This document contains definitions and examples for various reading strategies and skills. It includes terms like accuracy, academic engagement, affixes, after-reading comprehension strategies, aligned materials, and the alphabetic principle among many others. Each term has a brief definition, example sentence using the term, and sometimes additional examples or links to videos for further explanation.

1. Foundations
of Reading
Dana Hall
November 23, 1016
ELEM 400 – Teaching Communication Skills in K-6
Dr. Cynthia Wooten

2. Definition – When the reader is able to recognize all the words in a text
Sentence – Sharon read the book with accuracy.
Example – While Sharon was reading the book, she was able to
recognize all the words in the text.
ACCURACY

3. ACADEMICALLYENGAGED
Definition – When a student is getting along with the teacher and
showing interest in the subject, the student is able to become engaged
in the instruction/activity in the class.
Sentence – Brian was academically engaged in the activity.
Example - A student who feels like the teacher cares about him or her
makes it easy for the student to participate in the activity.

4. Definition – a word element that can be attached to the front or end of
a word, therefore turning it into a new word or a new form of a word.
Sentence - The affix in the word agreement is agree.
Example – prefix – unhappy suffix - garage
AFFIX

5. Definition – after reading a story, the reader is able to retell the
important points of the story in his own words.
Sentence - Ms. Hall used after-reading comprehension strategies with
the students after she read “The Three Little Pigs.”
Example – After the student reads the book, the student retells the
story in his own words.
AFTER-READINGCOMPREHENSION
STRATEGIES

6. ALIGNED MATERIALS
Definition – the use of manipulatives and
activities which enhance the instruction of
certain skills in reading.
Sentence - Alex asked Ms. Stapley, “What
aligned materials are we using today?”
Example – A teacher would have an activity
sheet to go with the guided practice of the
lesson plan.

7. ALPHABETICPRINCIPLE
Definition – the recognition of upper and lower case letters which
represent a sound to help you pronounce the unknown word.
Sentence - John used the alphabetic principle to figure out the word
ant.
Example - /a/ /n/ /t/
http://www.teachertube.com/video/the-alphabet-principle-37726

8. AMPLE OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDENT PRACTICE
AMPLE OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDENT PRACTICE – the student will do
the reading and task with prior knowledge and then practice more
using the knowledge they were given. By then, the student has mixed
all knowledge together and is given more opportunities to apply prior
knowledge.
Sentence - Mark was given ample opportunities for student practice.
Example -
teacher gives student applies prior
student reads using new knowledge knowledge with new
prior knowledge to students knowledge, which gives
the student more
d more opportunities

9. ANALOGY
Definition – making a comparison to show similarity.
Sentence - Comb is to hair is the same analogy as toothbrush is to
teeth.
Example – child combing hair child brushing teeth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbXR43hMSV8

10. ACTIVITY SHEET: ANALOGY

11. ANTONYM
Definition – words pair that have opposite meanings.
Sentence - An antonym is hot and cold.
Example - A picture of a child standing in the sun sweating and a child standing in the snow freezing.
COLD
HOT
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-antonyms-definition-examples-quiz.html

12. ACTIVITY SHEET: ANTONYM

13. AUTOMATICITY
Definition – reading without a lot of thinking, a natural flow; able to
read every word he comes across.
Sentence - John read the book with good automaticity.
Example – The children are listening to how Chris is reading. They
realize he recognizes all the words he see.
http://www.mhpdonline.com/video_library/index.php?PROGRAM=978
0021937745&VIDEO=1959&MODE=RD&CHAPTER=-1&LESSON=

14. BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
Definition - the understanding of a topic which a student has based on
experience in the topic, therefore, when the student reads about that
particular text, the student understands the topic easier.
Sentence – Sherry understood the text about horses because of her
background knowledge at her grandfather’s stable.
Example –
Sherry horseback riding Sherry teacher reading to her
class about horses

15. BASE WORD
Definition – a word that can stand alone and in its simplest form.
Sentence - The base word in runner is run.
Examples –
Word Base Word
(1)kindly kind
(2)leader lead
(3)talking talk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XK74pMdw0no

16. ACTIVITY SHEET: BASE WORDS

17. BEFORE-READING COMPREHENSION STRATEGIES
Definition – tactics used to point out the significance of getting
students ready to read a text.
Sentence – Mrs. Blue is known for using before-reading
comprehension strategies before her students read their literature.
Example – The students are suppose to read a story called, “Tom, Going
to the Beach.” The teacher will ask some of the students if any of them
have been to the beach, with hopes that someone has. The teacher
listens to their ideas and then pulls up a video about beaches.

18. BLENDING
Definition – rapidly putting sounds together to create a word.
Sentence – Tom is blending his sounds together to figure out what the
word is.
Example – student sounding out the sounds for each letter to
pronounce the word hat.

19. ACTIVITY SHEET: BLENDING

20. BLOOM’S TAXONOMY
Definition - simple questions that have students recall simple facts
about the material. As the student’s understanding improve, the
teacher will begin asking more complicated questions, requiring more
from the student.
Sentence – Ms. McNeill uses Bloom’s Taxonomy in her lesson plan daily.

21. CHORAL READING/CHANTING
Definition–Two students or a teacher and a student reading together aloud from
the same text.
Sentence –Mrs. Thomas and Shenice is choral reading “The Three Little Pigs.”
Example –
2 students teacher & student
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_-z8d0sRUA

22. CHUNKED TEXT
Definition – breaking down sentences into smaller parts using single (/)
and double (//) slash marks.
Sentence – The more John used chunked text, the better he got at
reading.
Example – I bought/ some cookies/ to chunk down/ all this milk/ I have.

