Parents recently notified the children that they were getting a divo.docxPOLY33
Parents recently notified the children that they were getting a divorce and that the father would be moving out. The Kelly’s are seeking help from a social worker due to the children holding resentments, acting out at school and home. The family has experienced great change and the divorce is directly affecting the children. The family is seeking guidance on how to move past the divorce and to help focus on the children’s behaviors. The affair the father had, and the relationship of the parents have been strained and they have grown distant from one another which are the main causes of the affair.
Mellissa/Mother: 45-year-old, white, female. Was a stay at home mother until the twins went to school last year, and currently works at a home décor store for 30 hours each week. She is a high school graduate. She has strong connections to her parents who currently live within a 15-minute drive of her shared home with her husband. Mother was prescribed medications for her depression and anxiety. Mother wants to go back to school to get a degree in social work but due to her busy lifestyle, she cannot find time to do so
David/ Father: 48-year-old white, male. Works in business and has a 4-year college degree. Father has infidelity issues which is one of the main reasons for the divorce. He travels a lot for work. Both his parent is deceased. Recently the father travels out of the country to attend an educational conference in reference to new computer software that will be utilized by his company. Father often drinks daily and take medications to stay alert
On the flight back to the united states David became very ill and was hospitalized and later find out he was diagnosed with the coronavirus and has been isolated in the hospital away from his family and friends. He is suffering from alcohol withdrawals, with a high fever, sweats, and chills from symptoms from the coronavirus
David revealed to the social worker he has been interacting with since being in the hospital he has fear and anxiety of dying. He reports that he feels guilty for always putting his work before his family and having the affair which failed after two years, He feels that he needs to see his family and spend time with him before he dies.
Ashley and Katlyn/Twin Girls: 6-year-old, females who just started school this past year, Ashley is outspoken and has expressed concern over her parents' divorce. Katlyn is shyer but is has been isolating herself more since the parents disclosed, they were separating/divorcing. Katlyn is being bullied at school and plans to take a Knife to school to attack her bully. Ashley is aware of the affair the father had and is angry and will not stay alone with the father.
Arron/Older Brother: 15-year-old and has been acting out at school and home since the parents' divorce. He has expressed anger to both parents but tends to connect more with the mother. His grades have declined, and he has been suspended from school for a physical altercation w.
Reference Counseling Across Cultures 7th Edition by Paul Pederse.docxhennela
Reference Counseling Across Cultures 7
th
Edition by Paul Pedersen SAGE Publications
Each case response must be 1 page in length, with an APA Cover and Reference page.
Case Study of Donna Little - Chapter 5
Donna Little is a 39-year-old Indian woman who has a history of substance misuse and has struggled with reunification with her adolescent children over the last 6 years. She was in residential school from the age of 6 to 16 years old. She has a history of domestic violence in her previous relationships. Donna was the youngest of four children in her family. Her parents, siblings, and herself were raised in the same small northern reservation. Both her parents had gone to residential school in the early 1950s, as did her grandfathers and grandmothers on both sides of her family system in the late 1910s. Donna was raised in an environment of violence and mayhem in her early childhood, which she has talked about quite extensively in counseling. Although her parents abused alcohol, she emphasizes repeatedly that her family was quite ceremonial and participated in the big drum feast and singing within the community. When Donna was 6, an Indian agent wearing a red, white, and black checkered jacket gave her candy and took her to the residential school. She never had the opportunity to say good-bye to her mom and dad, who died of tuberculosis while she was in the residential school. Donna reflects on her residential school experience with a despondent look. While in the residential school, she had only one friend she could count on. Her siblings, who were also at the school, were older and thus not allowed to play with her or sleep near her at the residence dorms. This created an incredible loneliness that Donna did not know how to fill, and often she would use alcohol to help numb that pain. She did not like to drink, but it helped her to stop her thinking badly about the past. Donna was a victim of sexual abuse in the residential school, primarily by the Roman Catholic priest who was in charge. The first time she was assaulted she was 7; the last assault occurred right before she ran away at age 16. When Donna had attempted to tell the head nun in charge of her dorm what was happening to her, she was beaten severely, to the point of unconsciousness. Donna recalls it was her friend, Sue, who nursed her back to health. Donna describes her life as difficult. She went home to her community, only to find a partner who turned out to be as violent toward her as her father was to her mother. She loves her children and cares for them deeply. She breast-fed her three children and still today can feel that connection to them. When her children were taken from her home after the last time her husband beat her, she spiraled out of control. Donna has had long periods of abstinence, has a home in her community that is well cared for, and now has a partner who loves her deeply. Donna is on welfare but hunts and fishes to help with sustenance. Donna and her ...
Carmen Medina, aged 39, lives with her husband, Raúl, aged 43, who w.docxannandleola
Carmen Medina, aged 39, lives with her husband, Raúl, aged 43, who works as a mechanic in a small auto shop. Mr. Medina has worked in the same place since he and his wife came to the United States from Puerto Rico 15 years ago. The Medinas have a 4- year-old son, José; a 16-year-old daughter, Rosa; and an 18-year-old son, Miguel. The Medinas both attended vocational school after completing high school. Mrs. Medina is employed 4 hours a day at a garden shop. She stopped working her full-time job to care for her ill mother and aged father, who do not speak English and depend on government assistance. The family income last year was $28,500. The family has health insurance through Mr. Medina’s job. They live in a threebedroom apartment in a low-income Illinois community. Miguel works in a fast-food store a few hours a week. Because Rosa has responsibilities at home, the Medina’s do not allow her to work outside the home. She is very close to her grandmother but avoids talking with her parents. Both Rosa and Miguel are having difficulties in school. Rosa is pregnant and the family does not know. She is planning to drop out of school, get a job in a beauty shop, and leave home without telling the family. Miguel frequently comes home late and, on occasion, sleeps out of the home. He is beginning college next semester and has plans to move out of the house during the summer. The family is having difficulty dealing with Rosa’s and Miguel’s developmental and behavioral challenges. Although Mrs. Medina is outspoken about these concerns, Mr. Medina is quiet and not actively involved in the discussion. He is more preoccupied with the family’s financial situation. Mrs. Medina’s parents are encouraging them to return to Puerto Rico. Mr. Medina was diagnosed with hypertension 2 months ago, when he went to the emergency room for a respiratory infection. He smokes cigarettes and drinks two to three beers every evening after work. He has not followed up on his blood pressure treatment. Miguel is beginning to smoke, but not at home. José has had frequent colds and sinus allergies. He has been to the emergency room three times during the past year for respiratory infections. Mrs. Medina’s last physical examination was after she had José. She is experiencing insomnia, tiredness, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. She is very concerned about Rosa and Miguel, her parents, and the family’s finances. Mrs. Medina is Catholic and recently has been visiting her church more often. Study Questions
1. Explain Mrs. Medina’s attitude in her relationship with her adolescent daughter.
2. Identify strategies to ensure that Rosa seeks prenatal care.
3. Identify barriers to accessing health care for the Medina family.
4. What are the high-risk behaviors exhibited by this family?
5. What communication barriers exist in this family that affect care delivery?
6. Discuss gender and family roles in the context of traditional Puerto Rican culture.
7. Identify socio.
This document presents a long case presentation of a 13-year-old female patient from Charsadda. She has a history of excessive weeping, not eating, repetitive behaviors such as touching people's faces and picking things, and intellectual impairment. Her symptoms have been present since early childhood. A psychiatric evaluation found mood and speech abnormalities, intellectual impairment, and obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors. Differential diagnoses include autism spectrum disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder with intellectual impairment, or schizophrenia. She is being treated with fluoxetine and olanzapine, along with behavioral management, educational support, and family counseling.
Working With Children and Adolescents The Case of DaliaDalia is.docxhelzerpatrina
Working With Children and Adolescents: The Case of Dalia
Dalia is a 14-year-old, biracial female of African and Irish American descent who resides with her parents in a middle-class suburb. She is the youngest of three children and is currently the only child remaining in the home. Dalia’s parents have been married for 25 years. Dalia’s father works in the creative arts field with a nontraditional work schedule that has him gone overnight and sleeping late into the morning. Dalia’s mother is an executive who works long hours. Dalia was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia in early childhood and was hospitalized multiple times. At present, Dalia’s health is stable with the last serious episode occurring 2 years ago.
Dalia’s parents reported that until middle school, Dalia was an easygoing, good-natured youngster who enjoyed singing and participating in activities with her peers and family. Dalia denied any problems with drugs or alcohol but admitted to drinking with friends. Dalia described her family relationships as tense, stating, “My dad lets me do what I want” and “My mother is always trying to control me.” Dalia described her relationship with her older brother, who lives in another state, as “cool,” and her relationship with her older sister, a college sophomore, as “not cool.”
Dalia’s parents sought out counseling services for behavioral issues on the recommendation of her school. The issues included argumentative behavior with authority figures, physical altercations with peers, poor concentration in class, irritable mood, verbal combativeness when confronted, truancy, and highly sexualized behavior with male peers. At home, Dalia had become more argumentative and physically threatening. Her parents had discovered that she and her friends drank alcohol in their home. Dalia’s parents also reported that she was up most of the night and slept most of the day. They also reported that her mood was highly irritable and that she was extremely impulsive. She had no interest in getting involved with any extracurricular activities, stating that those things are “corny and boring.”
In the first meeting, Dalia and her mother both appeared agitated with each other and became argumentative when going through the intake information. Dalia quickly told me that she was not planning to talk about anything because this meeting was her parents’ idea. She stated, “I don’t have any problems, my parents do.” Soon into this first visit, Dalia blurted out that her mother was upset with her because she had just shown her a tattoo she had had done recently, purchased by using a fake ID. I acknowledged her news and asked if this was the way that she usually shared important information with her mother. Dalia shrugged and stated, “I don’t know. I figure I better her tell her now before she gets too busy.”
I asked both Dalia and her mother what their expectations were for counseling and what each would like to get from these visits. Dalia’s mother seemed surprised an ...
Working With Children and Adolescents The Case of DaliaDalia is.docxambersalomon88660
Working With Children and Adolescents: The Case of Dalia
Dalia is a 14-year-old, biracial female of African and Irish American descent who resides with her parents in a middle-class suburb. She is the youngest of three children and is currently the only child remaining in the home. Dalia’s parents have been married for 25 years. Dalia’s father works in the creative arts field with a nontraditional work schedule that has him gone overnight and sleeping late into the morning. Dalia’s mother is an executive who works long hours. Dalia was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia in early childhood and was hospitalized multiple times. At present, Dalia’s health is stable with the last serious episode occurring 2 years ago.
Dalia’s parents reported that until middle school, Dalia was an easygoing, good-natured youngster who enjoyed singing and participating in activities with her peers and family. Dalia denied any problems with drugs or alcohol but admitted to drinking with friends. Dalia described her family relationships as tense, stating, “My dad lets me do what I want” and “My mother is always trying to control me.” Dalia described her relationship with her older brother, who lives in another state, as “cool,” and her relationship with her older sister, a college sophomore, as “not cool.”
Dalia’s parents sought out counseling services for behavioral issues on the recommendation of her school. The issues included argumentative behavior with authority figures, physical altercations with peers, poor concentration in class, irritable mood, verbal combativeness when confronted, truancy, and highly sexualized behavior with male peers. At home, Dalia had become more argumentative and physically threatening. Her parents had discovered that she and her friends drank alcohol in their home. Dalia’s parents also reported that she was up most of the night and slept most of the day. They also reported that her mood was highly irritable and that she was extremely impulsive. She had no interest in getting involved with any extracurricular activities, stating that those things are “corny and boring.”
In the first meeting, Dalia and her mother both appeared agitated with each other and became argumentative when going through the intake information. Dalia quickly told me that she was not planning to talk about anything because this meeting was her parents’ idea. She stated, “I don’t have any problems, my parents do.” Soon into this first visit, Dalia blurted out that her mother was upset with her because she had just shown her a tattoo she had had done recently, purchased by using a fake ID. I acknowledged her news and asked if this was the way that she usually shared important information with her mother. Dalia shrugged and stated, “I don’t know. I figure I better her tell her now before she gets too busy.”
I asked both Dalia and her mother what their expectations were for counseling and what each would like to get from these visits. Dalia’s mother seemed surprised an.
Parents recently notified the children that they were getting a divo.docxPOLY33
Parents recently notified the children that they were getting a divorce and that the father would be moving out. The Kelly’s are seeking help from a social worker due to the children holding resentments, acting out at school and home. The family has experienced great change and the divorce is directly affecting the children. The family is seeking guidance on how to move past the divorce and to help focus on the children’s behaviors. The affair the father had, and the relationship of the parents have been strained and they have grown distant from one another which are the main causes of the affair.
Mellissa/Mother: 45-year-old, white, female. Was a stay at home mother until the twins went to school last year, and currently works at a home décor store for 30 hours each week. She is a high school graduate. She has strong connections to her parents who currently live within a 15-minute drive of her shared home with her husband. Mother was prescribed medications for her depression and anxiety. Mother wants to go back to school to get a degree in social work but due to her busy lifestyle, she cannot find time to do so
David/ Father: 48-year-old white, male. Works in business and has a 4-year college degree. Father has infidelity issues which is one of the main reasons for the divorce. He travels a lot for work. Both his parent is deceased. Recently the father travels out of the country to attend an educational conference in reference to new computer software that will be utilized by his company. Father often drinks daily and take medications to stay alert
On the flight back to the united states David became very ill and was hospitalized and later find out he was diagnosed with the coronavirus and has been isolated in the hospital away from his family and friends. He is suffering from alcohol withdrawals, with a high fever, sweats, and chills from symptoms from the coronavirus
David revealed to the social worker he has been interacting with since being in the hospital he has fear and anxiety of dying. He reports that he feels guilty for always putting his work before his family and having the affair which failed after two years, He feels that he needs to see his family and spend time with him before he dies.
Ashley and Katlyn/Twin Girls: 6-year-old, females who just started school this past year, Ashley is outspoken and has expressed concern over her parents' divorce. Katlyn is shyer but is has been isolating herself more since the parents disclosed, they were separating/divorcing. Katlyn is being bullied at school and plans to take a Knife to school to attack her bully. Ashley is aware of the affair the father had and is angry and will not stay alone with the father.
Arron/Older Brother: 15-year-old and has been acting out at school and home since the parents' divorce. He has expressed anger to both parents but tends to connect more with the mother. His grades have declined, and he has been suspended from school for a physical altercation w.
Reference Counseling Across Cultures 7th Edition by Paul Pederse.docxhennela
Reference Counseling Across Cultures 7
th
Edition by Paul Pedersen SAGE Publications
Each case response must be 1 page in length, with an APA Cover and Reference page.
