This document discusses the formulation of a Corporate Governance Index for banks in India. It first reviews literature on corporate governance in financial institutions globally and in India. It explores factors critical for evaluating corporate governance in banks, such as board practices, risk management, disclosure, and compensation. The paper then develops a Corporate Governance Index for Indian banks consisting of factors like the board, audit committee, related party transactions, and disclosures. It assigns scores to sub-elements of each factor based on literature. The resulting index is intended to provide a guideline for assessing corporate governance quality in Indian banks.
Relationship between capital structure and firm’s performance theoretical reviewAlexander Decker
This document provides a theoretical review of the relationship between capital structure and firm performance. It begins by defining capital structure as the combination of debt and equity used to finance a firm's operations. The document then discusses the main determinants of capital structure, including both internal factors like firm size, growth, and profitability, as well as external macroeconomic variables. Finally, it outlines the major theories around capital structure and their views on the relationship with firm performance and value.
A nexus between liquidity & profitability a study of trading companies in sri...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between liquidity and profitability of trading companies in Sri Lanka. The study analyzed annual report data from 8 listed trading companies over a 5-year period from 2008 to 2012. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the nature and extent of the relationship between liquidity ratios like current ratio and quick ratio and profitability ratios like return on equity and return on assets. The findings suggest there is a significant relationship between liquidity and profitability among the sampled trading companies in Sri Lanka. However, the results may not be generalizable to non-public companies or other sectors. The document provides background on liquidity, profitability, prior studies on the relationship, and the methodology used
Assessing the effect of liquidity on profitability of commercial banks in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document discusses factors that affect the profitability of commercial banks in Kenya. It provides background on the banking sector in Kenya and reviews various theories on factors that influence bank profitability, including market power theory, efficiency structure theory, and the Modigliani-Miller theorem. The study aimed to determine the effect of internal factors like liquidity on the profitability of commercial banks in Kenya. It found that liquidity has a statistically significant and positive relationship with bank profitability.
Analysis of Financial Health of the New Private Sector Banks in India throug...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Performance Analysis of Private Conventional Banks: A Case Study of Bangl...IOSR Journals
This study attempts primarily to measure the financial performance of some selected private
commercial banks in Bangladesh for the period 2006-2011 and to identify whether any relationship exists
between a bank’s years of operation and its performance. For this purpose five banks have been selected from
different generations. The financial performances of these banks have been scrutinized from the following four
dimensions: (1) profitability (2) liquidity (3) credit risk and (4) efficiency. The study concluded that there is no
specific relationship between the generation of banks and its performance. The performances of banks are
dependent more on the management’s ability in formulating strategic plans and the efficient implementation of
its strategies. The study findings can be helpful for management of private commercial banks in Bangladesh to
improve their financial performance and formulate policies that will improve their performance. The study also
identified specific areas for each bank to work on which can ensure sustainable growth for these banks
Corporate governance and_performance_ofClement F. E.
This study investigates the relationship between corporate governance and the financial performance of Nigerian deposit money banks following the 2005 bank consolidation in Nigeria. The study uses secondary data from 2005-2008 to test whether longer-serving CEOs, more frequent board meetings, and better risk management are associated with lower non-performing loans, higher returns on assets, and greater market capitalization. Regression analysis shows that overall, corporate governance had a positive impact on bank performance. The findings suggest that regulatory policies aimed at strengthening corporate governance in Nigerian banks could help improve financial performance and reduce distress in the banking sector.
Analysis Market Reaction on Timeliness Reporting: Study on Indonesia Stock Ex...inventionjournals
The document examines how good corporate governance (GCG) affects the timeliness of financial reporting and whether there are differences in market reaction for companies that meet versus do not meet timely reporting requirements. It reviews prior literature on factors like institutional ownership, board independence, and audit committees that can influence timely reporting. The study analyzes data from Indonesian companies to determine the role of GCG in monitoring financial reporting timeliness and any impact on market reaction.