23. CHUNKING
Definition – breaking words down by syllables.
Sentence – Tom was chunking all of the words in the sentence.
Example – caterpillar
cat/er/pil/lar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zucn90Jgkj4

24. COMPREHENSION
Definition – understanding what is being read.
Sentence – Mary, is a good reader, has great comprehension skills.
Example – When the child figures it out, it is like a light bulb comes on.

25. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
Definition – the questions teachers ask students concerning the
meaning of the text.
Sentence – Ms. Thomas always ask comprehension questions.
Example – Short Story, At The Movie
The kids went to a movie.
The girls loved the movie!
The boy did not like the movie.
He was sad.
The comprehension questions?
1. Who loved the movie?
2. Who did not like the movie?
3. Who was sad?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kx1MdY-SPOE

26. ACTIVITY SHEET: COMPREHENSION
QUESTIONS

27. CONCEPTS ABOUT PRINT/CONVENTIONS OF PRINT
Definition – the student being able to write and read left to right and
top to bottom.
Sentence – Mr. McNeill includes concepts about print and conventions
of print in his lesson plan.
Example –
1. The teacher dress is blue.
2. The apple is on the teacher’s desk.
The student would read the sentence left to right, then top to
bottom.

28. CONCEPT DEFINTION MAPPING
Definition – a map that shows the main idea and its key points
surrounding the main idea.
Sentence – Mrs. Hipley uses concept definition mapping during her
lesson plan.
Example –The students in the class gives
10 points about a dime.

29. CONNECTED TEXT
Definition – words put together to create a sentence.
Sentence - Sally was practicing on connected text during the guided
practice.
Example – The tree has green leaves. The tree has a brown trunk. There
are many apples on the tree. The tree was very fruitful this
summer.

30. CONSONANT BLEND
Definition – groups of two or three consonants in a word.
Sentence – Did you see the consonant blend in splash?
Example –

31. ACTIVITY SHEET: CONSONANT BLENDS

32. CONSONANT DIAGRAPH
Definition – two letters that create one word creating one sound.
Sentence – Do you know what a consonant diagraph is?
Example -

33. ACTIVITY SHEET: CONSONANT DIAGRAPH

34. CONTEXT/CONTEXT CUES
Definition – information around the text that help define the meaning
of the word or phrase
Sentence – The context cues in the sentence is very helpful.
Example – The phone was unattainable because it was on top of the
refrigerator.

35. ACTIVITY SHEET: CONTEXT/CONTEXT CUES

36. CONTEXT CLUE
Definition – the word around a unknown word that explains the definition.
Sentence – The context clue was helpful in the sentence.
Example – His dogs bays at the moon.
(a)howls (b)swims
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgIXnzU2ZYU

37. ACTIVITY SHEET: CONTEXT CLUE

38. CONVENTIONAL SPELLING
Definition – the correct spelling of a word.
Sentence – I enforce conventional spelling with my students.
Example -

39. CUEING SYSTEM
Definition – a system that aid in identifying a word.
Sentence – There are three parts to the cueing system.
Example -

40. DECODABLE TEXT
Definition – using words to understand the meaning of the word.
Sentence – Always apply decodable text when coming across a new
word in your text.
Example – “Dan the Tan Man”
Word families consists of a vowel and final consonants that produce
a pattern of sound that rhyme.

41. ACTIVITY SHEET: DECODABLE TEXT

42. DECODABLE WORDS
Definition – words that are spelled according to how they sound.
Sentence – Tracy said the decodable words stood out on the paper.
Example – jam

43. DECODING
Definition – being able to sound out the word and then read aloud.
Sentence – Billy used his decoding skills to read the text.
Example -

44. DERIVATIONAL AFFIX
Definition – when a prefix or suffix is added to a word, thus changing it
into another word.
Sentence – He added a derivational affix to the word like.
Example –
reader stapler

45. ACTIVITY SHEET: DERIVATIONAL AFFIX

46. DIAGNOSTIC
Definition – test that measure different types of reading, language, or
cognitive skills.
Sentence - Mrs. Haddley did a diagnostic on Laura while she read the
book.
Example -

47. DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION
Definition – adjusting your instruction to meet the need of the child.
Sentence – Make sure you include the differentiated instruction in your
lesson plan.
Example -

49. DIGRAPHS
Definitions – a group of consecutive letters that make a single sound.
Sentence – Jim recognized the digraph in the word.
Example -

50. ACTIVITY SHEET: DIGRAPHS

51. DIPHTHONG
Definition – two letters combined together to make one sound.
Sentence – Sam recognized the diphthong in the word house.
Example –
The dog is in the house.

52. ACTIVITY SHEET: DIPHTHONG

53. DIRECT INSTRUCTION
Definition – teaching in front of class teaching a specific skill.
Sentence – Good teachers use direct instruction in their lesson plan.
Example – The teacher outlines the order of the planets in the solar
system.

54. DISCOURSE
Definition – written or spoken communication.
Sentence - Sam applied discourse with Tom.
Example –
• When you buy a box of Ritz crackers, on the back of the
box, they have all these suggestions as to what to put
on top of the Ritz. “Try it with turkey and cheese. Try it
with peanut butter.” But I like crackers man, that’s why I
bought it, ’cause I like crackers! I don’t see a suggestion
to put a Ritz on top of a Ritz. I didn’t buy them because
they’re little edible plates! You’ve got no faith in the
product itself.
• —Mitch Hedberg
• Jokes are examples of discourse like all other
communication; here, Mitch Hedberg is mainly using
narration to tell a funny idea.

