Lecture on the different cyber norms frameworks for responsible state behaviour in cyberspace - describing Paris Call, Charter of Trust, Microsoft Digital Geneva Convention, Tech Accord, GCSC, Shanghai SCO, UN GGE, UN OEWG - explaining each of the 11 cyber norms from the UN GGE 2015 meeting, and concluding with a case study on ASEAN's approach to international law in cyber operations
Singapore Cybersecurity Strategy and Legislation (2018)Benjamin Ang
A primer on Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy, and the laws of Singapore relating to Cybersecurity (Computer Misuse Act, Personal Data Protection Act, Cybersecurity Act 2018). Also contains a summary of the results of the Public Consultation on the Cybersecurity Bill
This presentation was made by my 8 year old son, Shounak Ray Chaudhuri for his class sharing activity. It shows what is cyber security and how to protect data flowing around in the internet.
Unit 6 Privacy and Data Protection 8 hrTushar Rajput
Right to Privacy and its Legal Framework, The Concept of Privacy, National Legal
Framework for Protecting Privacy, International Legal Framework for Protecting Privacy, Privacy Related Wrongs and Remedies, Data Security, The Concept of Security in Cyberspace, Technological Vulnerabilities, Legal Response to Technological
Vulnerabilities, Security Audit (VA/PT), Data Protection, Data Protection Position in
India, Privacy Policy, Emerging Issues in Data Protection and Privacy, BPOs and
Legal Regime in India, Protect Kids' Privacy Online, Evolving Trends in Data Protection and Information Security
Singapore Cybersecurity Strategy and Legislation (2018)Benjamin Ang
A primer on Singapore's Cybersecurity Strategy, and the laws of Singapore relating to Cybersecurity (Computer Misuse Act, Personal Data Protection Act, Cybersecurity Act 2018). Also contains a summary of the results of the Public Consultation on the Cybersecurity Bill
This presentation was made by my 8 year old son, Shounak Ray Chaudhuri for his class sharing activity. It shows what is cyber security and how to protect data flowing around in the internet.
Unit 6 Privacy and Data Protection 8 hrTushar Rajput
Right to Privacy and its Legal Framework, The Concept of Privacy, National Legal
Framework for Protecting Privacy, International Legal Framework for Protecting Privacy, Privacy Related Wrongs and Remedies, Data Security, The Concept of Security in Cyberspace, Technological Vulnerabilities, Legal Response to Technological
Vulnerabilities, Security Audit (VA/PT), Data Protection, Data Protection Position in
India, Privacy Policy, Emerging Issues in Data Protection and Privacy, BPOs and
Legal Regime in India, Protect Kids' Privacy Online, Evolving Trends in Data Protection and Information Security
National Cybersecurity - Roadmap and Action PlanDr David Probert
Analysis, strategies and practical action plans for National Government Cybersecurity based upon the United Nations - International Telecommunications Union - UN/ITU Cybersecurity Framework and their Global Cybersecurity Agenda - GCA.
Singapore's National Cyber Security StrategyBenjamin Ang
Singapore's National Cyber Security Strategy was launched by the Singapore government at the inaugural Singapore International Cyber Week 2016. This presentation gives an overview of the 4 pillars of the Strategy and some of its implementation steps so far, including the upcoming new Cybersecurity Act, and the SGD 10 million fund for capacity building in ASEAN. You can download the full Strategy at www.csa.gov.sg
IoT security and privacy: main challenges and how ISOC-OTA address themRadouane Mrabet
Internet Society (ISOC) aims are:
make security an integrated function of connected objects and encourages IoT device and service providers for consumers to adopt the Online Trust Alliance (OTA) security and privacy principles ;
increase the consumer demand for security and privacy in the IoT devices they purchase;
create government policies and regulations that promote better security and privacy features in IoT devices.
Nidhal K. EL Abbadi 2017, In this research. Skin lesion is determined on the ABCD rule. The median filter is used during pre-processing to get rid of bubbles, hair and other lighting effects. In order to segment data, follow these steps: First, a median filtering to filter out hair and background noise.
Human Factors in Cyber Security: User authentication as a use caseShujun Li
Invited 3-hour tutorial as an invited guest speaker at the 2017 Summer School on "Human Factor in Systems Safety and Security", organized by the Department of Computing and Informatics, Bournemouth University, UK and sponsored by the IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC) Society. Delivered on 7 July 2017.
That was a training for SCIT Symbiosis students at India before their CTF.
Training link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYYuagj9ZvA
Training Agenda:
Introduction to cybersecurity
Famous data breaches
How to start in cybersecurity
What is a CTF
CTF types
CTF resources
How to gain money out of hacking
CTF demo “Let’s Play CTF together”
Existing Sri Lankan Legal Framework on Cyber CrimesVishni Ganepola
What are the offences that are considered to be cyber-offences under the Sri Lankan law?
What would be the consequences, if a person commits such cyber-crime in Sri Lanka? In order
to find the answers for the above questions, one need to analyse the provisions of the Sri
Lankan legislative enactments which provides for the identification and prevention of cyber
crimes and the provisions which provide the investigation procedure to be adapted in tracing
the criminals. The law governing the cyber-crimes is mainly found in the Computer Crimes Act
No.24 of 2007 (CCA) while few other legislative enactments such A provide for the
identification of various other offences. With regard to admissibility of computer evidence,
Evidence (Special Provision) Ordinance and Electronic Transaction Act No.19 of 2006 (ETA)
provide the requirements that need to be established before the courts in order for the
evidence to be accepted as relevant.
