
The document discusses different ways that media can influence audience responses and behavior. It provides examples of how music videos, advertisements, and news articles can shape audience perspectives. Documentaries aim to inform audiences on important issues, though some can exhibit bias. Theories of media effects are also examined, including uses and gratification theory in which audiences seek media to fulfill needs, hypodermic needle theory which suggests media can directly influence passive audiences, and theories of active and passive audience consumption and interpretation of media messages. North Korea's strict control over its population's media is used as an example of the hypodermic needle effect.
Problem 7. Dollars for WaitingJeffrey Swift has been a messenger.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 7. Dollars for Waiting?
Jeffrey Swift has been a messenger used by a couple of the local businesses where the Discrimina, Inc. machine shop is located. Sometimes he has done some extra errands inside the Discrimina building for a couple of hours. For the last several weeks, he has helped package items for shipment on Thursdays. Things have gone well, but Jeffrey is concerned because sometimes he has waited over two hours in the waiting room while waiting for the packaging to begin. He wouldn't mind but Discrimina pays only for packaging time, not for waiting time. He can never be certain when the parts will be ready for packaging because final quality checking time varies wildly.
Jeffrey has his own delivery business, but Discrimina has only paid him cash. Each time, Jeffrey has given the company a receipt for the cash. While he waits, he sometimes goes out for donuts for the crew. At other times, he plays games on his PDA or makes cell calls to friends.
Question
If Jeffrey Swift sues for the waiting time hours, what is the likely result and why? Write your answer in a Word document in 1-2 pages.
.
Problem 8-2B(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanation.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 8-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
1
2
3
4
5
(b) Enter the January 1, 2014 balances in Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Post the transactions to the ledger T Accounts
Be sure to post the amounts to the correct side of the T-Account!
Accounts Receivable
Bal.
(2)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(5)
Bal.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
(4)
Bal.
(5)
Bal.
(c)
Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt expense for 2014, assuming that aging the accounts receivable indicates that expected bad debts are $140,000.
Balance needed
...............................................................................
$
Balance before adjustment [see (b)]
................................................
Adjustment required
.......................................................................
$
The journal entry would therefore be as follows:
(d) Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratios:
Enter your answer here
Average Collection Period:
Enter your answer here
Problem 8-6B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
5
20
Feb
18
Apr
20
30
May
25
Aug
18
Sept.
1
Problem 9-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
If there are two entries for the same day, then you do not need to enter the date again.
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
April
1
May
1
May
1
June
1
Sept
1
PART B
Dec
31
31
(c)
Partial Balance Sheet
TONG CORPORATION
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2014
Assets
Plant assets
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title (or contra account)
Amount
Total plant assets
Amount
Problem 9-7B
(a)
BUS 1
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 2
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 3
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
(b)
BUS 2
Year
Depreciation Expense
Amount
Amount
.
More Related Content
Similar to Sample Student Paper1 Abstract The purpose of this.docx
This document provides an overview of mass media and its functions. It discusses how mass media reflects cultural values while also influencing attitudes and behaviors. Mass media is defined as communication targeting a large, anonymous audience through technologies like newspapers, radio, and television. Key points made include:
- Mass media has immense power to incorporate people into society and influence their values, though direct links between media messages and behavior are difficult to prove.
- Television in particular has become a dominant medium, with people spending half their free time watching on average. However, television may not fully capture viewers' attention.
- Mass media serves important functions like warning of dangers, providing companionship through media personalities, and conferring status on individuals through
The document discusses several theories related to how media affects audiences:
- The hypodermic needle theory suggests media has a direct effect on audiences by "injecting" ideas and behaviors, but it is an oversimplified view.
- Cultivation theory proposes that repeated exposure to media shapes peoples' perceptions of reality over time, even for light viewers, by reinforcing mainstream values.
- Reception theory focuses on the active role of audiences in interpreting meanings from media texts based on their own experiences and contexts, rather than meanings intended by producers. Different audiences can derive different readings from the same text.
The document discusses different theories about how audiences interact with and are influenced by media. It describes the uses and gratifications theory, which proposes that audiences actively seek out media to fulfill needs like acquiring information. It also outlines the hypodermic needle theory, where media directly injects ideas into passive audiences. Additionally, it discusses theories about active versus passive audiences, and whether people critically engage with media or just accept messages. Examples provided relate these theories to how documentaries aim to inform audiences and how North Korea controls media seen by its people.
This document provides an overview of major communication theories developed since the early 20th century. It discusses early theories like rhetorical theory and symbolic interaction theory. It then covers research in the 1930s-40s that studied the effects of media like film, radio and newspapers. This led to theories around two-step flow of communication, uses and gratifications, and limited effects of media. The document also summarizes cognitive dissonance theory, agenda setting theory, spiral of silence theory, cultivation theory, dependency theory and other influential communication theories.
Demographics, Psychographics and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Understa...ijtsrd
The issues of how the media affect people and what people do with the media have presented perennial and perplexing questions for communication scholars. Some of the research results in these areas are more controversial than useful. Uses and gratification studies straddle the two domains of media effects and people’s employment of the media. The field of gratification research holds great promise in the continual search for comprehensive knowledge on how and why we use the media. Drawing from a wide range of local and international literature, this paper presents a clear and concise review of the ontological, epistemological and axiological assumptions of the uses and gratifications theory. Paleowei, Zikena Cletus "Demographics, Psychographics and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Understanding Text and Preferences" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56314.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/56314/demographics-psychographics-and-the-uses-and-gratifications-theory-understanding-text-and-preferences/paleowei-zikena-cletus
The document summarizes Cultivation Theory, which was developed by Professor George Gerbner to analyze the long-term effects of television viewing. Some key points:
- Cultivation Theory predicts that heavy television viewing shapes peoples' perceptions of the real world by cultivating exaggerated beliefs, such as that the world is a more violent place.
- Studies found heavy viewers overestimated statistics like crime rates compared to light viewers. This supported the theory's key concept of a "Mean World Syndrome" from extensive television exposure.
- The theory was later modified to include the concepts of "Mainstreaming," where heavy viewing converges viewpoints across groups, and "Resonance," where effects are stronger for vulnerable populations.
-
Cultivation Theory examines the long-term effects of television exposure on viewers' perceptions of social reality. Developed by George Gerbner in the late 1960s, it suggests that the more time people spend watching television, the more likely they are to believe the portrayals of social reality on television. Gerbner's research found that heavy television viewers perceived the world as a more dangerous place than light viewers, with higher estimated risks of criminal victimization, perceived police activity, and general mistrust of people. The theory posits that extensive television viewing can "cultivate" perspectives among viewers that align with the frequently dramatized portrayals on television.
The three views of audiences according to Stuart Hall are:
1. The reflective view - The audience passively accepts the preferred meaning encoded by the media producer.
2. The intentional view - The media producer encodes the meaning into the media text and the audience decodes it as intended.
3. The constructionist view - The audience plays an active role in determining the meaning. The audience does not just accept the preferred meaning but can negotiate or oppose the meaning based on their own experiences and point of view.
Process and effectsEffects and usesIt is really interest.docxbriancrawford30935
Process and effects
Effects and uses
It is really interesting that the earlier studies focused on studying the ‘effects’ of media and concluded that the media played a limited role in influencing public opinion!!
There are many theories study the effects such as magic bullet theory or hypodermic theory, payne fund studies, and agenda sitting.
- The "hypodermic theory" which was done by Lasswell, implied mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences. The mass media in the early studies were perceived as a powerful influence on behavior change. This theory suggests that the mass media could influence a very large group of people directly by ‘injecting’ them with appropriate messages designed to have a desired response. The bullet theory suggests that the message is a bullet, fired from the "media gun" into the viewer's "head". They express the view that the media is a dangerous means of communicating an idea because the receiver or audience is powerless to resist the impact of the message. There is no escape from the effect of the message in these models. The "war of the worlds" broadcast is a good example of the magic bullet theory and this is exactly how this theory worked, by injecting the message directly into the public’s mind in order to make effects. The war of the worlds became known as the "Panic Broadcast" made by Orson Welles.