55. DURING-READING COMPREHENSION STRATEGIES
Definition – ways to keep the students engaged so that they are able to
understand the meaning of the text.
Sentence – While the students are reading the text, Mrs. Taylor is
applying during-reading comprehension strategies.
Example – student asking questions at particular points in a text such
as events or times...

56. ECHO READING
Definition – the teacher reads a line of text aloud and then the student
reads the same line aloud.
Sentence – Sharon and Ms. Neily engaged in echo reading today.
Example –
Step 1. Step 2. Step 3.
teacher read a line student read same student is happy because
to the student line to the teacher he read the line correctly

57. ELKONIN BOXES
Definition – a strategy used when working with words. You would put
one sound in each box.
Sentence – The Elkonin Box comes in handy when learning how to
segment each sound in a word.
Example –

58. ACTIVITY SHEET: ELKONIN BOXES

59. EMERGENT READER
Definition – the beginning stage of reading.
Sentence – Timothy is a emergent reader.
Example – a beginning reader

60. EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Definition – scientific based research that uses procedures to obtain
true knowledge.
Sentence – He did an empirical research on where ABC’s originated
from.
Example -
(a) methods drawing on experiment
(b) peer-reviewed journal
(c) objective review
(d) data analysis
(e) justify conclusions

61. ETYMOLOGY
Definition – beginning of a word and how the word was developed.
Sentence – Do you know the etymology of the word school?
Example –

62. EXPLICIT TEACHING
Definition – the teacher (1st) how the concept is done, (2nd) allows
the student to practice what the teacher showed them while the
teacher provide feedback (3rd)provides many ways to understand an
instruction and (4th)the student complete the task as the teacher
would have worked the task.
Sentence – The teacher used explicit teaching to become an
effective teacher.
Example - When using addition in a lesson plan, the teacher would
apply 2+2=4. The teacher would draw two balls + two balls = four
balls. Then the teacher would apply three balls + two balls=five balls,
using many examples until she knows the student understands. The
teacher would allow the student to work the problem out with her.
After working out the problem with the teacher, the teacher would
in turn, give the student a activity sheet to work on addition
problems by his or herself.

63. EXPOSITORY TEXT
Definition – text that inform facts.
Sentence – Expository text are helpful when you have to do a report on
horses.
Example – Horse require a lot of work when taking care of them.

64. ACTIVITY SHEET: EXPOSITORY TEXT
Copyright ©2012 K12Reader - http://www.k12reader.com
Cross-Curricular Reading Comprehension Worksheets: B-35 of 36
How can you tell if you are reading a narrative or
an expository text? There are things you can look for
that will tell you. Read about the differences between
these two kinds of text.
A narrative is a story. It has characters. Things
happen in a certain time and place. It has a beginning,
a middle, and an end. There is usually a problem. It
gets solved during the story. Narratives can tell true
stories. They can also tell stories that the writers have
made up with their imagination. The picture books and
chapter books that you read in school and at home
are narrative texts.
An expository text is written to give information
about something. It explains or describes the subject
of the text. The text may be about people. It may be
about things or events. Expository texts are true. They
give facts, such as dates and places. Newspapers,
some magazines, dictionaries, encyclopedias and
your textbooks are all expository texts.
Answer the following questions based on the reading
passage. Don’t forget to go back to the passage
whenever necessary to find or confirm your answers.
1) If you are reading a story that a writer
made up with his imagination, is it a
narrative, or expository text?
__________________________________
2) Is your science textbook a narrative or
expository text?
__________________________________
3) If you are reading something that
explains about the American Revolution,
what kind of text are you reading?
__________________________________
4) If you are reading a story about a boy
who rides on a dinosaur, are you reading a
narrative or an expository text?
__________________________________
5) Is a newspaper a narrative or an
expository text?
__________________________________

65. FIVE COMPONENTS OF READING
Definition – (1st)the individual sounds in words, (2nd) relation between
letters and sounds the word represent, (3rd)the ability to read quickly,
correctly, and use word expression,(4th) to know the meaning, and (5th)
and to understand.
Sentence – The five components of reading is essential for a student to
become a effective reader.
Example –

66. FLEXIBLE GROUPING
Definition – putting students in groups that have the same problems
and require the same type of help.
Sentence – Flexible grouping benefits both the student and the teacher.
Example – Student #1, 5, 12, and 16 are having difficulty understanding
how to find the sum of two numbers. My assistant will work with them
using manipulatives since they tend to understand better visually.

67. FLOSS RULE
Definition – when you hear /f/, /l/, /s/, or /z/ after a short vowel at the
end of a one-syllable word, it is spelled with a double ff, ll, ss, or zz.
Sentence – The floss rule is helpful when you are trying to make sure
you spell the word correctly.
Example – the o in doll is short, therefore it is spelled doll

68. ACTIVITY SHEET; FLOSS RULE

69. FLUENCY PROBE
Definition – an assessment used to test the fluency of a student in a
timed oral reading at their reading level.
Sentence – Mrs. McNeill used a fluency probe on Mark today.
Example -

70. ACTIVITY SHEET: FLUENCY PROBE
Directions: The teacher will put a line through each word that is read
incorrectly.
The cat is black and white. He is very fat. I do not 13
know where he came from. I know when I woke 23
up this morning, he was on my front porch. I do 34
have any milk, maybe my friend has some. I will 44
get some milk from him and give it to the cat. 55
Total Words Read ____
Errors ____
Words Read Correctly ____

71. FLUENCY
Definition – Being able to read text smoothly, correctly, and express
according to punctuation.
Sentence – John read with great fluency which made the teacher happy
to hear him read.
Example -

72. ACTIVITY SHEET: FLUENCY

73. FRAYER MODEL
Definition – a map that shows the definition, characteristics, examples,
and non-examples of the word.
Sentence – The Frayer Model is essential in understanding a word.
Example -

74. FRUSTRATIONAL READING LEVEL
Definition – when the reader makes one or more errors every 10
words.
Sentence – Ms. Jones noticed that Matts’ frustrational reading level
was high because he made so many mistakes when he was reading.
Example -

75. GRAMMAR CONVENTIONS
Definition - the rules set to show the correct usage of grammar in
written or spoken language.
Sentence – Grammar conventions are a guide to writing and speaking
correctly.