Case Study of Donna Little - Chapter 5
Donna Little is a 39-year-old Indian woman who has a history of substance misuse and has struggled with reunification with her adolescent children over the last 6 years. She was in residential school from the age of 6 to 16 years old. She has a history of domestic violence in her previous relationships. Donna was the youngest of four children in her family. Her parents, siblings, and herself were raised in the same small northern reservation. Both her parents had gone to residential school in the early 1950s, as did her grandfathers and grandmothers on both sides of her family system in the late 1910s. Donna was raised in an environment of violence and mayhem in her early childhood, which she has talked about quite extensively in counseling. Although her parents abused alcohol, she emphasizes repeatedly that her family was quite ceremonial and participated in the big drum feast and singing within the community. When Donna was 6, an Indian agent wearing a red, white, and black checkered jacket gave her candy and took her to the residential school. She never had the opportunity to say good-bye to her mom and dad, who died of tuberculosis while she was in the residential school. Donna reflects on her residential school experience with a despondent look. While in the residential school, she had only one friend she could count on. Her siblings, who were also at the school, were older and thus not allowed to play with her or sleep near her at the residence dorms. This created an incredible loneliness that Donna did not know how to fill, and often she would use alcohol to help numb that pain. She did not like to drink, but it helped her to stop her thinking badly about the past. Donna was a victim of sexual abuse in the residential school, primarily by the Roman Catholic priest who was in charge. The first time she was assaulted she was 7; the last assault occurred right before she ran away at age 16. When Donna had attempted to tell the head nun in charge of her dorm what was happening to her, she was beaten severely, to the point of unconsciousness. Donna recalls it was her friend, Sue, who nursed her back to health. Donna describes her life as difficult. She went home to her community, only to find a partner who turned out to be as violent toward her as her father was to her mother. She loves her children and cares for them deeply. She breast-fed her three children and still today can feel that connection to them. When her children were taken from her home after the last time her husband beat her, she spiraled out of control. Donna has had long periods of abstinence, has a home in her community that is well cared for, and now has a partner who loves her deeply. Donna is on welfare but hunts and fishes to help with sustenance. Donna and her ...
Carmen Medina, aged 39, lives with her husband, Raúl, aged 43, who w.docxannandleola
Carmen Medina, aged 39, lives with her husband, Raúl, aged 43, who works as a mechanic in a small auto shop. Mr. Medina has worked in the same place since he and his wife came to the United States from Puerto Rico 15 years ago. The Medinas have a 4- year-old son, José; a 16-year-old daughter, Rosa; and an 18-year-old son, Miguel. The Medinas both attended vocational school after completing high school. Mrs. Medina is employed 4 hours a day at a garden shop. She stopped working her full-time job to care for her ill mother and aged father, who do not speak English and depend on government assistance. The family income last year was $28,500. The family has health insurance through Mr. Medina’s job. They live in a threebedroom apartment in a low-income Illinois community. Miguel works in a fast-food store a few hours a week. Because Rosa has responsibilities at home, the Medina’s do not allow her to work outside the home. She is very close to her grandmother but avoids talking with her parents. Both Rosa and Miguel are having difficulties in school. Rosa is pregnant and the family does not know. She is planning to drop out of school, get a job in a beauty shop, and leave home without telling the family. Miguel frequently comes home late and, on occasion, sleeps out of the home. He is beginning college next semester and has plans to move out of the house during the summer. The family is having difficulty dealing with Rosa’s and Miguel’s developmental and behavioral challenges. Although Mrs. Medina is outspoken about these concerns, Mr. Medina is quiet and not actively involved in the discussion. He is more preoccupied with the family’s financial situation. Mrs. Medina’s parents are encouraging them to return to Puerto Rico. Mr. Medina was diagnosed with hypertension 2 months ago, when he went to the emergency room for a respiratory infection. He smokes cigarettes and drinks two to three beers every evening after work. He has not followed up on his blood pressure treatment. Miguel is beginning to smoke, but not at home. José has had frequent colds and sinus allergies. He has been to the emergency room three times during the past year for respiratory infections. Mrs. Medina’s last physical examination was after she had José. She is experiencing insomnia, tiredness, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. She is very concerned about Rosa and Miguel, her parents, and the family’s finances. Mrs. Medina is Catholic and recently has been visiting her church more often. Study Questions
1. Explain Mrs. Medina’s attitude in her relationship with her adolescent daughter.
2. Identify strategies to ensure that Rosa seeks prenatal care.
3. Identify barriers to accessing health care for the Medina family.
4. What are the high-risk behaviors exhibited by this family?
5. What communication barriers exist in this family that affect care delivery?
6. Discuss gender and family roles in the context of traditional Puerto Rican culture.
7. Identify socio.
This document presents a long case presentation of a 13-year-old female patient from Charsadda. She has a history of excessive weeping, not eating, repetitive behaviors such as touching people's faces and picking things, and intellectual impairment. Her symptoms have been present since early childhood. A psychiatric evaluation found mood and speech abnormalities, intellectual impairment, and obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors. Differential diagnoses include autism spectrum disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder with intellectual impairment, or schizophrenia. She is being treated with fluoxetine and olanzapine, along with behavioral management, educational support, and family counseling.
Working With Children and Adolescents The Case of DaliaDalia is.docxhelzerpatrina
Working With Children and Adolescents: The Case of Dalia
Dalia is a 14-year-old, biracial female of African and Irish American descent who resides with her parents in a middle-class suburb. She is the youngest of three children and is currently the only child remaining in the home. Dalia’s parents have been married for 25 years. Dalia’s father works in the creative arts field with a nontraditional work schedule that has him gone overnight and sleeping late into the morning. Dalia’s mother is an executive who works long hours. Dalia was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia in early childhood and was hospitalized multiple times. At present, Dalia’s health is stable with the last serious episode occurring 2 years ago.
Dalia’s parents reported that until middle school, Dalia was an easygoing, good-natured youngster who enjoyed singing and participating in activities with her peers and family. Dalia denied any problems with drugs or alcohol but admitted to drinking with friends. Dalia described her family relationships as tense, stating, “My dad lets me do what I want” and “My mother is always trying to control me.” Dalia described her relationship with her older brother, who lives in another state, as “cool,” and her relationship with her older sister, a college sophomore, as “not cool.”
Dalia’s parents sought out counseling services for behavioral issues on the recommendation of her school. The issues included argumentative behavior with authority figures, physical altercations with peers, poor concentration in class, irritable mood, verbal combativeness when confronted, truancy, and highly sexualized behavior with male peers. At home, Dalia had become more argumentative and physically threatening. Her parents had discovered that she and her friends drank alcohol in their home. Dalia’s parents also reported that she was up most of the night and slept most of the day. They also reported that her mood was highly irritable and that she was extremely impulsive. She had no interest in getting involved with any extracurricular activities, stating that those things are “corny and boring.”
In the first meeting, Dalia and her mother both appeared agitated with each other and became argumentative when going through the intake information. Dalia quickly told me that she was not planning to talk about anything because this meeting was her parents’ idea. She stated, “I don’t have any problems, my parents do.” Soon into this first visit, Dalia blurted out that her mother was upset with her because she had just shown her a tattoo she had had done recently, purchased by using a fake ID. I acknowledged her news and asked if this was the way that she usually shared important information with her mother. Dalia shrugged and stated, “I don’t know. I figure I better her tell her now before she gets too busy.”
I asked both Dalia and her mother what their expectations were for counseling and what each would like to get from these visits. Dalia’s mother seemed surprised an ...
Working With Children and Adolescents The Case of DaliaDalia is.docxambersalomon88660
Working With Children and Adolescents: The Case of Dalia
Dalia is a 14-year-old, biracial female of African and Irish American descent who resides with her parents in a middle-class suburb. She is the youngest of three children and is currently the only child remaining in the home. Dalia’s parents have been married for 25 years. Dalia’s father works in the creative arts field with a nontraditional work schedule that has him gone overnight and sleeping late into the morning. Dalia’s mother is an executive who works long hours. Dalia was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia in early childhood and was hospitalized multiple times. At present, Dalia’s health is stable with the last serious episode occurring 2 years ago.
Dalia’s parents reported that until middle school, Dalia was an easygoing, good-natured youngster who enjoyed singing and participating in activities with her peers and family. Dalia denied any problems with drugs or alcohol but admitted to drinking with friends. Dalia described her family relationships as tense, stating, “My dad lets me do what I want” and “My mother is always trying to control me.” Dalia described her relationship with her older brother, who lives in another state, as “cool,” and her relationship with her older sister, a college sophomore, as “not cool.”
Dalia’s parents sought out counseling services for behavioral issues on the recommendation of her school. The issues included argumentative behavior with authority figures, physical altercations with peers, poor concentration in class, irritable mood, verbal combativeness when confronted, truancy, and highly sexualized behavior with male peers. At home, Dalia had become more argumentative and physically threatening. Her parents had discovered that she and her friends drank alcohol in their home. Dalia’s parents also reported that she was up most of the night and slept most of the day. They also reported that her mood was highly irritable and that she was extremely impulsive. She had no interest in getting involved with any extracurricular activities, stating that those things are “corny and boring.”
In the first meeting, Dalia and her mother both appeared agitated with each other and became argumentative when going through the intake information. Dalia quickly told me that she was not planning to talk about anything because this meeting was her parents’ idea. She stated, “I don’t have any problems, my parents do.” Soon into this first visit, Dalia blurted out that her mother was upset with her because she had just shown her a tattoo she had had done recently, purchased by using a fake ID. I acknowledged her news and asked if this was the way that she usually shared important information with her mother. Dalia shrugged and stated, “I don’t know. I figure I better her tell her now before she gets too busy.”
I asked both Dalia and her mother what their expectations were for counseling and what each would like to get from these visits. Dalia’s mother seemed surprised an.
The document provides an overview of case management models and three case studies to which case management approaches could be applied. It describes strengths-based, relational psychoanalytic, and solution-focused case management models. For the assignment, the student is to select two models, outline their strengths and weaknesses, and discuss how each could be applied to address the needs in the case studies, which involve a family dealing with intergenerational trauma, a teenage girl facing domestic abuse, and a man struggling with schizophrenia.
- The document describes three case studies involving clients in need of case management services.
- The first case study involves a grandmother caring for her two grandsons who experienced abuse and trauma. The boys display troubling behaviors and the grandmother seeks help.
- The second case study focuses on a 16-year-old girl experiencing abuse at home from her father. She is placed in foster care and the case manager works to gain her trust and coordinate her care.
- The third case study centers on a 27-year-old man who struggles with substance abuse and maintaining stable employment.
INTERNSHIP IN COMMAND HOSPITAL,CHANDIMANDIRJasdeep Sihota
Ms. Jasdeep Sihota completed a 3-month internship at Command Hospital in Chandimandir, during which she rotated through various departments including psychiatry, paediatrics, dermatology, and neurology. Her duties involved attending lectures, counseling patients, assisting doctors in examinations, and working with mentally disabled children at the on-site Asha School. She gained exposure to cases of sibling rivalry disorder and helped counsel an adolescent boy experiencing conflict with his younger brother and feelings of alienation from his father.
Choose one of the parenting dilemmas. In 3 pages1. Explain in .docxchristinemaritza
Choose one of the parenting dilemmas.
In 3 pages
1. Explain in detail
a. what you would think if you were this child’s parent
b. what you would do if you were this child’s parent
2. Then explain in detail why you would think and do that.
- You will use information from two academic sources to support your interpretation and behavior in APA style.
Parenting dillemas:
· Nevaeh is 3 years old and has recently become a big sister for the first time. Her parents have been busier than usual getting used to having two children to take care of, and Nevaeh hasn’t seemed like her normal self since the birth of her brother. She has had several episodes involving tantrums and aggressive behavior, which is unusual for her. She is normally a well-behaved child and hasn’t had issues with aggressive or inappropriate behavior in the past. Nevaeh’s mother has been a stay at home mom since she was born, therefore she has not experienced day care or settings in which she is exposed to other children for extended periods of time until this point in her life.
· Carsten (Age 4) is the son to a loving mother and father. He has recently started kindergarten and is having fun making friends with his classmates. One day, his mom and dad got a call on their home phone asking them if they had some time after pickup to chat with his teacher. The mother and father agreed to stay after and have a talk with Carsten’s teacher. The parents arrived at the kindergarten at the designated pickup time. Once all of Carsten’s classmates had been picked up, the teacher sat down with the family in her office. The teacher then informed Carsten’s parents that he is having trouble paying attention in class and is becoming a distraction to the other students. The teacher also expressed her concern with his learning progress as Carsten is having a difficult time learning to read and write. The teacher concluded with telling the parents that Carsten has made minimal progress in the 3 months he has been in Kindergarten. Carsten understood what the teacher is saying and is clearly distressed and upset. He told his parents that he doesn’t want to leave his friends and is sorry that he isn’t doing well.
· Ben and his father are new to the community and have decided to attend library programs to meet new friends. Ben is in preschool and loves coming to the library. Ben and his father are both engaged in story time and song with the librarians. When it is time for individual activities, Ben will choose one game and stay there for the entire time. One day, Ben was playing with Play-Doh for the majority of the independent activity time. Another child wanted a turn at the station, so Ben’s father asked if he would like to try a new activity so the other child can have a turn. Ben ignored his father and grabbed onto the Play-Doh tray. After asking Ben again, he began to groan loudly and rock back and forth. At this point, Ben began to scream.
· Kayla (Age 5) and Kyle (Age 8) are the daugh ...
Running head: ABSENT PARENTAL FIGURE 1
Absent Parental Figure
Theresa Johnson, a 35-yr-old African American and Frank Powe, a 35-yr-old Caucasian
male have four daughters. All have taken the birth name of Theresa Johnson; Natalie, who is 17-
yrs old, Ashley is 16, Jasmine is 14, and Nicole is 13. All four daughters are athletic and hold
honors in their studies. Natalie is taking college prep classes is preparing for college. She also
loves basketball and hopes to play on her college team. Natalie enjoys cheerleading and excels
at basketball. Her other sisters, Nicole, Ashley, and are also involved in other sports such as
track, cheerleading, and volleyball. All four sisters are on the honor roll and are involved in
other organizations such as the NAACP and science club.
Recently, there has been conflict and Theresa are now left to raise the four children alone.
Frank has been until Frank was arrested for using and trafficking illegal drugs. Theresa works
long hours as a supervisor for a local fast-food restaurant and has been struggling to make ends
meet. Theresa does not have a high school and did not obtain her GED due to struggling to raise
her children. The family is currently residing with Natalie’s mom, Joanne who is 53 years old
and is physically disabled. They all share a 4-bedroom government assistant home.
Natalie has been dating a guy named Alex for the past two months. Alex is an 18-year-
old Caucasian male. Alex is one of the star football players at their high school and he has been
offered several scholarships for college. In his spare time, Alex works 15-20 hours as a part-time
associate at a local game store. Alex occasionally uses both marijuana an alcohol. Natalie is
aware of his usage with both, but states that she believes that Alex only uses marijuana and
alcohol as a way to balance work, playing sports, and working part-time. Natalie and Alex
became sexually active the night that they met at a mutual friend’s party and they have been
ABSENT PARENTAL FIGURE 2
sexually active ever since. Natalie is currently on birth control pills and her and Alex uses
withdrawal as a method of birth control as well.