- “Payne Fund Studies” are the second important studies that also focused on the effects standpoint these studies were developed by the motion picture research council and these studies were concerning about the effects of motion pictures on children particularly. Payne fund studies of effects included the effects on children's information acquisition, attitude change, emotion stimulation, health, and behavior. Children acquired then save or keep the information they received in the movies. Movie viewing changed attitudes concerning ethnic and social issues. Emotions were stimulated especially those related to fear. Health effects were measured by looking at the sleep patterns of children after watching movies, and certain movies disturbed healthy sleep. Children who attended movies regularly were found to behave poorly in school compared to those who attended less frequently. Children imitated favorable behavior they saw in movies, but movies also appeared to play a direct role in delinquent careers. Overall researchers found that movies influenced both children's attitudes and behaviors.
- “Agenda sitting” Agenda setting describes a very powerful influence of the media – the ability to tell us what issues are important. “The world outside and the pictures in our heads” which was done by Lippmann. The article is about an island that was populated by Germans, French and British. The case is that of Madam Caillaux, who was facing a trial for shooting someone. The murder was because of the hate that the English and the French were concealing against the Germans. The people of the island.
Influence of Mass Media on Today's Young PeopleNadia Syafikah
Educators face the challenge of teaching students to critically evaluate media and develop taste and discrimination in their media use. Modern technology has increased access to a wide range of media experiences, both positive and negative, that reflect real life. While media can provide valuable information and enrichment, there is also concern about the influence of violence, sex, and passive viewing on young people. Research shows television in particular has become a major source of knowledge and values for many families, though the precise impacts are complex to study. Educators and parents continue seeking ways to address these challenges while respecting freedoms of communication.
George Gerbner was a media researcher who studied the effects of television violence for over 30 years. He founded the Cultural Indicators Project in 1968 to analyze television content and its effects on viewers' perceptions of the world. Gerbner developed cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewers come to see the real world as similar to the fictional world portrayed on TV. The Cultural Indicators Project monitored television programming to measure the amount of violence and how it impacted viewers' beliefs about society.
According to cultivation theory, prolonged exposure to television and mass media can influence people's perceptions of social reality. The theory proposes that the more time spent consuming media, the more likely viewers will believe that the world presented in media accurately reflects the real world. George Gerbner, who founded cultivation theory, argued that repetitive exposure to media over time shapes people's beliefs and attitudes. Specifically, heavy media consumption can lead to "Mean World Syndrome," wherein people perceive the real world as more violent and threatening due to repeated exposure to violence and negativity in media. Algorithms may exacerbate this effect by promoting sensationalized content and pushing out more reliable sources of information. Digital literacy is important for forming an independent view of reality and recognizing
Medium theory proposes that the medium used to deliver a message influences how people receive and understand that message. McLuhan argued that a medium's content takes on the characteristics of the medium itself. Cultivation theory suggests that heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive the real world as similar to how it is portrayed on television. Both theories may be applicable to social media today, as the platforms themselves shape the nature of interactions and content exchanged through their technical features and design.
This document discusses various theories about media audiences and effects, including:
- Direct effects theories that see audiences as passive recipients of media messages.
- Uses and gratifications theory that sees audiences as active in using media to fulfill needs.
- Cultivation theory that examines how heavy media exposure shapes viewers' perceptions of social reality.
- Agenda-setting theory about how media influence which issues the public sees as important.
- Two-step flow theory that found opinions are often influenced through opinion leaders not direct media exposure.
- Reception theories that examine how audiences make meanings from media in social and cultural contexts.
The hypodermic needle theory from the early 1920s suggests that mass media can easily influence a large audience without challenge. It views the audience as passive receivers of messages directly injected into their minds by media producers, immediately affecting behavior. It does not account for individual differences in how people analyze and respond to media messages.
The hypodermic needle theory viewed audiences of mass media as passive receivers who were directly influenced by media messages in a powerful way. It suggested media could uniformly inject ideas into large groups and trigger a desired response without resistance. This strong effects view was influenced by the rise of radio/TV, advertising/propaganda, Payne Fund studies on film/children, and Hitler's media control. It saw audiences as unable to avoid media impacts and thinking only what they were told due to a lack of other information sources.
The hypodermic needle theory viewed audiences of mass media as passive receivers who were directly influenced by media messages in a powerful way. It suggested media could uniformly inject ideas into large groups and trigger a desired response, with audiences having no ability to resist influence. This strong effects view was influenced by the rise of radio/TV, advertising/propaganda industries, Payne Fund studies on film impacting children, and Hitler's media control. However, later reception and uses and gratifications theories saw audiences as active interpreters who engaged with media selectively based on needs and social contexts.
Medium theory proposes that the medium used to deliver a message influences how people receive and understand that message. Marshall McLuhan argued that a medium's content takes on the characteristics of the medium itself. Cultivation theory suggests that heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive the real world based on what they see on TV rather than reality. Both theories explore how the medium or format used to present information can shape audience understanding and perspectives.
The document discusses different ways that media can influence audience responses and behavior. It provides examples of how music videos, advertisements, and news articles can shape audience perspectives. Documentaries aim to inform audiences on important issues, though some can exhibit bias. Theories of media effects are also examined, including uses and gratification theory in which audiences seek media to fulfill needs, hypodermic needle theory which suggests media can directly influence passive audiences, and theories of active and passive audience consumption and interpretation of media messages. North Korea's strict control over its population's media is used as an example of the hypodermic needle effect.
Similar to Sample Student Paper1 Abstract The purpose of this.docx (20)
Problem 7. Dollars for WaitingJeffrey Swift has been a messenger.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 7. Dollars for Waiting?
Jeffrey Swift has been a messenger used by a couple of the local businesses where the Discrimina, Inc. machine shop is located. Sometimes he has done some extra errands inside the Discrimina building for a couple of hours. For the last several weeks, he has helped package items for shipment on Thursdays. Things have gone well, but Jeffrey is concerned because sometimes he has waited over two hours in the waiting room while waiting for the packaging to begin. He wouldn't mind but Discrimina pays only for packaging time, not for waiting time. He can never be certain when the parts will be ready for packaging because final quality checking time varies wildly.
Jeffrey has his own delivery business, but Discrimina has only paid him cash. Each time, Jeffrey has given the company a receipt for the cash. While he waits, he sometimes goes out for donuts for the crew. At other times, he plays games on his PDA or makes cell calls to friends.
Question
If Jeffrey Swift sues for the waiting time hours, what is the likely result and why? Write your answer in a Word document in 1-2 pages.
.
Problem 8-2B(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanation.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 8-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
1
2
3
4
5
(b) Enter the January 1, 2014 balances in Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Post the transactions to the ledger T Accounts
Be sure to post the amounts to the correct side of the T-Account!
Accounts Receivable
Bal.
(2)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(5)
Bal.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
(4)
Bal.
(5)
Bal.
(c)
Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt expense for 2014, assuming that aging the accounts receivable indicates that expected bad debts are $140,000.
Balance needed
...............................................................................
$
Balance before adjustment [see (b)]
................................................
Adjustment required
.......................................................................
$
The journal entry would therefore be as follows:
(d) Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratios:
Enter your answer here
Average Collection Period:
Enter your answer here
Problem 8-6B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
5
20
Feb
18
Apr
20
30
May
25
Aug
18
Sept.
1
Problem 9-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
If there are two entries for the same day, then you do not need to enter the date again.
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
April
1
May
1
May
1
June
1
Sept
1
PART B
Dec
31
31
(c)
Partial Balance Sheet
TONG CORPORATION
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2014
Assets
Plant assets
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title (or contra account)
Amount
Total plant assets
Amount
Problem 9-7B
(a)
BUS 1
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 2
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 3
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
(b)
BUS 2
Year
Depreciation Expense
Amount
Amount
.
Problem 14-4AFinancial information for Ernie Bishop Company is pre.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 14-4A
Financial information for Ernie Bishop Company is presented below.