Cyber
National Cybersecurity - Roadmap and Action PlanDr David Probert
Analysis, strategies and practical action plans for National Government Cybersecurity based upon the United Nations - International Telecommunications Union - UN/ITU Cybersecurity Framework and their Global Cybersecurity Agenda - GCA.
Singapore's National Cyber Security StrategyBenjamin Ang
Singapore's National Cyber Security Strategy was launched by the Singapore government at the inaugural Singapore International Cyber Week 2016. This presentation gives an overview of the 4 pillars of the Strategy and some of its implementation steps so far, including the upcoming new Cybersecurity Act, and the SGD 10 million fund for capacity building in ASEAN. You can download the full Strategy at www.csa.gov.sg
IoT security and privacy: main challenges and how ISOC-OTA address themRadouane Mrabet
Internet Society (ISOC) aims are:
make security an integrated function of connected objects and encourages IoT device and service providers for consumers to adopt the Online Trust Alliance (OTA) security and privacy principles ;
increase the consumer demand for security and privacy in the IoT devices they purchase;
create government policies and regulations that promote better security and privacy features in IoT devices.
Nidhal K. EL Abbadi 2017, In this research. Skin lesion is determined on the ABCD rule. The median filter is used during pre-processing to get rid of bubbles, hair and other lighting effects. In order to segment data, follow these steps: First, a median filtering to filter out hair and background noise.
Human Factors in Cyber Security: User authentication as a use caseShujun Li
Invited 3-hour tutorial as an invited guest speaker at the 2017 Summer School on "Human Factor in Systems Safety and Security", organized by the Department of Computing and Informatics, Bournemouth University, UK and sponsored by the IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC) Society. Delivered on 7 July 2017.
That was a training for SCIT Symbiosis students at India before their CTF.
Training link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYYuagj9ZvA
Training Agenda:
Introduction to cybersecurity
Famous data breaches
How to start in cybersecurity
What is a CTF
CTF types
CTF resources
How to gain money out of hacking
CTF demo “Let’s Play CTF together”
Existing Sri Lankan Legal Framework on Cyber CrimesVishni Ganepola
What are the offences that are considered to be cyber-offences under the Sri Lankan law?
What would be the consequences, if a person commits such cyber-crime in Sri Lanka? In order
to find the answers for the above questions, one need to analyse the provisions of the Sri
Lankan legislative enactments which provides for the identification and prevention of cyber
crimes and the provisions which provide the investigation procedure to be adapted in tracing
the criminals. The law governing the cyber-crimes is mainly found in the Computer Crimes Act
No.24 of 2007 (CCA) while few other legislative enactments such A provide for the
identification of various other offences. With regard to admissibility of computer evidence,
Evidence (Special Provision) Ordinance and Electronic Transaction Act No.19 of 2006 (ETA)
provide the requirements that need to be established before the courts in order for the
evidence to be accepted as relevant.
Cyber
A look at why Caribbean cyber security is important, Caribbean experiences achieving cyber security, why an effective strategy is critical and the importance of an effective Information Governance strategy.
Supporting the global efforts in strengthening the safety, security and resilience of Cyberspace, the Commonwealth Cybersecurity Forum 2013, organised by the Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation. The ceremonial opening examined how Cyberspace could be governed and utilised in a manner to foster freedom and entrepreneurship, while protecting individuals, property and the state, leading to socio-economic development. Speakers of this session, Mr Mario Maniewicz, Chief, Department of Infrastructure, Enabling Environment and E-Applications, ITU; Mr David Pollington, Director, International Security Relations, Microsoft; Mr Alexander Seger, Secretary, Cybercrime Convention Committee, Council of Europe; Mr Nigel Hickson, Vice President, Europe, ICANN and Mr Pierre Dandjinou, Vice President, Africa, ICANN, added their perspectives on various approaches to Cybergovernance, with general agreement on the role Cyberspace could play to facilitate development equitably and fairly across the world.
Hosted by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cameroon together with the Telecommunications Regulatory Board of Cameroon and backed by partners and industry supporters including ICANN, Council of Europe, Microsoft, MTN Cameroon, AFRINIC and Internet Watch Foundation, the Commonwealth Cybersecurity Forum 2013 seeks to broaden stakeholder dialogue to facilitate practical action in Cybergovernance and Cybersecurity, some of which will be reflected in the CTO’s own work programmes under its Cybersecurity agenda.
Supporting the global efforts in strengthening the safety, security and resilience of Cyberspace, the Commonwealth Cybersecurity Forum 2013, organised by the Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation. The ceremonial opening examined how Cyberspace could be governed and utilised in a manner to foster freedom and entrepreneurship, while protecting individuals, property and the state, leading to socio-economic development. Speakers of this session, Mr Mario Maniewicz, Chief, Department of Infrastructure, Enabling Environment and E-Applications, ITU; Mr David Pollington, Director, International Security Relations, Microsoft; Mr Alexander Seger, Secretary, Cybercrime Convention Committee, Council of Europe; Mr Nigel Hickson, Vice President, Europe, ICANN and Mr Pierre Dandjinou, Vice President, Africa, ICANN, added their perspectives on various approaches to Cybergovernance, with general agreement on the role Cyberspace could play to facilitate development equitably and fairly across the world.