76. ACTIVITY SHEET: GRAMMAR CONVENTIONS

77. GRAPHEME
Definition – one or more letters that spell a sound in a word.
Sentence – The grapheme ea in leaf is represented by the sound /ee/.
Example – 2 letter grapheme: leaf
The sound /ee/ is represented by the letters ‘ea’

78. ACTIVITY SHEET: GRAPHEME

79. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Definition – a visual framework that talks about the important points
that are being read.
Sentence – The graphic organizer helps the reader understand.
Example – The book is about a dog and everything about the dog.

80. ACTIVITY SHEET: GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Directions: Read your favorite book and fill in the answers.

81. GRAPHOPHONIC (PHONICS)
Definition – combining knowledge of sounds with new understanding
of written language to create meaning from written text.
Sentence – Stanley used graphophonics to apply to pronounciate the
sounds to the new words he was reading.

82. GRAPHOPHONEMIC KNOWLEDGE
Definition – having knowledge about the relation between the letters
and phonemes.
Sentence – All teachers should be applying this to their students daily.

83. GUIDED PRACTICE
Definition – The student is practicing what they saw the teacher do and
in return the teacher is walking around checking to see if they need
help.
Sentence – Teachers should always have guided practice stated in their
lesson plan.
Example – The teacher reads the first sentence on the page and then
ask that the student repeat the passage the teacher has just read. The
teacher is making sure the student is reading just like him or her.

84. GUIDED OR SUPPORTED READING
Definition – the experienced reader will provide assistance and
strategies in order to move the reader to an independent reader.
Sentence – The guided or supported reading is helpful when students
struggle in reading fluently.
Example –
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4tm4NKpHzs&list=PLHNhtapAJ
qPqejgOPTeP6gokMvC4TcgZ6

85. HIGH FREQUENCY WORDS
Definition – 300-500 words that account for large percentage of words
in print.
Sentence - High frequency words are used more often daily.
Example -

86. ACTIVITY SHEET: HIGH FREQUENCY WORDS

87. HOMOGRAPH
Definition – words that are spelled but have different meanings.
Sentence – Peter used a homograph in his sentence today and told the
meanings of both words.
Example – (1)Tammy leaves the paper on the floor.
(2)There were leaves all over the front yard.

88. ACTIVITY SHEET: HOMOGRAPHS

89. IMMEDIATE INTENSIVE INTERVENTION
Definition – instruction that requires the teacher to give the student
more time with student practice, more feedback, small group, and the
use of different materials.
Sentence – John was so behind, Mr. Gaillberry decided it was in his best
interest go give John more immediate intensive intervention.
Example – Mr. Gaillberry checked John worked that dealt with last
weeks lesson and realized he got more than half of his work wrong. He
got with the teachers in his grade level group and asked what other
ideas they might have to get John where he needs to be in his work.

90. IMPLICITINSTRUCTION
Definition – the student comes to their own conclusion based on how
they perceive things.
Sentence – Mrs. Haggerty used implicit instruction today to see how
the students would respond to it.
Example – The teacher would put up a list of words such as rakes,
brown leaves, orange leaves, yellow leaves, pumpkin, and jackets on
the board. The teacher will ask, “what do these words have in
common?” instead of defining the words.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/implicit-and-explicit-rules-of-
communication-definitions-examples.html

91. INDEPENDENT READING LEVEL
Definition – a reader who reads 20 words with only one error.
Sentence – Jim reads at a independent reading level.
Example – When Jim reads, he reads 20 words making no more than
one error.
https://vimeo.com/12958768

92. INDEPENDENT-INSTRUCTIONAL READING
LEVEL RANGE
Definition – the level that a child can read with 90% or better.
Sentence – The school always want their students to be at a
independent-instructional reading level range.
Example –
http://study.com/academy/lesson/methods-for-determining-
students-reading-level.html

93. INFERENCE
Definition – making a conclusion based on the information given in a
text.
Sentence – Mrs. McNeill inference of the teacher’s character gave her
the idea that she cares about the way she carry herself.
Example – When mom left this morning she had on her thick coat off,
but when she walked through the door, she had it in her hands.
inference-mom took her coat off because she was hot.

94. ACTIVITY SHEET: INFERENCE

95. INFLECTIONAL SUFFIX
Definition – suffix that is added to the end of a word.
Sentence – The inflectional suffix can be used to describe a noun.
Example – books, bigger
suffix word picture
1. s books 3 books
2. er bigger 1 small and big guy

96. ACTIVITY SHEET: INFLECTIONAL SUFFIX

97. INFORMAL ASSESSMENT
Definition – test made by teachers that evaluate the student’s individual
performance and progress.
Sentence – Mrs. Harley did a informal assessment on Timothy when we
completed the lesson on prefixes.
Example –The teacher assigns spelling words at the beginning of the week;
she gives a spelling test at the end of the week to see if all the students can
spell the words correctly. During the week, this is their assignments for each
day for the spelling words.
Monday-write the words three times
Tuesday-write the first letter of the word on the first line,
then the first and a complete sentence.
second letter on the second line, and then so until you are
able to finish writing the word out completely.
Wednesday-write the words in ABC order.
Thursday-write the words in complete sentences.