ERNIE BISHOP COMPANY
Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2013
2012
Cash
$ 70,000
$ 65,000
Short-term investments
52,000
40,000
Receivables (net)
98,000
80,000
Inventory
125,000
135,000
Prepaid expenses
29,000
23,000
Land
130,000
130,000
Building and equipment (net)
168,000
175,000
$672,000
$648,000
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Notes payable
$100,000
100,000
Accounts payable
48,000
42,000
Accrued liabilities
44,000
40,000
Bonds payable, due 2016
150,000
150,000
Common stock, $10 par
200,000
200,000
Retained earnings
130,000
116,000
$672,000
$648,000
ERNIE BISHOP COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Years Ended December 31
2013
2012
Net sales
$858,000
$798,000
Cost of goods sold
611,000
575,000
Gross profit
247,000
223,000
Operating expenses
204,500
181,000
Net income
$ 42,500
$ 42,000
Additional information:
1.
Inventory at the beginning of 2012 was $118,000.
2.
Total assets at the beginning of 2012 were $632,000.
3.
No common stock transactions occurred during 2012 or 2013.
4.
All sales were on account.
5.
Receivables (net) at the beginning of 2012 were $88,000.
(a)
Indicate, by using ratios, the change in liquidity and profitability of Ernie Bishop Company from 2012 to 2013.
(Round Earnings per share to 2 decimal places, e.g. 1.65, and all others to 1 decimal place, e.g. 6.8 or 6.8% .)
2012
2013
Change
LIQUIDITY
Current
Acid-test
Receivables turnover
Inventory turnover
PROFITABILITY
Profit margin
Asset turnover
Return on assets
Earnings per share
$
(b)
Given below are three independent situations and a ratio that may be affected. For each situation, compute the affected ratio (1) as of December 31, 2013, and (2) as of December 31, 2014, after giving effect to the situation. Net income for 2014 was $50,000. Total assets on December 31, 2014, were $700,000.
Situation
Ratio
(1)
18,000 shares of common stock were sold at par on July 1, 2014.
Return on common stockholders’ equity
(2)
All of the notes payable were paid in 2014. The only change in liabilities was that the notes payable were paid.
Debt to total assets
(3)
Market price of common stock was $9 on December 31, 2013, and $12.50 on December 31, 2014.
Price-earnings ratio
2013
2014
Change
Return on common stockholders’ equity
Debt to total assets
Price-earnings ratio
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
.
Problem and solution essay about the difficulties of speaking Engli.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem and solution essay about the difficulties of speaking English language for international students in the foriegn country.
- introduction with good thesis statement( start with transition word and include the problem and solution)
- first body paragraph ( define and explain the problem)
- second body paragraph. give the solution
- conclusion
two paraphrase
.
problem 8-6 (LO 4) Worksheet, direct and indirect holding, interco.docxjeffsrosalyn
problem 8-6 (LO 4) Worksheet, direct and indirect holding, intercompany mer-
chandise,
machine. The
following
diagram
depicts
the
relationships
among
Mary
Company, John Company, and Joan Company on December 31, 2014:
Mary
John
Owns 60%
Owns 40%
Joan
Owns 50%
Mary Company purchases its interest in John Company on January 1, 2012, for $204,000.
John Company purchases its interest in Joan Company on January 1, 2013, for $75,000. Mary
Company purchases its interest in Joan Company on January 1, 2014, for $72,000. All invest-
ments are accounted for under the equity method. Control over Joan Company does not occur
until the January 1, 2014, acquisition. Thus, a D&D schedule will be prepared for the invest-
ment in Joan as of January 1, 2014.
The following stockholders’ equities are available:
John
Joan
Company
December31
,
December 31
2011
2012
2013
Commonstock ($10par). ........... ............
$150,000
Commonstock ($10par). ........... ............
$100,000
$100,000
Paid-incapitalinexcess of par ............. ..... 75,000
Retained earnings .............................
75,000
50,000
80,000
Totalequity ......... ........... ............
$300,000
$150,000
$180,000
On January 2, 2014, Joan Company sells a machine to Mary Company for $20,000. The
machine has a book value of $10,000, with an estimated life of five years and is being depre-
ciated on a straight-line basis.
John Company sells $20,000 of merchandise to Joan Company during 2014 to realize a gross
profit of 30%. Of this merchandise, $5,000 remains in Joan Company’s December 31, 2014,
inventory. Joan owes John $3,000 on December 31, 2014, for merchandise delivered during
2014.
Trial balances of the three companies prepared from general ledger account balances on
December 31, 2014, are as follows:
Mary
John
Joan
Cash ...................... ........... ......
62,500
60,000
30,000
Accounts Receivable ........................... 200,000
55,000
30,000
Inventory ................... ........... ......
360,000
80,000
50,000
Investmentin JohnCompany........... ........ 270,000
Investmentin JoanCompany........... .......... 86,000
107,500
Property, Plant,andEquipment.... ........... ...2,250,000
850,000
350,000
Accumulated Depreciation ....... ........... .... (938,000)
(377,500)
(121,800
Mary
John
Joan
Intangibles.... ........... ........... .........
15,000
Accounts Payable ............... ........... ...
(215,500)
(61,000)
(22,000)
AccruedExpenses............... ........... ...
(12,000)
(4,000)
(1,200)
BondsPayable. ........... ........... .........
(500,000)
(300,000)
(100,000)
Common Stock($5par) ........................
(500,000)
Common Stock($10par) ....................... (150,000)
Common Stock($10par) ....................... (100,000)
Paid-In Capital inExcessof Par ...... ........... (700,000)
(75,000).
Problem 4-5ADevine Brown opened Devine’s Carpet Cleaners on March .docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 4-5A
Devine Brown opened Devine’s Carpet Cleaners on March 1. During March, the following transactions were completed.
Mar. 1
Invested $10,940 cash in the business.
1
Purchased used truck for $6,050, paying $3,025 cash and the balance on account.
3
Purchased cleaning supplies for $1,128 on account.
5
Paid $1,788 cash on one-year insurance policy effective March 1.
14
Billed customers $4,723 for cleaning services.
18
Paid $1,538 cash on amount owed on truck and $402 on amount owed on cleaning supplies.
20
Paid $1,648 cash for employee salaries.
21
Collected $1,926 cash from customers billed on March 14.
28
Billed customers $2,561 for cleaning services.
31
Paid gasoline for month on truck $393.
31
Withdrew $769 cash for personal use.
(a)
Your answer is correct.
Journalize the March transactions.
(Record entries in the order displayed in the problem statement. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
[removed]
[removed]
[removed]
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
SHOW ANSWER
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
Attempts: 2 of 5 used
(b) and (c)
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Prepare a trial balance at March 31 on a worksheet. Enter the following adjustments on the worksheet and complete the worksheet.
(1)
Earned but unbilled revenue at March 31 was $843.
(2)
Depreciation on equipment for the month was $463.
(3)
One-twelfth of the insurance expired.
(4)
An inventory count shows $273 of cleaning supplies on hand at March 31.
(5)
Accrued but unpaid employee salaries were $598.
DEVINE’S CARPET CLEANERS
Worksheet
For the Month Ended March 31, 2012
Trial Balance
Adjustments
Adjusted Trial Balance
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Account Titles
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Cash
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Accounts Receivable
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Supplies
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Problem 1-4A (Part Level Submission)Matt Stiner started a delivery.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 1-4A (Part Level Submission)
Matt Stiner started a delivery service, Stiner Deliveries, on June 1, 2014. The following transactions occurred during the month of June.
June 1
Stockholders invested $14,493 cash in the business in exchange for common stock.
2
Purchased a used van for deliveries for $14,932. Matt paid $3,189 cash and signed a note payable for the remaining balance.
3
Paid $669 for office rent for the month.
5
Performed $4,502 of services on account.
9
Declared and paid $203 in cash dividends.
12
Purchased supplies for $109 on account.
15
Received a cash payment of $1,468 for services provided on June 5.
17
Purchased gasoline for $124 on account.
20
Received a cash payment of $1,385 for services provided.
23
Made a cash payment of $531 on the note payable.
26
Paid $122 for utilities.
29
Paid for the gasoline purchased on account on June 17.