Hosted by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cameroon together with the Telecommunications Regulatory Board of Cameroon and backed by partners and industry supporters including ICANN, Council of Europe, Microsoft, MTN Cameroon, AFRINIC and Internet Watch Foundation, the Commonwealth Cybersecurity Forum 2013 seeks to broaden stakeholder dialogue to facilitate practical action in Cybergovernance and Cybersecurity, some of which will be reflected in the CTO’s own work programmes under its Cybersecurity agenda.
Why Application of International Law Applies to ASEAN.pdfBenjamin Ang
There is no international definition of these concepts in cyberspace
Armed attack
Use of force
Act of war
Traditional definitions require physical damage or physical injury
Rules of Law of Armed Conflict / International Humanitarian Law(but in cyber?)
Distinction – must distinguish between civilians and military targets
Proportionality – must avoid excessive harm to civilians / objects
Military necessity – allows force that is reasonable, lawful (see above), and operationally justified
Limitation – prohibits tactics that cause unnecessary suffering
Humane treatment – e.g., of captured prisoners
Do we need a Binding Legal Instrument?
US - No new international legal instrument needed, can interpret existing law
China - States must reach international consensus, new international legal instruments
EU - No new international legal instrument needed, can interpret existing law
ASEAN chooses its own terms on norms/law
ASEAN supported both UNGGE and OEWG tracks in 2018 – Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines said both processes were not incompatible
ASEAN has always followed its instinct of creating an internationally agreed, rules-based order based on its own interests, which is consistent with other arenas where international law or rules are unsettled
ASEAN may even consider plurilateral treaties
What ASEAN states need to move forward
Common language related to cyberspace
Legislation that can be translated across members
Capacity building in
Cyber issues, policy making, critical infrastructure protection (ASCCE) and
Military operations (ADMM Cyber and Information COE)
Confidence building measures e.g., CERT-CERT communications, contact lists
More participation from states, academia, and civil society
What is Cybersecurity – C, I, A?
Cybersecurity or Information Security?
Activities of foreign political, economic, military, intelligence, and information entities
The striving of countries toward dominance in the world information space
Development (by states) of information war concepts that create means for dangerous attack on the information spheres of other countries
Infringing the state’s control over information flows and public opinion (called “cyber sovereignty”)
ASEAN leaders
Value the principles of “mutual respect” and “non-interference”
View sovereignty as sacrosanct principle among ASEAN member states
Do not define ‘sovereignty’ – this provides flexibility in foreign and domestic policy
ASEAN member states also attach great importance to the creation of an international rules-based order,
which includes forming and adhering to international law and norms.
like the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea or UNCLOS.
Welcome Address by H.E Tifatul Sembiring Minister for Communication and Information Technology Republic of Indonesia in The Indonesia Information Security Forum 2012
Bandung, 10 October 2012
Cyberattacks are malicious actions taken by individuals, groups, or organizations against computer systems, networks, and digital devices with the intent to damage, steal or manipulate data, or disrupt normal operations. These attacks can target anyone, from individuals to governments and large corporations, and can cause severe damage to both personal and professional lives.
ID IGF 2016 - Hukum 3 - Kedaulatan dan Ketahanan Cyber NasionalIGF Indonesia
Presented by Edmon Makarim (Fakultas Hukum, UI)
ID IGF 2016
Sesi Hukum 3 - Mewujudkan Kedaulatan dan Ketahanan Siber Indonesia
Jakarta, 15 November 2016
Similar to Framework of responsible state behaviour in cyberspace - for Marshall Center PCSS 2020 (20)
Cybersecurity in ASEAN and Singapore Columbia - Lecture for Columbia SIPA 202...Benjamin Ang
Lecture on cybersecurity in ASEAN and Singapore
- Definitions of cybersecurity in ASEAN (vs western definitions)
- Cyber threat landscape in ASEAN / types of cyber incidents and cyber crime in ASEAN
Why ASEAN is vulnerable
- Characteristics of ASEAN in cyberspace
non-interference, sovereignty
non-attribution of cyber attackers
- ASEAN cooperation in cyberspace
AMCC (ASEAN Ministers Cyber Conference)
ACICE (ADMM Cyber Info Centre of Excellence)
INTERPOL
International Cooperation to Impose Consequences for Malicious Cyber Activity...Benjamin Ang
Session 4 - International Cooperation to Impose
Consequences on Malicious Cyber Activities
Many states are concerting joint efforts to impose costs for irresponsible behaviors in
cyberspace by sharing information, jointly disclosing attribution, or issuing joint statements with allies, partners, or like-minded states. Being aware of the importance of the roles played by private sectors for national cybersecurity, states are seeking ways to induce cooperation from private sectors as well.
Session 4 covers cooperation efforts at the international level for imposing consequences on irresponsible state behavior in cyberspace. Speakers are expected to address the following
points.
H. Introduce cases where costs for irresponsible state behavior in cyberspace are effectively
imposed with joint efforts among states.
I. Introduce cases where cooperation between private and public sectors has contributed to
impose costs for irresponsible state behavior in cyberspace.
J. Underscore specific areas where efforts for international cooperation need to be concerted
to effectively impose consequences for irresponsible state behavior in cyberspace.