Relationship between capital structure and firm’s performance theoretical reviewAlexander Decker
This document provides a theoretical review of the relationship between capital structure and firm performance. It begins by defining capital structure as the combination of debt and equity used to finance a firm's operations. The document then discusses the main determinants of capital structure, including both internal factors like firm size, growth, and profitability, as well as external macroeconomic variables. Finally, it outlines the major theories around capital structure and their views on the relationship with firm performance and value.
A nexus between liquidity & profitability a study of trading companies in sri...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between liquidity and profitability of trading companies in Sri Lanka. The study analyzed annual report data from 8 listed trading companies over a 5-year period from 2008 to 2012. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the nature and extent of the relationship between liquidity ratios like current ratio and quick ratio and profitability ratios like return on equity and return on assets. The findings suggest there is a significant relationship between liquidity and profitability among the sampled trading companies in Sri Lanka. However, the results may not be generalizable to non-public companies or other sectors. The document provides background on liquidity, profitability, prior studies on the relationship, and the methodology used
Assessing the effect of liquidity on profitability of commercial banks in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document discusses factors that affect the profitability of commercial banks in Kenya. It provides background on the banking sector in Kenya and reviews various theories on factors that influence bank profitability, including market power theory, efficiency structure theory, and the Modigliani-Miller theorem. The study aimed to determine the effect of internal factors like liquidity on the profitability of commercial banks in Kenya. It found that liquidity has a statistically significant and positive relationship with bank profitability.
Analysis of Financial Health of the New Private Sector Banks in India throug...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Performance Analysis of Private Conventional Banks: A Case Study of Bangl...IOSR Journals
This study attempts primarily to measure the financial performance of some selected private
commercial banks in Bangladesh for the period 2006-2011 and to identify whether any relationship exists
between a bank’s years of operation and its performance. For this purpose five banks have been selected from
different generations. The financial performances of these banks have been scrutinized from the following four
dimensions: (1) profitability (2) liquidity (3) credit risk and (4) efficiency. The study concluded that there is no
specific relationship between the generation of banks and its performance. The performances of banks are
dependent more on the management’s ability in formulating strategic plans and the efficient implementation of
its strategies. The study findings can be helpful for management of private commercial banks in Bangladesh to
improve their financial performance and formulate policies that will improve their performance. The study also
identified specific areas for each bank to work on which can ensure sustainable growth for these banks
Corporate governance and_performance_ofClement F. E.
This study investigates the relationship between corporate governance and the financial performance of Nigerian deposit money banks following the 2005 bank consolidation in Nigeria. The study uses secondary data from 2005-2008 to test whether longer-serving CEOs, more frequent board meetings, and better risk management are associated with lower non-performing loans, higher returns on assets, and greater market capitalization. Regression analysis shows that overall, corporate governance had a positive impact on bank performance. The findings suggest that regulatory policies aimed at strengthening corporate governance in Nigerian banks could help improve financial performance and reduce distress in the banking sector.
Analysis Market Reaction on Timeliness Reporting: Study on Indonesia Stock Ex...inventionjournals
The document examines how good corporate governance (GCG) affects the timeliness of financial reporting and whether there are differences in market reaction for companies that meet versus do not meet timely reporting requirements. It reviews prior literature on factors like institutional ownership, board independence, and audit committees that can influence timely reporting. The study analyzes data from Indonesian companies to determine the role of GCG in monitoring financial reporting timeliness and any impact on market reaction.
The Effect of Capital Structure on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A STUDY ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF FOREIGN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN SRI LANKA...ectijjournal
Banks serve as backbone to the financial sector, which facilitate the proper utilization of financial
resources of a country. The banking sector is increasingly growing and it has witnessed a huge flow of
investment. The banking sector of developing countries is different from the developed countries in term of
performance. The banking sector, especially commercial banks of Sri Lanka plays a vital role in the Sri
Lankan economy. The focus of this study was to investigate the financial performance of foreign
commercial banks in Sri Lanka. Many studies are conducted in different countries to study the financial
performance of banking sector using the various statistical methods. In this study, the CAMEL rating
system is used to study the financial performance of foreign commercial banks in Sri Lanka. The study
selects three foreign banks for the analysis. Data was collected for the time period of 2008-2014.