Natalie’s mother, Theresa and her father, Frank met at the age of the very young age of
13-years-old when Theresa and her family moved to Frank’s neighborhood. The two continued
to date throughout junior high up until they had their last child Nicole. Frank has had a criminal
history from a young age and has used and sold drugs since the age of 15. Theresa and Frank
broke up once they had their last child. Frank has never been involved or helped with the
children, although he and Theresa were still dating. Frank eventually disappeared and Theresa
nor the ...
You are a juvenile court probation officer. You have a choice of.docxadampcarr67227
You are a juvenile court probation officer. You have a choice of programs including; mandatory counseling, family counseling, removal from the home and placing in foster care, diversion, incarceration in a youth home or mandatory participation in a 10 week boot camp. You must make recommendations to the judge for sentencing. You must use all the alternatives for the group and you can’t use more than one alternative twice. Make recommendations for each juvenile and explain your rationale. Note your difficulties and what further information you would have liked. Finally what is the overwhelming need for each person and how are you addressing that in your program.
Sally is 13 and lives in the suburbs of Fort Wayne. She was caught riding in a stolen car with two friends from high school. Sally has no record – her mother tells you that Sally was a model child until last year when her father died. Since then Sally’s grades have dropped and she has become unmanageable.
John is 16 and lives in Indianapolis. He has a long juvenile record dating back to when he was 10. John’s prior offenses include arson, disorderly conduct, larceny and assault (3). John was arrested for stealing lawn ornaments worth $23.00. John is unsupervised (no parental control) and missed his last probation meeting.
Don is 14 and lives in the inner-city of Gary, Indiana. Don has no father and his mother is a crack addict. Don lives by himself for long periods of time. In the past Don was arrested for stealing food from a local bakery. Don admitted to the theft, but noted he hadn’t eaten in two days. Don was removed from home – but was returned to his mother one year later. Don was arrested for possession of crack cocaine – it was believed he was selling.
Darlene is 12 and lives in the suburbs with her mother, step-father and new baby sister. Darlene has been in juvenile court a number of times in the past year for being a runaway. She was petitioned last month by her step-father for being incorrigible. Darlene refused to follow the family rules and is defiant to her step-father. Darlene is very intelligent and is openly disrespectful to her mother and step-father.
Stephen Holmes is 16 and lives in Noblesville. His father is a salesman and his mother is an executive with General Advertising Inc. Stephen has a prior record for larceny. Last month Stephen got into a fight with his brother who is 17. After the fight was over Stephen took his father’s gun and shot his brother in the head instantly killing him.
Papers will be completed in Word Format as an attachment. The papers will be typed in Times New Roman using 12 font. Papers will be double-spaced. The papers will be at least 500 words in length. The papers will be a critical examination of a topic area chosen by the instructor. Students are encouraged to critically examine and question a topic area in detail using their book.
.
Danielle is an 8-year-old girl with significant behavioral and emotional challenges including ADHD, ODD, and a language-based learning disorder. She displays aggressive behaviors at home and school and has injured others. Her mother describes her as verbally and physically aggressive on a regular basis. Danielle's parents are divorced after incidents of domestic violence, and her mother struggles with depression and alcohol abuse. Both parents are involved but her father's job limits his ability to care for her full-time.
CASE STUDY Dean is a White 16-year-old. He is a sophomore at G.docxwendolynhalbert
This document contains two case studies. The first is about a 16-year-old white boy named Dean who lives with his father and stepmother in a rural community in the South. He struggles in school and with his sexuality. The second case study is about a young black woman named Angela from a religious family who is having difficulties with her non-religious roommate Jen at university.
CHAD 302Fall 2018Case Scenario for Individualized Service Pl.docxsleeperharwell
DJ and his siblings were physically abused by their mother's boyfriend and placed in foster care. DJ was returned to his mother's care but she failed to bring him to psychotherapy as recommended. He was again removed from her care.
The caseworker would develop a treatment plan with the goals of keeping DJ safely in his aunt's care while improving his mother's parenting skills. Objectives would include the mother attending parenting classes, DJ continuing therapy, and supervised family visits to build their relationship. The plan aims to address the family's challenges while strengthening their abilities to care for the children.
MEXICAN CASE STUDY #2 Pablo Gaborra, aged 32, and his wife, Olga.docxssuserf9c51d
Pablo Gaborra, aged 32, lives in a migrant worker camp in Maryland with his wife Olga, aged 24, and their two children. Pablo and Olga were born in Mexico and have lived in the US for 13 years, working as farm laborers. They have limited education and speak only Spanish at home. The family picks vegetables during harvesting seasons and struggles with poor living conditions, low income, lack of healthcare access, and health issues like Pablo's tuberculosis and Olga's anemia.
Danielle is an 8-year-old girl with significant behavioral and emotional challenges including ADHD, ODD, and a language-based learning disorder. She displays aggressive behaviors at home and school and has difficulty interacting with others. Her mother finds Danielle's behaviors difficult to understand and manage. Danielle comes from a home with a history of domestic violence, parental substance abuse issues, and a contentious divorce between her parents. Her relationship with her father is stronger, and she is able to function better when in his care, though he acknowledges her challenges and needs support himself to effectively participate in her treatment.
The nanny, Nanny Deb, was called to help the chaotic Finck family. She observed that the family struggled with communication, with the children acting out and the parents inconsistent. The husband did not support the wife.
Nanny Deb implemented rules to improve communication, such as no whining, no hitting, and being consistent. She rewarded compliance and improved conversations between family members. This was different than the parents' approaches, as the mother was inconsistent and the father did not get involved. The nanny focused on listening to understand issues and solving problems through respectful communication.
Mrs. Baker's family is concerned about her physical and mental health. They believe the medications she is prescribed may not be working or appropriate given her continuing reports of pain. Her behavior has also become bizarre, irrational, and hostile, which is out of character. She recently caused a scene at her son's workplace trying to commit fraud. Her family wants a full review of her medications and tests to check for other substances in her system, as they suspect she may be taking non-prescribed cannabis and amphetamines in addition to her prescribed drugs. They are worried she will seriously harm herself if she continues on this path and want the doctor's help addressing the situation.
Project 1You are a juvenile court probation officer. You hav.docxsimonlbentley59018
Project 1
You are a juvenile court probation officer. You have a choice of programs including; mandatory counseling, family counseling, removal from the home and placing in foster care, diversion, incarceration in a youth home or mandatory participation in a 10 week boot camp. You must make recommendations to the judge for sentencing. You must use all the alternatives for the group and you can’t use more than one alternative twice. Make recommendations for each juvenile and explain your rationale. Note your difficulties and what further information you would have liked. Finally what is the overwhelming need for each person and how are you addressing that in your program.
Sally is 13 and lives in the suburbs of Fort Wayne. She was caught riding in a stolen car with two friends from high school. Sally has no record – her mother tells you that Sally was a model child until last year when her father died. Since then Sally’s grades have dropped and she has become unmanageable.
John is 16 and lives in Indianapolis. He has a long juvenile record dating back to when he was 10. John’s prior offenses include arson, disorderly conduct, larceny and assault (3). John was arrested for stealing lawn ornaments worth $23.00. John is unsupervised (no parental control) and missed his last probation meeting.
Don is 14 and lives in the inner-city of Gary, Indiana. Don has no father and his mother is a crack addict. Don lives by himself for long periods of time. In the past Don was arrested for stealing food from a local bakery. Don admitted to the theft, but noted he hadn’t eaten in two days. Don was removed from home – but was returned to his mother one year later. Don was arrested for possession of crack cocaine – it was believed he was selling.
Darlene is 12 and lives in the suburbs with her mother, step-father and new baby sister. Darlene has been in juvenile court a number of times in the past year for being a runaway. She was petitioned last month by her step-father for being incorrigible. Darlene refused to follow the family rules and is defiant to her step-father. Darlene is very intelligent and is openly disrespectful to her mother and step-father.
Stephen Holmes is 16 and lives in Noblesville. His father is a salesman and his mother is an executive with General Advertising Inc. Stephen has a prior record for larceny. Last month Stephen got into a fight with his brother who is 17. After the fight was over Stephen took his father’s gun and shot his brother in the head instantly killing him.
.
Lady Ludelyn Dancel was an adopted child who struggled with anger and mistrust issues. Through cognitive forgiveness exercises where she worked to forgive her birth parents for financial difficulties that led to her adoption, her anger diminished. As her trust in her adoptive mother grew, her overreactions in anger decreased. Medication also helped stabilize her mood. Developing a relationship with religious figures like Our Lady provided a sense of protection that reduced fears of abandonment. Ultimately, through forgiveness and support from her adoptive family, Lady was able to resolve her emotional conflicts and feel happy, safe, and content in her situation.
According to the NASW Code of Ethics section 6.04 (NASW, 2008), .docxaryan532920
According to the NASW Code of Ethics section 6.04 (NASW, 2008), social workers are ethically bound to work for policies that support the healthy development of individuals, guarantee equal access to services, and promote social and economic justice.
For this Discussion
, review this week’s resources, including
Working with Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma: The Case of Rita
and “The Johnson Family”. Consider what change you might make to the policies that affect the client in the case you chose. Finally, think about how you might evaluate the success of the policy changes.
By Day 3
Post
an explanation of one change you might make to the policies that affect the client in the case. Be sure to reference the case you selected in your post. Finally, explain how you might evaluate the success of the policy changes.
Working With Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma: The Case of Rita
Rita is a 22-year-old, heterosexual, Latina female working in the hospitality industry at a resort. She is the youngest of five children and lives at home with her parents. Rita has dated in the past but never developed a serious relationship. She is close to her immediate and extended family as well as to her female friends in the Latino community. Although her parents and three of her siblings were born in the Dominican Republic, Rita was born in the United States.
A year ago, Rita was sexually assaulted by an acquaintance of a male coworker. Rita and a female coworker met Juan and Bob after work at a local bar for a light meal and a few drinks. Because Rita had to get up early to work her shift the next day, Bob offered to drive her home. Instead of taking Rita directly home, however, he drove to a desolate spot nearby and assaulted her. Afterward, Bob threatened to harm her family if she did not remain silent and proceeded to drive her home. Although Rita did not tell her family what happened, she did call our agency hotline the next day to discuss her options. Because Rita’s assault occurred within the 5-day window for forensic evidence collection of this kind, Rita consented to activation of the county’s sexual assault response team (SART). Although she agreed to have an advocate and the sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) meet her at the hospital, Rita tearfully stated that she did not want to file a police report at that time because she did not want to upset her family. The nurse examiner interviewed Rita, collected evidence, recorded any injuries, administered antibiotics for possible sexually transmitted infections, and gave Rita emergency contraception in case of pregnancy. The advocate stayed with Rita during the procedure, supporting her and validating her experience, and gave her a referral for individual crisis counseling at our agency.
My treatment goals for Rita included alleviation of rape trauma syndrome symptoms that included shame and self-blame, validation of self-worth and empowerment, and processing how it would feel to discl.
According to the text, crime has been part of the human condition si.docxaryan532920
The document provides instructions for a 4-6 page paper on criminal law. It asks the student to:
1) Determine if the Ex Post Facto Clause can prohibit increased federal minimum sentencing guidelines and provide a rationale.
2) Explain the distinction between criminal, tort, and moral wrongs, and support or criticize the premise that moral laws have higher standards than criminal law.
3) Identify and discuss the differences between solicitation and conspiracy to commit a crime, and support or criticize the unilateral approach to conspiracy convictions.
4) Identify the four goals of criminal law and discuss how they effectuate protecting the public and preventing innocent convictions.
The document provides an overview of case management models and three case studies to which case management approaches could be applied. It describes strengths-based, relational psychoanalytic, and solution-focused case management models. For the assignment, the student is to select two models, outline their strengths and weaknesses, and discuss how each could be applied to address the needs in the case studies, which involve a family dealing with intergenerational trauma, a teenage girl facing domestic abuse, and a man struggling with schizophrenia.
- The document describes three case studies involving clients in need of case management services.
- The first case study involves a grandmother caring for her two grandsons who experienced abuse and trauma. The boys display troubling behaviors and the grandmother seeks help.
- The second case study focuses on a 16-year-old girl experiencing abuse at home from her father. She is placed in foster care and the case manager works to gain her trust and coordinate her care.
- The third case study centers on a 27-year-old man who struggles with substance abuse and maintaining stable employment.
INTERNSHIP IN COMMAND HOSPITAL,CHANDIMANDIRJasdeep Sihota
Ms. Jasdeep Sihota completed a 3-month internship at Command Hospital in Chandimandir, during which she rotated through various departments including psychiatry, paediatrics, dermatology, and neurology. Her duties involved attending lectures, counseling patients, assisting doctors in examinations, and working with mentally disabled children at the on-site Asha School. She gained exposure to cases of sibling rivalry disorder and helped counsel an adolescent boy experiencing conflict with his younger brother and feelings of alienation from his father.
Choose one of the parenting dilemmas. In 3 pages1. Explain in .docxchristinemaritza
Choose one of the parenting dilemmas.
In 3 pages
1. Explain in detail
a. what you would think if you were this child’s parent
b. what you would do if you were this child’s parent
2. Then explain in detail why you would think and do that.
- You will use information from two academic sources to support your interpretation and behavior in APA style.
Parenting dillemas:
· Nevaeh is 3 years old and has recently become a big sister for the first time. Her parents have been busier than usual getting used to having two children to take care of, and Nevaeh hasn’t seemed like her normal self since the birth of her brother. She has had several episodes involving tantrums and aggressive behavior, which is unusual for her. She is normally a well-behaved child and hasn’t had issues with aggressive or inappropriate behavior in the past. Nevaeh’s mother has been a stay at home mom since she was born, therefore she has not experienced day care or settings in which she is exposed to other children for extended periods of time until this point in her life.
· Carsten (Age 4) is the son to a loving mother and father. He has recently started kindergarten and is having fun making friends with his classmates. One day, his mom and dad got a call on their home phone asking them if they had some time after pickup to chat with his teacher. The mother and father agreed to stay after and have a talk with Carsten’s teacher. The parents arrived at the kindergarten at the designated pickup time. Once all of Carsten’s classmates had been picked up, the teacher sat down with the family in her office. The teacher then informed Carsten’s parents that he is having trouble paying attention in class and is becoming a distraction to the other students. The teacher also expressed her concern with his learning progress as Carsten is having a difficult time learning to read and write. The teacher concluded with telling the parents that Carsten has made minimal progress in the 3 months he has been in Kindergarten. Carsten understood what the teacher is saying and is clearly distressed and upset. He told his parents that he doesn’t want to leave his friends and is sorry that he isn’t doing well.
· Ben and his father are new to the community and have decided to attend library programs to meet new friends. Ben is in preschool and loves coming to the library. Ben and his father are both engaged in story time and song with the librarians. When it is time for individual activities, Ben will choose one game and stay there for the entire time. One day, Ben was playing with Play-Doh for the majority of the independent activity time. Another child wanted a turn at the station, so Ben’s father asked if he would like to try a new activity so the other child can have a turn. Ben ignored his father and grabbed onto the Play-Doh tray. After asking Ben again, he began to groan loudly and rock back and forth. At this point, Ben began to scream.
