The document provides background information on the French Revolution from 1780 to 1789. It discusses the political unrest and economic troubles in France leading up to the revolution, including the influence of enlightenment thinkers. Key events summarized are the convening of the Estates General in May 1789, the formation of the National Assembly on June 17th, 1789 after the Third Estate declared itself representatives of the nation, and the storming of the Bastille on July 14th, 1789, marking the start of the revolution.
The document summarizes major events from 1500-1900 AD across the world, focusing on developments in America, Europe, Asia, religion, technology, and art/culture. Key events include European exploration and colonization of the Americas starting in the 1500s, the Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation in Europe in the 1500-1600s, the Scientific Revolution led by figures like Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Harvey in the 1600s, the Industrial Revolution beginning in Europe in the late 1700s, independence movements in America and South America in the 1700-1800s, and major cultural/artistic developments like Shakespeare in the 1500s-1600s and Impressionism in the 1800s. Major Asian developments included the
The French Revolution was a major social and political upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It overthrew the monarchy and established a democratic government. The Revolution was caused by social inequality resulting from the estates system, financial crisis due to costly wars, poor harvests leading to famine and rising bread prices, and the extravagant lifestyle of the French monarchy. Key events included the storming of the Bastille prison, the establishment of the National Assembly, and the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette by guillotine during the Reign of Terror. The Revolution had far-reaching effects on modern France and world history.
The Revolutionary War in Review document summarizes key battles and events of the American Revolutionary War: the Battle of Saratoga resulted in an American victory that changed Britain's strategy; the Franco-American Alliance brought over 6,000 French troops to aid the Americans and help force the British surrender at Yorktown; and the Treaty of Paris in 1783 confirmed U.S. independence and set boundaries for the new nation.
The document provides details about the French Revolution, including its key events and causes. It discusses how the revolution arose from growing discontent with the monarchy and feudal system in France, where the Third Estate bore the tax burden but had few rights. Major developments included the storming of the Bastille, the formation of the National Assembly, the abolition of feudalism, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy that eventually gave way to a republic after the king's failed flight and arrest.
Chapter 2 powerpt - revolution and new nationSandra Waters
This document provides an overview of the American Revolution and early republic. It discusses growing colonial resistance to British rule due to taxes like the Stamp Act and restrictions on western expansion. The Sons of Liberty formed to protest these laws. The Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts increased tensions, leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander and fought the British at Bunker Hill. On July 4th, 1776 Congress declared independence from Britain. After difficult battles, American victory at Yorktown in 1781 led to the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing US independence. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to calls for a stronger federal government, resulting in the 1
The document discusses the American and French revolutions. It provides background information on the causes of each revolution such as oppressive taxation in America and inequality in France. Key events of each revolution are outlined, including the Declaration of Independence in America and the storming of the Bastille and Reign of Terror in France. Both revolutions resulted in the establishment of a new form of government, with America becoming a republic and France initially becoming a republic before Napoleon rose to power.
The document summarizes some of the key causes and effects of the French and American Revolutions. Among the causes of the French Revolution were social inequalities under the Old Order system and the influence of Enlightenment ideas. Financial troubles and widespread famine further exacerbated unrest. The American Revolution was sparked by British taxation of the colonies without representation. Both revolutions led to new governments and declarations of rights protecting individual liberties. The French Revolution introduced the metric system and guillotine executions.
The document summarizes major events from 1500-1900 AD across the world, focusing on developments in America, Europe, Asia, religion, technology, and art/culture. Key events include European exploration and colonization of the Americas starting in the 1500s, the Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation in Europe in the 1500-1600s, the Scientific Revolution led by figures like Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Harvey in the 1600s, the Industrial Revolution beginning in Europe in the late 1700s, independence movements in America and South America in the 1700-1800s, and major cultural/artistic developments like Shakespeare in the 1500s-1600s and Impressionism in the 1800s. Major Asian developments included the
The French Revolution was a major social and political upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It overthrew the monarchy and established a democratic government. The Revolution was caused by social inequality resulting from the estates system, financial crisis due to costly wars, poor harvests leading to famine and rising bread prices, and the extravagant lifestyle of the French monarchy. Key events included the storming of the Bastille prison, the establishment of the National Assembly, and the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette by guillotine during the Reign of Terror. The Revolution had far-reaching effects on modern France and world history.
The Revolutionary War in Review document summarizes key battles and events of the American Revolutionary War: the Battle of Saratoga resulted in an American victory that changed Britain's strategy; the Franco-American Alliance brought over 6,000 French troops to aid the Americans and help force the British surrender at Yorktown; and the Treaty of Paris in 1783 confirmed U.S. independence and set boundaries for the new nation.
The document provides details about the French Revolution, including its key events and causes. It discusses how the revolution arose from growing discontent with the monarchy and feudal system in France, where the Third Estate bore the tax burden but had few rights. Major developments included the storming of the Bastille, the formation of the National Assembly, the abolition of feudalism, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy that eventually gave way to a republic after the king's failed flight and arrest.
Chapter 2 powerpt - revolution and new nationSandra Waters
This document provides an overview of the American Revolution and early republic. It discusses growing colonial resistance to British rule due to taxes like the Stamp Act and restrictions on western expansion. The Sons of Liberty formed to protest these laws. The Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts increased tensions, leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander and fought the British at Bunker Hill. On July 4th, 1776 Congress declared independence from Britain. After difficult battles, American victory at Yorktown in 1781 led to the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing US independence. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to calls for a stronger federal government, resulting in the 1
The document discusses the American and French revolutions. It provides background information on the causes of each revolution such as oppressive taxation in America and inequality in France. Key events of each revolution are outlined, including the Declaration of Independence in America and the storming of the Bastille and Reign of Terror in France. Both revolutions resulted in the establishment of a new form of government, with America becoming a republic and France initially becoming a republic before Napoleon rose to power.