98. INFORMATIONAL TEXT
Definition – nonfiction books that contain facts and information.
Sentence – You will find a lot of informational text in science books.
Example – The teacher has a student read a book about ladybugs. The
student is able to learn more about ladybugs.

99. ACTIVITY SHEET: INFORMATIONAL TEXT

100. INTERVENTION
Definition – highly skilled teachers that provide instruction to cater to
the needs of struggling readers.
Sentence – Bob struggled so much that the Mr. Yong decided to start a
intervention for him to help him become who he could be.
Example – The teacher could see him struggling reading words in a
book, so the teacher would find a book on a lower level and allow him
to practice reading that book until he became better. Once he has
improved reading on that level, then the teacher is able to take him to
the next level.

101. INTERVENTION PROGRAM
Definition – program set up to help meet student learning needs.
Sentence – The school set up a intervention program to show their
students that they care.
Example – The school offers a program called Reading Rocks that
promotes literacy and help kids build critical skills with fun worksheet
activities.

102. INVENTED SPELLING
Definition – beginning writers spell a word according to how it sounds
or according to the visual pattern the writer has.
Sentence – Jared showed invented spelling when he wrote was.
Example –

103. INVERSIONS
Definitions – flipping of letters horizontally or vertically.
Sentence – Patrick used inversions in his first sentence.
Example – When students are writing, they have a tendency of flipping
letters upside down or side to side
The dee was yellow and black. (incorrect)
The bee was yellow and black. (correct)

104. KWL CHART(KNOW, WANT TO KNOW, LEARNED)
Definition – a before reading or during reading activity, the teacher and
the student create a chart in columns (1)the things they already know
about a certain topic (2)what the child wants to know about the topic,
and (3)what the child learns about the topic.
Sentence – Many teachers are using the KWL Chart in their lesson
plans.

105. LANGUAGE EXPERIENCE APPROACH
Definition – using the student’s experience in language to teach him/her how
to read.
Sentence – The school educator encourages teachers to use language
experience approach with students that are struggling in learning how to
read.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/language-experience-approach-to-
literacy.html

106. LANGUAGE STRUCTURE
Definition – a group of spoken and written words into phrases or
sentences that use grammar.
Sentence – The language structure of the sentence was therally
thought through.
Example -

107. LETTER COMBINATIONS
Definition – a group of two letters that represent a sound.
Sentence – James used one letter combination in his sentence.
Example -
(1)ai – chair
(2)ie – pie
(3)oo -- book

108. LETTER RECOGNITION
Definition – able to identify the letter by name or sound.
Sentence – The education program expect students to be able to use
letter recognition by kindergarten.
Example -

109. LETTER-SOUND CORRESPONDENCE
Definition - the identification of sounds associated with the individual
letter or letter combinations.
Sentence – We emphasize that the students engage in letter-sound
correspondence during their reading.
Example -

110. LINGUISTIC APPROACH
Definition - a sentence using highly regular spelling patterns.
Sentence – Ms. Hall used a linguistic approach in her language arts
lesson plan.
Example – The fat rat sat on the hat.

111. LITERAL COMPREHENSION
Definition – to recall information that was read and be able to get an
understanding.
Sentence – Bob told the class the literal comprehension for the first
paragraph.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/reading-comprehension-literal-
inferential-evaluative.html

112. ACTIVITY SHEET: LITERAL COMPREHENSION

113. Definition – what the text is mostly about.
Sentence - The main idea was in the first paragraph.
Example – What is the main idea?
Jamie likes being outside in the summer. Jamie went to the
beach yesterday. She played beach volleyball and it began to rain.
Majority of the people that were playing volleyball, quit playing
volleyball and went inside. Not Jamie, she stayed outside on the beach
and played catch with her dog.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THX0XRB54Yk&feature=player_
embedded
MAIN IDEA

114. ACTIVITY SHEET: MAIN IDEA

115. MISCUE
Definition – when the reader substitutes a word for another in a
passage.
Sentence – Betty made four miscues in the sentence she read.
Example –
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSeHLEXVYY0

116. MISCUE ANALYSIS
Definition – a examination of reading errors or miscues that
determines the strengths and weakness of the student.
Sentence – Ms. White completed the miscue analysis on Kenneth’s
paper.
Example -

117. MODELED READING
Definition – An experienced reader reads a text aloud, therefore
showing an unexperienced reader how to read correctly.
Sentence – Effective teachers practice modeled reading in their
instruction.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxAJ75MeiFo

118. METACOGNITION
Definition – thinking about how you read and learn, while being
engaged in reading and learning.
Sentence –
Example – As a teacher, as I was reading, I would stop and ”think to
myself,” which was out loud for the children to hear.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-4N7OxSMok

119. ACTIVITY SHEET: METACOGNITION

120. MODELING
Definition – The teacher demonstrates the strategy or skill that is being
taught.
Sentence – The education system prefers modeling for the students
that way the students have a example to look back at.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4An5KQjTZis

121. MORPHEME
Definition – smallest unit of language.
Sentence – The word book has one morpheme.
Example –
one morpheme: boy
two morphemes: boy + ish
three morphemes: boy + ish +ness
four morphemes: un +desire +able +ity

122. ACTIVITY SHEET: MORPHEME

123. MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS
Definition – the study of words formed by adding prefixes and suffixes
to the base word.
Sentence – The teacher and the student practice morphemic analysis
through the lesson.
Example –
(1)prefixes – re means do again
replay, rebuild, reread
(2)suffixes – ful means full of
careful, joyful, thankful

124. MORPHOLOGY
Definition – study of words.
Sentence – We are going to discuss the morphology of education.
Example –
(1) re means again
(2)over means too much
(3)s means plural
(4)premeans before
(5)postmeans after

125. MULTISYLLABIC WORDS
Definition – words with more than one syllable.
Sentence – Apple is a multisyllabic word.
Example –
flower camera
rabbit candy

126. NARRATIVE TEXT
Definition – text that tells a story about real events.
Sentence – I read a narrative text to my students today.
Example – a picture book which consist of big colorful pictures with few
words.