According to the findings foreign sector banks are good in the performance of capital adequacy and
earnings while other variables show an average performance.
Evaluation of some private commercial banks in bangladesh from performance pe...ijmvsc
Banks operate on a huge scale at the heart of the modern economy and the banking system has become an
integral part in the progress of economic development in Bangladesh. Besides, the banking sector has
made their innovation and efficiency crucial to the economy as it competes in an e-commerce world. The
role of banking system in this situation cannot be denied at all. This report intends to evaluate the
performance of selected private commercial banks in Bangladesh. In the study, best efforts have been put
on evaluating the performance. The growing pattern of branches, employees, deposits, loans and
advances, classified loan, net income and earnings per share of selected private commercial banks has
been considered to make an analysis on the performance evaluation of the selected private commercial
banks. To evaluate the performance, data have been collected from the secondary sources. Then the
collected data have been analyzed. From the analysis, it has been found that all of the selected banks are
in a position to make a sustainable growth in respect of branches, employees, deposits, loans and
advances, classified loan, net income and earnings per share during the period of 2007-2011 with some
fluctuation. Besides the growth pattern, other forms of calculations have been used for every selected
variable and they are trend equation and square of correlation coefficient. Under trend equation analysis,
the variables named branches, employees, deposits and net incomes hold more positive value than the
other variables considered. As the value of the slope always shows the positive number, it is a clear
indication that Bangladesh has a very good prospect in case of private commercial banks
Relevance of Mergers and Acquisition on Financial Performance of Deposit Mone...iosrjce
The paper examined the effects of Merger and Acquisition on the financial performance of selected
deposit money banks in Nigeria with emphasis on Profit After Tax, Gross Earnings and Asset Growth as
financial efficiency parameters. Two Nigeria Deposit Money Bank were selected using convenience and
judgemental sample selection methods. Data were collected from the published financial statements of the banks
namely former Oceanic bank and Ecobank Plc (now Ecobank Plc) and former Intercontinental Bank Plc and
Access Bank (Access Bank Plc). Data were analyzed using Linear Regression statistical tool. The results
revealed that Post Merger Financial Performance was significantly improved than the Pre Merger period of the
banks. The study therefore recommends that banks can merge or acquire each other as this has proved to
become a plat form for rescuing ailing ones and could provides a platform that could enhance batter financial
performance
Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Banking Sector A Case of Bharat Overseas B...ijtsrd
Mergers and Acquisitions MandAs continue to be a significant force in the restructuring of the financial services industry. The Indian Commercial Banking Sector, which has played a pivotal role in the country’s economic development, is currently passing through an exciting and challenging phase. The present research papers studies the impact of MandA on the financial performance of Bharat Overseas Bank and Indian Overseas Bank. The study uses key financial ratios to find the impact of MandA on financial performance of selected banks. Dr. Soniya Gambhir "Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Banking Sector (A Case of Bharat Overseas Bank and Indian Overseas Bank)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38415.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38415/mergers-and-acquisitions-in-indian-banking-sector-a-case-of-bharat-overseas-bank-and-indian-overseas-bank/dr-soniya-gambhir
Analysis of Internal, Market & Economic Based Financial Performance Measureme...IOSRJBM
The aim of this study is to investigate the financial performance of 10 commercial banks listed on Dhaka Stock Exchange. In this paper, financial performance has been measured by using three indicators. Internal–based performance measured by Return on Assets, Market-based performance measured by Tobin’s Q model (Price / Book value of Equity) and Economic–based performance measured by Economic Value adds. The correlation and multiple regression of annual time series data is used to find the impact of bank size, credit risk, operational efficiency and asset management on financial performance measured by the three indicators, The study rejected the null hypothesis and it is found that there exist statistically significant impact of bank size, credit risk, operational efficiency and asset management with ROA and Economic Value Added. On the other hand Tobin’s Q has insignificant impact on financial performance of commercial banks
Liquidity, capital adequacy and operating efficiency of commercial banks in k...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that examines the effect of liquidity and capital adequacy on the operating efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, it analyzes how bank liquidity ratios and capital adequacy ratios impact operational efficiency. The study found that the previous year's operational efficiency, liquid assets to short-term liabilities ratio, and total capital ratio positively and significantly affect bank operating efficiency. Regression analysis showed that 41.08% of banks' operational efficiency is explained by the study variables. Therefore, banks should focus on improving liquidity ratios and capital ratios to enhance operating efficiency.