The document summarizes some of the key causes and effects of the French and American Revolutions. Among the causes of the French Revolution were social inequalities under the Old Order system and the influence of Enlightenment ideas. Financial troubles and widespread famine further exacerbated unrest. The American Revolution was sparked by British taxation of the colonies without representation. Both revolutions led to new governments and declarations of rights protecting individual liberties. The French Revolution introduced the metric system and guillotine executions.
The document provides background information on the American Revolution, including the long term and short term causes that led to the revolution. It discusses the political opposition that formed in the American colonies in response to British policies, such as "no taxation without representation." Key events of the revolution are outlined, such as the drafting of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty in 1783. The document also analyzes the causes of Britain's failure in the war and the impact and significance of the American Revolution.
The document provides an overview of European settlement in North America between the 17th and 18th centuries. It summarizes that the French settled in small numbers and focused on fur trading and missionary work with Native Americans. The Spanish sought gold and silver and blended with native cultures. The English settled in larger groups, did not explore inland, and largely wiped out native cultures. It then discusses the conflicts between these European powers over control of North America, culminating in the French and Indian War, which resulted in British control over most of North America by 1763. The document next summarizes the tensions that arose between the British and colonists in the aftermath of the war, including the Proclamation of 1763, taxation acts like the Stamp Act
This document summarizes the key events and sections of the Declaration of Independence. It describes the Second Continental Congress meeting in May 1775 and drafting the Olive Branch Petition. It then discusses the Declaration being drafted by the Committee of Five in June 1776 and approved by Congress on July 2nd and 4th. The document breaks down the major sections of the Declaration, including the introduction announcing the break from Britain, the political philosophy around natural rights and social contract theory, a list of 27 grievances against the King, and the declaration of independence.
The document provides background on the French Revolution that began in 1789. It summarizes the political and economic issues under the Old Regime, including the division of French society into estates and the financial crisis facing the monarchy. The Revolution led to the storming of the Bastille and the abolition of feudalism. The National Assembly declared a constitutional monarchy and issued a Declaration of Rights. However, the Revolution radicalized further with the overthrow of the monarchy and the Reign of Terror under Robespierre as the country faced foreign invasion and civil war.
This chapter discusses the transition of the British Empire in North America during the 18th century. It describes how the colonies became more loosely tied to Britain due to decentralized administration and powerful colonial legislatures. Anglo-French conflicts over territory led to the French and Indian War, resulting in French loss of North America except New Orleans. New imperial policies by Britain, such as taxation acts, led to increased colonial resentment and unrest, culminating in the American Revolution.
1) The document discusses how the relationship between the English monarchy and Parliament evolved over time, from the Tudors working with Parliament to the civil war that weakened the monarchy's power.
2) It then describes how the Stuarts struggled with Parliament's attempts to limit the monarch's absolute power, leading to the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I.
3) After the restoration of the monarchy, Parliament imposed further conditions that established England as a constitutional monarchy, with the monarch's power constrained by law.
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to growing discontent with the French monarchy and the unequal system of the three estates. The Third Estate, made up of the commoners, demanded political reforms and more representation. This led to the formation of the National Assembly and the storming of the Bastille prison. The Assembly abolished the privileges of the nobility and clergy, declaring the equal rights of all citizens in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. However, economic troubles and military defeats weakened the new government and radical factions grew which ultimately overthrew the monarchy.
Prior to the revolution, France was one of the most powerful countries in Europe but was in deep financial crisis due to years of war and debt. As economic conditions deteriorated, resentment grew among commoners towards the privileged nobility and clergy. On July 14, 1789, protesters stormed the Bastille prison, marking the start of the French Revolution. Over the next few years, the monarchy was overthrown and King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed for treason, leading to the establishment of a republic. However, internal power struggles and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre resulted in thousands of deaths before a new, more moderate government came to power.
The Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century when philosophers emphasized the power of human reason and promoted scientific thought over religious dogma. Some key developments included the Encyclopédie, a major reference work edited by Diderot and d'Alembert that spread Enlightenment ideas. Deism emerged as a belief in God through reason rather than organized religion. Views on women also changed as philosophers like Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouges advocated for greater equality and education. Enlightened monarchs like Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II instituted domestic reforms promoting religious tolerance, education, and limiting serfdom in order to modernize their nations based on Enlight
http://www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint presentation was designed to accompany an introductory lecture on Louis XIV for Western Civilization, World History, and AP European History students.
France operated under the Old Regime system prior to the revolution, with an absolute monarch and three estates where social status depended on estate. Enlightenment ideas of equality and democracy spread as the American Revolution inspired people. France's struggling economy and the extravagant spending of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette led to calls for the Estates-General meeting. The Third Estate formed the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath to create a new constitution. Angry citizens then stormed the Bastille prison, sparking the Great Fear across France.
The document provides a review of key events, developments, and works from 1350-1450 CE in Europe during the Late Middle Ages. It covers political, social, economic, religious, scientific, and cultural topics in sections organized by century. Some notable events mentioned include the Black Death pandemic, the Hundred Years' War, the rise of oligarchies in Italian city-states, and the works of Chaucer, Petrarch, and Giotto that helped usher in the Renaissance.
The document discusses several causes of the American Revolution according to various sources:
1) Disagreement between Great Britain and the colonies over how the colonies were treated and governed. The colonies wanted the rights of Englishmen.
2) The French and Indian War plunged Great Britain into debt, forcing them to tax the colonies which angered the colonists.
3) The Intolerable Acts imposed strict laws on the colonies and closed Boston harbor, further antagonizing the colonists and pushing them towards revolution.
4) The Boston Massacre, where British soldiers fired into a crowd and killed colonists, increased tensions and violence between Britain and the colonies.