[Panel]
Moderator: Caitriona Heinl (Azure Forum for Contemporary Security Strategy)
Speaker: James Lewis (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
Speaker: Benjamin Ang (Nanyang Technological University)
Speaker: Karsten Geier (Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue)
[12:00-13:30, KST (GMT+9)] Luncheon
Changing Domains - The Cyber Info Realm 2023.pdfBenjamin Ang
CYBERSPACE: A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent networks of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers.
Definition
Foreign interference occurs when a foreign entity (state or non-state actor),
with hostile intent,
takes actions to deliberately, covertly and deceptively
disrupt the politics and policies of the target state
Source: Fog of war: how the Ukraine conflict transformed the cyber threat landscape, published by Google TAG (Threat Analysis Group)
Overview
1. Russian government-backed attackers have engaged in an aggressive, multi-pronged effort to gain a decisive wartime advantage in cyberspace, often with mixed results.
2. Moscow has leveraged the full spectrum of IO – from overt state-backed media to covert platforms and accounts – to shape public perception of the war.
3. The invasion has triggered a notable shift in the Eastern European cybercriminal ecosystem that will likely have long term implications for both coordination between criminal groups and the scale of cybercrime worldwide.
Sources: Defending Ukraine: Early Lessons from the Cyber War (Microsoft)*
Defense against a military invasion now requires for most countries the ability to disburse and distribute digital operations and data assets across borders and into other countries.
Recent advances in cyber threat intelligence and end-point protection have helped Ukraine withstand a high percentage of destructive Russian cyberattacks.
As a coalition of countries has come together to defend Ukraine, Russian intelligence agencies have stepped up network penetration and espionage activities targeting allied governments outside Ukraine.
In coordination with these other cyber activities, Russian agencies are conducting global cyber-influence operations to support their war efforts.
This calls for a coordinated and comprehensive strategy to strengthen defenses against the full range of cyber destructive, espionage, and influence operations.
The Strontium group was targeting Ukrainian institutions, media organizations, and government institutions and think tanks in the United States and the European Union
Microsoft got court orders 16 times to redirect internet traffic from Strontium domains into a ‘sinkhole’
How to defend the information domain
Public coverage and exposure
Clear counter-messages
Legislation
Build media and digital literacy
Work with citizens, influencers
Detect and expose fake accounts
Active measures
Work strategically, not reactively
Build a strong narrative that is more attractive than the adversary
Cooperation between ASEAN military civil academic in international cybersecur...Benjamin Ang
3 areas of cooperation
Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP)
Track II Network of ASEAN Defence and Security Institutions (NADI)
UN OEWG Open-ended Working Group on security of and in the use of information and communications technologies
Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP)
non-governmental (second track) process for dialogue on security issues in the Asia Pacific
informal mechanism for scholars, officials and others in their private capacities
to discuss political and security issues and challenges facing the region
provides policy recommendations to inter-governmental bodies
convenes regional and international meetings
establishes linkages with institutions and organisations in other parts of the world
exchanges information, insights and experiences in the area of regional political-security cooperation.
Track II Network of ASEAN Defence and Security Institutions (NADI)
Secretariat is RSIS
Aims of the forum
network and to build confidence and familiarity among the Asean think tanks and research institutions to facilitate closer cooperation.
policy analysts specialising in defence and security issues, academics researching security cooperation and defence officials to discuss issues of security cooperation that the Asean Summit and Asean Defence Ministers have raised
participants to think beyond their governments’ positions and to provide timely fresh ideas and relevant recommendations for the Asean defence track to consider.
UN OEWG on Cyber
Open-ended Working Group on security of and in the use of information and communications technologies
The group is mandated to
further develop the rules, norms and principles of responsible behaviour of States;
consider initiatives of States aimed at ensuring security in the use of information and communications technologies;
establish, under the auspices of the United Nations, regular institutional dialogue with the broad participation of States;
continue to study, with a view to promoting common understandings, existing and potential threats in the sphere of information security, inter alia, data security, and possible cooperative measures to prevent and counter such threats, and how international law applies to the use of information and communications technologies by States,
as well as confidence-building measures and capacity-building.
Technology Disruption Digital Inclusion and the Law.pdfBenjamin Ang
What is technology disruption?
A new technology that changes
The way things are done
Expectations and behaviors
Market or industry
Uber/Grab vs taxi business
Airbnb vs hotel business
Netflix vs TV, DVD, cinemas
Blockchain vs financial institutions
Google vs books, libraries
ChatGPT vs Google
How can technology disrupt the Law?
DoNotPay
https://donotpay.com/
Bizibot
https://www.btlnet.co.uk/digital-transformation-solutions-overview/bizibot
WeVorce
https://www.wevorce.com
OCBC Online Will Generator
https://www.ocbc.com/personal-banking/lifegoals/willgenerator/#/
Transcripts
https://fortherecord.com/transcript-express/
Law firms using Blockchain
https://www.raconteur.net/technology/blockchain/blockchain-revolutionising-legal-sector/
LawGeex AI vs human lawyers, on reviewing standard contracts
Accuracy
Time taken to review contract
Courts used technology to deliver justice during COVID
But litigants with resources had the advantage
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2021/12/how-courts-embraced-technology-met-the-pandemic-challenge-and-revolutionized-their-operations
Disruption has no ethics. But we do.