30
Paid $1,255 for employee salaries.
(a)
Show the effects of the previous transactions on the accounting equation.
(If a transaction causes a decrease in Assets, Liabilities or Stockholders' Equity, place a negative sign (or parentheses) in front of the amount entered for the particular Asset, Liability or Equity item that was reduced. See Illustration 1-8 for example.)
STINER DELIVERIES
Assets
=
Liabilities
+
Stockholders' Equity
Retained Earnings
Date
Cash
+
Accounts
Receivable
+
Supplies
+
Equipment
=
Notes
Payable
+
Accounts
Payable
+
Common
Stock
+
Revenues
–
Expenses
–
Dividends
June 1
$
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$
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$
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$
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$
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PROBLEM 5-5BPrepare a correct detailed multiple-step income stat.docxjeffsrosalyn
PROBLEM 5-5B
Prepare a correct detailed multiple-step income statement.
Assume a tax rate of 25%.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Month Ended December 31, 2014
Sales Revenues
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Net Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Amount
Operating Expenses
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Total operating expenses
Amount
Income from operations
Amount
Other revenues and gains
Account title
Amount
Other expenses and losses
Account title
Amount
Amount (Total)
Income before income taxes
Income tax expense
Net Income
P5-5B
An inexperienced accountant prepared this condensed income statement for
Wright Company, a retail firm that has been in business for a number of years.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Revenues
Net sales $952,000
Other revenues 16,000
968,000
Cost of goods sold 548,000
Gross profit 420,000
Operating expenses
Selling expenses 160,000
Administrative expenses
104,000
264,000
Net earnings $156,000
As an experienced, knowledgeable accountant, you review the statement and determine
the following facts.
1. Net sales consist of sales $972,000, less freight-out on merchandise sold $20,000.
2. Other revenues consist of sales discounts $12,000 and interest revenue $4,000.
3. Selling expenses consist of salespersons’ salaries $88,000; depreciation on equip-
ment $4,000; sales returns and allowances $46,000; advertising $12,000; and sales
commissions $10,000. All compensation should be recorded as Salaries and Wages
Expense.
4. Administrative expenses consist of office salaries $54,000; dividends $14,000; utili-
ties $13,000; interest expense $3,000; and rent expense $20,000, which includes
prepayments totaling $2,000 for the first month of 2015. The utilities represent
utilities paid. At December 31, utility expense of $3,000 has been incurred but not
paid.
Problem 6-2B
(a) Determine the Cost of Goods Available for Sale
Date
Explanation
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Total
(b) Determine the ending inventory and cost of goods sold under each of the assumed cost flow methods.
Prove the accuracy of the cost of goods sold under FIFO and LIFO.
FIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amount
Proof of Cost of Goods Sold (FIFO)
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
LIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amount
Proof of .
Problem 12-9ACondensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.ODGE.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 12-9A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.
Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 147,864
$ 88,572
Accounts receivable
160,674
69,540
Inventory
205,875
188,216
Prepaid expenses
51,972
47,580
Long-term investments
252,540
199,470
Plant assets
521,550
443,775
Accumulated depreciation
(91,500
)
(95,160
)
Total
$1,248,975
$941,993
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 186,660
$ 123,159
Accrued expenses payable
30,195
38,430
Bonds payable
201,300
267,180
Common stock
402,600
320,250
Retained earnings
428,220
192,974
Total
$1,248,975
$941,993
ODGERS INC.
Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$710,882
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$247,892
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
22,710
Depreciation expense
85,095
Income tax expense
49,922
Interest expense
8,656
Loss on disposal of plant assets
13,725
428,000
Net income
$ 282,882
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $183,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $105,225 and accumulated depreciation of $88,755 were sold for $2,745 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $47,636 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method.
(Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
$
$
[removed]
.
Problem 13-6AIrwin Corporation has been authorized to issue 20,80.docxjeffsrosalyn
*Problem 13-6A
Irwin Corporation has been authorized to issue 20,800 shares of $100 par value, 10%, noncumulative preferred stock
and 981,000 shares of no-par common stock. The corporation assigned a $2.50 stated value to the common stock. At
December 31, 2014, the ledger contained the following balances pertaining to stockholders’ equity.
The preferred stock was issued for land having a fair value of $142,900. All common stock issued was for cash. In
November, 1,500 shares of common stock were purchased for the treasury at a per share cost of $14. In
December, 500 shares of treasury stock were sold for $15 per share. No dividends were declared in 2014.
Preferred Stock $119,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock 23,900
Common Stock 981,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock 1,781,300
Treasury Stock (1,000 common shares) 14,000
Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 500
Retained Earnings 81,600
.
Prior to posting in this discussion, completeThe Parking Garage.docxjeffsrosalyn
Prior to posting in this discussion, complete
The Parking Garage
scenario interactivity module and view the video,
This is Water by David Foster Wallace
. Reflect on what you have seen and recall a time when you experienced simplistic and unfounded stereotypical thinking. What could you have done differently? What is something that you need to work on in the future to become a better critical thinker? 200 words
.
Prior to engaging in this discussion, read Chapters 10 and 11 in y.docxjeffsrosalyn
Prior to engaging in this discussion, read Chapters 10 and 11 in your text as well as the “Steps for Effective Discharge Planning” article, and review any relevant Instructor Guidance.
For this discussion, refer to the information in the
“Introduction to the Miller Family”
document.
Select one of the family members below whose medical condition has the potential to have worsened to the point that they would need to be hospitalized. Once you have chosen your subject, create a discharge scenario. Each of these family members has been introduced in an earlier assignment. Be sure to review your materials for that assignment including any relevant instructor feedback.
Option 1:
Elías - leukemia
Option 2:
Lila - diabetes (IDDM)
Option 3:
Sam - liver disease caused by heavy drinking
Option 4:
Lucy - bipolar disorder and serious substance abuse (dual diagnosis)
In your initial post, create and present a possible scenario in order to respond to the subject’s discharge from the hospital. See earlier assignments for samples of how to begin crafting the scenario for your subject. Remember to be creative, refer to the “Introduction to the Miller Family” document, and include as much detailed information as appropriate. Be sure to address the following points in your initial post.
Describe the specific issues that need to be addressed when discharging this patient.
Briefly identify who (individuals, professionals, agencies, or organizations) might be identified in the plan, what needs to be done, and when it should happen.
Identify community resources (e.g., doctors, counselors, and agencies) that will be needed, what their roles are in the plan, and assess how they might meet the needs of your patient. Integrate the biological theory of intellect and cognition with your subject’s sociocultural experiences in order to better ascertain his or her needs.
Identify and discuss at least one barrier for success based on the individual’s intellect and his or her sociocultural experiences and perspectives. Critique the contributions of community-based programs and how they might alleviate issues related to this barrier.
dq2
Watch one of the eight videos from
The Future of Medicine
playlist. Then, go to the Ashford University Library and find two research articles related to the social impact or relevance of the topic addressed in your selected video. For assistance with finding peer-reviewed articles, please see the
tutorial
on the Ashford University Library website. Consider the work you have completed in the previous discussions throughout the course. Summarize how we, as individuals, are affected by disease, disability, or disorder. What emotions do we experience toward others with these conditions (empathy, judgment, fear, guilt)? Critique the contributions of community-based programs and how they influence our societal reactions to diseases, disabilities, and disorders. Examine and comment on the ways in which individuals, families, communi.
Privacy in a Technological AgePrivacy protection is a hot top.docxjeffsrosalyn
Privacy in a Technological Age:
Privacy protection is a hot topic in today’s data-hungry technological world
. In a well-written paper,
1.
Begin with an examination of an individual’s right to privacy
.
Then consider
2.
How advanced surveillance and monitoring technologies might intrude upon this right to privacy.
3.
How might the roles and obligations of an organization conflict with its workers right to privacy?
Provide specific examples to support your analysis.
Your well-written paper should be 2-3 pages in length and formatted according to the
CSU-Global Guide to Writing and
APA Requirements
. You should reference 2-3 scholarly sources (your textbook can count as one of these). The CSU-Global Library is a good place to find these scholarly sources
Textbook is attached
Reynolds, G. W. (2014).