5) The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited colonists
The document provides an overview of key events leading up to the American Revolution, including the Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Townshend Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, and First Continental Congress. It includes summaries of each event and links to additional information. An interactive timeline allows the user to click on events to learn more details about the causes of tensions between the colonists and British.
Causes american revolution cscope unit 7 lesson 3Thimert
The American Revolution was caused by the colonists' belief that their rights as English citizens were being violated through taxation without representation. The British policies towards the American colonies, especially taxes, angered the colonists and led to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Key figures in the American Revolution included George Washington, who led the Continental Army to victory and became the first U.S. President, and Thomas Jefferson, who authored the Declaration of Independence. The American Revolution resulted in American independence and the establishment of a democratic republic based on Enlightenment ideals of individual rights and separation of powers.
The American Revolution inspired the French to revolt against British rule. The French allied with the Americans and declared war on Britain, beginning the chain of events that led to the French Revolution. As tensions rose between the French classes over taxation and representation, the Third Estate took an oath to write a new constitution. This sparked the Storming of the Bastille and widespread fear and unrest across France. The monarchy was overthrown and Louis XVI was executed, ending the French Revolution.
1) Many Enlightenment philosophers believed that enlightened monarchs could best reform society from above, as they distrusted allowing changes from the masses.
2) Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia promoted aspects of the Enlightenment like education and legal reform while maintaining absolute rule.
3) Monarchs like Maria Theresa of Austria and Joseph II of Austria introduced limited reforms to reduce the power of the nobility and church, but faced opposition that prevented lasting changes.
The document discusses the history of France from the late 18th century through World War 1. It covers several key events: the French Revolution beginning in 1789 which overthrew the monarchy and established France as a republic; Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power as emperor in 1804 and his military campaigns across Europe; France's involvement and losses in the Crimean War, Franco-Prussian War, and World War 1. It also briefly mentions France's colonial ambitions and construction of the Panama Canal.
The Revolutionary War began as tensions rose between the American colonies and Britain following the French and Indian War. Major events escalating the conflict included the Stamp Act and other taxes passed by Britain to raise revenue from the colonies without colonial consent or representation. Key battles included Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown, culminating in American victory and independence from Britain as outlined in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
This document summarizes key events and reforms during the French Revolution from 1789 to 1795. It describes early decrees issued in August 1789 that modified but did not fully abolish feudalism. It outlines the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and women marching to Versailles in October 1789. Nationalization of church lands and other economic and governmental reforms undertaken by the National Constituent Assembly from 1789 to 1791 are noted. Key events like the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the royal family's failed flight to Varennes in June 1791 are also summarized.
The Women's March on Versailles occurred in October 1789 when poor women from Paris marched to the Palace of Versailles demanding bread and an end to the monarchy. Armed with weapons, the women stormed the palace gates and demanded to see the royal family. King Louis XVI gave into their demands for bread and promised to move the royal court and French government to Paris out of fear for his and Marie Antoinette's safety. The march showed that women could drive historical change and play a strong role in the French Revolution by taking matters into their own hands to solve problems of hunger and poverty.
The document provides background information on the American Revolution, including the long term and short term causes that led to the revolution. It discusses the political opposition that formed in the American colonies in response to British policies, such as "no taxation without representation." Key events of the revolution are outlined, such as the drafting of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty in 1783. The document also analyzes the causes of Britain's failure in the war and the impact and significance of the American Revolution.
The document provides an overview of European settlement in North America between the 17th and 18th centuries. It summarizes that the French settled in small numbers and focused on fur trading and missionary work with Native Americans. The Spanish sought gold and silver and blended with native cultures. The English settled in larger groups, did not explore inland, and largely wiped out native cultures. It then discusses the conflicts between these European powers over control of North America, culminating in the French and Indian War, which resulted in British control over most of North America by 1763. The document next summarizes the tensions that arose between the British and colonists in the aftermath of the war, including the Proclamation of 1763, taxation acts like the Stamp Act
This document summarizes the key events and sections of the Declaration of Independence. It describes the Second Continental Congress meeting in May 1775 and drafting the Olive Branch Petition. It then discusses the Declaration being drafted by the Committee of Five in June 1776 and approved by Congress on July 2nd and 4th. The document breaks down the major sections of the Declaration, including the introduction announcing the break from Britain, the political philosophy around natural rights and social contract theory, a list of 27 grievances against the King, and the declaration of independence.
The document provides background on the French Revolution that began in 1789. It summarizes the political and economic issues under the Old Regime, including the division of French society into estates and the financial crisis facing the monarchy. The Revolution led to the storming of the Bastille and the abolition of feudalism. The National Assembly declared a constitutional monarchy and issued a Declaration of Rights. However, the Revolution radicalized further with the overthrow of the monarchy and the Reign of Terror under Robespierre as the country faced foreign invasion and civil war.
This chapter discusses the transition of the British Empire in North America during the 18th century. It describes how the colonies became more loosely tied to Britain due to decentralized administration and powerful colonial legislatures. Anglo-French conflicts over territory led to the French and Indian War, resulting in French loss of North America except New Orleans. New imperial policies by Britain, such as taxation acts, led to increased colonial resentment and unrest, culminating in the American Revolution.
1) The document discusses how the relationship between the English monarchy and Parliament evolved over time, from the Tudors working with Parliament to the civil war that weakened the monarchy's power.
2) It then describes how the Stuarts struggled with Parliament's attempts to limit the monarch's absolute power, leading to the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I.
3) After the restoration of the monarchy, Parliament imposed further conditions that established England as a constitutional monarchy, with the monarch's power constrained by law.
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to growing discontent with the French monarchy and the unequal system of the three estates. The Third Estate, made up of the commoners, demanded political reforms and more representation. This led to the formation of the National Assembly and the storming of the Bastille prison. The Assembly abolished the privileges of the nobility and clergy, declaring the equal rights of all citizens in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. However, economic troubles and military defeats weakened the new government and radical factions grew which ultimately overthrew the monarchy.