· Kayla (Age 5) and Kyle (Age 8) are the daugh ...
Running head: ABSENT PARENTAL FIGURE 1
Absent Parental Figure
Theresa Johnson, a 35-yr-old African American and Frank Powe, a 35-yr-old Caucasian
male have four daughters. All have taken the birth name of Theresa Johnson; Natalie, who is 17-
yrs old, Ashley is 16, Jasmine is 14, and Nicole is 13. All four daughters are athletic and hold
honors in their studies. Natalie is taking college prep classes is preparing for college. She also
loves basketball and hopes to play on her college team. Natalie enjoys cheerleading and excels
at basketball. Her other sisters, Nicole, Ashley, and are also involved in other sports such as
track, cheerleading, and volleyball. All four sisters are on the honor roll and are involved in
other organizations such as the NAACP and science club.
Recently, there has been conflict and Theresa are now left to raise the four children alone.
Frank has been until Frank was arrested for using and trafficking illegal drugs. Theresa works
long hours as a supervisor for a local fast-food restaurant and has been struggling to make ends
meet. Theresa does not have a high school and did not obtain her GED due to struggling to raise
her children. The family is currently residing with Natalie’s mom, Joanne who is 53 years old
and is physically disabled. They all share a 4-bedroom government assistant home.
Natalie has been dating a guy named Alex for the past two months. Alex is an 18-year-
old Caucasian male. Alex is one of the star football players at their high school and he has been
offered several scholarships for college. In his spare time, Alex works 15-20 hours as a part-time
associate at a local game store. Alex occasionally uses both marijuana an alcohol. Natalie is
aware of his usage with both, but states that she believes that Alex only uses marijuana and
alcohol as a way to balance work, playing sports, and working part-time. Natalie and Alex
became sexually active the night that they met at a mutual friend’s party and they have been
ABSENT PARENTAL FIGURE 2
sexually active ever since. Natalie is currently on birth control pills and her and Alex uses
withdrawal as a method of birth control as well.
Natalie’s mother, Theresa and her father, Frank met at the age of the very young age of
13-years-old when Theresa and her family moved to Frank’s neighborhood. The two continued
to date throughout junior high up until they had their last child Nicole. Frank has had a criminal
history from a young age and has used and sold drugs since the age of 15. Theresa and Frank
broke up once they had their last child. Frank has never been involved or helped with the
children, although he and Theresa were still dating. Frank eventually disappeared and Theresa
nor the ...
You are a juvenile court probation officer. You have a choice of.docxadampcarr67227
You are a juvenile court probation officer. You have a choice of programs including; mandatory counseling, family counseling, removal from the home and placing in foster care, diversion, incarceration in a youth home or mandatory participation in a 10 week boot camp. You must make recommendations to the judge for sentencing. You must use all the alternatives for the group and you can’t use more than one alternative twice. Make recommendations for each juvenile and explain your rationale. Note your difficulties and what further information you would have liked. Finally what is the overwhelming need for each person and how are you addressing that in your program.
Sally is 13 and lives in the suburbs of Fort Wayne. She was caught riding in a stolen car with two friends from high school. Sally has no record – her mother tells you that Sally was a model child until last year when her father died. Since then Sally’s grades have dropped and she has become unmanageable.
John is 16 and lives in Indianapolis. He has a long juvenile record dating back to when he was 10. John’s prior offenses include arson, disorderly conduct, larceny and assault (3). John was arrested for stealing lawn ornaments worth $23.00. John is unsupervised (no parental control) and missed his last probation meeting.
Don is 14 and lives in the inner-city of Gary, Indiana. Don has no father and his mother is a crack addict. Don lives by himself for long periods of time. In the past Don was arrested for stealing food from a local bakery. Don admitted to the theft, but noted he hadn’t eaten in two days. Don was removed from home – but was returned to his mother one year later. Don was arrested for possession of crack cocaine – it was believed he was selling.
Darlene is 12 and lives in the suburbs with her mother, step-father and new baby sister. Darlene has been in juvenile court a number of times in the past year for being a runaway. She was petitioned last month by her step-father for being incorrigible. Darlene refused to follow the family rules and is defiant to her step-father. Darlene is very intelligent and is openly disrespectful to her mother and step-father.
Stephen Holmes is 16 and lives in Noblesville. His father is a salesman and his mother is an executive with General Advertising Inc. Stephen has a prior record for larceny. Last month Stephen got into a fight with his brother who is 17. After the fight was over Stephen took his father’s gun and shot his brother in the head instantly killing him.
Papers will be completed in Word Format as an attachment. The papers will be typed in Times New Roman using 12 font. Papers will be double-spaced. The papers will be at least 500 words in length. The papers will be a critical examination of a topic area chosen by the instructor. Students are encouraged to critically examine and question a topic area in detail using their book.
.
Danielle is an 8-year-old girl with significant behavioral and emotional challenges including ADHD, ODD, and a language-based learning disorder. She displays aggressive behaviors at home and school and has injured others. Her mother describes her as verbally and physically aggressive on a regular basis. Danielle's parents are divorced after incidents of domestic violence, and her mother struggles with depression and alcohol abuse. Both parents are involved but her father's job limits his ability to care for her full-time.
CASE STUDY Dean is a White 16-year-old. He is a sophomore at G.docxwendolynhalbert
This document contains two case studies. The first is about a 16-year-old white boy named Dean who lives with his father and stepmother in a rural community in the South. He struggles in school and with his sexuality. The second case study is about a young black woman named Angela from a religious family who is having difficulties with her non-religious roommate Jen at university.
CHAD 302Fall 2018Case Scenario for Individualized Service Pl.docxsleeperharwell
DJ and his siblings were physically abused by their mother's boyfriend and placed in foster care. DJ was returned to his mother's care but she failed to bring him to psychotherapy as recommended. He was again removed from her care.
The caseworker would develop a treatment plan with the goals of keeping DJ safely in his aunt's care while improving his mother's parenting skills. Objectives would include the mother attending parenting classes, DJ continuing therapy, and supervised family visits to build their relationship. The plan aims to address the family's challenges while strengthening their abilities to care for the children.
MEXICAN CASE STUDY #2 Pablo Gaborra, aged 32, and his wife, Olga.docxssuserf9c51d
Pablo Gaborra, aged 32, lives in a migrant worker camp in Maryland with his wife Olga, aged 24, and their two children. Pablo and Olga were born in Mexico and have lived in the US for 13 years, working as farm laborers. They have limited education and speak only Spanish at home. The family picks vegetables during harvesting seasons and struggles with poor living conditions, low income, lack of healthcare access, and health issues like Pablo's tuberculosis and Olga's anemia.
Danielle is an 8-year-old girl with significant behavioral and emotional challenges including ADHD, ODD, and a language-based learning disorder. She displays aggressive behaviors at home and school and has difficulty interacting with others. Her mother finds Danielle's behaviors difficult to understand and manage. Danielle comes from a home with a history of domestic violence, parental substance abuse issues, and a contentious divorce between her parents. Her relationship with her father is stronger, and she is able to function better when in his care, though he acknowledges her challenges and needs support himself to effectively participate in her treatment.
The nanny, Nanny Deb, was called to help the chaotic Finck family. She observed that the family struggled with communication, with the children acting out and the parents inconsistent. The husband did not support the wife.
Nanny Deb implemented rules to improve communication, such as no whining, no hitting, and being consistent. She rewarded compliance and improved conversations between family members. This was different than the parents' approaches, as the mother was inconsistent and the father did not get involved. The nanny focused on listening to understand issues and solving problems through respectful communication.
Mrs. Baker's family is concerned about her physical and mental health. They believe the medications she is prescribed may not be working or appropriate given her continuing reports of pain. Her behavior has also become bizarre, irrational, and hostile, which is out of character. She recently caused a scene at her son's workplace trying to commit fraud. Her family wants a full review of her medications and tests to check for other substances in her system, as they suspect she may be taking non-prescribed cannabis and amphetamines in addition to her prescribed drugs. They are worried she will seriously harm herself if she continues on this path and want the doctor's help addressing the situation.
Project 1You are a juvenile court probation officer. You hav.docxsimonlbentley59018
Project 1
You are a juvenile court probation officer. You have a choice of programs including; mandatory counseling, family counseling, removal from the home and placing in foster care, diversion, incarceration in a youth home or mandatory participation in a 10 week boot camp. You must make recommendations to the judge for sentencing. You must use all the alternatives for the group and you can’t use more than one alternative twice. Make recommendations for each juvenile and explain your rationale. Note your difficulties and what further information you would have liked. Finally what is the overwhelming need for each person and how are you addressing that in your program.
Sally is 13 and lives in the suburbs of Fort Wayne. She was caught riding in a stolen car with two friends from high school. Sally has no record – her mother tells you that Sally was a model child until last year when her father died. Since then Sally’s grades have dropped and she has become unmanageable.
John is 16 and lives in Indianapolis. He has a long juvenile record dating back to when he was 10. John’s prior offenses include arson, disorderly conduct, larceny and assault (3). John was arrested for stealing lawn ornaments worth $23.00. John is unsupervised (no parental control) and missed his last probation meeting.
Don is 14 and lives in the inner-city of Gary, Indiana. Don has no father and his mother is a crack addict. Don lives by himself for long periods of time. In the past Don was arrested for stealing food from a local bakery. Don admitted to the theft, but noted he hadn’t eaten in two days. Don was removed from home – but was returned to his mother one year later. Don was arrested for possession of crack cocaine – it was believed he was selling.
Darlene is 12 and lives in the suburbs with her mother, step-father and new baby sister. Darlene has been in juvenile court a number of times in the past year for being a runaway. She was petitioned last month by her step-father for being incorrigible. Darlene refused to follow the family rules and is defiant to her step-father. Darlene is very intelligent and is openly disrespectful to her mother and step-father.
Stephen Holmes is 16 and lives in Noblesville. His father is a salesman and his mother is an executive with General Advertising Inc. Stephen has a prior record for larceny. Last month Stephen got into a fight with his brother who is 17. After the fight was over Stephen took his father’s gun and shot his brother in the head instantly killing him.
.
Lady Ludelyn Dancel was an adopted child who struggled with anger and mistrust issues. Through cognitive forgiveness exercises where she worked to forgive her birth parents for financial difficulties that led to her adoption, her anger diminished. As her trust in her adoptive mother grew, her overreactions in anger decreased. Medication also helped stabilize her mood. Developing a relationship with religious figures like Our Lady provided a sense of protection that reduced fears of abandonment. Ultimately, through forgiveness and support from her adoptive family, Lady was able to resolve her emotional conflicts and feel happy, safe, and content in her situation.
According to the NASW Code of Ethics section 6.04 (NASW, 2008), .docxaryan532920
According to the NASW Code of Ethics section 6.04 (NASW, 2008), social workers are ethically bound to work for policies that support the healthy development of individuals, guarantee equal access to services, and promote social and economic justice.
For this Discussion
, review this week’s resources, including
Working with Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma: The Case of Rita
and “The Johnson Family”. Consider what change you might make to the policies that affect the client in the case you chose. Finally, think about how you might evaluate the success of the policy changes.
By Day 3
Post
an explanation of one change you might make to the policies that affect the client in the case. Be sure to reference the case you selected in your post. Finally, explain how you might evaluate the success of the policy changes.
Working With Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma: The Case of Rita
Rita is a 22-year-old, heterosexual, Latina female working in the hospitality industry at a resort. She is the youngest of five children and lives at home with her parents. Rita has dated in the past but never developed a serious relationship. She is close to her immediate and extended family as well as to her female friends in the Latino community. Although her parents and three of her siblings were born in the Dominican Republic, Rita was born in the United States.
A year ago, Rita was sexually assaulted by an acquaintance of a male coworker. Rita and a female coworker met Juan and Bob after work at a local bar for a light meal and a few drinks. Because Rita had to get up early to work her shift the next day, Bob offered to drive her home. Instead of taking Rita directly home, however, he drove to a desolate spot nearby and assaulted her. Afterward, Bob threatened to harm her family if she did not remain silent and proceeded to drive her home. Although Rita did not tell her family what happened, she did call our agency hotline the next day to discuss her options. Because Rita’s assault occurred within the 5-day window for forensic evidence collection of this kind, Rita consented to activation of the county’s sexual assault response team (SART). Although she agreed to have an advocate and the sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) meet her at the hospital, Rita tearfully stated that she did not want to file a police report at that time because she did not want to upset her family. The nurse examiner interviewed Rita, collected evidence, recorded any injuries, administered antibiotics for possible sexually transmitted infections, and gave Rita emergency contraception in case of pregnancy. The advocate stayed with Rita during the procedure, supporting her and validating her experience, and gave her a referral for individual crisis counseling at our agency.
My treatment goals for Rita included alleviation of rape trauma syndrome symptoms that included shame and self-blame, validation of self-worth and empowerment, and processing how it would feel to discl.
According to the text, crime has been part of the human condition si.docxaryan532920
The document provides instructions for a 4-6 page paper on criminal law. It asks the student to:
1) Determine if the Ex Post Facto Clause can prohibit increased federal minimum sentencing guidelines and provide a rationale.
2) Explain the distinction between criminal, tort, and moral wrongs, and support or criticize the premise that moral laws have higher standards than criminal law.
3) Identify and discuss the differences between solicitation and conspiracy to commit a crime, and support or criticize the unilateral approach to conspiracy convictions.
4) Identify the four goals of criminal law and discuss how they effectuate protecting the public and preventing innocent convictions.
According to Ronald Story and Bruce Laurie, The dozen years between.docxaryan532920
Conservatives came to dominate American politics between 1968 and 1980 by capitalizing on social unrest and challenging the New Deal coalition. They embraced ideas and policies that emphasized free markets, deregulation, and tax cuts. These policies shaped American society into the 21st century by promoting economic growth while also increasing inequality.
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent work with .docxaryan532920
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent work with your data. The four following group actions were mentioned by Kirk (2016):
Data acquisition: Gathering the raw material
Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
Data exploration: Using exploratory analysis and research techniques to learn
Select 1 data action and elaborate on the actions performed in that action group.
Reference: Kirk, A. (2016). Data Visualisation: A Handbook for Data Driven Design (p. 50). SAGE Publications.
.
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5 Eng.docxaryan532920
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation.
Walden’s MSW program expects students in their specialization year to be able to:
Evaluate the implication of policies and policy change in the lives of clients/constituents.
Demonstrate critical thinking skills that can be used to inform policymakers and influence policies that impact clients/constituents and services.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare
: Working with your field instructor, identify a social problem that is common among the organization (or its clients) and research current policies at that state and federal levels that impact the social problem. Then, from a position of advocacy, identify methods to address the social problem (i.e., how you, as a social worker, and the agency advocate to change the problem). You are expected to specifically address how both you and the agency can effectively engage policy makers to make them aware of the social problem and the impact that the policies have on the agency and clients.