Ethics in information technology
(5th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning
Note:
I don’t need cover page.
.
Privacy Introduction Does the technology today Pene.docxjeffsrosalyn
Privacy :
Introduction
Does the technology today
Penetrates
our
privacy
?
Harms and the benefits.
What is the natural right for privacy ?
How we can trust the people or the organizations in our privacy ?
Does the governments have the right to go through our privacy? why ?
What the limit for privacy ?
How we can protect our privacy ?
Conclusion
.
Prisoner rights in America are based largely on the provisions of th.docxjeffsrosalyn
Prisoner rights in America are based largely on the provisions of the Bill of Rights. In this assignment, you will research the U.S. Bill of Rights and explain its major provisions. You should address the impact that the Bill of Rights has had on the field of criminal justice, corrections, and prisoners' rights. Also, explain how the Bill of Rights is applied at the state level.
Identify and explain the major provisions of the Bill of Rights.
How has the Bill of Rights significantly impacted the prisoners' rights and the fields of criminal justice and corrections?
Explain how the Bill of Rights is applied at the state level.
What are 2 major avenues of relief pursued by prisoners?
You must reference at least 2 credible sources in APA style.
4 pages
No plagerism
Abstract and Reference Page
.
Principles of Supply and Demanda brief example of supply and deman.docxjeffsrosalyn
Principles of Supply and Demand
a brief example of supply and demand for public health goods and services. Select two factors that might influence price elasticity of demand for public health goods or services in your example. Explain how and why price elasticity might influence the quantity of goods and services demanded in that example.
.
Primary Task Response Within the Discussion Board area, write 300.docxjeffsrosalyn
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 300–500 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
Interest groups play a significant role in contemporary American politics, on a wide range of public policy issues, from healthcare (Affordable Care Act, for example) to gun control (the NRA is a well-known example), and from financial services regulation to regulating food production.
For this discussion board, choose an interest group that appeals to you and then identify a public policy issue that your selected interest group is working on impacting. In addition, include the following information:
What types of activities are conducted by your interest group? Provide examples of activities undertaken by the group within the last 12 months. Activities can include lobbying, television or radio spots, media spots, rallies or other activities. Also, if available, provide links to any news articles about the organization’s activities or press releases from the organization or other articles from the organization’s website for your classmates’ reference.
How is your chosen interest group connected to the average citizen, if at all? Provide examples of average citizens’ involvement in your chosen interest group, if any. If your chosen interest group rarely or does not interact with the average citizen, please discuss how the work of your chosen interest group indirectly impacts the average citizen, if at all.
Do you believe that interest groups do, or have the ability to, promote corruption in government? Explain your position. If they do or have the potential to do so, why do you believe so? If not, what do you think prevents them from corrupting government? Support your position with specific examples.
.
Pretend you are a British government official during the time leadin.docxjeffsrosalyn
Pretend you are a British government official during the time leading up the Revolutionary War.
Write a 2-3 paragraph letter to the editor of your local newspaper explaining your feelins about the actions of the colonists. Be sure to give examples. (Things to possibly include: Do you think they are overreacting? Why or why not? How do you feel the issues should be resolved?) Really put some thought into this assignment, it wouldn't hurt to do some outside research to support your Letter to the Editor
.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Sample Student Paper1 Abstract The purpose of this.docx
1. Sample Student Paper1
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze if and how television
affects peoples' perception
of society. Social learning theory and cultivation theory are
introduced as two possible reasons
why television can have such an influence over its viewers. This
report analyzes how body
image, stereotypes, and job glorification are affected by what is
shown on television. An online
survey was taken by twenty-two people in order to see if the
amount of television people
watched affected television's influence over its viewers. The
questions attempted to analyze how
television affected their perceptions of themselves, others, and
the professions of doctors,
lawyers, and police officers. Although the sample size was
rather small the results showed that
reality television was affected by the frequency one watched
television. However, more studies
2. should be conducted to analyze if realism or frequency plays a
more predominant role in the
effects of television.
Key terms: Body image, Cultivation theory, Job glorification,
Social learning theory,
Stereotypes, Television influence
Problem Statement
On average Americans, spend 2.8 hours watching television
every day (American Time
Use Survey Summary). Television shows can be very influential
to people, they have the ability
to move, inspire, and educate them. However, this may be
causing people to believe that
television is always an accurate portrayal of real life. The belief
that television shows are always
factual has the potential to affect one's judgments, which could
lead to body image issues,
increased stereotyping, job glorification and more. "In addition
to exposure to television, the
extent to which individuals perceive content as realistic is
related to their social judgments"
Sample Student Paper2
3. (Busselle 47). This paper will analyze if and how, through the
factors set forth in the social
learning and cultivation theories, television affects peoples'
perception of society.
Literature Review
In 1939 television first started being broadcasted, and ever
since the effects television has
on its viewers has been the focus of many debates and concerns.
The censorship of television
shows has greatly decreased since its early days. "In the 1950s
and 1960s, networks and
advertisers imposed strict controls on what could be show on
television" (Hanson 329). In the
early days of television, content was highly regulated and there
were a lot of rules about what
was acceptable to show on television. For example, Laura and
Rob Petrie, from the Dick Van
Dyke show, had to sleep in separate beds even though they were
married. Even Lucille Balls’s
pregnancy caused great concern (Hanson 329). In the 1950s and
1960s, married couples were
shown sleeping separately; however, today it is commonplace to
find unmarried couples sharing
4. a bed on television. Although the rules and regulations about
what is appropriate to be shown on
television have been greatly relaxed, concerns are just as high
about how television is
influencing society. This literature review will address the
importance of television’s effects and
the theories of cultivation and social learning will be discussed
as possible causes. Along with
this, body image issues, stereotyping and job glorification will
be presented as possible effects of
television viewership.
Importance of Television Effects
Television has become an integral part of peoples' lives; not
only is it a form of
entertainment, but it is also educates people. The popularity of
television and the massive
number of television shows available to the public has also
increased the concern."The extent of
Sample Student Paper3
TV viewing in most [Western societies] has led leaders,
5. politicians, and educators to express
their concern and worries regarding the effects of such viewing
on society and its
youngsters"(Cohen and Weimann 99). As the role that television
plays in peoples' lives
increases, so does the concern over how exactly television is
affecting its viewers. The more
people watch and value television, the more it will influence
and shape peoples' views, beliefs
and expectations.
The reality portrayed on television is influenced by stories and
the actors portraying
them; however, the real world, life outside these influences, is
not always the same as what is
depicted on television. Television shows and their creators have
the ability to create a reality that
people may ultimately believe to be an accurate portrayal of the
real world.
The mass production and rapid distribution of messages create
new symbolic
environments that reflect the structure and functions of the
institutions that transmit them.
These institutional processes of the mass-production messages
short-circuit other
6. networks of social communication and superimpose their own
forms of collective
consciousness-their own publics-upon other social
relationships. (Gerbner 69)
The images that one sees on television portray how the writers,
producers, directors, etc. see the
world. As one sees the messages repeatedly on the screen, they
begin to creep into the minds of
the viewers, altering and shaping their views. "The notion is
that living in a symbolic
environment in which certain types of institutions with certain
types of objectives create certain
types of messages, tends to cultivate (support, sustain, and
nourish) certain types of collective
consciousness" (Morgan and Shanahan 339). As one
continuously sees the same images, events,
and realities portrayed on the screen, they become expected. For
example, those who watch a lot
of news programming may believe that crime rates are higher
than they actually are. This is
Sample Student Paper4
7. because acts of crime are frequently reported on the news. The
repetitiveness of television affects
the way people view society; as one sees these images play out
over and over again on television
they become the norm.
Cultivation Theory and Social Learning Theory
There has been a lot of research done on the different effects
that television can have on
its viewers. According to research done by Bryant and Miron,
cultivation and social learning
theory are two of the most popular theories in mass
communication (Bryant and Miron 673).