Prior to the revolution, France was one of the most powerful countries in Europe but was in deep financial crisis due to years of war and debt. As economic conditions deteriorated, resentment grew among commoners towards the privileged nobility and clergy. On July 14, 1789, protesters stormed the Bastille prison, marking the start of the French Revolution. Over the next few years, the monarchy was overthrown and King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed for treason, leading to the establishment of a republic. However, internal power struggles and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre resulted in thousands of deaths before a new, more moderate government came to power.
The Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century when philosophers emphasized the power of human reason and promoted scientific thought over religious dogma. Some key developments included the Encyclopédie, a major reference work edited by Diderot and d'Alembert that spread Enlightenment ideas. Deism emerged as a belief in God through reason rather than organized religion. Views on women also changed as philosophers like Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouges advocated for greater equality and education. Enlightened monarchs like Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II instituted domestic reforms promoting religious tolerance, education, and limiting serfdom in order to modernize their nations based on Enlight
http://www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint presentation was designed to accompany an introductory lecture on Louis XIV for Western Civilization, World History, and AP European History students.
France operated under the Old Regime system prior to the revolution, with an absolute monarch and three estates where social status depended on estate. Enlightenment ideas of equality and democracy spread as the American Revolution inspired people. France's struggling economy and the extravagant spending of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette led to calls for the Estates-General meeting. The Third Estate formed the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath to create a new constitution. Angry citizens then stormed the Bastille prison, sparking the Great Fear across France.
The document provides a review of key events, developments, and works from 1350-1450 CE in Europe during the Late Middle Ages. It covers political, social, economic, religious, scientific, and cultural topics in sections organized by century. Some notable events mentioned include the Black Death pandemic, the Hundred Years' War, the rise of oligarchies in Italian city-states, and the works of Chaucer, Petrarch, and Giotto that helped usher in the Renaissance.
The document discusses several causes of the American Revolution according to various sources:
1) Disagreement between Great Britain and the colonies over how the colonies were treated and governed. The colonies wanted the rights of Englishmen.
2) The French and Indian War plunged Great Britain into debt, forcing them to tax the colonies which angered the colonists.
3) The Intolerable Acts imposed strict laws on the colonies and closed Boston harbor, further antagonizing the colonists and pushing them towards revolution.
4) The Boston Massacre, where British soldiers fired into a crowd and killed colonists, increased tensions and violence between Britain and the colonies.
5) The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited colonists
The document provides an overview of key events leading up to the American Revolution, including the Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Townshend Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, and First Continental Congress. It includes summaries of each event and links to additional information. An interactive timeline allows the user to click on events to learn more details about the causes of tensions between the colonists and British.
Causes american revolution cscope unit 7 lesson 3Thimert
The American Revolution was caused by the colonists' belief that their rights as English citizens were being violated through taxation without representation. The British policies towards the American colonies, especially taxes, angered the colonists and led to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Key figures in the American Revolution included George Washington, who led the Continental Army to victory and became the first U.S. President, and Thomas Jefferson, who authored the Declaration of Independence. The American Revolution resulted in American independence and the establishment of a democratic republic based on Enlightenment ideals of individual rights and separation of powers.
The American Revolution inspired the French to revolt against British rule. The French allied with the Americans and declared war on Britain, beginning the chain of events that led to the French Revolution. As tensions rose between the French classes over taxation and representation, the Third Estate took an oath to write a new constitution. This sparked the Storming of the Bastille and widespread fear and unrest across France. The monarchy was overthrown and Louis XVI was executed, ending the French Revolution.
1) Many Enlightenment philosophers believed that enlightened monarchs could best reform society from above, as they distrusted allowing changes from the masses.
2) Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia promoted aspects of the Enlightenment like education and legal reform while maintaining absolute rule.
3) Monarchs like Maria Theresa of Austria and Joseph II of Austria introduced limited reforms to reduce the power of the nobility and church, but faced opposition that prevented lasting changes.
The document discusses the history of France from the late 18th century through World War 1. It covers several key events: the French Revolution beginning in 1789 which overthrew the monarchy and established France as a republic; Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power as emperor in 1804 and his military campaigns across Europe; France's involvement and losses in the Crimean War, Franco-Prussian War, and World War 1. It also briefly mentions France's colonial ambitions and construction of the Panama Canal.
The Revolutionary War began as tensions rose between the American colonies and Britain following the French and Indian War. Major events escalating the conflict included the Stamp Act and other taxes passed by Britain to raise revenue from the colonies without colonial consent or representation. Key battles included Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown, culminating in American victory and independence from Britain as outlined in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
This document summarizes key events and reforms during the French Revolution from 1789 to 1795. It describes early decrees issued in August 1789 that modified but did not fully abolish feudalism. It outlines the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and women marching to Versailles in October 1789. Nationalization of church lands and other economic and governmental reforms undertaken by the National Constituent Assembly from 1789 to 1791 are noted. Key events like the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the royal family's failed flight to Varennes in June 1791 are also summarized.
The Women's March on Versailles occurred in October 1789 when poor women from Paris marched to the Palace of Versailles demanding bread and an end to the monarchy. Armed with weapons, the women stormed the palace gates and demanded to see the royal family. King Louis XVI gave into their demands for bread and promised to move the royal court and French government to Paris out of fear for his and Marie Antoinette's safety. The march showed that women could drive historical change and play a strong role in the French Revolution by taking matters into their own hands to solve problems of hunger and poverty.
The document provides guidance on using the COMA method to analyze images from the French Revolution. COMA stands for Content, Origin, Motive, and Audience. It explains each element and provides questions to consider for each. An example image is then analyzed using this process to determine the social groups depicted, changes from tradition, revolutionary ideas symbolized, and causes of the event on June 20th, 1789 when the Tennis Court Oath was taken.
