A foundation supports a building structure and can be made from various materials. Footings increase a foundation's support capacity and are used when a house is not on solid rock. Foundation walls extend from the footing to the first floor and include basement walls, which are usually concrete or brick. Common foundation wall types are T-foundations, slab foundations, pier/post foundations, and wood foundations. Beams and girders support floor joists and are placed between outside walls perpendicular to joists. Beam materials include wood and metal, with size determined by calculating live and dead load weights.

1. FOUNDATIONS

2. FOUNDATIONS
 A foundation is the supporting structure of a
building.
 Foundations can be made from numerous
materials.

3. FOOTING
 Footing
 Increase
the supporting capacity of a foundation
 Used when a house is not built on solid rock
 Footing thickness is equal to wall thickness
 Stepped footing is used when building on
hilly terrain

4. FOUNDATION WALLS
 Walls of the house that extend from the
footing to the first floor.
 Also known as the basement walls.
 Usually made from poured concrete or
bricks.
 4 types of foundation walls: t-
foundation, slab foundation, pier/post
foundation, and wood foundation.

5. T-FOUNDATIONS
 Most common
 Name is derived from
shape
 Can be a single cast or
multiple pieces

6. SLAB FOUNDATION
 Extension of the floor
 Poured the same time
floor is and is all one
unit
 Steel reinforcement is
suggested.

7. PIER AND POST FOUNDATIONS
 Similar to t – foundation
 Support apparatus consist
of a footing and a post or
column.
 Difference between pier
and post columns is height
 Pier is shorter.
 Materials consist of
wood, steel, and concrete.
 8 inch post for a 1 story
house
 12 inch post for a 2 story
house.

8. WOOD FOUNDATIONS
 A stud wall that is blow
grade.
 Wood must be treated
 Used in areas where
freezing is infrequent.
 Walls are placed in
trenches filled with
gravel or sand.
 Mechanical fasteners
should be non
decaying

9. CONCRETE AND MASONRY WALLS
 Thickness depends on earth pressure and
weight to be supported.
 Average wall thickness is 10 – 12 inches
 Pilaster are used to add extra support when
earth pressure is high . (pg 246)
 Other items that can be used are steel bars
and beams
 All walls require a water proofing called a
parge coat

10. BEAMS AND GIRDERS
 A device used to support floor joists.
 Placed equal distances between outside
walls
 Perpendicular to floor joists.
 Sometimes is hidden in a load bearing wall
 Beams can be wood or metal

11. BEAMS
 Wood Beams  Steel Beams
 Two Types : Built up  Two types s-beams and
and solid wide flanged
 Built up beams are  S beam is also know as
used more frequently. I beam
 Solid beams are  The wide flanged beam
stronger and more fire is more stable and can
resistant. hold more weight

12. BEAMS
 Size of beam is determined by weight
 Weight is measure in two types
 Live Load and dead load
 Live load refers to objects that are not a part
of the house such as furniture and people..
 Dead load refers to the weight of the
structure itself.
 Load calculations are on pg 249

13. ASSIGNMENTS
 Study guide in student book
 Works of an architect