Cultivation theory states that, the more television someone
watches, the more they will
experience its affects. "The most familiar version of the
cultivation hypothesis is that those who
spend more time watching television are more likely to perceive
the real world in ways that
reflect the most common and recurrent messages of the world of
fictional television" (Morgan
and Shanahan 337). The main idea behind cultivation theory is
that the more television one
watches, the more likely they will perceive the real world to be
8. like they see on television. Social
learning theory states that people learn by example. "People’s
behaviors are learned through
observation and modeling" (Jeffres et al. 104). People learn by
watching and then they emulate
what they see. Cultivation theory and social learning theory are
two main theories used to
explain the effects of television.
George Gerbner, who introduced cultivation, was one of the
first people to do research on
the effects of [mass communication] which he described as,
"large message systems" (Gerbner
71). Television is an example of mass communication since it
allows for an exorbitant amount
of information to be sent rapidly to millions of people. When
Gerbner first started to do his
research, television and the effects it could have were relatively
new. He eventually introduced
Sample Student Paper5
several theories, including cultivation theory, as reasons for
how television and mass media
9. would forever change public views.
Mass communication, including television, often shows people
a singular view of the
world. The same views and ideas are shown repeatedly on
different television shows every day.
“The rise of mass communication is a profound change in the
management of information, and in
the creation of the common symbolic environment that gives
public direction and meaning to
human activity” (Gerbner, 70-1). As one sees and hears the
same views everyday, they become
accepted as the norm. The television shows that are watched
every night have given people the
foundation for what goes on in the real world.
Although social learning theory is not quite as popular as
cultivation theory it still offers
profound insights into the effects of television viewing; social
learning theory was created by
Albert Bandura. Humans in general are very visual and learn
best through examples. "We are
able to learn by observing what others do and the consequences
they face" (Hanson 60). Humans
learn from examples, children try to copy their parents,
teenagers try to be like their friends or
10. that one person they wish they were. People learn from others’
mistakes and try to recreate their
successes. Television provides people with a wealth of mistakes
and success stories that can be
emulated.
Effects of Television
The effect television viewing can have on body image is often
criticized. The use of
"thin-ideal media" on television is one of the main causes for
this concern (Van Vonderen and
Kinnally 42). Thin-ideal media is media that constantly uses
thin female characters and promotes
thinness as a desirable attribute that often leads to the most
success (Van Vonderen and Kinnally
Sample Student Paper6
43). When one turns on the television, they are exposed to
images of beautiful men and women.
These beautiful actors on television are causing people,
especially women, to desire to look the
same way. "In 1972, 23 percent of U.S. women said that they
11. were dissatisfied with their overall
appearance. By 1996 that figure had grown to 48 percent"
(Hanson 170). Women see these
actresses on television as having the perfect body and they
become unhappy with their own
bodies, lowering their self-esteem. This increase in body
dissatisfaction is causing more women
to be affected by eating disorders. "It is no secret that a
significant number of girls and young
women suffer from eating disorders as their quest to find to find
beauty through thinness"
(Hanson 170). As the obsession with being thin grows more and
more, young girls are becoming
anorexic or bulimic in an effort to get thinner. These actors on
television are seen as role models,
which is causing the desire to be thin, in order to be just like
them, to grow rapidly.
The more people watch television and are exposed to thin-ideal
media the more likely
they will see these bodies as normal. "Women who are exposed
to heavy amounts of thin ideal
media are likely to accept this as the norm" (Van Vonderen and
Kinnally 43). The more women
see these thin actresses on television, the more likely they will
12. be to see this as the normal and
ideal body weight. When women see these women with perfect
bodies, they feel as though their
bodies should look just like theirs. However, actors such as,
"the much-photographed Jennifer
Aniston is an impossible (for most women) size zero" (Hanson
170). It does not matter that most
women will never be able to be a size zero, it is still what many
women hope to be.
There has not always been this obsession with thinness. "The
body size of women
portrayed in mass media has been steadily getting smaller" (Van
Vonderen and Kinnally 42).
Today, many of the biggest actresses are super thin; however,
this is more of a recent
phenomenon. In fact, according to today's standards [Marilyn
Monroe] would be considered a
Sample Student Paper7
plus-sized model (Hanson 170). What was once considered the
perfect body is now a body many
people would be ashamed of. The fact that the size of the
perfect body has decreased, along with
13. the average size of actresses, supports the idea of cultivation;
that what one sees on television is
seen as normal. Not only can television affect one’s image of
themself, but it can also affect how
they view others.
The way that televisions aids in the formation of stereotypes is
another concern for many
people. Television can play a role in the formation of both
gender and racial stereotypes. "Aside
from the problem that people on television comedies and dramas
are not only attractive and
funny but, also resolve problems in less than an hour, there are
complaints that television
presents a world that is overwhelmingly white, male, and
middle class" (Hanson 320). The
demographics on television are not representative of society;
oftentimes, women and minorities
are pushed to the side. Not only are minorities under
represented; they are often portrayed in a
less favorable light. "Minority groups argue that the media
serve up stereotypic images that
conflict with reality" (Jeffres et al. 105). In general minorities
feel that the images presented on
14. television are overtly stereotypical and clash with the real
world. The way people are portrayed
on television can lead to people believing that this is an
accurate description of how people truly
act. "According to Bandura, people’s behaviors are learned
through observation and modeling;
thus exposure to media images leads to the formation of social
stereotypes" (Jeffres et al. 104).
Television offers people a glimpse into worlds they would
otherwise be unfamiliar with;
however, what they take away from it may not always be
accurate and can lead to misguided
assumptions about others.
Television does not only affect peoples' perception of other
people, it also affects how
they see certain professions. There are hundreds of shows about
police officers, doctors, and
Sample Student Paper8
lawyers all over television. In half an hour to an hour’s time, a
television show tries to depict the
daily lives of these various professions. In one hour a doctor
identifies a rare disease and cures it,
15. a lawyer is able to win a huge case, and a crime is solved from
start to finish. These over
exaggerations of events on television may lead the public to
believe these inaccuracies are the
truth. "Cultivation theory posits that frequent viewing of these
distortions of reality will
increasingly result in the perception that these distortions
reflect reality" (Shrum 511). People
that frequently watch these shows with an exaggerated reality
may truly believe that what they
are watching reflects what really goes on in the life of a doctor,
lawyer, or police officer. These
distorted realities could lead to complications in the real world
as people try to apply what they
see on television to the real world.
Shows that involve the medical profession are very popular
amongst television viewers;
however, what is seen on these shows is not always realistic.
Medical dramas offer people
insights into the world of medicine and are where they get a lot
of their information. "Numerous
studies have noted the popularity of medical dramas, as well as
the ways in which viewers use
16. entertainment programs as a basis for their knowledge about
medicine" (Strauman and Goodier
32). Just as most shows, the hero always saves the day, in
medical shows, the doctor is the hero
and has all the answers. However, there is "concern from
physicians that overly positive
representations set unrealistic expectations for patients"
(Strauman and Goodier 33). In real life
doctors cannot save every patient and they definitely do not
have all the answers. These
television shows that constantly portray the heroic doctors may
lead people to expect more from
their doctors than is actually possible. Although the writers try
to be as accurate as possible by
having experts in the field available for consultation it does not
mean that certain aspects are not
exaggerated or always feasible.
Sample Student Paper9
Lawyers are also predominant fixtures on television. One can
turn on the television and
somewhere they can find a show that involves lawyers. People
learn a lot about lawyers from
17. what they see on these television shows. A study conducted by
Pfau, Mullen, Diedrich and
Garrow found that, "television's portrayals of attorneys
influence the public's perceptions of
attorneys" (Pfau and Mullen). Many people have not had a lot of
experience with lawyers, so
almost all of their information comes from what they see on
television. The lack of overall
experience with lawyers, combined with frequent viewing of
legal shows, may lead to viewers
having an exaggerated view of lawyers.