Jacques-Louis David painted "The Tennis Court Oath" in 1793 to commemorate the pivotal events of June 1789 when the French estates general met and took an oath not to disband until a constitution was established. The unfinished 7x10 meter painting was intended to celebrate the revolutionary patriotic unity, though it was never fully completed. It depicted key figures like Bailly, Robespierre, and Sieyes and used symbolic elements like billowing drapery and wind to represent the revolutionary spirit and changes unfolding in France.
1) The document discusses key symbols of the French Revolution including female figures representing concepts like Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.
2) It provides historical context on the development and changing meanings of these symbols over the course of the Revolution from 1789-1795.
3) Numerous paintings, prints, and images from the time period are described to illustrate how they promoted revolutionary ideals and the radicalization of the movement.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
Thinking about your sales team's goals for 2017? Drift's VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue.
Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
The document summarizes key events in the lead up to and early stages of the French Revolution from the late 18th century to 1789. Long term causes included the high costs of the French monarchy and wars, an unfair tax system, and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. Short term causes were poor harvests, financial crisis, and influence from the American Revolution. The National Assembly was formed and took steps like the Tennis Court Oath and storming of the Bastille that challenged the traditional order. The Great Fear and August Decrees dismantled the feudal system and Church lands were nationalized.
The French Revolution began in 1787 as France faced a fiscal crisis and political deadlock between the estates. In 1789, the Estates-General convened but disagreed on voting procedures, leading the Third Estate to declare itself the National Assembly. Key events escalated tensions, including the Tennis Court Oath, the storming of the Bastille, and the Great Fear in the countryside. The National Assembly worked to dismantle the power of the church and nobility while establishing citizens' rights with the Declaration of Rights of Man. However, divisions grew over issues like the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and Louis XVI's attempts to flee the country.
The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era.pdfDave Phillips
The French Revolution from 1789-1815 saw the overthrow of the French monarchy and establishment of a republic. Key events included the storming of the Bastille, declaration of rights of man, execution of Louis XVI, the Reign of Terror under Robespierre, and Napoleon's rise to power as dictator and later emperor. The revolution profoundly transformed France and had widespread effects across Europe and in French colonies through the Napoleonic Wars and reforms that included abolishing feudalism and establishing the metric system.
The document provides an overview of the major events and developments during the French Revolution from 1789 to 1799. It describes the social inequality under the estates system that led to unrest, the storming of the Bastille marking the start of the revolution, the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, growing conflict between the king and the revolution, the establishment of the First French Republic after the royal family's imprisonment, the execution of Louis XVI after a trial, the Reign of Terror under Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety in which thousands were executed, and the eventual establishment of the Directory government.
The French Revolution was caused by financial troubles for the crown, resentment of the privileged social system, and Enlightenment ideas spreading among the populace. In 1789, King Louis XVI called the Estates General to address fiscal issues but tensions rose as the Third Estate demanded more representation. The Tennis Court Oath and storming of the Bastille radicalized the Revolution. The National Assembly adopted the Declaration of Rights of Man as the monarchy was abolished and a republic established. However, internal divisions and war with European nations led to the Reign of Terror under Robespierre and the guillotining of tens of thousands, including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The moderate Directory was established in 1795 but eventually
The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era - AP European HistoryHals
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to widespread financial problems, poor harvests raising food prices, and resentment of the privileged estates. The Third Estate demanded political representation, leading them to form the National Assembly and take the Tennis Court Oath. In July 1789, the storming of the Bastille marked the start of the Revolution. The National Assembly abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy, though unrest continued. The monarchy was overthrown and Louis XVI was executed in 1793, ushering in the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre. Napoleon later crowned himself emperor and established reforms but was eventually defeated at Waterloo in 1815. The Congress of Vienna redrew the map of Europe
The French Revolution (part 1) and the Rise of NapoleonWayne Williams
The French Revolution began due to financial crisis and tensions between the three estates of French society. The Third Estate demanded fair representation and more rights, leading to the formation of the National Assembly and the storming of the Bastille. This marked the collapse of the absolute monarchy and the beginning of the French Revolution. Key events included the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, reforms of the church and government, and the establishment of a new constitution creating a constitutional monarchy. However, tensions and war with other European nations continued.
The French Revolution began due to financial crisis and resentment from the Third Estate towards the unequal system dominated by the First and Second Estates. This led commoners to storm the Bastille and establish the National Assembly. The Assembly abolished feudalism and adopted the Declaration of Rights of Man, establishing a constitutional monarchy. However, as unrest grew, the monarchy was overthrown and the radical Reign of Terror installed, during which Robespierre had thousands executed. The Revolution ultimately gave way to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as leader of France.
This document summarizes key events of the early French Revolution from 1789 to 1791:
1) It describes the meeting of the Estates-General in May 1789 and the formation of the National Assembly by the Third Estate.
2) It then discusses the Tennis Court Oath in June 1789, where the National Assembly vowed to write a constitution.
3) The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 by angry Parisians seeking arms and ammunition is presented as a pivotal early act of the Revolution.
The document summarizes the events leading up to the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 during the French Revolution. Tensions escalated as King Louis XVI dismissed minister Necker and brought more troops into Paris. Angry mobs raided stores for weapons and destroyed customs posts. The newly formed Commune and National Guard of Paris took control of the city's defense against threats from both the poor and the King. On July 14th, an armed crowd stormed the Bastille prison, capturing the governor and removing the hated symbol of royal despotism in Paris.
The French Revolution overthrew the French monarchy and established a republic. The revolution began due to growing discontent among the Third Estate with their lack of power and privileges compared to the First and Second Estates. In 1789, the Estates-General was convened, leading to the formation of the National Assembly which sought to establish a constitution. On July 14, 1789 the Bastille prison was stormed, beginning widespread unrest. The monarchy was abolished and a republic established, though unrest and the Reign of Terror followed. Napoleon later rose to power as a military leader and established an empire, though it was eventually defeated leading to the restoration of the monarchy.