The Assignment (2-3 pages): Social Problems is Ex-cons finding Jobs Opportunities in State of California. The Agency is Called "Manifest" the website is Manifest.org
Identify the social problem
Explain rational for selecting social problem
Describe state and federal policies that impact the social problem
Identify specific methods to address the social problems
Explain how the agency and student can advocate to change the social problem
You are expected to present and discuss this assignment with your agency Field Instructor. Your field instructor will be evaluating your ability to demonstrate this competency in their field evaluation. In addition, you will submit this assignment for classroom credit. The Field Liaison will grade the assignment “PASS/FAIL,” see rubric for passing criteria.
.
According to Kirk (2016), most of our time will be spent working.docxaryan532920
According to Kirk (2016), most of our time will be spent working with our data. The four following group actions were mentioned by Kirk (2016):
Book: Kirk, A. (2016). Data visualisation a handbook for data driven design. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Data acquisition: Gathering the raw material
Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
Data exploration: Using exploratory analysis and research techniques to learn
Select 1 data action and elaborate on the actions preformed in that action group.
.
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent working wi.docxaryan532920
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent working with your data. The four following group actions were mentioned by Kirk (2016):
Data acquisition: Gathering the raw material
Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
Data exploration: Using exploratory analysis and research techniques to learn
Select 1 data action and elaborate on the actions preformed in that action group.
.
According to Davenport (2014) the organizational value of healthcare.docxaryan532920
According to Davenport (2014) the organizational value of healthcare analytics, both determination and importance, provide a potential increase in annual revenue and ROI based on the value and use of analytics. To complete this assignment, research and evaluate the challenges faced in the implementation of healthcare analytics in the Health Care Organization (HCO) or health care industry using the following tools:
The paper must also address the following:
Application of PICO (problem, intervention, comparison group, and outcomes) to the challenge identified in your research.
The paper:
Must be two to four double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center. (Links to an external site.)
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must use at least three scholarly sources in addition to the course text.
Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
.
According to the authors, privacy and security go hand in hand; .docxaryan532920
According to the authors, privacy and security go hand in hand; and hence, privacy cannot be protected without implementing proper security controls and technologies. Today, organizations must make not only reasonable efforts to offer protection of privacy of data, but also must go much further as privacy breaches are damaging to its customers, reputation, and potentially could put the company out of business. As we continue learning from our various professional areas of practice, its no doubt that breaches have become an increasing concern to many businesses and their future operations. Taking Cyberattacks proliferation of 2011 into context, security experts at Intel/McAfee discovered huge series of cyberattacks on the networks of 72 organizations globally, including the United Nations, governments and corporations.
Q: From this research revelation in our chapter 11, briefly state and name the countries and organizations identified as the targeted victims?
.
According to Gilbert and Troitzsch (2005), Foundations of Simula.docxaryan532920
According to Gilbert and Troitzsch (2005), Foundations of Simulation Modeling, a simulation model is a computer program that captures the behavior of a real-world system and its input and possible output processes.
Briefly explain what the simulation modeling relies upon?
-500 words at least.
-No Plagiarism.
-APA Format.
.
According to Klein (2016), using ethical absolutism and ethical .docxaryan532920
According to Klein (2016), using ethical absolutism and ethical relativism in ethical decision making can lead to different outcomes. How can moral reasoning about a specific situation differ based on relativism or absolutism? Can you provide an illustration or example of an accounting procedure/situation whose outcome may differ based on absolutism or relativism? Is ethical relativism a more suitable standard within a global IFRS Environment? Why or why not?
at least 250 words
.
According to Franks and Smallwood (2013), information has become.docxaryan532920
Social media differs from email in its functionality due to social media's immaturity compared to the stability of email. Specifically, social media allows for a greater volume of information to be shared and exchanged through newer tools like blogs, microblogs, and wikis which have increased the lifeblood of information for many businesses. Additionally, research has documented key differences in how social media is used compared to the more established email.
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5.docxaryan532920
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation. Social workers:
Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to social services;
Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services;
Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare: Working with your field instructor, identify, evaluate, and discuss policies established by the local, state, and federal government (within the last five years) that affect the day to day operations of the field placement agency.
The Assignment (1-2 pages): (In The States California. The Good Seed is a Drop-In center for 18-25 years!
Describe the policies and their impact on the field agency.
Propose specific recommendations regarding how you, as a social work intern, and the agency can advocate for policies pertaining to advancing social justice for the agency and the clients it serves.
.
According to the authors, privacy and security go hand in hand; and .docxaryan532920
According to the authors, privacy and security go hand in hand; and hence, privacy cannot be protected without implementing proper security controls and technologies. Today, organizations must make not only reasonable efforts to offer protection of privacy of data, but also must go much further as privacy breaches are damaging to its customers, reputation, and potentially could put the company out of business. As we continue learning from our various professional areas of practice, its no doubt that breaches have become an increasing concern to many businesses and their future operations. Taking Cyberattacks proliferation of 2011 into context, security experts at Intel/McAfee discovered huge series of cyberattacks on the networks of 72 organizations globally, including the United Nations, governments and corporations.
From this research revelation in our chapter 11, briefly state and name the countries and organizations identified as the targeted victims?
Use the APA format to include your references. Each paragraph should have different references and each para should have at least 4 sentences.
.
According to recent surveys, China, India, and the Philippines are t.docxaryan532920
According to recent surveys, China, India, and the Philippines are the three most popular countries for IT outsourcing. Write a short paper (4 paragraphs) explaining what the appeal would be for US companies to outsource IT functions to these countries. You may discuss cost, labor pool, language, or possibly government support as your reasons. There are many other reasons you may choose to highlight in your paper. Be sure to use your own words.
Must be in APA format with references and citations.
.
According to the authors, countries that lag behind the rest of the .docxaryan532920
According to the authors, countries that lag behind the rest of the world’s ICT capabilities encounter difficulties at various levels. Discuss specific areas, both within and outside, eGovernance, in which citizens living in a country that lags behind the rest of the world in ICT capacity are lacking. Include in your discussion quality of life, sustainability, safety, affluence, and any other areas that you find of interest. Use at least 8-10 sentences to discuss this topic.
.
According to Peskin et al. (2013) in our course reader, Studies on .docxaryan532920
According to Peskin et al. (2013) in our course reader, "Studies on early health risk factors, including prenatal nicotine/alcohol exposure, birth complications, and minor physical anomalies have found that these risk factors significantly increase the likelihood of anti-social and criminal behavior throughout life." What policy changes might you suggest to help curtail the occurrence or effects of these risk factors? Remember to think about public health policy, not just criminal policy.
.
According to Franks and Smallwood (2013), information has become the.docxaryan532920
According to Franks and Smallwood (2013), information has become the lifeblood of every business organization, and that an increasing volume of information today has increased and exchanged through the use of social networks and Web2.0 tools like blogs, microblogs, and wikis. When looking at social media in the enterprise, there is a notable difference in functionality between e-mail and social media, and has been documented by research – “…that social media differ greatly from e-mail use due to its maturity and stability.” (Franks & Smallwood, 2013).
Q: Please identify and clearly state what the difference is?
Use the APA format to include your references. Each paragraph should have different references and each para should have at least 4 sentences.
.
According to Ang (2011), how is Social Media management differen.docxaryan532920
According to Ang (2011), how is Social Media management different than traditional Customer Relationship Management (CRM)? Define the four pillars of social media (connectivity, conversations, content creation and collaboration) and analyze how each pillar can be used to aid Social Media management. Identify the benefits Social Media management. Provide examples to illustrate each point.
The paper must be 1-2 pages in length (excluding title and reference page) and in APA (6th edition) format. The paper must include the Ang (2011) article in correct APA format.
.
According to (Alsaidi & Kausar (2018), It is expected that by 2020,.docxaryan532920
According to (Alsaidi & Kausar (2018), "It is expected that by 2020, around 25 billion objects will become the part of global IoT network, which will pose new challenges in securing IoT systems. It will become an easy target for hackers as these systems are often deployed in an uncontrolled and hostile environment. The main security challenges in IoT environment are authorization, privacy, authentication, admission control, system conformation, storage, and administration" (p. 213).
Discuss and describe the difference between a black hole attack and a wormhole attack.
.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. lose their children.
You will meet them on Friday. They have completed one week
of treatment.
Family Composition
The Bernardez family consists of the parents, Felix, age 35, and
Marisa, age 30.
They have two daughters, Danielle, age 9, and Nicole, age 7.
The paternal
grandmother, Lena Bernardez, and the maternal grandparents,
Jose and Helena
Messina, are involved with the family. They do not reside in the
home. The
family is from
Current Situation
Mr. and Mrs. Bernardez started smoking marijuana together
about five years
ago. About six months ago, Mrs. Bernardez went out with a few
friends and
experimented with crack cocaine and found she liked it. About
two months ago
Mr.Bernardez found out that she was using crack, and he is very
angry. As a
result, they do not smoke together anymore. He has asked her to
stop using
drugs altogether. She is refusing to stop, and Mr. Bernardez
feels that their
marriage is in trouble. He states that she cannot handle crack,
because he has
come home on two occasions and found their two children dirty
and hungry. He
has asked her to get some help or leave the house. Mr.
Bernardez stated that he
4. Family Background
The Bernardez family is a lower-middle-class family living in a
working-class
neighborhood. Their annual income is about $60,000 a year. The
parents are
originally from Guatemala, but they have raised their children
in the United
States. Both parents acknowledged their difficulty in fitting into
this country
when they first moved here. They started using drugs to make
friends with
people at Mr. Bernardez’s job.
Felix Bernardez
Mr. Bernardez is employed with a major firm as a computer
operator. He has
been having problems on the job for several years, as his new
boss has prob-
lems with people who speak another language. He has used
drugs socially on
special occasions, but never felt he was addicted. He has been
on this job for
eight years and thought this job was a “gift from heaven.” He
does not see
himself as an addict, but says that he often wishes he could stop
using drugs,
because he knows that it is not good and he is not setting a good
example for
his children. He has a good reputation at his job and does not
want anyone to
know what is going on. However, he only has two weeks
vacation, and everyone
at his job thinks he is on vacation. He does not know what he
6. school board
finds out they will fire her. She is disappointed in herself, as
she feels a lot of
kids look up to her in the school because of the “say no to
drugs” program.
Danielle
Danielle is 9 years old, and a very intelligent child. She is an A
student and
attends the same school at which her mother works. She speaks
Spanish and
English fluently and is well liked by her teacher. Her teacher
has recently noticed
a change in her behavior and is wondering what is wrong with
her. Danielle
wants to tell her teacher what she saw at home and that her
parents are in a
drug program, but she is afraid to say anything, as her
grandmother told her not
to say anything to anybody because her family will be in
trouble. Danielle is
becoming very sad because of her home life. She does not play
with her friends
at school and is becoming more withdrawn every day. She has a
best friend and
thinks she can share the secret with her, but is too afraid.
Nicole
Nicole is 7 years old and usually very friendly. However, lately
she is often sad
and appears distracted. She used to laugh all the time. She
attends private
school, because her parents thought she might need more
attention. Nicole is
7. not as bright as Danielle. Nicole is into playing with Barbie
dolls, and she speaks
little Spanish. She does not know specifically what is going on
in the family.
Recently, she has been creating more imaginary friends and is
beginning to talk
about those friends at school, and the teacher is accusing her of
lying. Also, she
is in a Brownie troop and they do a lot of activities. Nicole is
close to her Brownie
leader and has been asking to spend the night with her on a
weekly basis. The
Brownie leader has talked to the parents and the parents state
that Nicole is just
infatuated with the leader because of the fun she has with her.
After observing
the domestic dispute between her parents, Nicole has become
more withdrawn
and sad. She is close to her father, but lately she does not even
talk to him or
allow him to hug her.
Extended Family
Lena Bernardez is the paternal grandmother with whom the
children are
currently staying. She is from Guatemala and has been in the
United States for
only seven years. She came to the United States after her
husband died. Felix is
her only son; she has two older daughters, one in New York and
the other in
9. and get the children. When they arrived, they demanded to know
what was
going on. Lena told them everything. They have been very
supportive of the
family, but they are very angry about this situation. They are
disappointed in Mr.
Bernardez, and they feel it is all his fault. Mr. Messina said,
“What kind of man
would allow his wife to use drugs?” Mr. Messina says that he is
so angry with
them that he does not know what to do. They had a very good
relationship with
Mr. Bernardez up until now. Mr. Messina has often told Felix
how much he
respects him and appreciates his taking care of his daughter and
grandchildren.
THE PHILLIPS FAMILY
Student Instructions
You are employed as a social worker with the Society for
Children. Your agency’s
primary focus is family preservation. You have been assigned to
work with the
Phillips family. The family was referred to your agency by the
Department of
Children and Family Services (DCFS) for family preservation
services. The family
has been served by other social service agencies, but after a
review of the case
the committee felt that this family needed more one-on-one
direct services. An
assessment of the current family situation is needed.
Family Composition
10. The Phillips family consists of the mother, Keisha, age 22, and
her three chil-
dren. She has one son, Jeremy, age 4, and two daughters, KeKe,
age 7, and
Alexia, age 15 months. The family resides in the Third Chance
Shelter for
Neglect
Footnotes
1. Professor Roy Schotland of Georgetown University, for
example,
at a panel on Judicial Elections and Campaign Finance Reform,
quoted Chief Justice Vanderbilt’s remarks with the following
pref-
ace: “[Y]ou have probably all heard [this quote] a thousand
times….” Symposium, Judicial Elections and Campaign Finance
Reform 33 U. Tol. L. Rev. 335, 340 (2002).
2. Phillip Simpson, The Modernization and Reform of the
Oklahoma
Judiciary, 3 OKLAHOMA POLITICS 1 (1994).
3. See, e.g., the case studies of judicial reform efforts found in
ANTHONY CHAMPAGNE & JUDITH HAYDEL (EDS.),
JUDICIAL REFORM IN
THE STATES (1993).
4. See generally, KYLE CHEEK & ANTHONY CHAMPAGNE,
JUDICIAL
POLITICS IN TEXAS (2005).
5. A discussion of partisan sweeps in Dallas and Harris counties
11. as
well as a discussion of party switching by judges is found in
Anthony Champagne, The Selection and Retention of Judges in
Texas, 40 SW. L.J. 53, 71-80 (1986).
6. CHEEK & CHAMPAGNE, supra note 4, at 117.
7. Anthony Champagne & Kyle Cheek, The Cycle of Judicial
Elections: Texas as a Case Study, 29 FORDHAM URBAN L.J.
907, 910
(2002).
One of the most frequently quoted comments on judicialreform
is the late New Jersey Chief Justice Arthur T.Vanderbilt’s
remark, “Judicial reform is not for the
short-winded.”1 Vanderbilt’s remark illustrates a key point
about judicial selection reform. Reforms do not occur simply
because someone or some group in a state decides that change
in the system of selection is desirable; rather, it is necessary for
key interest groups in the judicial politics of a state to reach a
sufficient political consensus that change can occur. A variety
of factors may lead to such a consensus on the need for reform.
In Oklahoma, for example, judicial reform came about as a
result of a major scandal in the state’s judiciary.2 But in some
states, consensus for change among key stakeholders is diffi-
cult.3 Key interest groups can have competing objectives, mak-
ing judicial reform impossible. At other times, political condi-
tions—the political environment of a state—lessen the chances
of reform.