Determinants of commercial banks profitability panel data evidence from pakistanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the determinants of commercial bank profitability in Pakistan from 2004-2010. The researchers used multiple regression analysis on a sample of 5 major commercial banks to determine the relationship between return on assets (the dependent variable) and various internal and external independent variables. The results indicated that internal factors like liquidity, efficiency, asset composition, deposit composition, and external factors like firm size had a significant impact on bank profitability. The study adds to the limited literature on factors influencing bank performance in Pakistan.
A Comparison of Key Determinants on Profitability of India’s Largest Public a...Rajveer Rawlin
The banking sector in India has come under the scanner following some key changes in monetary policy. With
the Reserve bank of India (RBI) raising interest rates to support the falling Indian currency the Rupee, the cost of
funds of banks has increased significantly. This could manifest itself in rising non-performing assets (NPAs) and
declining profitability. The profitability of banks is impacted by both internal and external factors. This paper is
an attempt to compare the key drivers of profits at India’s largest public and private sector banks. Bank specific
metrics and risk factors were important drivers of profits at both banks. Productivity measures were key drivers
of profits at India’s largest public sector bank SBI but had no effect on profits at India’s largest private sector
bank, HDFC bank. Asset usage efficiency measures were key determinants of profitability at HDFC bank but not
at SBI. The single most important determinant of SBI proved to be business per employee, a productivity
measure while advances and bank size which are traditional bank metrics were key drivers of profits at HDFC
bank. Managers at both banks and their share holders thus can look at these drivers to develop a broad
understanding of profitability at the two banks.
This document discusses a study on the effect of capital structure on the profitability of conventional and Islamic banks in Pakistan. The study examines the relationship between capital structure factors like total liabilities to total assets, total equity to total assets, total liabilities to total equities, and bank size with profitability measures like return on equity and return on assets. Annual reports from 5 Islamic banks and 5 conventional banks between 2010-2014 are analyzed using statistical tools like correlation analysis and t-tests. The study aims to compare the capital structure and its impact on profitability between conventional and Islamic banks in Pakistan and help policymakers. Limitations and the thesis structure are also outlined.
An Impact of Capital Adequacy Ratio on the Profitability of Private Sector Ba...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Profitability being one of the cardinal principles of bank lending acts as a game changer for the survival and success of private sector banks in India. In order to stay profitable, banks have to capitalise on every penny advanced to yield the expected returns. However, considering the constraints laid down by the Reserve Bank of India, banks have to maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio, as per the current BASEL III regulations active in India. With the mergers of public sector banks, the challenge has got just tougher for the private sector banks in India. Expansion and Diversification are the key strategies adopted by the key players from the private banking sector, however, with the minimum capital adequacy ratio observed by them, it is necessary to understand its actual impact on the bank’s profitability. This research paper aims to throw light upon the linkage that capital adequacy has with the bank’s profitability. It attempts to establish a relation between the Capital Adequacy Ratio with the Net profits of the bank. For the purpose of this study, data from the past 5 years of the leading private sector banks has been collected, namely, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, AXIS Bank and YES Bank. The collected data has been analysed using Pearson’s Correlation to establish a relation between the CAR Ratio & the bank’s profitability. Hypothesis testing has been further done to study the quantum of proportionate change in the profitability with a change in the CAR Ratio for private sector banks using applicable research tools. The said research tools are applied to achieve the desired results while maintaining the required quantum of accuracy. It also aims to understand the proportionate impact of changes in CAR to the bank’s profitability, which can act as a suggested measure for banks to develop a reliable framework for efficient capital management and increase overall efficiency. The results derived from the data collected and analyzed aim to provide scope for further study on the subject matter.