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to growing discontent with the privileges of the nobility and clergy under the Old Regime. The Third Estate demanded political representation and equality, leading them to form the National Assembly. On July 14th, mobs stormed the Bastille prison, beginning widespread violence. The Revolution abolished the monarchy and established a republic, executing King Louis XVI. However, internal unrest and war with other European nations led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, who established himself as dictator in 1799 and formed a vast empire before his defeat in 1812-1815.
The document summarizes the political instability in France from 1790 to 1795 following the French Revolution. It discusses the divisions caused by the Civil Constitution of 1790 which antagonized the Catholic Church. Economic problems and ongoing wars with neighboring countries weakened the government further. The rise of radical Jacobins like Robespierre led to the Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794. The Directory was established in 1795 but faced issues of corruption, military dependence, and unrest. The document outlines how Napoleon Bonaparte was then able to overthrow the Directory in 1799 due to the government's inefficiencies.
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the meeting of the Estates General and ended in 1799 with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. French society was divided into three estates, with the clergy, nobility comprising the first two estates and holding privileges, and the commoners as the third estate bearing the tax burden. Economic troubles, Enlightenment ideas, and resentment towards the aristocracy and monarchy contributed to the revolution. Major events included the storming of the Bastille, establishment of the National Assembly, and execution of Louis XVI, leading to widespread violence and terror during the revolutionary government's rule. The revolution profoundly impacted modern political thought by promoting concepts of nationalism, democracy, and individual rights.
The document provides background information on key events and figures of the French Revolution from the late 1700s. It summarizes the social inequalities under the Ancien Regime that divided French society into estates and led to resentment. As economic issues mounted and Enlightenment ideas spread, various groups opposed the monarchy and absolute rule, leading to revolutionary unrest and the overthrow of the king. Key events included storming of the Bastille prison and the establishment of a republic. The revolution then grew more radical under figures like Robespierre before moderating again under Napoleon, who crowned himself emperor.
The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system. The Third Estate, which represented the common people, demanded representation and reforms to the unequal system. This led to the storming of the Bastille prison and the formation of a constitutional monarchy. However, political divisions and war with other European nations led to increased radicalism and the Reign of Terror under Maximilien Robespierre. The Revolution ended in 1799 with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as leader of France.
French Revolution - Not a fiction - Completed by @hax_pix on twitter Hussain Haafiz
The French Revolution was a violent liberal movement against the conservative French monarchy from 1789 to 1799. It overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. The Revolution was caused by widespread dissatisfaction with the absolute monarchy and unequal system of estates, as well as enlightenment ideals. Key events included the storming of the Bastille, establishment of the National Assembly, execution of King Louis XVI, and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre.
11. BACKGROUND:
• 1748: Spirit of Laws by Baron de Montesquieu
published
• 1762: Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
published
• 1763: Treatise on Toleration by Voltaire published
• 1751-1780: Encyclopedie published (27 volumes of text
& 11 volumes of images)
12. BACKGROUND:
• 1748: Spirit of Laws by Baron de Montesquieu
published
• 1762: Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
published
• 1763: Treatise on Toleration by Voltaire published
• 1751-1780: Encyclopedie published (27 volumes of text
& 11 volumes of images)
13. BACKGROUND:
• 1748: Spirit of Laws by Baron de Montesquieu
published
• 1762: Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
published
• 1763: Treatise on Toleration by Voltaire published
• 1751-1780: Encyclopedie published (27 volumes of text
& 11 volumes of images)
14. BACKGROUND:
• 1748: Spirit of Laws by Baron de Montesquieu
published
• 1762: Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
published
• 1763: Treatise on Toleration by Voltaire published
• 1751-1780: Encyclopedie published (27 volumes of text
& 11 volumes of images)
17. • 1770: Marriage of Louis XVI to Marie Antoinette
• 1774: Accession of Louis XVI
18. • 1770: Marriage of Louis XVI to Marie Antoinette
• 1774: Accession of Louis XVI
19. • 1770: Marriage of Louis XVI to Marie Antoinette
• 1774: Accession of Louis XVI
• 1778-83: France supported America in War of
Independence against Britain
20. • 1770: Marriage of Louis XVI to Marie Antoinette
• 1774: Accession of Louis XVI
• 1778-83: France supported America in War of
Independence against Britain
21. • 1770: Marriage of Louis XVI to Marie Antoinette
• 1774: Accession of Louis XVI
• 1778-83: France supported America in War of
Independence against Britain
28. Area of Study 1
1780 - 4 Aug 1789
• 1781: Royal Controller General (Minister of
Finance), Jacques Necker presented his Compte
rendu au roi
29. Area of Study 1
1780 - 4 Aug 1789
• 1781: Royal Controller General (Minister of
Finance), Jacques Necker presented his Compte
rendu au roi
• 1783: Calonne took office as Controller General
30. Area of Study 1
1780 - 4 Aug 1789
• 1781: Royal Controller General (Minister of
Finance), Jacques Necker presented his Compte
rendu au roi
• 1783: Calonne took office as Controller General
• 1786: Calonne suggested calling Assembly of
Notables (A of N)
31. Area of Study 1
1780 - 4 Aug 1789
• 1781: Royal Controller General (Minister of
Finance), Jacques Necker presented his Compte
rendu au roi
• 1783: Calonne took office as Controller General
• 1786: Calonne suggested calling Assembly of
Notables (A of N)
32. Area of Study 1
1780 - 4 Aug 1789
• 1781: Royal Controller General (Minister of
Finance), Jacques Necker presented his Compte
rendu au roi
• 1783: Calonne took office as Controller General
• 1786: Calonne suggested calling Assembly of
Notables (A of N)
33. Area of Study 1
1780 - 4 Aug 1789
• 1781: Royal Controller General (Minister of
Finance), Jacques Necker presented his Compte
rendu au roi
• 1783: Calonne took office as Controller General
• 1786: Calonne suggested calling Assembly of
Notables (A of N)
38. 1787 -
• 22 Feb: A of N convened
• 1 May: Brienne replaced Calonne
39. 1787 -
• 22 Feb: A of N convened
• 1 May: Brienne replaced Calonne
• 25 May: A of N dismissed
40. 1787 -
• 22 Feb: A of N convened
• 1 May: Brienne replaced Calonne
• 25 May: A of N dismissed
• 15 August: Parlement of Paris exiled
41. 1787 -
• 22 Feb: A of N convened
• 1 May: Brienne replaced Calonne
• 25 May: A of N dismissed
• 15 August: Parlement of Paris exiled
• Sept: Parlements recalled & Brienne announced an
Estates-General (E.G.) for 1792.
