The document provides information about two ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley civilization. Mesopotamia developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and was known for its cities like Uruk, Akkad, and Babylon. It had advanced art, writing, religion, and trade networks. The Indus Valley civilization developed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and India, with major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It also had artistic and craft traditions as well as trade networks, and its decline may have been caused by climate change disrupting river systems. Both civilizations left lasting cultural legacies in the regions.

1. MESOPOTAMIA.

2. MAP

3. CITIES NAMES.
• URUK
• AKKAD
• ASSUR
• BABYLON
• NIMRUD
• NINEVEH
• PERSEPOLIS

4. ART&CRAFT.
• The art of Mesopotamia record from early hunter-gatherer societies the
Bronze Age cultures of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian
empires.
• The main emphasis was on various, forms of sculpture in stone and clay;
little painting .
• painting was mainly used for geometrical and plant-based decorative
schemes, though most sculptures were also painted.
• Cylinder seals have survived in large numbers, many including complex and
detailed scenes despite their small size.
• Mesopotamian art survives in a number of forms: cylinder seals, relatively
small figures in the round, and reliefs of various sizes, including cheap
plaques of moulded pottery for the home, some religious and some
apparently not.

6. RELIGION.
• Religion was polytheistic, with followers worshipping several main
gods and thousands of minor gods.
• The three main gods were Ea (Sumerian: Enki), the god of wisdom
and magic, Anu (Sumerian: An), the sky god, and Enlil (Ellil), the god
of earth, storms and agriculture and the controller of fates.

7. WRITING SYSTEM.
• The Cuneiform Writing System in Ancient Mesopotamia
• Emergence and Evolution.
• Cuneiform came to function both phonetically (representing a sound)
and semantically (representing a meaning such as an object or
concept) rather than only representing objects directly as a picture.

8. TRADE & TRANSPORT.
• With the development of the wheel and sail, transportation of goods
became easier. Heavy bulk goods could travel by ox cart or be loaded
onto riverboats.
• Most long-distance trade, however, was carried out by caravans using
donkeys as pack animals.

9. JEWELLERY
• The preferred jewellery designs used in Mesopotamia were natural
and geometric motifs such as leaves, cones, spirals, and bunches of
grapes. Sumerian and Akkadian jewellery was created from gold and
silver leaf and set with many semiprecious stones.

10. POTTERY
• The most common material for Mesopotamian artists was clay.
• Clay was used for pottery, monumental buildings, and tablets used to
record history and legends.
• The Mesopotamians developed their skills in pottery over thousands
of years.
• At first they used their hands to make simple pots.

11. DANCING FIGURES.
• commemorate the event, the god Ea commands the people in the
street to perform a ceremony including a whirl-dance (which in
Akkadian is a word play on the.

12. DECLINE.
• An ancient Mesopotamian civilization was likely wiped out by dust
storms nearly 4,000 years ago. An ancient civilization that ruled
Mesopotamia nearly 4,000 years ago was likely wiped out because of
disastrous dust storms.

13. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION.

14. MAP

15. CITIES NAMES.
• HARAPPA
• GANERIWALA
• MOHENJO-DARO
• DHOLAVIRA
• KALIBANGAN
• RAKHIGARHI
• RUPAR
• LOTHAL

16. ART AND CRAFT.
• One of the earliest civilization .
• It includes sculptures, seals, pottery , gold ornaments ,
terracotta figures.
• Major handicrafts
Model cart
Yoke
Solid wheel
Bullocks
Driver
• Important inventions include standardized weights and
measures.

17. RELIGIONS.
• The INDUS VALLEY REGION is polytheistic and is made up of
Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism.
• There are many seals to support the evidence of the indus valley gods.
• Some seals show animals which resemble two gods , Shiva and Rudra.
• Other seals depict a tree which the indus valley believed to be the tree
of life.

18. WRITING SYSTEM.
• The indus script also called harappan script is a
corpus of symbols produced by them.
• Most inscriptions containing these symbols are
extreme short , making it diff. to judge whether or not
these symbols constituted a script used to
record a language, or even symbolise a writing
System.

19. TRADE AND TRANSPORT.
• Apart from agriculture and hunting, the people of Indus Valley civilization make a living for themselves by trading
different goods
• Minerals come from Iran and Afghanistan.
• Lead and copper come from India.
• Jade comes from China and cedar tree wood is floated down the rivers from Kashmir and the Himalayas.
• Traders carry on trade in the country as well as with other countries like Egypt, Babylon, Mesopotamia, Persia
Afghanistan and southern India.
• Inhabitants of the Indus valley trade with Mesopotamia, southern India, Afghanistan, and Persia for gold, silver, copper,
and turquoise.
• It is considered the first civilization to use wheeled transport. These advances in transportation and technology include
bullock carts, as well as boats.
• The people use camels, oxen and elephants to travel over land. They have carts with wooden wheels. They also have
ships with one mast, believed to sail around the Arabian Sea.
• Some of their trade networks encircle a wide area, including parts of Afghanistan, the coastal regions of Persia,
northern and western India, and Mesopotamia. As well as parts of Crete and Egypt.

20. JEWELLERY.
• Ornaments made of gold ,silver ,copper ,ivory, pottery and
beads have been discovered in this civilization as they
were the most commonly used materials to make jewelry.
• Although women wore jewelry the most , some men in the
Indus Valley wore beads.
• Small beads were also crafted to be placed in men and
women’s hair.

21. POTTERY
• Indus Valley Civilization consists chiefly of wheel made wares
both plain and painted while the plain pottery is more common
than the painted ware.

22. DANCING FIGURES.
• Dancing Girl is a prehistoric bronze sculpture made in
lost-wax casting about c. 2300–1750 BCE in the Indus
Valley Civilisation city of Mohenjo-daro
which was one of the earliest cities.
• The statue is 10.5 centimetres tall, and depicts a naked
young woman or girl with stylized proportions standing
in a confident, naturalistic pose.
• Dancing Girl is well-regarded as a work of art, and is
a cultural artefact of the Indus Valley Civilisation.

23. NATURAL DISASTER.
• Many scholars believe that the collapse of the Indus Valley
Civilization was caused by climate change.
• Some experts believe the drying of the Saraswati River, which began
around 1900 BCE, was the main cause for climate change, while
others conclude that a great flood struck the area.

24. DECLINE.
• The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1800 BCE,
and scholars debate which factors resulted in the
civilization's demise.
• By 1800 BCE, the Indus Valley climate grew cooler and
drier, and a tectonic event may have diverted or disrupted
river systems, which were the lifelines of the Indus Valley
Civilization.