Along with the medical and legal fields, the forensics field is
also a popular and
misrepresented career. Many times in shows, like CSI: Crime
Scene Investigation, viewers will
see characters do things that cannot actually be done. "The
inaccuracies in these shows have to
do with stretching the science beyond what normally occurs, or
taking computer graphics and
making science do something it can't" (qtd. in Stanton). The
main goal of a television show is to
entertain and these shows take a lot of creative liberties when
writing. Although these shows
18. often exaggerate what science can actually do, sometimes the
science depicted does actually
exist. However, most labs would not have access to the tools
needed to make use of the
procedures. According to Kathy Reichs, a forensic
anthropologist and producer on the television
show Bones, "some of the things that we use, does any crime
lab that I've ever seen have them?
No, because it is too expensive, but they do
exist"(watchmojo.com). Sometimes the science does
exist; however, the cost of the using it is too high for most labs.
The exaggerations of these
forensic shows have also even been known to influence jurors
on criminal cases.
In 2003, the CSI Effect was introduced to demonstrate the
effect that shows like CSI can
have on jurors. "The CSI Effect is the notion that crime show
viewing influences jurors to have
Sample Student Paper10
unrealistic expectations of forensic evidence, which then affects
their trial decisions" (Hayes and
Levett 216). Viewing television shows that revolve around
19. criminal investigation could lead the
jurors to expect things that are just not realistic. For example,
they may always want forensic
evidence, which is not always possible (Hayes and Levett 216-
17). When no forensic evidence is
available, doubts in the prosecution may arise in the minds of
jurors. In shows like CSI they
always find all the answers and there is always that smoking
gun that points them directly to the
bad guy. However, in the real world, evidence just does not
work that way.
As these examples show, television plays a major part in a lot
of people's lives and it is
important to understand what the effects television viewing can
have. The theories of cultivation
and social learning introduce reasons for why television can
have such an impact on someone.
People watch a good amount of television everyday and they get
a lot of information about areas
that they would not otherwise be familiar. The information
gained from watching television can
cause people to develop an unrealistic perception of themselves,
others, or even a potential
career. The effects that television can have should not be taken
20. lightly and they are important to
understand in order to limit the negative effects that they could
potentially have on someone's
life.
The purpose of this study is to determine how cultivation and
social learning theory affect
people's perception of society. Other research has studied how
television viewing can influence
certain things such as body image and stereotypes. However,
not a lot of research has been done
on whether or not those who watch more television are likely to
believe what they see on
television, causing them to be more affected by its content.
Those who watch more television
have a higher exposure to the images and messages presented on
television, which should result
in them believing these portrayals to be accurate. They will also
have more opportunities to learn
Sample Student Paper11
from the examples set forth by these shows. Based on research,
the hypothesis for this study is
21. that those who watch more television will be more likely to
accept what is shown on television
as the truth and be more susceptible to the affects of television.
Method
An online survey was conducted of adults ages eighteen to
forty-nine. The reason this
survey targeted those between the ages of eighteen and forty-
nine is because this demographic is
seen as the most valuable among television networks because it
brings in the most money from
advertisers. The revenue, from advertising, that can be brought
in from this age group often
causes television networks to cater their shows towards them
(Pomerantz 40). This survey was
purposive in focusing on a targeted age group; however, the
survey was not random and thus
cannot be representative of a population. The survey also uses a
rating scale so participants were
not able to explain why they chose the answers they did.
The participants were asked a series of questions designed to
show how their perceptions
were affected by television. They were asked questions
pertaining to four specific areas: realism,
22. body image, stereotypes, and job glorification. The questions in
the realism section were
designed to measure how accurate and realistic people believe
television shows to be. Some of
these questions were based on questions asked in earlier
research, specifically Busselle's article
"Television Exposure, Perceived Realism, and Exemplar
Accessibility in the Social Judgment
Process". The body image section asked people to think about
how television affected the
perceptions of their own bodies as well as others. The questions
pertaining stereotypes were
designed to see how people felt their race and gender were
portrayed on television. It also
attempts to see if people assume certain people will act a certain
way based on what they see on
Sample Student Paper12
television. Finally, the questions on job glorification were
designed to get a sense of the
participants’ perceptions of different careers, specifically
doctors, lawyers, and police officers.
Results
23. Participants
A total of twenty-two people took the online survey, 55 percent
of them were female and
45 percent male. A majority, 59 percent of the participants,
were between the ages of eighteen
and twenty-five, 18 percent were twenty-six to thirty-three, 9
percent were thirty-four to forty-
one, and 14 percent were forty-two to forty-nine. Most of the
participants would be considered
light to moderate television viewers, with 32 percent watching
less than one hour of television a
day and 45 percent watching one to two hours daily. Only 18
percent reported watching three to
four hours and 5 percent said they watch four or more hours of
television a day.
Participants were asked to rank the order in which they
watched certain genres, one being
the most frequently and six being the least frequent. The genres
that were ranked one to three
were considered the most frequently watched. The top three
genres watched were comedies,
crime dramas, and reality.
24. 0%
50%
100%
Comedy Crime Drama Reality News Medical
Drama
Science
Fiction
Frequency Genre Most Watched
Sample Student Paper13
Realism
Based on the data received from the survey, all of the
participants understand that
television does take creative liberties. Four questions were
asked pertaining to the accuracy and
realism of television shows and none of the participants
strongly agreed with any of the
questions regarding televisions accuracy or realism. Fifty-five
percent of the participants agreed
25. that the crime shown on television is similar to the crime in the
real world, 36 percent disagreed
and 9 percent strongly disagreed. However, the participants that
reported watching crime dramas
the most frequently were less likely to agree with the accuracy
of the crime on television. Only
42 percent agreed, 50 percent disagreed, and 8 percent strongly
disagreed.
Most of the participants did not believe that the illnesses and
procedures shown on
medical dramas were common in the real world, 33 percent of
the participants agreed, 59 percent
disagreed, and 9 percent strongly disagreed. None of the
participants that reported medical
dramas as one of their most frequently watched genres agreed
that the illnesses and procedures
were common, 60 percent disagreed and 40 percent strongly
disagreed.
Most of the participants, 68 percent, felt that the portrayal of
cops was somewhat accurate
and 32 percent believed it was not accurate. Of the participants
that watched the most crime
dramas, 58 percent believed that the portrayal of cops was
somewhat accurate and 42 percent felt
26. it was not accurate.
Participants' feelings towards the accuracy of television did not
increase with the amount
of television that they watched. Overall most participants, 82
percent, felt that television shows
were somewhat accurate. Eighty percent of the participants who
watched the most television,
three or more hours a day, considered television shows to be
somewhat accurate and 82 percent
of those who watched two hours or less felt that television
shows are somewhat accurate.
Sample Student Paper14
Body Image
It is clear from the results that females are more likely to
believe that actors and actresses
have the ideal body, 83 percent of females agreed, 8 percent
strongly agreed and 8 percent
disagreed. However, men were split over actors and actresses
having the ideal body. Fifty
percent of them agreed but 40 percent disagreed, 10 percent
27. strongly disagreed, and no men
strongly agreed.
Females were also more likely to compare themselves to those
on television. 41 percent
of females agreed or strongly agreed that they often compare
themselves to those on television
while 30 percent of men said they compare themselves to those
on television. Most participants
said that they did not compare members of the opposite sex to
people on television, only 18
percent agreed, 25 percent of females and 10 percent of males.
Stereotypes
Those that watch reality television shows the most frequently
are not as comfortable with
how their race or their gender is being portrayed on television.
None of the participants who said
they watched reality television less frequently than other genres
felt uncomfortable with how
their race or gender is portrayed. However, 27 percent of those
that most frequently watched
0%
20%
28. 40%
60%
80%
100%
Not Accurate Somewhat Accurate Very Accurate
Perceived Accuracy of Television
2 Hours or Less
Three or More Hours
Sample Student Paper15
reality television did not feel comfortable with how their race
was portrayed. Also, 63 percent
said they disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement: I
feel comfortable with how my
gender is portrayed on television.
Only 32 percent of participants felt their values were similar to
those shown on
television, while 45 percent disagreed and 23 percent strongly
29. disagreed. Most participants, 59
percent, either disagreed or strongly disagreed, that reality
television is a true representation of
how people act while only 41 percent agreed. However, most
did believe that reality television
did increase stereotyping, 95 percent agreed or strongly agreed.
