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French revolution 1789
1. The French Revolution:
The mother of all
revolutions
In this PowerPoint presentation,
we will be discussing about the
reasons which sparked the
revolution, its struggle and its
effects.
2. The French Revolution
• Finally, a group of several hundred
people marched towards the
eastern part of the city and
stormed the fortress prison , the
Bastille, where they hoped to find
hoarded ammunitions .
• In the armed fight that followed the
commander of the Bastille was
killed and the prisoners released-
though there were only seven of
them. Yet the Bastille was hated by
all, because it stood for despotic
power of the king.
3. The French Revolution
• In 1774, Louis XIV of
the Bourbon family of
kings ascended the
throne of France. He
was 20 years old and
married to the Austrian
princess Marie
Antoinette.
4. The French Revolution
Upon his accession the new king found an empty
treasury because-
• Long years of war had drained the financial wealth .
• The cost of maintaining the immense palace of Versailles
,running government offices etc. .
• France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain
independence.
• Lenders who gave the state the credit ,began charging 10%
interest on loans.
5. The French Revolution
To meet these expenses they increased the
taxes . However , these taxes were levied only
on the third estate.
The French society in18th century, was divided
into 3 estates-
1. Clergy
2. Nobility
3. Peasants , lawyers ,
4. merchants ,court officials etc. .
6. The French RevolutionThe First and the Second Estate -
• Enjoyed certain privileges ,like exemption from
paying taxes.
• The Church issued birth and marriage certificates.
• Owned lands.
• Collected taxes from the 3rd
estate (usually 10%) .
• Peasants were obliged to render services to the
lord.
• 60% of the land was owned by them.
The tax collected by the Church was called tithes
from peasants . These included a direct tax & an
indirect tax.
Hence all the members of the third estate
had to pay taxes.
7. The French Revolution
The Third estate –
• Included big businessmen, merchants,
court officials ,lawyers , peasants ,
artisans ,small peasants, landless
labourers and servants.
• Bore the burden of the taxes imposed by
the 1st
& 2nd
estates , though they made up
about 90% of land.
• Were looked down upon and paid taxes
even on the articles of everyday use like
salt, tobacco.
• There were many educated people &
intellectuals like lawyers or administrative
officials.
8. The French Revolution
The root causes the French
revolution-
• Shortage of grains for growing
demand of the people & the price
rise.
• Subsistence crisis.
• Feudal rights to some
• The inequality amongst the people.
• Unanswered demands &
grieviances of the 3rd
estate.
9. The French Revolution
The ideas like –
• No group should be privileged by birth .
• A person’s social position should depend on his merit.
• Envisaged a society based on freedom and equal laws
and opportunities for all
These ideas were put forward by John Locke
and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
In his Two Treatises of Government , Locke sought to
refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of
the monarch.
Rosseau carried forward,proposing a form of
government based on a social contract between
people and their representatives.
In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu proposed a
division of power within the government between the
legislative, the executive and the judiciary.
When the king decide to impose more taxes,this
sparked anger protest.
10. The French Revolution
In The Spirit of the Laws,
Montesquieu proposed a division of
power within the government
between the legislative, the
executive and the judiciary.
When the king decide to impose
more taxes,this sparked anger
protest.
The king called together an
assembly ,the1st &2nd
estate sent 300
representatives each while 3rd
estate
had sent 600 representatives.
Each estate had 1 vote each.
The third estate demanded that
each member had one vote.
11. The French Revolution
The Tennis Court Oath-
i. On 20th
June, the representatives ofthe
third estate assembled in the hall of an
indoor tennis court& declared themselves a
National Assembly.
ii. They were led by Mirabeau and Abbe
Sieyes.
iii. On the night of 4th August 1789,the
Assembly passed a decree abolishing the
feudal system of obligations and taxes.
iv. The king finally accorded recognition to the
National Assembly and accepted the
principle that his powers would be
checked by a constitution.
12. The French Revolution
The Constitution of 1791-
• Vested the powers to make laws in
the National Assembly ,which was
indirectly elected.
• Only men above 25 years who paid
taxes equal to at least 3 days of a
labourer’s wages were entitled the
right to vote. They were seen as
active citizens.
• The remaining men and women
were classified into passive citizens.
• Right to life, freedom of speech&
opinion, equality before the law etc.
were established as the natural and
unalienable rights.
13. The French Revolution
The reasons for the execution of
Louis XIV & Marie Antoinette –
• The king was an inept ruler.
• He entered secret negotiations with Prussia &
Austria even though he had signed the
constitution.
• He tried to put down the recent developments
with brute force.
• The queen was a wasteful spender.
• She was despised by all and people often
called her ‘the Austrian’.
• The courtiers and people alike rebelled against
the king.
Both of them were sent to guillotine.
14. The French Revolution
The Reign of Terror-
• Before the execution of the king ,Maximilian Robespierre was
the leader of a very successful club , the Jacobins.
• After the killing , Robespierre took over the government.
15. The French Revolution
Robespierre -
• Followed a policy of severe control and
punishment.
• Anyone who seemed to disagree him were sent to
guillotine.
• Meat and bread was rationed.
• Peasants were forced to transport grains to the
city & sell it at the prices fixed by the government.
• All citizens had to eat whole wheat bread& all
French men &women were to be addressed as
Citoyen and Citoyenne(citizen).
• Churches were shutdown and converted into
barracks or offices.
• He was sent to guillotine in July1794.
16. The French Revolution
The involvement of the women in the series
of rebellions was very high. For the first
time in history ,the women struggled for
their equality and their rights. Many
clubs like The Society of Revolution and
Republican Women came up .Because of
their struggle -state schools were created
, schooling was made compulsory for girls
, divorce was legalised and no one could
force them into marriage against their
will. Olympe de Gouges was a
revolutionary women activist. The French
women got their right to vote in 1946.
The example of the political activities of
French women during the revolutionary
years was