This article will focus on Texas’s judicial reform experiences
for the past two decades. Texas has been a bellwether state in
heralding a new era in judicial elections. It was the first state
where widespread problems developed in judicial elections in
the 1980s. There was judicial scandal, supreme court elections
12. become a battleground for plaintiffs and business interests,
there were huge sums spent in Supreme Court races, there was
intense competition between the political parties for control of
the state judiciary, and there were increasing demands from
minorities for greater representation on the bench.4
In trial court elections, beginning in the early 1980s, first in
Dallas County and later spreading to other counties, most
notably Harris County where Houston is located, there was a
pattern of partisan sweeps in judicial elections where large
numbers of judges were defeated for reelection simply because
they had a different party affiliation from the popular candidate
at the top of the ticket. In Dallas County, Republicans swept
the
trial court elections to such a degree that many of the remain-
ing Democratic judges changed their party affiliation to the
Republican Party in a bid for political survival.5
At first Texas seemed an anomaly with its expensive, highly
partisan judicial elections. It did not take long, however, for
other states to follow. The Texas judicial experience was actu-
ally a harbinger of things to come in other state judicial elec-
tions.
With the rise of this new level of competition in judicial
elections, there was a major push to change the system of
selection in Texas. However, just as in many other states where
judicial elections have become highly competitive, the system
of selection has not changed.6 On the surface, Texas seemed to
have all the components that one might think necessary for
change: Intensely partisan and expensive judicial elections; a
major judicial scandal; widespread negative publicity about the
state’s judiciary; and an active reform movement led by a well-
known major figure. Still, the system did not change.
13. As in Texas, in states where judicial elections have become
expensive and competitive, judicial reform efforts have devel-
oped. As a general matter, reform efforts in recent years have
proven ineffective in changing the system of judicial selection.
The Texas experience offers a lesson in the difficulties of judi-
cial selection changes. What happened in Texas suggests the
importance and the enormous difficulty in developing a politi-
cal coalition among key interests in a state that can bring about
change in the system of judicial selection. This article will
explore what went wrong with the judicial reform movement
in Texas. In the process, it will offer a blueprint of what can go
wrong with a reform effort and explain why in Texas, and
many other states, judicial reform efforts have failed. However,
this article will also suggest that opportunities are now devel-
oping in Texas for a new reform effort—opportunities caused
primarily by changing state demographics, which are quickly
altering the state’s political climate.
I. A BRIEF BACKGROUND OF JUDICIAL ELECTIONS IN
TEXAS
In Texas, like other states, judicial elections were once low-
key, inexpensive, sleepy affairs. Judges were only rarely
defeated and generally did not have opposition.7 One descrip-
tion of this old era in judicial politics noted:
68 Court Review
Judicial Reform in Texas:
A Look Back After Two Decades
Anthony Champagne
14. 8. Paul Burka, Heads, We Win, Tails, You Lose, TEXAS
MONTHLY, May
1987, at 138-139.
9. Champagne & Cheek, supra note 7 at 911.
10. Id. at n.25.
11. Id. at 911.
12. CHEEK & CHAMPAGNE, supra note 4, at 37-51.
13. Big money remained in Texas Supreme Court elections even
after
state elections moved into the Republican column. Id. at 50.
14. James Brian McCall, In the Shadow of John Connally: An
Examination of Gubernatorial Power in Texas 66-68 (2006)
(unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Dallas)
(on file with author).
15. Id.; see also Champagne, supra note 5, at 67-80.
16. Champagne, supra note 5, at 84-90.
17. See, e.g., Richard Woodbury, Is Texas Justice for Sale?,
TIME, Jan.
11, 1988, at 74; Mary Flood, Justice Still for Sale? Clock Is
Ticking
on the Answer, WALL ST. J., June 24, 1998, at T1.
18. See, e.g., Pete Slover, Group Alleges Supreme Court Favors
Donors,
DALLAS MORNING NEWS, Apr. 25, 2001, at 23A.
19. CHEEK & CHAMPAGNE, supra note 4, at 172-176.
20. 673 S.W.2d 180 (Tex. 1984).
21. Champagne & Cheek, supra note 7, at 912.
22. Id.
15. At election time, sitting justices almost never drew
opposition. Some justices resigned before the end of
their terms, enabling their replacements to be named by
the governor and to run as incumbents. In the event
that an open seat was actually contested, the decisive
factor in the race was the State Bar poll, which was the
key to newspaper endorsements and the support of
courthouse politicians.8
Things began to change in Texas judicial politics in the late
1970s. First, in 1976 an unknown lawyer ran for the Texas
Supreme Court against a highly respected incumbent who had
won the State Bar poll by a 90% margin. That unknown lawyer
won even though a State Bar grievance committee had filed a
disbarment suit against him alleging 53 violations—another 20
more allegations were later added. However, the lawyer had a
famous Texas name, Yarbrough, which probably led voters to
confuse him with another Yarbrough who had twice run a
strong race for governor or with the long-time U.S. senator
from Texas, Ralph Yarborough. Although Justice Yarbrough
served only a few months before criminal charges and the
threat of legislative removal led to his resignation,9 the case
provided a lesson: Name identification could elect nearly any-
one to the bench in Texas. In 1978, a little known plaintiffs’
lawyer named Robert Campbell successfully ran against an
incumbent judge for the Texas Supreme Court. There was
speculation that Campbell benefited from University of Texas
running back Earl Campbell winning the Heisman Trophy the
previous fall.10
A recognizable name could put someone on the bench in
Texas. However, it was also possible to use advertising to cre-
ate name identification.11 That, of course, meant there was a
need for campaign funds. Texas became a battleground
between members of the civil bar, plaintiffs’ attorneys and
16. defense lawyers who realized that campaign funds could buy
the name recognition for the judicial candidates who reflected
their points of view.12 And, once these opposing segments of
the bar got into the battle for control of the Texas bench, they
discovered they could not simply depart the battleground; else
the opposing side would be victorious in the election.13 Like
warfare, once the fighting between the opposing sides of the
bar started, it was nearly impossible for either to stop.
Another thing that was making it impossible to go back to
the old style of judicial campaigns was that Texas was devel-
oping a viable two-party system. In 1978, Texas elected its
first
Republican governor since Reconstruction. With the election
of a Republican governor,
appointments to vacant seats
on major trial courts and the
appellate courts were in his
hands, and, with relatively
few exceptions, he insisted
that his judicial appointees
agree to run in subsequent elections as Republicans.14 It was
also the case that the election of a Republican governor her-
alded the emergence of a viable Republican Party in the state.
The state quickly moved from a one-party Democratic state to
a competitive two-party state before becoming largely a one-
party Republican state.15 That meant candidates for judicial
offices had opposition, not just in their base, which had been
the Democratic Party primary where opposition was often
minimal and more easily controlled, but in the general elec-
tion. Candidates for judicial office had to have money, often
for media buys for television, which was not only an expensive
form of campaigning, but a necessary one in a large, urban, and
competitive state.
17. Where does really big money in judicial campaigns origi-
nate? It tends to come from economic interests that have a
stake in judicial decisions.16 As a result, candidates for judicial
office tended to increasingly reflect one or the other of the
opposing economic interests funding them.
Big-money judicial campaigns quickly led to problems in
Texas. One was the claim that judges were biased in favor of
their campaign contributors.17 As a result, there was criticism
about the new and very substantial role of money in judicial
campaigns.18 Another problem with big money in judicial cam-
paigns was the risk of scandal caused by an unhealthy relation-
ship between judges and their contributors.19 One highly pub-
licized example of that unhealthy relationship can be found in
the case of Manges v. Guerra:20 In Manges, a jury found
Clinton
Manges, acting as the manager of mineral leases on 70,000
acres of the Guerra family’s land, violated his obligations to the
Guerras. Manges was removed from his manager’s position and
the Guerras were awarded $382,000 in actual damages and
$500,000 in exemplary damages.21 Ultimately the case was
taken to the Texas Supreme Court by Manges, who hired a well-
known San Antonio plaintiff’s lawyer to represent him.22 The
case was assigned to a justice who had received substantial
campaign contributions from both Manges and his lawyer.
Initially the justice proposed an opinion that supported
Manges, but that opinion was rejected and so the justice tried
again. Two justices eventually recused themselves—one
Court Review 69
Big-money judicial
campaigns quickly
led to problems in
Texas.
18. 23. Id.
24. Motion for Recusal of Justice C.L. Ray, Manges v. Guerra,
673
S.W.2d 180 (Tex.1983) (No. C-771); Motion for Recusal of
Justices Ted Z. Robertson and William W. Kilgarlin, Manges v.
Guerra, 673 S.W.2d 180 (Tex. 1983) (No. C-771).
25. Champagne & Cheek, supra note 7, at 912.
26. Id.
27. Id. at 913.
28. State Commission on Judicial Conduct, Findings,
Conclusions and
Public Reprimand Relating to Certain Activities of Justice C.L.
Ray of
the Supreme Court of Texas (1987).
29. Champagne & Cheek, supra note 7, at n.34.
30. Id.
31. State Commission on Judicial Conduct, Findings,
Conclusions and
Public Admonishment Relating to Certain Activities of Justice
William Kilgarlin of the Supreme Court of Texas (1987).
32. Champagne & Cheek, supra note 7, at 913.
33. Id. at n.35.
34. 60 Minutes: Is Justice for Sale? (CBS television broadcast,
Dec. 6,
1987).
35. Champagne & Cheek, supra note 7, at 913.
19. 36. Id.
37. For a discussion of Chief Justice Hill and his earlier effort
to
become governor of Texas, see McCall, supra note 14, at 53,
58-
60.
38. Champagne & Cheek, supra note 7, at 913.
because he had been sued by
Manges over a campaign
statement he had made, and
the other because he had
received $100,000 in cam-
paign money from Manges
and his lawyer.
With those recusals, the vote was 4-3 for Manges and for
reversal of the lower court. The chief justice ruled that five
votes were required for reversal. At that point, the justice who
had recused himself due to the campaign contribution decided
to vote in favor of reversal.23 The attorney for the Guerras filed
a motion for rehearing and asked that three justices, including
the justice who had changed his vote from recusal to reversal,
recuse themselves due to receiving significant campaign
money from Manges and his attorney.24 The justices did not
recuse themselves.
The following year, a justice (one of the three whose recusal
had been requested) told a different litigant (a litigant who also
was a potential campaign contributor) that his case was a
tough one and that if he did not win it, he would win the
next.25 The justice then discussed the court’s deliberations and
told the litigant that he would see what could be done back in
Austin.26 In 1985, at the request of the attorney in the Manges
20. case, the justice attempted to transfer two cases from one court
of appeals to another.27 These matters, plus other misbehavior
by the justice, led to his public reprimand by the State
Commission on Judicial Conduct.28 Another justice (also one
of the three whose recusal had been requested) was swept into
the scandal because two of his briefing attorneys had accepted
a weekend trip to Las Vegas from a member of the same plain-
tiffs’ firm that had represented Clinton Manges.29 He had also
solicited funds to prosecute a suit against a former briefing
attorney who had testified before a House Committee in a
manner unfavorable to the justice.30 For these actions, the jus-
tice received a public admonishment by the State Commission
on Judicial Conduct.31
At roughly the same time, the Texas Supreme Court refused
to review an $11 billion judgment against Texaco.32 From
1984 until early 1987, more than $355,000 was contributed to
the then-justices on the Texas Supreme Court by lawyers rep-
resenting Pennzoil and, although lawyers for Texaco also con-
tributed, they gave far less.33
Not only was there scandal, but it was highly publicized
scandal. On December 6, 1987, the national television pro-
gram 60 Minutes featured a story about the Texas Supreme
Court that was titled, “Is Justice for Sale?”34 The program
explored the relationship between large campaign contribu-
tions and judicial decisions in Texas. It was a devastating por-
trayal of what can go wrong in the new politics of judicial
selection.
Texas Supreme Court Chief Justice John Hill proposed merit
selection of judges as an alternative to the current system of
partisan election of judges.35 He proposed himself as the
leader of a movement for judicial reform.36 Hill was a highly
visible figure in Texas politics, far more than most state
21. supreme court justices. He had been a successful lawyer in
Texas, a former Texas Attorney General (a statewide elective
office), and the Democratic candidate for governor of Texas in
1978. To get that nomination for governor, he had defeated the
incumbent governor in the Democratic primary.37
Thus, there seemed all the components of a successful
reform movement: There was a new politics of judicial elec-
tions in Texas where there were competitive, expensive races;
these races involved major battles between competing eco-
nomic interests, most clearly the business community and the
plaintiffs’ bar; there was highly publicized scandal with strong
overtones of systemic corruption in a system that depended on
money from lawyers and litigants who appeared before the
courts; and there was a visible leader of a movement pushing
for reform of the system by offering a well-established solution
to the problem—merit selection of judges. Success seemed
just around the corner.
II. TEXAS JUDICIAL SELECTION REFORM IN THE 1980S:
POLITICS, INFLUENCE, AND THE PUBLIC’S
PREDILECTIONS
Texas’s judicial reform movement was to die a slow death
for a variety of reasons, mostly reflecting political conditions in
the state and an inability to develop enough of a coalition of
competing interests to change the system. Yet, the demise of
the reform movement is instructive, not only for future reform
efforts in Texas, but also for reform movements in other states.
The first notable problem with judicial reform in Texas was
the problem of Chief Justice John Hill taking the leadership
role in the movement. There was immense opposition to his
reform efforts from within the court and unprecedented intra-
court conflict emerged.38 Fifteen months after Hill proposed
22. 70 Court Review
[T]here seemed all
the components of
a successful reform
movement.
72 Court Review
39. Id. at 913-914.
40. CHEEK & CHAMPAGNE, supra note 4, at 173.
41. Champagne & Cheek, supra note 7, at 914.
42. Franklin S. Spears, Selection of Appellate Judges, 40
BAYLOR L. REV.
502, 520 (1988).
43. CHEEK & CHAMPAGNE, supra note 4, at 37-54.
44. Id.
45. Id.
46. Id.
47. Champagne & Cheek, supra note 7, at 915.
48. Id. at 916.
49. Anthony Champagne, Judicial Selection in Texas:
Democracy’s
Deadlock, in TEXAS POLITICS: A READER 96 (2d ed.,
Anthony
Champagne & Edward J. Harpham eds., 1998).
50. Id.
51. Id.
52. Id.; see also McCall, supra note 14.
23. 53. CHEEK & CHAMPAGNE, supra note 4, at 146-159.
merit selection and only
half-way through his six-
year term as chief justice,
Hill resigned.39 His replace-
ment in 1988 was Tom
Phillips, a Republican and a
Houston trial-court judge.
Phillips was also a supporter
of judicial selection reform.40 Judicial selection reform seemed
to be in the air when Chief Justice Hill used the ceremony on
January 4, 1988 that installed Phillips as his successor as a
forum to argue for merit selection. The fires of opposition
roared quickly in response: Justice Robert Campbell resigned
January 6, 1988, explaining that, among other activities, he
was going to actively campaign against merit selection.41
The turmoil on the Texas Supreme Court surrounding Hill’s
efforts turned out to be a small molehill compared to the major
political opposition developing to prevent merit selection in
Texas. Texas was evolving into a true two-party state after a
century plus of almost complete Democratic Party dominance.
