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Foundations of Modern Psychology
- 2. History and Development Dissatisfaction with other methods Psychoanalysis is too slow Operant & Classical conditioning rules out black box Researchers begin to see cognition in their research (Dowd, 2004; Beck 1991) Environment & perception Children’s self-dialogue Common theme of distortion
- 3. What is CBT? Looks at distorted thoughts/behavior Not the past, not the unconscious Making positive changes to thoughts/behavior Challenging and disputing thoughts
- 4. Techniques of CBT Rational-Emotive-Behavior Therapy A-B-C method (Dowd, 2004; Beck, 1993)
- 5. Effectiveness Treats broad range of problems Depression, substance abuse, stress Integrative approach B-ism, constructivism, psychotherapy Various Tx methods Self-help groups, bibliotherapy, computer-based Heuristic Popularity
- 6. Current CBT Trend of common profiles Increased client awareness Continued research about how distortions develop Continued integration of other approaches (Beck 1992)
- 7. References Beck, A. T. (1991). Cognitive Therapy: A 30-Year Retrospective. American Psychologist, 46 (4), 368-375. Beck, A. T. (1993). Cognitive Therapy: Past, Present and Future. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61 (2), 194-198. Beck, A. T., & Haaga, D. A. (1992). The Future of Cognitive Therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 29 (1), 34-38. Corey, G. (2008). Theory and Practice of Group Counseling (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Dowd, E. T. (2004). Cognition and the Cognitive Revolution in Psychotherapy: Promises and Advances. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60 (4), 415-428. Minor, P. J. (2006, September 1). Some Reasons Why I Use REBT in My Private Practice and Personal Life. Retrieved April 24, 2011, from REBT Network: http://www.rebtnetwork.org/essays/personallife.html NACBT Online Headquarters. (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2011, from National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists: http://www.nacbt.org/whatiscbt.htm Nakate, S. (n.d.). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Techniques. Retrieved April 25, 2011, from www.Buzzle.com: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-cbt-techniques.html Petridis, P. A. (2009, April 10). Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) Efficacy: Fact or Fiction? Retrieved April 25, 2011, from soultherapynow.com: http://soultherapynow.com/articles/cbt-effectiveness.htmlBeck, Aaron T. "Cognitive Therapy: A 30-Year Retrospective." American Psychologist 46, no. 4 (1991): 368-375. Beck, Aaron T. "Cognitive Therapy: Past, Present and Future." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61, no. 2 (1993): 194-198. Beck, Aaron T., and David A.F. Haaga. "The Future of Cognitive Therapy." Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 29, no. 1 (1992): 34-38. Dowd, E. Thomas. "Cognition and the Cognitive Revolution in Psychotherapy: Promises and Advances." Journal of Clinical Psychology 60, no. 4 (2004): 415-428.
Editor's Notes
- - Cognitive Psychology gradually evolved in the late 1900s directly on the tail of the computer being invented and used to analyze soldiers during and after the war-B-ism dismissed cognition (black box) as irrelevant due to OC & CC-Psychoanalysis was too slow.-B-ism was ineffective or only as effective thus proving the black box is relevant-Albert Bandura demonstrated environmental influences and perception play a huge role in behavior-Donald Meichenbaum noticed how some children have dialogue with themselves when faced with a task (about the task)-Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck noticed distorted thinking was a common theme of client issues-normally before the clients noticed them
- -current automatic, biased negative/irrational/distorted thoughts/beliefs/schemas about self/past/future/world and how they are maintained and reinforced by the self and environment and working to change them and behaviors that accompany them
- -therapists don’t try to discover why their clients have the distortions, merely teach them how to change the thoughts-Ellis developed Rational Therapy (later Rational-Emotive Therapy, then Rational-Emotive-Behavior Therapy) described as helping clients recognize & dispute distorted thoughts-Ellis developed A-B-C method-changing the Belief about an Activating event could change the Consequence-Broadened types of problems treatable-depression, anxiety, phobias, eating disorders, substance abuse and much more-even stress management w/o mental illness. Basically any mental or behavioral issue that may have cognitive distortions attached (just about every dysfunction known to man)-Constantly expanding to include many different methods and theories of psychology, i.e. behaviorism-Very heuristic, allows people to take responsibility and action in their progress
- -some distortions are common across all disorders, some are specific to one disorder or type of disorder (anxiety comes with fear, depression comes with negative affect)-increased consumer awareness asks for more empirical data that the Tx prescribed for their illness is the best -experiment w/different types of Tx, i.e. self-help groups, bibliotherapy, computer-assisted-personality and social psych research aimed at empirical results can help learn how and why schemas develop and how they change with and without intervention-continue to use multiple approaches of psychotherapy and behavior therapies