Must bridge the Digital Divide
Parties may need help
https://www.ncsc.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/53738/PPP-Technology-Digital-Divide-Considerations.pdf
Using AI for judgments
Benefits
Exclude legally irrelevant factors
Standardise decisions
Help courts to prioritise cases, increase efficiency
Encourage parties to settle if success is predicted to be unlikely
https://www.cppr.in/articles/predictive-justice-using-ai-for-justice-introduction
Risks
Over reliance on machine decisions
Algorithmic bias: bad history = bad future
Bad data feedback into bad data
Inability to explain decisions: bad for rule of law
https://www.suls.org.au/citations-blog/2020/9/25/predictive-judicial-analytics-implications-for-rule-of-law-and-the-legal-profession
Cases of AI bias in justice system
COMPAS (for probation)
Black defendants were 2x wrongly predicted to be high risk of recidivism
White defendants were 2x wrongly predicted to be low risk of recidivism
Black defendants were 2x more likely to be misclassified as high risk of violent recidivism
White violent recidivists were 63% more likely to have been misclassified as low risk
https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm
Public Safety Assessment (for bail)
More likely to recommend high bail for males than females
https://venturebeat.com/ai/study-finds-crime-predicting-judicial-tool-exhibits-gender-bias/
How does this type of AI work?
How does this type of AI work?
Where did the ML (Machine Learning) come from?
Garbage In = Garbage Out
Always check what’s going in and what’s coming out
Rand Report on Protecting Individuals using tech in the Justice
Lessons learned from Capacity Building on International Cyber Norms in Southe...Benjamin Ang
Capacity building is recognized as a key to promote the adoption and implementation of international norms of responsible state behaviour in cyberspace. States at varying levels of cyber maturity benefit from these efforts, to develop a shared understanding of how international cyber norms support the stability of cyberspace, and to grow their own capacity and capabilities to implement these norms. This presentation draws on the experiences of the academics and practitioners who have been conducting cyber capacity building activities in southeast Asia and beyond, to derive lessons of what has (or has not) worked, some potential best practices, and to provide suggestions on how cyber capacity building can provide more value to the further growth of international cyber norms in the world.
UNGGE 2015 Cyber Norms
UN Open Ended Working Group (UN OEWG)
UN Singapore Cyber Programme (UNSCP)
Norms Implementation Checklist
RAP Matrix
ASEAN Ministers Cyber Conference (AMCC)
Capacity building
Confidence Building Measures (CBMs)
Cybersecurity and Geopolitical Risk.pdfBenjamin Ang
Two mistaken views of Cybersecurity and Geopolitical Risk:
1. “It doesn’t affect me because I’m not a government entity or major target”
2. “There’s nothing I can do about it anyway”
Cybercrime and Cyber Warfare (and Information Operations) – Your questions an...Benjamin Ang
Slides from a talk given to Eunoia Junior College, Singapore
-------------------
Cyber Warfare questions
Are the concerns about cyber warfare overblown?
Why should young people care about cyber warfare?
What are the national/international systems or structures currently in place to protect us from cyber warfare? Are these protections adequate?
Considering that Singapore is a small country, is there really anything we can do in the face of the challenges posed by cyber warfare?
-------------------
Cybercrime Questions
How do scammers make Singaporeans lower their guard despite them already knowing that scams are prevalent in our society? Why do you think people still fall for scams?
By the time new types of scams are reported, new types of scams are already being created. How do you think the Singapore government can break this cycle?
How hard is it to find out criminals behind cyber attacks?
-----------
Information Operations questions
The Russo-Ukraine War, what are your thoughts on it being publicized on social media unlike many wars from the past?
Are there any political implications regarding the publication of the war on TikTok? Could posting the war on TikTok create any social issues?
Disinformation in Southeast Asia and Pro Russian Anti Ukraine NarrativesBenjamin Ang
Case studies of disinformation and misinformation from Southeast Asia including Asian examples of Pro-Russia Anti-Ukraine narratives at the start of the Russian invasion of the Ukraine. Presented at the Conference on Disinformation and Cybersecurity of the War Studies University, Warsaw Poland, in 2022. Refers to the RSIS Framework on Information, Influence and Interference, from the Centre of Excellence for National Security at the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore
Foreign Interference and National Security - Law Society Public Law conferenc...Benjamin Ang
[ To read and download the Policy Report that this presentation is based on, see https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/cens/cases-of-foreign-interference-in-asia/ ]
The Public and International Law Committee of the Law Society of Singapore invites you to join us for the Public Law Conference 2021 which aims to promote interest in the administrative and constitutional law of Singapore, highlight new judicial decisions, and facilitate discussion of recent developments.
To be held online on 15 September, we are pleased to have the Minister for Home Affairs and Law, Mr K Shanmugam, deliver a keynote speech on the public law issues relating to online harms and foreign interference. These issues are important and topical as they have a significant impact on society today, not just in Singapore, but worldwide. This will be followed by a panel that will analyse and develop the themes raised in the keynote, as well as discuss possible solutions, including legislative solutions, to such issues, in the context of public law. The panellists will comprise the Honourable Minister himself, practitioners, legal officers and academics active in the fields of administrative and constitutional law.
This conference provides a platform to hear from legal experts, and for different sectors of the legal industry to share ideas. We hope it will be relevant to all legal practitioners, government decision-makers, public-sector policy makers, academics and law students interested in public law.