The two parties found themselves in rare agreement on one
issue: They were adamant in their support for partisan election
of judges.42
It was not only the political parties, however, that were
involved in the fight over judicial selection. Two key segments
of the bar—the plaintiffs’ bar and the defense bar—used the
partisan election system to forward their objectives of control-
ling the bench. By 1980, the election of Texas Supreme Court
justices (which has only civil jurisdiction; the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals is the highest court in the state for criminal
matters) had become a battleground for plaintiffs’ attorneys
24. and defense lawyers, each trying to elect judicial candidates
favorable to their perspective.43
Supreme court races were getting increasingly expensive.44
Initially, competition between plaintiff-bar-backed and
defense-bar-backed judicial candidates occurred in the
Democratic primary because the Republican Party was so weak
in the state. However, in 1988, several strong Republican can-
didates for the Texas Supreme Court moved campaign contri-
butions to record levels.45 Increasingly, the tendency was for
defense interests to back Republican candidates and plaintiffs’
lawyers to back Democratic candidates.46 In 1994 there was an
effort by a plaintiff-backed candidate to defeat a pro-defense
Democratic justice in the Democratic primary. Total expendi-
tures in that primary came to $4,490,000 which made it one of
the most expensive judicial races in history.47 When the pro-
defense Democratic justice won what was one of the most
vicious judicial campaigns in Texas history, the Republican
candidate for the justice’s seat withdrew, giving the pro-defense
Democrat an easy electoral victory. It seemed clear the
Republican was only in the race to compete against the
Democratic nominee if the plaintiff-backed candidate won the
primary.48 Plaintiffs and business interests were fighting it out
in partisan judicial elections and, at least at that time, were
reluctant to change the battleground, though the plaintiffs’ bar
seemed to have more at stake in maintaining partisan elections
than did business interests.
When Chief Justice John Hill was proposing merit selection
in Texas in the late 1980s, the plaintiffs’ bar was a powerful
force in Texas Democratic politics. They were opposed to a
change in the method of judicial selection.49 Their campaign
contributions had placed several pro-plaintiff justices on the
Texas Supreme Court in the 1980s, and the result was that sev-
eral key judicial decisions had been favorable to plaintiffs.50
25. While the Republican Party was growing in the state,
Democrats were still winning major judicial offices, and many
of those Democrats had the backing of the plaintiffs’ bar. The
plaintiffs’ bar could use its campaign contributions to back
candidates sympathetic to plaintiffs. Although not all
Democrats in Texas were pro-plaintiff, the plaintiffs’ bar
backed Democrats who were far more likely to be sympathetic
to the plaintiffs’ views than were Republicans.51 With Texas
electing in 1978 its first Republican governor since
Reconstruction (Dallas oilman Bill Clements was the
Republican who defeated John Hill for the governorship, by
18,000 votes), it seemed much more desirable for plaintiffs’
lawyers to use the partisan election system to elect the type of
judges they wanted than to use a merit selection system where
the governor who would be appointing judges might well be a
Republican or, given the history of Texas politics, a conserva-
tive Democrat.52
Additionally, the demographics of Texas were changing.
Texas’s Latino population was growing at a dramatic pace, and
Texas’s African-American population was increasingly concen-
trated in the state’s urban centers, most notably Dallas and
Houston. With Latino population growth and African-
American population concentration came political power in
Texas politics.53 These two groups had an important voice in
whether there would be change in the way Texas selected its
judges. The problem for the judicial reformers was that nei-
ther Latino nor African-American interest groups wanted merit
selection. Instead, they were interested in increasing the num-
bers of Latinos and African-Americans on the bench. As a
method of achieving that objective, Latino and African-
American interest groups wanted to continue to elect judges,
but they wanted the districts to be smaller than currently
[M]ajor political
opposition [was]
26. developing to
prevent merit
selection in Texas.
54. Champagne, supra note 49, at 97-98.
55. Id. at 98.
56. The loss of the right to vote for judges is, of course, a
concern of
voters nationwide. Former Texas Supreme Court Chief Justice
Tom Phillips, writing about judicial elections, noted that a poll
published in 2002 “shows clearly that voters cherish their fran-
chise and in elected states they generally prefer to retain it by a
two to one margin.” Thomas R. Phillips, Electoral
Accountability
and Judicial Independence, 64 OHIO ST. L.J. 137, 140 (2003).
57. Spears, supra note 42, at 519.
58. Id.
59. Id. at 520.
60. Id.
61. Statewide Elected Officials, Texas Secretary of State,
http://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/voter/elected.shtml.
62. Champagne, supra note 49, at 99-100.
existed. Given the numbers of trial judges in urban counties
and given that all trial judges were elected countywide, the
goal of these groups became the election of trial judges from
districts considerably smaller than the county.54 The problem
for these interests was that to elect African-American judges, a
different subdistrict had to be drawn compared to the subdis-
27. tricts that had to be drawn to elect Latino judges.
Nevertheless, although African-American interests and Latino
interests would compete over which subdistrict boundaries
were appropriate, neither group offered the politically neces-
sary support for merit selection.
The other problem that Chief Justice Hill and the reform
movement faced was the opposition of numerous incumbent
judges. The incumbent judges had been elected by a partisan
election system, and they were generally happy with that sys-
tem—especially if their political party was dominant within
their jurisdiction. A lot of opposition to reform came from
judges who were secure in their positions, saw no need to
change, and saw a change in the system of selection as a threat
to their survival on the bench.55
Finally, another problem with the movement for merit
selection in Texas was that voters like to vote for judges. True,
the voters might not know the judicial candidates for whom
they were voting, but they did not like the idea of giving up
their decision-making powers to any blue-ribbon commission
that presented names from which a governor must make a
selection.56 Indeed, then-Justice Franklin Spears, a vocal oppo-
nent of merit selection of judges, noted that a non-binding ref-
erendum issue appeared on the March 1988 Democratic pri-
mary ballot asking whether, “Texans shall maintain their right
to select judges by a direct vote of the people rather than
change to an appointment process created by the legislature.”
Eighty-six percent of those voting on the issue cast their ballot
in favor of elective judges.57 A 1987 statewide poll found that
65% of those polled thought the elective judge system was
“working all right as it is.”58 Still another poll found that 60%
of those polled favored the elective system over an appointive
system.59 Spears also cited a 1986 state bar poll where more
lawyers disfavored a merit selection system than favored it for
major trial courts: 50% to 43%. Additionally, more lawyers
28. dis-
favored a merit selection system than favored it for appellate
courts: 49% to 45%.60 One can certainly quarrel with some of
the language in the referendum and polling questions, but
Spears seemed to have a point. Texans probably did favor vot-
ing for judges. Indeed, there is a long-standing practice in
Texas for voting for a great number of officials. At the
statewide level, for example, not only are nine Texas Supreme
Court justices elected, but the nine Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals judges are as well. Additionally, the three members of
the Railroad Commission
of Texas are elected
statewide, as is the gover-
nor, the lt. governor, the
comptroller, the commis-
sioner of the General
Land Office, and the commissioner of agriculture.61
III. TEXAS JUDICIAL SELECTION REFORM ACTIVITIES IN
THE 1990S
In spite of former Chief Justice Hill’s best efforts, the judi-
cial reform effort simply could not gain traction in the face of
opposition from the political parties, the trial lawyers, African-
American and Latino interest groups, incumbent judges, and a
state political culture that favored election of large numbers of
officials, including state judges. However, the politics of the
state were changing dramatically, money was heavily involved
in judicial elections, and the Clinton Department of Justice
was suggesting that they would refuse to approve the creation
of any more courts in Texas on the grounds that the current
system discriminated against minorities. In 1994, judicial
reform gained new life because the state’s lt. governor, Bob
Bullock, a Democrat and one of the most powerful and effec-
tive politicians in the state’s history, created a committee to
29. explore the possibilities of developing a judicial reform pro-
posal.62
The committee was designed to give key interests a voice in
developing the proposal. Three Democratic state senators and
three Republican state senators were appointed. One of the
Democratic state senators was an African-American with close
ties to civil-rights groups in Houston that advocated greater
representation of African-Americans on the bench. One of the
Democratic state senators was a Latino who had close ties to
civil-rights groups in San Antonio that advocated greater rep-
resentation of Latinos on the bench. Four other members of
the committee were judges—one Republican and three
Democrats. Three of the judges were Texas Supreme Court
justices, and one was the presiding judge of the Court of
Criminal Appeals. The Republican justice was Chief Justice
Tom Phillips, the chief justice who replaced John Hill on the
bench and who was himself a strong advocate of a retention
system for selecting judges rather than the partisan election
system. The president of the Texas Trial Lawyers Association,
the major plaintiffs’ attorney organization in the state, regu-
larly attended the meetings. Another participant was a public
relations specialist who was a close friend of Lt. Governor
Bullock and who represented business interests in political and
legislative matters. No public or consumer representatives
were on the committee, no lower-court judges, and no mem-
[T]he judicial reform
effort simply could
not gain traction . . . .
Court Review 73
30. 63. Id. at 100.
64. Id. at 100-102.
65. Id.
66. Id.
67. Id.
68. Id.
69. Id.
bers of the Texas House of Representatives. Notably, John Hill
was not invited to attend the meetings. Bullock claimed that
Hill had wanted to be on the committee, but because Hill had
become such a political lightning rod, it was impossible for
him to be asked to serve. At least one state senator, the chief
justice, and the business representative were strong supporters
of merit selection.63
It quickly became clear that there were no easy solutions to
judicial selection issues in the state that could accommodate
all the competing interests. Some sort of compromise had to
be developed. Minorities were willing to support modifica-
tions of the appellate courts in exchange for greater represen-
tation of minorities on trial courts. While minorities believed
it would be possible to draw smaller districts within counties
that would increase minority representation on the bench, they
knew that appellate court districts were so vast that small dis-
tricts for appellate courts would still be so large that minorities
would not benefit. Business interests saw an opportunity.
They were willing to support greater minority representation
on the trial court bench in exchange for an appointive system
such as merit selection for the appellate courts. Plaintiffs’
lawyers saw their influence on appellate courts weakening. It
would not make much difference to their interests whether
Republican governors appointed pro-business judges to the
appellate bench or whether voters elected them. Smaller trial
courts, however, opened up the possibility that at least some
31. pro-plaintiff trial judges could continue to be elected.64
Creating a compromise was difficult, however, because
minorities and plaintiffs’ lawyers had long fought merit selec-
tion; they were fearful that such a system would not benefit
their interests. Republicans and judges, on the other hand,
were uncomfortable with the idea of small districts.
Eventually, however, the committee agreed on a compromise
where appellate judges would be appointed by the governor;
trial judges in urban areas would be elected from county com-
missioners’ precincts. After serving for a time, they would run
countywide in retention elections. Later, they would have to
be reelected from county commissioners’ precincts. In order to
depoliticize the judiciary, judges were to be elected in nonpar-
tisan elections, which would protect judges from the party
sweeps that had occurred in recent elections in urban counties
where large numbers of trial court judges were swept out of
office simply because their party affiliation was an unpopular
one during a particular election.65
Although it was a complicated scheme, the compromise, on
its face, seemed to have something for everyone. Business got
an appointive appellate judiciary. Minorities and plaintiffs’
lawyers got smaller trial court districts, which would allow for
the election of more minorities and some plaintiff-oriented
judges. Judges were protected from party sweeps.66
The problem, of course, was in the details of the compro-
mise. Although African-Americans were very supportive of the
compromise, Latinos were not.
At that time, Harris (where
Houston is located) and Dallas
counties were the two largest
counties in Texas and elected a
total of 96 of the 386 district court judges in Texas. These
32. counties were so large, and so many judges were elected in
each metropolitan area, they were the most important in any
plan that would increase minority representation on the bench.
Since every county in Texas is divided into four county com-
missioners’ precincts, under the compromise, one-fourth of
Harris and Dallas County trial judges would be elected from
each precinct. However, Harris and Dallas County both had
three white county commissioners and one African-American
county commissioner. Latinos did not believe such a compro-
mise would promote the election of more Latino judges;
instead, they thought districts much smaller than a county
commissioner’s precinct were needed to elect Latino judges.67
The political parties also opposed the compromise.
Nonpartisan elections would protect the interests of incum-
bent judges from party sweeps, but nonpartisan elections
weakened the political parties. Additionally, an appointive sys-
tem reduced the number of elective judges and therefore
reduced the importance of the political parties. Then-
Governor George W. Bush would have benefited from the com-
promise because of his power to appoint appellate judges;
however, he opposed the compromise as well, probably
because he did not want to oppose the Republican Party.68
Lt. Governor Bullock backed his committee’s recommenda-
tions, and the compromise was turned into legislation that
passed the Texas Senate, probably because Bullock had such
sway over the state senate that any legislation that he endorsed
had a high probability of success in that body. However, things
did not go so well in the Texas House. Democratic Speaker
Pete Laney did not give priority to judicial selection reform.
Additionally, the opposition of the parties and of Governor
Bush emboldened critics of the compromise. Moreover, Latino
house members tried to amend the compromise. Instead of
electing district judges by county commissioners’ precincts in
urban areas, they proposed that the judges be elected from
33. state representative districts. Of course, that proposal
increased the chance that Latino judges would be elected in
urban counties, but it also reduced the number of African-
American judges who were likely to be elected. The modified
proposal also proved unacceptable to business interests and to
Republicans who could not approve of even smaller con-
stituencies for judges than commissioners’ precincts. In the
face of the various opposition constituencies, the compromise
plan failed.69
Although the compromise effort led by Lt. Governor
Bullock failed, it was not a total failure. Significantly,
Bullock’s
judicial reform bill did pass the state senate. It was the first
Court Review 75
The problem, of
course, was in
the details . . . .
70. Id. at 102.
71. Id.
72. Id.
73. Id. at 103.
74. CHEEK & CHAMPAGNE, supra note 4, at 103-105.
75. Id.
76. Id. at 104.
77. Id.
time a judicial selection
reform proposal survived
34. that far in the legislative
process. Of course, in Texas
a judicial selection reform
proposal would still have a
long way to go, since it is likely that most changes in the judi-
cial selection system would not only have to pass the legisla-
ture, but would have to be submitted to the voters in the form
of a constitutional amendment.