Job Glorification
The survey analyzed how the participants felt the position of
doctors, lawyers, and police
officers are portrayed on television. Most participants felt that
each of these professions were
0%
50%
100%
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Agree Strongly
Agree
Comfortable with Race
Portrayal
Most Reality
30. Least Reality
0%
50%
100%
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Agree Strongly
Agree
Comfortable with Gender
Portrayal
Most Reality
Least Reality
Sample Student Paper16
over glamorized on television. At 77 percent, the position of a
doctor received the highest
number of participants believing that it was over glamorized,
followed by lawyers at 68 percent,
and finally police officers at 64 percent.
Discussion
31. With all of the television people consume it is important to
understand how what is
shown on television affects peoples’ lives and how they
perceive the world. The purpose of this
study was to determine if those who watched the most television
were more susceptible to its
effects. This study analyzed the amount of television the
participants watched and how
frequently they viewed certain genres: crime dramas, medical
dramas, and reality and how it
affected their perceptions. The study focused on how television
affected peoples' views on body
image, stereotypes and job glorification. Despite the research
the findings of this study did not
fully support the hypothesis that the more television one
watches the more they will be affected
by it.
This study only included people between the ages of eighteen
and forty-nine. However, a
study of younger people may have resulted television having a
greater influence. "It is generally
assumed that younger children are more susceptible to media
effects because they are less able to
evaluate content critically"(Cohen and Weiman 112). Younger
32. people are more susceptible to
what they see on television, which is ultimately what leads to
influence. If someone believes
what he or she see on television as the truth, it should have
more of an influence on him or her.
The more realistic one believes a television show to be should
translate into how its
content affects them. "Perceived realism may affect social
judgments or, as Potter argued, it may
interact with exposure to influence social perceptions" (Busselle
47). The more realistic a person
believes a show to be, the more likely it is to influence their
perceptions of the real world. In this
Sample Student Paper17
study the majority of participants believed television shows to
be only somewhat accurate and
none of them believed television to be very accurate. This
suggests that the participants are
aware of television’s exaggerations and thus may adjust their
perceptions accordingly, which
could be the reason the effects of television are not as strong as
originally predicted.
33. Television's influence on body image is very interesting. Both
the male and female
participants were asked the questions regarding body image;
however, females were most greatly
affected and thus require a more in depth analysis. Although
most women believed that the
actors and actresses had the ideal body, many of them did not
compare themselves or others to
them. The idea that a thin body is a perfect body is present all
over, not just on television. "There
exists a weight prejudice in our society that is reinforced not
only by media, but also by social
interactions with peers and parents"(Van Vonderen and Kinnally
42). It is important to
understand that friends and family also contribute to one’s ideas
of the ideal body. More
information is needed to determine what influences, outside
television, may be affecting the
participants regarding body image and their idea of the ideal
body. Television may just be
reinforcing what many already believe to be the ideal body.
This would result in many women
believing that actors and actresses on television have the perfect
body, however, they may be
34. influenced and comparing themselves to people closer to them,
such as family and friends.
According to cultivation theory, those that watch more
television or more of a certain
genre should experience a greater influence of its content;
however, the results of this study did
not support that. In fact, those who watched the most crime
dramas and medical dramas were
actually less influenced by its content. The more crime shows a
participant watched, the less
accurate they believed the content to be. Medical dramas
experienced the same phenomenon, the
more medical shows a participant watched, the less accurate
they believed the content to be.
Sample Student Paper18
"Mental shortcuts used while processing TV messages incline
heavy viewers to rely more on
those messages when constructing judgments about the world,
based on frequency, recency, and
vividness" (Morgan and Shanahan 344). Those that watch a lot
of television should be more
35. affected by its content; however, many of the participants in the
study were not considered heavy
television viewers. Although the participants may have most
frequently watched crime dramas or
medical dramas, if they were not heavy viewers it might not
have had the same influence. When
analyzing the participants overall view of television accuracy
and realism, it too did not increase
with the more television they watched. This can also be
explained by the fact that a majority of
the participants where light viewers.
Unlike crime dramas and medical dramas, those that found
themselves watching reality
television the most frequently seemed to be affected by its
content. The goal of reality television
is to entertain, and conflict is one of the biggest providers of
entertainment. When reality shows
cast people they are looking to bring in people that will help
bring about conflict. "The success
of many shows (especially docusoaps) hinges on the ability to
cast a diverse group of individuals
whose cultural worldviews will clash on screen" (Orbe 349).
Shows choose people who will
bring very different views to the table in an effort to drum up
36. tension and conflict. These shows
will also tweak things while filming and in the editing room to
get the most out of every
situation. "Shows occur within surreal or abnormal situations,
participants are oftentimes
coached or directed by producers, and what is seen by viewers
is manipulated through various
postproduction editing techniques that maximize the intensity of
the product" (Orbe 346). What
is shown on reality television shows may not be scripted;
however, directors and producers have
ways to guiding the cast in the direction they want them to go.
The use of conflict and perhaps
Sample Student Paper19
exaggeration of what is shown on television may have led to
reality television having the greatest
effects on its viewers.
The participants that reported watching the most reality
television are the only ones who
said they were not comfortable with how their race and, or,
gender was portrayed on television.
37. Although some participants reported feeling uncomfortable with
how their race was portrayed on
television, there was an even higher number of participants that
felt uncomfortable about their
gender’s representation. If the majority of the respondents were
not considered a minority this
could account for the discretion between race and gender. Had
there been a larger selection of
minority participants the results may have been different.
When it came to the section on job glorification, there was a
connection between how
accurate the participants felt illnesses, crimes, and police
officers were, and their respective
careers. Although no question was asked about the accuracy of
the casework of lawyers, they are
often tied into shows that also deal with crime, thus the
accuracy of crime can influence lawyers’
cases. However, more specific research should be done to verify
these findings with questions
that are more specific to lawyers. When the participants were
asked about the accuracy of crime,
illnesses, and police officers, they felt illnesses were the least
accurate, followed by crime, and
finally the police. This order then translated over to job
38. glorification where they found the
position of a doctor to be the most glorified, followed by
lawyers, and then police officers. This
supports the idea that the more realistic a show is believed to
be, the more it will influence
peoples' perceptions. The less accurate the participants felt a
career was, the more they felt the
job was glorified.
The theories of cultivation and social learning were only
supported when dealing with
reality television. Reality television is the only genre that has a
positive relationship between
Sample Student Paper20
frequency and perception. According to the findings of this
study, how accurate and realistic
someone believed a television show to be had the strongest
impact on its influence. More
research should be conducted with a larger and more diverse
sample to determine if realism or
frequency has a stronger impact on televisions influence.
Conclusion
39. People are engrossed and influenced by what they see on
television. Television transports
its viewers into another world. Entertainment might be
television’s ultimate goal, but it
introduces people, places, and things that may have otherwise
remained a mystery. The worlds
introduced on television are seductive and enthralling, easy to
believe, and coveted. These
perfect worlds have the potential to affect how people see
themselves, others, and even careers.
Americans spend a lot of time watching television, so it is
important to truly realize and
understand how it affects people and the way they see the
world. The amount of television
people watch makes it a powerful tool in shaping and
influencing their perceptions. If one
believes everything shown on television, it can lead to negative
assumptions and perceptions of
the real world.
The purpose of this study was to introduce the potential effects
of television and to
explain why these effects potentially occur. Cultivation and
social learning theories provided
40. strong and reasonable evidence as to how and why television
can be so influential. However, the
study conducted showed that realism might be the true indicator
of how influential television is.
More research should be done to analyze where televisions
influence truly comes from.
Television and media have come a long way since its
conception but its effects and
influence are still cause for great concern. The way people now
rely so heavily on television and
media will likely cause these concerns to grow. The potential
consequences of television’s
Sample Student Paper21
influence are serious and should not be ignored. A better
understanding of how television affects
people may help diminish some of its negative effects.
Sample Student Paper22
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