Technology Disruption in the New Normal, Digital Inclusion and the LawBenjamin Ang
Technology disruption has swept through legal practice and the justice system, as it has in every other aspect of life in our new normal of remote work and online access. While digital transformation has been hugely beneficial to our society, there are new legal and cybersecurity questions that we need to grapple with as we continue to serve the public. Among the public, varying levels of digital capability and access raise new issues of digital inclusion for us to address in policy and operations. This talk seeks to raise awareness of these issues and to develop ideas for practical application.
Infographic of the flow of Contract Law
Formation of Valid Contract
Offer, Acceptance, Consideration, Intention
Vitiating Factors which make a contract not valid
Misrepresentation, Mistake, Minor
Terms of Contract
Promises, Representations vs Warranties
Express vs Implied Terms
Discharge of Contract
Discharge by Breach - Actual and Anticipatory
Discharge by Agreement, Frustration of Contract
Law and warfare in the cyber domain (for NSSP, AFP, NDCP)Benjamin Ang
Covers 1. Cyber threats to ASEAN and recent incidents, 2. International Law relating to cyber conflict, Gaps in IHL and LOAC, 3. UN and ASEAN steps to prevent cyber warfare. Lecture for the National Defense College of the Philippines (NDCP), government’s highest center for education, training, and research on defense and national security, in the National Security Studies Program (NSSP) for Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) officers.
Adapting to changing cyber security threats in South East Asia (IFRI 2020)Benjamin Ang
Lecture outline
1. Comparative analysis of cyber threats and their evolution in South East Asia
2. Digitization of critical infrastructure and growing security risks
3. Conceiving of and preparing for cyber warfare
Delivered to the French Institute for International Relations
Cyber threats and cooperation in Indo Pacific for Pacific Forum 2020Benjamin Ang
This public, 90-minute session examined the prevalence of cyber threats in the Indo-Pacific region based on some of the high-profile cyber-attacks and data leaks, as well as advanced persistent threat campaigns. It assessed the growing prominence of information warfare, especially in the current pandemic. The session highlighted the most common tactics, techniques and procedures used by malicious actors, and the countermeasures that governments and the private sector have undertaken to fortify their cyber defenses in the emerging data-driven economy. This session then examined the role played by the US and Singapore in enhancing regional cybersecurity as well as clarify the points of convergence and divergence between Singapore and the US to improve future cooperation.
Singapore Asean cyber conflict and cybersecurity strategy - for Columbia Univ...Benjamin Ang
lecture for Columbia University - Cyber Conflict and Cybersecurity in East Asia course (Prof Adam Segal) on the challenges for cybersecurity in South East Asia, and ASEAN efforts to develop robust cyber norms
Legal Technology Vision (Singapore) and the future of legal tech (2020 update)Benjamin Ang
This lecture covers the The Legal Technology Vision which is a five-year roadmap to help the legal industry in Singapore to leverage technology to enhance their practice. It is also a call to action for legal technology providers to engage in public-private collaboration for the building of a legal tech ecosystem. You can find it at https://www.sal.org.sg/Resources-Tools/Legal-Technology-Vision
You can follow Benjamin Ang on Twitter for updates and commentary on technology policy and legal issues at http://twitter.com/benjaminang
Thinking of a career as a paralegal, lawyer, prosecutor, in-house counsel, or even outside the legal industry, or starting your own business as an entrepreneur? You'll be surprised what Legal Technology could mean for your future.
Public education - enhancing the first line of defence against fake news - ...Benjamin Ang
what is the important role that public education and public educators play in the fight against fake news and foreign interference, together with media literacy, citizen efforts, technology, governments, NGOs and more?
Overview of national cybercrime strategiesBenjamin Ang
This is an overview of national cybercrime strategies, presented at the INTERPOL ASEAN Cyber Capacity Development Project’s (ACCDP) Decision Makers Meeting. It reviews best practices in developing national cybersecurity and cybercrime strategies, key pillars to consider, the life-cycle of the strategy process, stakeholders to engage, and best practices.
Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
Mizzima Media Group is pleased to announce the relaunch of Mizzima Weekly. Mizzima is dedicated to helping our readers and viewers keep up to date on the latest developments in Myanmar and related to Myanmar by offering analysis and insight into the subjects that matter. Our websites and our social media channels provide readers and viewers with up-to-the-minute and up-to-date news, which we don’t necessarily need to replicate in our Mizzima Weekly magazine. But where we see a gap is in providing more analysis, insight and in-depth coverage of Myanmar, that is of particular interest to a range of readers.
Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
Framework of responsible state behaviour in cyberspace - for Marshall Center PCSS 2020
1. A Framework
of Responsible
State
Behaviour in
Cyberspace
Benjamin Ang
Senior Fellow,
Cyber and Homeland Defence
Deputy Head,
Centre of Excellence for
National Security
(CENS), RSIS, NTU
Twitter @benjaminang
2. The 11 UNGGE 2015 Norms
Good practices
• cooperate to increase stability
and security
• consider all relevant
information in incidents;
• assist each other to prosecute
terrorists and criminals
• protect own critical
infrastructure;
• respond to requests for
assistance
• encourage responsible
reporting of ICT vulnerabilities
Limiting norms
• not damage others’ critical
infrastructure;
• not harm another state’s
CERT/CSIRTS;
• not allow territory to be used to
attack;
• ensure supply chain security,
prevent proliferation of
malware;
• respect human rights / right to
privacy
3. Other international initiatives
• All of these entities
also participated in
the UN OEWG
Intersessional Multi-
stakeholder Meeting
and
proposed their views
there
5. Private Sector initiatives
–Charter of Trust
• Calls for binding rules and
standards to build trust in
cybersecurity
• 16 members: Munich Security
Conference, NTT, AES,
Airbus, Allianz, Atos, Cisco,
Daimler, Dell Technologies,
Deutsche Telekom, IBM, NXP,
SGS, Total and TÜV Süd
• Already implementing projects
for cyber threat info sharing
and supply chain security
6. Multi-stakeholder initiatives –
Global Commission on the Stability of
Cyberspace (GCSC)
• 26 Commissioners
from government,
industry, technical
and civil society
• Initiated by think
tanks Hague Centre
for Strategic Studies
(HCSS) and
EastWest Institute
(EWI)
• Funded and
supported by
governments,
corporations,
universities, and the
United Nations
Institute for
Disarmament
7. GCSC Calls (Norms)
• Protect the public core of the Internet
• Protect electoral infrastructure
• Avoid tampering
• No botnets
9. Paris Call for Trust and Security in
Cyberspace
• Non-binding declaration for development of
common principles for securing cyberspace
• Launched in November 2018 at the Internet
Governance Forum by President Emmanuel
Macron of France
– Neither the “Californian Internet” (all corporate) nor
the “Chinese Internet” (all government)
• 564 official supporters: 67 States, 139
international and civil society organizations, and
358 private sector
10. Paris Call – 9 Principles to limit
hacking and destabilising activities
1. Protect individuals and infrastructure
2. Protect the Internet
3. Defend electoral processes
4. Defend intellectual property
5. Non-proliferation of malware
6. Lifecycle security
7. Cyber hygiene
8. No private hack back
9. International norms
11. Cyber Tech Accord
• Protect all of our users and
customers
• Oppose cyberattacks on
innocent citizens and
enterprises
• Help empower users,
customers and developers
to strengthen cybersecurity
protection
• Partner with each other and
with likeminded groups to
enhance cybersecurity
12. International Code of
Conduct for Information
Security (the “Code”)
• International
effort to develop
norms of
behaviour in the
digital space
• Proposed by
member states
of the Shanghai
Cooperation
Organization
(SCO)
• Submitted to the
UN General
Assembly in
2011 and 2015
13. SCO and UN
• “Bears in mind” the recommendations of the UN
Group of Governmental Experts on
Developments in the Field of Information and
Telecommunications in the Context of
International Security (UN GGE)
• Proposes that “additional norms could be
developed”
• Members of SCO are also participating in the
United Nations Open Ended Working Group (UN
OEWG)
14. L.27
OEWG
UNGGE 2013
A/68/98
International law,
and in particular
the Charter of
the United
Nations, is
applicable
UNGA A/RES/71/28
adopts Norms and
International Law
UNGGE 2015
A/70/174
Offered non-
exhaustive views
on how
international law
applies to the
use of ICTs by
States
ASEAN AMCC 2018
Agreed in principle
that international
law is essential
CSCAP Study Group
on International Law
and Cyberspace
identified areas for
study
The EU recalls that
International law
and in particular
the UN Charter, is
applicable
Regional
Consultations
ASEAN Regional
Forum (1-3 Oct)
Organization of
American States
(15-16 Aug 2019)
African Union
(11 Oct 2019)
ASEAN/US Leaders
Statement 2018
reaffirmed that
international law is
essential
OAS International
Law Department
circulated in 2019 a
Questionnaire on
international law
ICRC international
humanitarian law
applies to cyber
operations during
armed conflict
Singapore funds,
establishes ASEAN
Singapore Cyber
Security Centre of
Excellence
Context of the OEWG
16. 13(a)
Cooperation to
increase stability
and security
States should cooperate
in developing and
applying measures to
increase stability and
security in the use of
ICTs and to prevent ICT
practices that are
acknowledged to be
harmful or that may pose
threats to international
peace and security;
Let’s
cooperate!
17. 13(b)
Information
for Attribution
In case of ICT incidents,
States should consider
all relevant information,
including the larger
context of the event, the
challenges of attribution
in the ICT environment
and the nature and
extent of the
consequences;
Let me check
before I
blame…
19. FIRELAND
Dangers of Wrong Attribution
WATERLAND
(not aware)
AIRLAND
INFECTED
INFECTED
WATERLAND, we will
take countermeasures
against you!
We’re
innocent!
Ha ha ha
(evil
laughter)
Is AIRLAND in breach
of International Law?
20. 13(c) Do not allow
Territory to be
used for
Wrongful Acts
States should not
knowingly allow their
territory to be used for
internationally wrongful
acts using ICTs;
21. FIRELAND
Do NOT do this
WATERLAND
AIRLAND
I shall attack
AIRLAND
INFECTED
INFECTED
Hey FIRELAND,
you can use our
servers
22. FIRELAND
Does it apply to this case? (2)
WATERLAND
AIRLAND
I shall
attack
AIRLAND
INFECTED
INFECTED
We are not
aware of
anything
23. FIRELAND
Does it apply to this case? (3)
WATERLAND
AIRLAND
I shall
attack
AIRLAND
infected
infected
We are not
aware of
anything
Hey WATERLAND,
your servers are
attacking us!