127. OBJECTIVES
Definition – the expected accomplishments after completing a lesson.
Sentence – Mrs. Johnson stated her objectives at the beginning of her
lesson.
Example –

128. ODDITIES
Definition – the expected pronunciation of vowels that are pronounced
differently.
Sentence – He had two words in his sentence that had oddities.
Example – the “o” in cold is pronounced long “o” instead of short ”o.”

129. ONSET AND RIME
Definition – onset is the first consonant or consonants in a syllable and
rime is the vowel and the consonant that follows it.
Sentence – The word pamper has an onset and rime in it.
Example – A rock went through the window.
r is the onset and ock is the rime

130. ACTIVITY SHEET: ONSET AND RIME

131. ORTHOGRAPHIC UNITS
Definition – written or printed symbols that express the sounds of
language.
Sentence – My friend sent me a copy of the orthographic units.

132. ORTHOGRAPHY
Definition – a writing system that explains language.
Sentence – Every student needs to know and understand orthography.
Example –

133. PACING
Definition – being able to move through a lesson according to the ability of
your students.
Sentence – Mrs. Harper is always pacing her lesson plan according to the
ability of her students.
Example – If her students are comprehending what she is teaching then she
can pick up the pace, but when they began to slow down in comprehending
what she is teaching, then she has to slow down in her lesson.

134. PARTNER/PEER READING
Definition - taking turns reading with a partner who assist with
identifying words and giving feedback when needed.
Sentence – Many teachers initiate partner/peer reading into their
lesson plan because they find it beneficial to the students.
Example –

135. PATTERN STORY OR CUMULATIVE STORY
Definition – a story with many elements, but yet predictable because
the patterns are repeated until the climax of the story.
Sentence – Most of the students enjoy reading pattern/cumulative
stories because it does not take much to figure out what could happen
before it ends.
Example –

136. PHONEME
Definition – the smallest unit of sound.
Sentence – Sam added another phoneme to create a word.
Example – changing the first phoneme (or first sound) in the word hat
from /h/ to /b/ changes the word from hat to bat, therefore changing
the meaning of the word.

137. PHONEME ISOLATION
Definition – able to recall the individual sounds in a word.
Sentence – Mr. Hensley recognized Sam used phoneme isolation while
completing the activity sheet in the guided practice.
Example - /c/ is the first sound in car

138. PHONEME MANIPULATION
Definition – adding, deleting and/or substituting sounds in words.
Sentence – I worked on phoneme manipulation with the students in
whole groups.
Example – substitute /m/ for /h/ in hat to make mat.

139. PHONEMIC AWARENESS
Definition – able to recognize the individual sounds in words.
Sentence – Phonemic awareness is very important part in reading.
Example –

140. PHONICS
Definition – relationship between sounds of spoken language and
letters of written language.
Sentence – A lot of parents were concerned about phonics being
taught to their children.
Example –

141. PHONICS APPROACH
Definition – teach word recognition through learning the relation of
the letter to the sounds they represent.
Sentence – Through the phonics approach, a child can pronounce
printed words by blending sounds together.
Example – If a child can not recognize the sounds a letter makes, then
the child will not be able to put the letters together to make a word, or
words together to make a sentence, and a sentence to make a
paragraph.

142. PHONOGRAM
Definition – letters that represent the same unit in different words.
Sentence – Hunter was able to recognize the phonograms in the word.
Example – /oo/
boot
foot
book

143. PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS
Definition – the ability to recognize the sounds of spoken language and
how they can be segmented, blended, and manipulated.
Sentence – Please make sure your students understand the importance
of applying phonological awareness to their work.
Example -

144. PHONOLOGY
Definition – the study of speech sounds and how the sounds are used
in language.
Sentence - Make sure you know the phonology behind the word.

145. PICTURE CUES
Definition – images that help the reader figure out the word and its’
meaning.
Sentence –Pete the Cat, Rocking in My Red Shoes has a lot of picture
cues.

146. PICTURE WALK
Definition – the adult reader and the child or group of children look at
pictures in the story to become familiar with the story prior to reading
it.
Sentence – I did a picture walk with the class yesterday.

147. PRAGMATICS
Definition – the study of ways the context contributes to the meaning.
Sentence – Many students use pragmatics in much of their
conversation.
Example – Sam, a six year old, says to his aunt, “Don’t eat the candy
because the rest of your teeth may fall out.

148. PREFIX
Definition – a affix that is placed before the base word.
Sentence – The prefix for replace is re.
Example –
(1)unhappy
(2)bicycle
(3)mismatch

149. PRE-READING STRATEGIES
Definition – activities that take place before the reading that provide
the student with important information to prepare them for the
reading.
Sentence – I applied pre-reading strategies to “The Three Little Pigs.”
Example – The teacher shows the front cover of “The Rainbow Fish”
and talked what images were on the cover.

150. PRINT CONVENTIONS/CONVENTIONS OF
PRINT
Definition – rules that govern the use of print in the use of written
language.
Sentence –
Example – When someone is asking a question, a question mark needs
to be applied at the end of the sentence.

151. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Definition – the knowledge and experience students already have.
Sentence – Hadley used prior knowledge to answer question about
sharks.
Example – The teacher was preparing to read a book about the beach,
but because Tom went to the beach this past week, he was able to
answer questions about what you would normally find in the water.

152. PROGRESS MONITORING
Definition – test that monitor the students reading throughout the
year.
Sentence – Ms. Hampton participates in progress monitoring to make
sure she is able to see the growth of her students.

153. PROSODY
Definition – to read with great expression, intonation, and phrasing.
Sentence – Mrs. Parker read the book with prosody.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ci46lA_u4Bg

154. RATE
Definition – the rate of speed a person reads.
Sentence – A person should read a book with consistent rate.

155. READIBILITY LEVEL
Definition – based on the level a student reads at based on reading text
without help, some help, and then much help.
Sentence – Sam readibility level was at a frustrational level because it
was all on his face.
Example –

156. READING CENTERS
Definition – a special place set up in the classroom for students to
become engaged with reading instruction.
Sentence – I have a attractive, inviting reading center in my classroom.
Example – Students work individually, in pairs, and in small groups all to
remain academically engaged. Centers is a way for teachers to monitor
where the student stands.

157. EXAMPLES OF READING CENTERS
Definition – The opportunity for students to work on phonemic
awareness.
Sentence – Mr. Soto has many examples of reading centers in his
classroom. The reading center has a variety of books at various reading
levels to meet the needs of all students.

158. READING FLUENCY PRORATING FORMULA
Definition – when students read a text for more than a minute, then
less a minute, the performance is then prorated to give the student
their rate per minute.
Sentence – I used the reading fluency prorating formula on a regular
basis so I can keep track of my student’s progress.

159. REPEATED READING
Definition – the student reads repeatedly until he or she is able to read
at a steady rate.
Sentence – I have seen repeated reading practiced in my cooperating
teachers class.

160. RETELLING
Definition – able to tell what you read about in your own words.
Sentence – Some students have a problem with retelling because they
don’t remember what they read.

161. REVERSALS
Definition – reversing the letters in a word.
Sentence – Emergent students have a habit of doing reversals.
Example –

162. RHYMING
Definition – words with the same ending sound.
Sentence – Mat and hat are rhyming words.
Example –
(1)hat
(2)mat
(3)bat

163. ROOT
Definition – it can not stand alone but is used to create words.
Sentence – The students completed a activity on root words.
Examples -

164. SCAFFOLDED INSTRUCTION
Definition – strategies used to help a student arrive at the right answer.
Sentence – All teachers should use scaffolded instruction for the
benefit of the students.

165. SCHEMA
Definition – the knowledge and experience the student uses to apply
to the text they are going to read.
Sentence – It is good when a student has schema on the book the
teacher is about to read.

166. SCHWA
Definition – it sounds like the short u sound, uh, as in up.
Sentence – The schwa sound appears in up.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBf3o7945ww

167. SCIENTIFICALLY BASED READING RESEARCH (SBBR)
Definition – research applied to obtain valid knowledge.
Sentence – The project was a scientifically based reading research.

168. SCOPE AND SEQUENCE
Definition – a roadmap that provides the teacher a picture of the
guidelines.
Sentence – Teachers are given a scope and sequence of their
expectations.

169. SCREENING
Definition – it informs the teacher where the student stands so the
teacher knows what help to get so the student is able to make
progress.
Sentence – Screening is helpful for the students.

170. SEGMENTING
Definition – breaking up words into its sounds to spell.
Sentence – The students are working on segmenting this week.
Example –

171. SELF MONITORING
Definition – when the student, while reading, is able to make necessary
steps to understand the text.
Sentence – It is good when a teacher models self monitoring for the
student.

172. SEMANTICS
Definition – the study of meaning.
Sentence – Teachers should model semantics so students know how to
apply the strategy when and where it is needed.

173. SEMANTIC FEATURE ANALYSIS
Definition – a grid used to study how things are related.
Sentence – Semantic feature analysis are helpful when you are making
predictions.

174. SEMANTIC MAPS
Definition – a strategy used to graph concepts.
Sentence – Teachers implement semantic maps in their lessons
regularly.

175. SHARED READING
Definition – when a teacher reads a book while learners look and
follow the text.
Sentence – Teachers often apply shared reading daily giving the
students to observe how a text should be read.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h__j7tgfU7A

176. SIGHT WORDS
Definition – words that are easily recognized.
Sentence – All grades use sight words.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fL6RqmJ6CtU

177. SOUND(ING) OUT
Definition – recall the sound of each letter to figure out the word.
Sentence – I saw students in the first grade sounding out letters.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-OU-JVCUco

178. SOUND TO SYMBOL
Definition – matching the sound to the symbol of the letter.
Sentence – Once you understand sound to symbol you are able to
apply it.

179. SPELLING PATTERNS
Definition – refers to digraphs, vowel pairs, word families, and vowel
variant spellings.
Sentence – Word families are examples of spelling patterns.

180. STORY ELEMENTS
Definition – the characters, problem, solutions, themes, settings, and
plot.
Sentence – Mrs. Hazel modeled how to find story elements in a book.

181. STORY GRAMMAR
Definition – the structure of a story using the elements.
Sentence – It is good for a student to understand how to apply story
grammar.

182. STORY MAPS
Definition – a strategy used to find out the different elements in a
story.
Sentence – Story maps are helpful for visual learners.