Buoyed by the passage of the proposed bill in the Senate, in
1996-97 the Texas Supreme Court created task forces to
develop proposals for improving the Texas judiciary. One of
the task forces was assigned to examine the issue of judicial
selection, but, even though the task force expressed concerns
over the current system for selecting judges, the members were
unable to agree upon an alternative judicial selection system.70
Chief Justice Phillips tried to push the issue of judicial selec-
tion reform in his State of the Judiciary address where he criti-
cized the partisanship of judicial elections, the role of money
in judicial races, and the lack of minority representation on the
bench.71
Prospects for reform, however, seemed slim as the 1997 leg-
islative session began to draw to a conclusion. In the senate,
there was a proposal that provided for appointment of appel-
late judges and the election of district judges in nonpartisan
elections. Both appellate and trial judges would then run in
retention elections, although trial judges would run in regular
nonpartisan elections after two retention elections. In counties
larger than one million, district judges would be elected from
county commissioners’ precincts. Another senate proposal
provided for the appointment, election, and retention of appel-
late judges and eliminated straight party voting for appellate
and district judges. Appellate judges would have to run in par-
tisan elections following the expiration of their appointed
35. terms and then would be subject to retention elections.72
Of these two proposals, the first bill was sponsored by an
African-American Democrat from Houston. He did not have
enough support from non-minority legislators to pass the bill.
The second bill was proposed by a white Republican from West
Texas. Minorities threatened to oppose that plan on the
grounds that it did not increase the likelihood of minority rep-
resentation on the bench.
After considerable posturing by the sponsors of the two
bills, a compromise bill was designed where appellate judges
would be appointed. District judges would also be appointed,
but the districts would be county commissioners’ precincts.
The appointed judges would then run against opponents in the
next primary elections, but all candidates would run in all pri-
maries, which created a nonpartisan primary election. If a can-
didate did not receive 50% of the vote, there would be a run-
off in the general election. The winner would serve for four
years and would then run in a nonpartisan retention election.
Much like Lt. Governor Bullock’s committee’s compromise,
however, this proposal did not resolve the concerns of Latinos,
who continued to believe that smaller judicial districts were
needed to elect Latino judges. Incumbent trial judges were
also concerned about the plan since it would affect their dis-
tricts and also dramatically change the process by which
judges were elected. 73
IV. TEXAS JUDICIAL SELECTION REFORM ACTIVITIES IN
THE NEW MILLENNIUM
In the 2003 legislative session, another major effort was
made to change the system of judicial selection in Texas. The
West Texas Republican senator who had pushed so hard for
judicial selection reform in the 1996-97 session tried again
36. with a bill that would have appellate and district judges
appointed by the governor with the consent of the Texas
Senate. After appointment, the judges would run for office in
retention elections. One of the strongest supporters of the bill
was Chief Justice Tom Phillips, a long-standing advocate of
judicial selection reform. And, just as had occurred when Lt.
Governor Bob Bullock took an interest in judicial selection
reform, the bill cleared the senate, only to die in the house.74
The bill did have bipartisan support, however, including
significant Republican support. A Republican group, “Make
Texas Proud,” was formed to support the bill, and membership
in the organization included former Republican Governor Bill
Clements, former Republican National Co-chairwoman Anne
Armstrong, and three former state party chairs. Possibly this
strengthened Republican support had something to do with
Chief Justice Phillips’s efforts to show that demographic
changes in urban counties would shortly bring a Democratic
resurgence to those areas. In contrast, this forecasted demo-
graphic change may have been what prompted important
Democrats to oppose judicial selection reform. The Mexican
American Legal Defense and Education Fund also opposed the
reform. Most important, many Republican leaders, including
the leadership of the state Republican Party, were opposed to
changing the system of judicial selection in the state. Politics,
of course, often relates to the here and now, not to future
demographic changes. The Texas Republican Party mounted a
mighty effort against the bill.75
In its effort to kill the judicial selection reform bill, the
Texas Republican Party attacked one of their own, Chief
Justice Tom Phillips, the first Republican chief justice of the
Texas Supreme Court since Reconstruction and the first
Republican Texas Supreme Court justice to win election to the
state supreme court since Reconstruction. Texas Republican
Party Chairwoman Susan Weddington claimed the bill was
37. Chief Justice Phillips’s idea and that he was the one “very out
front on this.” 76 The Texas Republican Party’s website con-
tained a petition that visitors could sign “to protect Texans’
right to elect their judges!”77 The state Republican Party sent
out an e-mail to party members urging them to contact law-
76 Court Review
[T]he compromise
effort . . . was not
a total failure . . . .
78. Id. at 104-105.
79. Id.
80. Chief Justice Wallace Jefferson, as part of his election bid
in 2006,
responded to a question posed by the League of Women Voters
of
Texas: “What method of selecting judges and justices best
ensures
an independent judiciary?” The caution in his response is
notable:
We currently have an independent judiciary. Whether
elections “ensure” and independent judiciary is a com-
plex question. Because much of the public is unfamiliar
with judicial candidates—particularly in large counties
and at the State level—the judiciary is largely selected by
partisan affiliation, which has the effect of sweeping qual-
ified judges out of office when political winds shift. An
appointment/retention system, emphasizing merit, may
be a remedy. This is a matter the Legislature should
explore.
38. League of Women Voters of Texas, Voters Guide 2006 General
Election Edition,
http://www.lwvtexas.org/VG%20General%202006-9-
25-06.pdf
81. Miriam Rozen, Mark Donald, & Mary Alice Robbins, Dems
Take
Big D, TEXAS LAWYER, Nov. 13, 2006, at 1.
82. Id. at 17, 19.
83. Id. at 19.
84. Gromer Jeffers Jr., Democratic Trend Forecast, DALLAS
MORNING
NEWS, Nov. 9, 2006, at 1, 18A.
85. Michael Grabell, Democrats Short on Courtroom
Recognition,
DALLAS MORNING NEWS, Nov. 9, 2006, at 18A.
86. Id.
87. Id.; see also Anthony Champagne, Coming to a Judicial
Election
Near You: The New Era in Texas Judicial Elections, 43 S.
TEX. L.
REV. 9, 26-30 (2001).
88. Champagne, supra note 87, at 30.
89. Id. at 28-30.
90. Rozen, Donald, & Robbins, supra note 81 at 20.
91. Id.
makers to oppose the bill.78 Supporters in the house were lob-
bying colleagues, and Chief Justice Phillips, along with
Associate Justices Craig Enoch and Harriet O”Neill, were seek-
39. ing the support of house members. The bill was about to be
voted out of the House Judicial Affairs Committee with major-
ity support when staff members for the new Republican
Speaker told the chairman of the committee to pull the bill
from consideration. Although the Democratic Party also
opposed the bill, it was the opposition of the state Republican
Party that had the real impact.79
Not long thereafter, Chief Justice Tom Phillips retired from
the bench, to be replaced by a chief justice, Wallace Jefferson,
who is much less supportive of judicial selection reform than
his predecessor.80 Perhaps the most effective and respected
advocate of selection reform in the state was no longer in a
strong position to advocate change—and his harshest critics
had been the leaders of the political party in which Chief
Justice Phillips had been a pioneer. Judicial selection reform
had again been defeated, this time with seemingly a fatal blow
by the Texas Republican Party.
What a difference one election can make! In the November,
2006 elections, 42 Democrats opposed 42 Republicans in
Dallas County judicial elections—the county that was at one
time the core of the Republican Party in the state.81 All 42
Democrats won, leaving only 17 Republican judges in Dallas
County who either were unopposed or were not up for election
in the cycle.82 Immediately, speculation began as to whether
the 17 Republicans would change their party affiliation in
order to keep their positions, something a number of
Democratic judges did in the early 1980s when the county
moved from the Democratic to the Republican column.83
There had been hints of a voting shift in Dallas County since
at least 2002 when a Democrat won a position as a county trial
judge. Then in 2004, three Democratic judicial candidates
won elections as did a Democratic candidate for county sher-
iff. But 2006 was a Democratic sweep with all 42 Democratic
judicial candidates elected, a Democratic district attorney
40. elected, and a Democratic county judge (the equivalent of a
county executive).84 Some of the Democratic candidates won
simply by riding the wave of Democratic voting and raised lit-
tle money, had no campaign
Web site, did not appear at
campaign events, and did not
respond to candidate ques-
tionnaires.85 Interestingly,
some of the Democratic
judges who were elected had been defeated years ago in the
Republican electoral sweeps of the 1980s when Republican
judges rapidly gained control of the courthouse.86
The movement to the Democrats was part of a demographic
shift in Dallas County that had long been predicted by some.87
As the minority population in Dallas County increased, so did
the percentage of voters who selected Democratic candidates
until finally there was a shift in the power of the political par-
ties. Demographic trends suggest that Harris County, where
Houston is located, should not, according to these demo-
graphic projections, be very far behind.88 Harris County is the
most populous county in the state with the largest number of
judges. Further into the future, the growth of the Latino pop-
ulation in the state can be expected to eventually shift
statewide elections into the Democratic column.89
Even though the greatest opposition to judicial reform in
Texas has been the Texas Republican Party and a center of
opposition has been Dallas County Republicans—most
notably Dallas County judges, there is talk in Republican cir-
cles that it is time to reconsider their opposition to change in
partisan election of judges.90 As Charles Sartain, the lawyer
who represents the Dallas County Republican Party was
quoted as saying, “[t]he Republicans in Harris and Dallas
thought things were just fine the way they were. Since the
41. election I am speaking to more Republicans who favor a dif-
ferent method and want to figure out how to sell it to the
Legislature.”91
At least for the time being, both the Texas Republican Party
and the Texas Democratic Party remain opposed to merit
selection. When a Republican state senator and a Republican
state representative announced in the aftermath of the elec-
tion that they would introduce merit selection legislation in
the legislature, the state Republican Party stated that it was
standing on principle and continued to support partisan elec-
Court Review 77
What a difference
one election can
make!
92. Mary Alice Robbins, Legislators Propose Post-Election
Judicial
Merit-Selection Bills, TEXAS LAWYER, November 20, 2006,
at 4.
93. A Dallas Morning News editorial claimed, “Some Dallas
County
Republicans blamed the national party—and specifically
President Bush’s travails—for depressing their local turnout.”
Editorial, Inside the Blue Wave, DALLAS MORNING NEWS,
November
9, 2006, at 28A.
94. John L. Hill, Jr., It’s Time to Eliminate Partisan Election of
Judges,
42. TEXAS LAWYER, Nov. 6, 2006, at 29. John Hill died of a
heart ail-
ment on July 9, 2007.
95. Robbins, supra note 92.
tion of judges. The state
Democratic Party announced it
continued to support the vot-
ers’ right to choose judges.
On the other hand, the Texas
Association of Defense Counsel
announced that it had histori-
cally supported the concept of retention elections for appellate
judges, and the Texas Trial Lawyers Association announced
that it was open to considering the idea.92 No doubt it will
take more time for key interest groups to calculate the costs
and benefits of taking a new position on merit selection—the
strength and breadth of the demographic shift in voting in
Texas needs to be assessed, especially since some argument is
also being made that this shift is largely due to unhappiness
with President Bush.93 Moreover, the voting shift has so far
been limited to one large county in the state.
V. CONCLUSION
There is little doubt that the judicial reform movement has
taken on new life now that a base of the Republican Party has
been swept out of office. John Hill, wrote in the Texas Lawyer
that Texas should have merit selection because, “Partisanship
is a cancer on the judiciary. Lawyers should take all possible
steps to remove it. There is no Republican or Democratic jus-
tice.”94
43. It is looking like judicial elections are becoming competitive
again in Texas. This advent of competitiveness in judicial elec-
tions in the state offers an opportunity for reformers and a
challenge. If it is possible to change the system of selection
while the parties are competitive in the state where no party
has an advantage and both parties are at risk, it seems possible
that change in the system of selection can occur as a way of
reducing electoral uncertainty on the bench. However, if the
demographic changes in the state lead to rapid political
changes so that the Democratic Party sees a rapid emergence as
the dominant party in Texas, it will be much harder to change
the system of selection. If the Democrats are dominant in the
state’s judicial elections, they will likely become, as the
Republican Party did before them, the major obstacle to judi-
cial reform. The interests that support the Democratic Party,
most notably plaintiffs’ lawyers, African-Americans, and
Latinos, will have an interest in insuring the continuation of
partisan elected judges when those judges are Democrats.
Nevertheless, as John Hill has stated in reference to judicial
selection reform, “Maybe this is the time that lightning’s going
to strike.”95 Hill may be right. There are moments when pol-
icy proposals are timed to fit with the political needs of a state.
This may be the moment. It is a cusp of a great demographic
change that promises to create increased political competitive-
ness and immense political turmoil. If this period of great
competitiveness is a consistent and relatively lengthy period
where no key interests see an immediate forthcoming political
advantage, the opportunity exists to build a political coalition
that can bring about a change in judicial selection systems.
The problem with the last great opportunity for change—the
late 1980s—when John Hill first proposed judicial selection
reform was essentially threefold:
(1) the changes in Texas judicial politics were unprece-
44. dented so there was no sense of how lasting or dra-
matic the changes might be;
(2) there was inconsistency in the changes occurring in
the state’s judiciary—Republicans, for example, had
a political advantage with Ronald Reagan at the top
of the ticket in 1980 and 1984, but Democrats had an
advantage with Democratic Senator Lloyd Bentsen at
the top of the ticket in 1982; and
(3) the changes in Texas judicial politics were quite
rapid. The first Republican to win a Texas Supreme
Court seat won in 1988 and by 1994, Democrats
could no longer win a contested Texas Supreme
Court race.
Thus, with the previous great opportunity to change Texas
judicial selection, it was difficult to understand what was hap-
pening without the benefit of hindsight, and some elections
(most notably 1982) obscured the pattern of what was occur-
ring in Texas judicial politics. Then, when the changes did
occur, and Texas moved to being largely a one-party
Republican state, the changes occurred rapidly. Now Texans
should know what can happen in state judicial politics. The
dramatic changes in Texas in the 1980s and early 1990s began
with major Republican victories in judicial elections in Dallas
County and spread from there. There is a historical pattern for
what is happening now that did not exist in the earlier era. If
those changes remain clear—so there are no confusing signals
about what is happening such as occurred in the 1982 elec-
tion—and if those changes are slow enough for key interest
groups to be unable to identify a political advantage in remain-
ing with the existing system of selection, the changes Hill first
spoke about in 1986 may well occur.
78 Court Review
45. [T]he judicial
reform movement
has taken on
new life . . . .
The Texas system offers valuable lessons for other states
considering changing their system of judicial selection. This is
not simply a case study of the failure and prospects for judicial
reform in one state. The Texas case tells us that change in a
system of selection really is not for the “short-winded.” It can
be a difficult and time-consuming process of putting together
a coalition of key interest groups that begin to see political
advantages in alternatives to the present system of judicial
selection and that see disadvantages in remaining with that
system. The Texas reform movement shows the need for a
lengthy and persistent political battle to build that political
coalition. Most importantly, the Texas efforts at judicial reform
show the importance of changes in the state political environ-
ment in creating changes in the state’s judicial politics.
Anthony Champagne, Ph.D., is professor of
Government & Politics at the University of
Texas at Dallas. He received his doctorate in
political science from the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign. Professor Champagne’s
research currently focuses on the elections of
state court judges and a history of the
Speakership of the U.S. House of
Representatives. He recently published a book on judicial
elections
(2005, with Kyle Cheek) and has also published two books on
46. Speaker Sam Rayburn. He can be reached via e-mail at
[email protected] or via phone at (972) 883-4607.
Court Review 79
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