Oh No! We
don’t have
capacity!
24. 13(d) Cooperation
in exchanging
info,prosecuting
terrorists, crime
States should consider
how best to cooperate to
exchange information,
assist each other,
prosecute terrorist and
criminal use of ICTs and
implement other
cooperative measures to
address such threats.
WATERLAND
Please help us to
catch the Evil
Clown Hacker
AIRLAND
We caught him
for you!
25. 13(e) Respect for
Human Rights
States, in ensuring the
secure use of ICTs,
should respect Human
Rights Council resolutions
20/8 and 26/13 on the
promotion, protection and
enjoyment of human
rights on the Internet, as
well as General Assembly
resolutions 68/167 and
69/166 on the right to
privacy in the digital age,
to guarantee full respect
for human rights,
including the right to
freedom of expression;
26. A State should not
conduct or knowingly
support ICT activity
contrary to its obligations
under international law
that intentionally
damages critical
infrastructure or
otherwise impairs the
use and operation of
critical infrastructure to
provide services to the
public;
13(f) Not damage
Critical
Infrastructure
FIRELAND
WATERLAND
We know you
hacked our
power stations
AIRLAND
That’s not
acceptable
27. 13(g) Protection
of Critical
Infrastructure
States should take
appropriate measures to
protect their critical
infrastructure from ICT
threats, taking into
account General
Assembly resolution
58/199 on the creation of
a global culture of
cybersecurity and the
protection of critical
information
infrastructures, and other
relevant resolutions;
28. 13(h) Help others
to protect
Critical
Infrastructure
States should respond to
appropriate requests for
assistance by another
State whose critical
infrastructure is subject to
malicious ICT acts. States
should also respond to
appropriate requests to
mitigate malicious ICT
activity aimed at the
critical infrastructure of
another State emanating
from their territory, taking
into account due regard
for sovereignty
My hospitals and
power stations are
getting hacked!
Help!
WATERLAND
Okay, we’re on the
way!
AIRLAND
29. 13(i) Supply Chain
Integrity /
Non-
Proliferation
States should take
reasonable steps to
ensure the integrity of
the supply chain so that
end users can have
confidence in the
security of ICT products.
States should seek to
prevent the proliferation
of malicious ICT tools
and techniques and the
use of harmful hidden
functions;
Let’s put a Back
Door in this network
product before we
export it
No, we
shouldn’t do
that!
30. 13(j) Report
Vulnerabilities
States should encourage
responsible reporting of
ICT vulnerabilities and
share associated
information on available
remedies to such
vulnerabilities to limit
and possibly eliminate
potential threats to ICTs
and ICT-dependent
infrastructure;
We discovered a
Back Door in this
popular software
Thank you for
telling the public
31. 13(k) CERTS
States should not
conduct or knowingly
support activity to harm
the information systems
of the authorized
emergency response
teams (sometimes
known as computer
emergency response
teams or cybersecurity
incident response
teams) of another State.
We’re supposed to
protect people!
Don’t attack us!
32. 13(k) CERTS
A State should not use
authorized emergency
response teams to
engage in malicious
international activity.
We’re
supposed to
protect people,
not hack them!
I want you to
hack the
WATERLAND
hospitals
33. Observations from Cyber Norms
capacity building activities
(Manila, KL, Sydney)
• Different countries (and different ministries within
countries) have different interpretations: Scams?
Cyber pornography? Fake news? Hacking?
• Many countries have no cyber agency
• Very senior officials across different sectors are
interested, and should be included
• There is still a need for clarity on what cyber
norms can achieve
• Track II has a key role in cyber capacity building
34. Case Study: ASEAN
• ASEAN needs Cyberspace, because Digital
Transformation can bring economic progress for all
Member States
• BUT Member States have different levels of cyber
maturity – see the ASPI and EU Cyber Direct reports
on Cyber Maturity in Asia Pacific region
• AND cyber attackers will attack ASEAN through the
weakest Member States e.g. through the ASEAN
Smart City Network
• So Capacity Building is needed
35. ASEAN Ministers Cybersecurity
Conference (AMCC) agreed …
• 2016: Agreed on value of
practical cybersecurity norms
of behaviour in ASEAN
• 2017: Supported development
of basic, operational and
voluntary norms
• 2018: Singapore would
propose a mechanism to
enhance ASEAN cyber
coordination
• 2019: Agreed to move forward
on a formal cybersecurity
coordination mechanism
36. 2020 AMCC announced:
• Singapore + United
Nations will draw up a
checklist of steps to
implement cyber norms
• e.g. legal frameworks
and sharing networks
• ASEAN will share its
experience and
knowledge with the UN
37. What next for ASEAN?
Capacity Building
Programmes
• ASEAN-Singapore Cyber
Centre of Excellence
• ASEAN-Japan
Cybersecurity Capacity
Building Centre in
Thailand
• Singapore/US State Dept
Third Country Training
Program (TCTP)
• UN-Singapore Cyber
Diplomacy Course
Confidence Building
Measures
• Joint training between
Member States to
improve communication
• Sharing cyber threat
information (between
CERTS)
• Contact list
38. A Framework for
Responsible State Behaviour
Norms
• Agree on
what is
acceptable
state
behaviour
Laws
• Interpret
existing
laws
• Possibly
create new
ones
Rules
• Responsible
states
follow
rules-
based
order in
cyberspace