183. STORY/TEXT STRUCTURE
Definition – helps readers find answers to questions easily.
Sentence – Story/text structure is helpful for a student who is a visual
learner and it plays a good role in guided practice of a lesson plan.

184. STRATEGIC LEARNERS
Definition – active learners who think about what they already know
while reading.
Sentence – While reading, a child is thinking about what could happen
if this or that, that child is a strategic learner.

185. STRATEGY
Definition – a plan to help the understanding of a text.
Sentence – John has a strategy in mind when he began his paper.

186. STRAUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Definition – a way to teach students how to read words with prefixes,
suffixes, and other word parts.
Sentence – The structural analysis came in handy when working on the
activity sheet.
PREFIX
AND
SUFFIX

187. STUDENT FRIENDLY EXPLANATION
Definition – tells how the word can be used in everyday life and when
you would typically see it.
Sentence – Mrs. James used a student friendly explanation for one of
the spelling words today.
Example – The word is text.
I would tell them to read the text out of the book. A
student would say, ”What is text?” I would tell the student
the information you read out of the book is called text.

188. SUFFIX
Definition – a affix added to the end of a word.
Sentence – John realized what the suffix was in the sentence after
seeing examples on the board.
Example –
(1)musician
(2)slowly
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUtmHT7DOvI

189. SUMMARIZING
Definition – turning lengthy information into small points.
Sentence – We are teaching the students that summarizing text is very
helpful.

190. SYLLABLE
Definition – is a word part.
Sentence – Cake has one syllable.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvcgVRULaWw

191. CLOSED SYLLABLE
Definition – a syllable ending in a consonant.
Sentence – Up has a closed syllable.
Example –
(1)bat /b/ /a/ /t/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56gRVUNBoeI

192. OPEN SYLLABLE
Definition – a syllable is spelled with a single vowel at its end.
Sentence – He is a open syllable.
Example –
(1)acorn /a/ /corn/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56gRVUNBoeI

193. VOWEL-CONSONANT-E SYLLABLE
Definition – syllable consist of vowel, consonant, then e.
Sentence - The teacher gave us a activity sheet on vowel-consonant e syllable.
Example –
(1)dime
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56gRVUNBoeI

194. CONSONANT-l-e SYLLABLE
Definition – syllable that consist of le.
Sentence – Handle has the consonant le syllable in it.
Example –
(1)table
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgOSLD0nifg

195. R-CONTROLLED SYLLABLE
Definition – a syllable with a r standing beside a vowel.
Sentence – Star is a example of r-controlled syllable.
Example -
(1)barn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIGDpEVPzCw&list=PLTbEkp8etz5c
TEoyPhhdfJeGKLxh6Tc4w

196. VOWEL PAIRS SYLLABLE
Definition – two vowels side by side in a syllable.
Sentence – A example of vowel pairs is count.
Example –
(1)rainbow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o84ndBQU6vQ&list=PLjqmU0Wu69QX
dwtvJ7iwc2CoCGpxHJIwP

197. SYMBOL TO SOUND
Definition – matching symbol of letter to sound.
Sentence – James recognized the symbol to sound and was able to
pronunciate the word.

198. SYNONYM
Definition – words that mean the same.
Sentence – Sad and unhappy are a synonym.
Examples –
(1) angry and furious
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3YKLIF8oug

199. SYNTAX
Definition –the ordering of words to say what needs to be said.
Sentence –When writing a paper, you should know syntax.
Example –
(1) ”I cannot go out.” (casual conversation)
A stronger emphasis of the inability of not being able to
to out. Correct one, ”Go out I cannot.”
http://study.com/academy/lesson/syntax-in-writing-definition-lesson-quiz.html

200. SYSTEMATIC INSTRUCTION
Definition – carefully thought out plan on how you want to teach a
lesson.
Sentence – The lesson plan had a systematic instruction.
Example – A Unit Plan, Community Helper

201. SYSTEMATIC PHONICS INSTRUCTION
Definition – teaches children about letter-sound correspondences.
Sentence – We have a systematic phonic instruction program set up at the
school I attend.
http://rer.sagepub.com/content/71/3/393.short

202. TARGET WORDS
Definition – specific words that are meant to study in a curriculum.
Sentence – The target words for this week are steel, magnet, paper,
tree, ocean, shark, and winter.

203. THE WRITING PROCESS
Definition – teaching someone how to write and the process it
involves.
Sentence – Dwight followed the writing process correctly.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 4 Step 5

204. TIMED READING
Definition – students read an appropriate text with a certain amount of
words in a certain amount of time.
Sentence – Mrs. Green class participates in timed reading weekly.

205. TRADE BOOK
Definition – a book for general reading that is not a textbook.
Sentence – I have 5 trade books in my classroom library.

206. UTILITY
Definition – how much of something you will use.
Sentence – The utility of the time is important.

207. VARIANT CORRESPONDENCES
Definition – a variety of spelling patterns for one sound.
Sentence – The teacher discussed variant correspondences during the
lesson.
Example – long o spelled
(1)boat

208. VISUAL INFORMATION
Definition – getting information based on how it is seen.
Sentence – Mike got visual information about diamonds in the library.

209. VOCABULARY
Definition – total number of words in a language.
Sentence – Fifteen out of twenty children that entered my class had a
good vocabulary.

210. VOWEL DIGRAPH OR VOWEL PAIR
Definition – two vowels put together that make one phoneme.
Sentence – I wrote two sentences using a vowel digraph or vowel pair.
Example –
(1)bear

211. WORD ANALYSIS/WORD ATTACK STRATEGIES
Definition – using strategies to figure out unfamiliar words.
Sentence – When you are not sure of a word, use word attack
strategies.