42. 1787 -
• 22 Feb: A of N convened
• 1 May: Brienne replaced Calonne
• 25 May: A of N dismissed
• 15 August: Parlement of Paris exiled
• Sept: Parlements recalled & Brienne announced an
Estates-General (E.G.) for 1792.
43. 1787 -
• 22 Feb: A of N convened
• 1 May: Brienne replaced Calonne
• 25 May: A of N dismissed
• 15 August: Parlement of Paris exiled
• Sept: Parlements recalled & Brienne announced an
Estates-General (E.G.) for 1792.
44. 1787 -
• 22 Feb: A of N convened
• 1 May: Brienne replaced Calonne
• 25 May: A of N dismissed
• 15 August: Parlement of Paris exiled
• Sept: Parlements recalled & Brienne announced an
Estates-General (E.G.) for 1792.
48. 1788 - ARISTOCRATIC REVOLT...
• 3 May: Parlement of Paris proclaimed Fundamental
Laws of Kingdom
49. 1788 - ARISTOCRATIC REVOLT...
• 3 May: Parlement of Paris proclaimed Fundamental
Laws of Kingdom
• 8 May: New Plenary Courts established, Parlements
exiled (again)
50. 1788 - ARISTOCRATIC REVOLT...
• 3 May: Parlement of Paris proclaimed Fundamental
Laws of Kingdom
• 8 May: New Plenary Courts established, Parlements
exiled (again)
• 7 June: ‘Day of Tiles’ in Grenoble
51. 1788 - ARISTOCRATIC REVOLT...
• 3 May: Parlement of Paris proclaimed Fundamental
Laws of Kingdom
• 8 May: New Plenary Courts established, Parlements
exiled (again)
• 7 June: ‘Day of Tiles’ in Grenoble
• PAMPHLET WAR began: more radical -
referred to ideas like natural law, inalienable rights,
52. 1788 - ARISTOCRATIC REVOLT...
• 3 May: Parlement of Paris proclaimed Fundamental
Laws of Kingdom
• 8 May: New Plenary Courts established, Parlements
exiled (again)
• 7 June: ‘Day of Tiles’ in Grenoble
• PAMPHLET WAR began: more radical -
referred to ideas like natural law, inalienable rights,
59. 1788 - continued:
• 8 Aug: Government bankrupt - meeting of E.G.
brought forward to 1st May 1789
60. 1788 - continued:
• 8 Aug: Government bankrupt - meeting of E.G.
brought forward to 1st May 1789
• Brienne resigned
61. 1788 - continued:
• 8 Aug: Government bankrupt - meeting of E.G.
brought forward to 1st May 1789
• Brienne resigned
• 25 Aug: Necker was re-instated
62. 1788 - continued:
• 8 Aug: Government bankrupt - meeting of E.G.
brought forward to 1st May 1789
• Brienne resigned
• 25 Aug: Necker was re-instated
• Parlement recalled and Plenary Court disbanded
63. 1788 - continued:
• 8 Aug: Government bankrupt - meeting of E.G.
brought forward to 1st May 1789
• Brienne resigned
• 25 Aug: Necker was re-instated
• Parlement recalled and Plenary Court disbanded
• P. of Paris declared E.G. must be constituted as it was
in 1614... created furore over method of voting
66. 1788 - continued
• Nov: Formation of Society of Thirty (later
called the ‘Constitutional Club’)
67. 1788 - continued
• Nov: Formation of Society of Thirty (later
called the ‘Constitutional Club’)
• Dec: Very harsh & cold Winter... wolves
entered the streets of Paris
68. 1788 - continued
• Nov: Formation of Society of Thirty (later
called the ‘Constitutional Club’)
• Dec: Very harsh & cold Winter... wolves
entered the streets of Paris
• 27 Dec: King publicly ruled that the Third
Estate be given double number of Deputies
69. 1788 - continued
• Nov: Formation of Society of Thirty (later
called the ‘Constitutional Club’)
• Dec: Very harsh & cold Winter... wolves
entered the streets of Paris
• 27 Dec: King publicly ruled that the Third
Estate be given double number of Deputies
• Election of Deputies began (indirect) = but
‘most democratic of whole Revolution’!
73. 1789
• Jan: Abbe Sieyes published What is the Third
Estate?
• Cahiers drawn up
74. 1789
• Jan: Abbe Sieyes published What is the Third
Estate?
• Cahiers drawn up
• Price of bread risen to between75-89% of
working man’s wage
75. 1789
• Jan: Abbe Sieyes published What is the Third
Estate?
• Cahiers drawn up
• Price of bread risen to between75-89% of
working man’s wage
• 28 Apr: Reveillon riots
76. 1789
• Jan: Abbe Sieyes published What is the Third
Estate?
• Cahiers drawn up
• Price of bread risen to between75-89% of
working man’s wage
• 28 Apr: Reveillon riots
77.
78. 1789 - continued
•1 May: Formal opening of Estates General
•May: Verification of credentials
•4 Jun: Death of Dauphin
•10 Jun: Third Estate invited privileged
orders to join it
•12 Jun: Deputies began verification of
their credentials - not as Third Estate, but
as reps of nation.
