The French Revolution began in 1789 due to growing social and economic inequality between the three estates in French society. When Louis XVI became king in 1774, he inherited an empty treasury and faced tremendous debt, requiring increased taxes that dissatisfied the people. The population grew but grain demand could not be met, leading to subsistence crises where basic livelihoods were threatened. Revolutionary ideas spread among the growing middle class and unrest mounted. Women actively participated in the revolution and fought for equal political rights, though it took until 1946 to win the right to vote in France. Napoleon later crowned himself emperor in 1804 but was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.