79. 1789 - continued
•1 May: Formal opening of Estates General
•May: Verification of credentials
•4 Jun: Death of Dauphin
•10 Jun: Third Estate invited privileged
orders to join it
•12 Jun: Deputies began verification of
their credentials - not as Third Estate, but
as reps of nation.
80.
81.
82. •17 Jun: Third Estate & a few lower clergy took momentous
& revolutionary step: declared itself the NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
83. •17 Jun: Third Estate & a few lower clergy took momentous
& revolutionary step: declared itself the NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
•19 Jun: Clergy voted to join commoners
84. •17 Jun: Third Estate & a few lower clergy took momentous
& revolutionary step: declared itself the NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
•19 Jun: Clergy voted to join commoners
•20 Jun: TENNIS COURT OATH - We take a solemn
oath not to separate ... until the constitution of the Kingdom is
established.
85. •17 Jun: Third Estate & a few lower clergy took momentous
& revolutionary step: declared itself the NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
•19 Jun: Clergy voted to join commoners
•20 Jun: TENNIS COURT OATH - We take a solemn
oath not to separate ... until the constitution of the Kingdom is
established.
•22 Jun: 150 clerical deputies headed by 2 archbishops & a
few nobles joined the N. A.
86. •17 Jun: Third Estate & a few lower clergy took momentous
& revolutionary step: declared itself the NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
•19 Jun: Clergy voted to join commoners
•20 Jun: TENNIS COURT OATH - We take a solemn
oath not to separate ... until the constitution of the Kingdom is
established.
•22 Jun: 150 clerical deputies headed by 2 archbishops & a
few nobles joined the N. A.
•23 Jun: Royal Session - King ordered Estates to meet
separately - the new N.A. (exhorted by Mirabeau to uphold
TCO) refused to disband.
87. •17 Jun: Third Estate & a few lower clergy took momentous
& revolutionary step: declared itself the NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
•19 Jun: Clergy voted to join commoners
•20 Jun: TENNIS COURT OATH - We take a solemn
oath not to separate ... until the constitution of the Kingdom is
established.
•22 Jun: 150 clerical deputies headed by 2 archbishops & a
few nobles joined the N. A.
•23 Jun: Royal Session - King ordered Estates to meet
separately - the new N.A. (exhorted by Mirabeau to uphold
TCO) refused to disband.
•24 Jun: Soldiers (sent to enforce King’s wishes) supported
N.A. - We, too, are citizens.
88. •17 Jun: Third Estate & a few lower clergy took momentous
& revolutionary step: declared itself the NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
•19 Jun: Clergy voted to join commoners
•20 Jun: TENNIS COURT OATH - We take a solemn
oath not to separate ... until the constitution of the Kingdom is
established.
•22 Jun: 150 clerical deputies headed by 2 archbishops & a
few nobles joined the N. A.
•23 Jun: Royal Session - King ordered Estates to meet
separately - the new N.A. (exhorted by Mirabeau to uphold
TCO) refused to disband.
•24 Jun: Soldiers (sent to enforce King’s wishes) supported
N.A. - We, too, are citizens.
•27 Jun: King capitulated
89. •17 Jun: Third Estate & a few lower clergy took momentous
& revolutionary step: declared itself the NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
•19 Jun: Clergy voted to join commoners
•20 Jun: TENNIS COURT OATH - We take a solemn
oath not to separate ... until the constitution of the Kingdom is
established.
•22 Jun: 150 clerical deputies headed by 2 archbishops & a
few nobles joined the N. A.
•23 Jun: Royal Session - King ordered Estates to meet
separately - the new N.A. (exhorted by Mirabeau to uphold
TCO) refused to disband.
•24 Jun: Soldiers (sent to enforce King’s wishes) supported
N.A. - We, too, are citizens.
•27 Jun: King capitulated
90.
91. • 7 Jul: N.A. becomes National Constituent Assembly
• Build up of royal troops around Paris = 18,000
• 11 Jul: King dismissed Necker
• Royal troops now numbered 30,000
• Parisian attacked hated custom barriers around
Paris. Crowd began to arm itself.
• 13 Jul: Electors of Paris decided to form new
municipal government = Paris Commune at Town
Hall. Aim - restore order.
92.
93. •14 Jul: Fall of the Bastille = the first revolutionary journee
94. •14 Jul: Fall of the Bastille = the first revolutionary journee
•15 Jul: La Fayette appointed commander of new National
Guard, answerable to Paris Commune
95. •14 Jul: Fall of the Bastille = the first revolutionary journee
•15 Jul: La Fayette appointed commander of new National
Guard, answerable to Paris Commune
•16 Jul: Comte d’Artois fled Paris; 20,00 emigres were to
follow him in net 2 months.
96. •14 Jul: Fall of the Bastille = the first revolutionary journee
•15 Jul: La Fayette appointed commander of new National
Guard, answerable to Paris Commune
•16 Jul: Comte d’Artois fled Paris; 20,00 emigres were to
follow him in net 2 months.
•17 Jul: Lafayette escorted King into Paris where he
acknowledged crowd and donned revolutionary cockade
97. •14 Jul: Fall of the Bastille = the first revolutionary journee
•15 Jul: La Fayette appointed commander of new National
Guard, answerable to Paris Commune
•16 Jul: Comte d’Artois fled Paris; 20,00 emigres were to
follow him in net 2 months.
•17 Jul: Lafayette escorted King into Paris where he
acknowledged crowd and donned revolutionary cockade
101. • 4 Aug: Abolition of feudal privileges: the
Night of Self-Dispossession - The National
Assembly met throughout the night, and, in
great excitement, abolished feudalism and
many of the other hereditary privileges
held by the First & Second Estates...
• = final demise of the Old Regime!
• END OF AREA STUDY 1