The document provides an introduction and overview of a study on the role of financial ratios for IDBI Bank in lending to organizations. It discusses the objectives of the research, which are to understand the importance of financial ratios, IDBI Bank's use of ratios in lending decisions, and evaluation techniques. The methodology discusses collecting secondary data from sources like magazines, books, and IDBI Bank reports and using ratio analysis and tables/graphs for analysis and representation.
Corporate covernance as a tool for curbing bank distress inAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about examining the role of corporate governance in curbing bank distress in Nigerian deposit money banks through empirical evidence. The article reviews literature on corporate governance and bank distress. It discusses how poor corporate governance contributed to failures in the Nigerian banking sector prior to reforms. The study aims to determine if there is a relationship between good corporate governance and preventing bank distress as well as improving bank performance. It uses statistical analysis of survey data to test these hypotheses. The findings show that while corporate governance did not significantly improve prevention of bank distress, it significantly improved Nigerian bank sector performance.
The Impact of Liquidity on Profitability on Selected Banks of Bangladesh Samia Ibrahim
This research seeks to establish a relationship between liquidity and profitability which may assess in liquidity management in the banks in Bangladesh.There has been a wide range of study on the concepts of liquidity and profitability. My research differs from the previous works as such research was not done in the context of Bangladeshi banking sector using recent data.
Liquidity management and commercial banks profitability in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between liquidity management and profitability in commercial banks in Nigeria. The study found that liquidity and profitability are significantly related, with each influencing the other. Effective liquidity management is important for banks' success and survival, as both insufficient and excessive liquidity can erode profitability. The study recommends that central banks maintain a flexible interest rate policy to help banks manage liquidity and profitability, and promote alternative payment methods to reduce banks' need to hold excess cash reserves.
Firm level determinants to small and medium sized enterprises’ access to fina...rrpidani
Firm Level Determinants to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ Access to Financing in Indonesia by Rita Pidani and Ishak Balaka. Academy of Taiwan Business Management Review, April 2013, Volume 9, Number 1, pp. 117-126.
Evaluating Loan Loss Provisioning for Non-Performing Loans and Its Impact on ...Fakir Tajul Islam
Using the aggregate data of 56 commercial banks in the last 9 years
(2009-2017), this study attempts to evaluate the Impacts of LLP maintained for NPLs on profitability, as it may help
to take the level of the LLP, and NPLs in the optimum level of business success.
Determinants of Banks’ Financial Performance: A Comparative Study between Nat...inventionjournals
Financial performance is one of the most critical factors having impact on the decision making of the resource providers. And thus to ensure the existence in the ever growing competitive business environment, every institution should be more concerned about the factors affecting their financial performance. This paper specially focuses on identifying the factors having impact on the financial performance of the commercial banks operating in Bangladesh. An effort has also been exerted to determine whether the extent of influence of various factors on financial performance varies with respect to local private and nationalized commercial banks. For this purpose 10 local private commercial banks (PCB) and all nationalized commercial banks (NCB) have been taken covering the period from 2008-2014. Here, data has been collected from the annual reports of the banks under consideration. To draw conclusion a multiple regression has been run by considering financial performance (profitability) as dependent variable and operating efficiency, asset utilization , liquidity, credit risk, capital adequacy and size of the company as independent variables. The study finds that asset utilization and operating efficiency have significant positive impact on banks' financial performance (profitability) whereas credit risk has significant negative impact. However, for PCBs asset utilization is the most critical factor to performance. On the other hand, result shows that in case of NCB 1 taka increase in credit risk is responsible for negative return of 0.968 taka. It is found that financial performance has no significant relationship with size and liquidity of the banks
We’re getting serious about poverty
What we have done in the past has not been too successful: a search for something more effective
Initially: “direct impact on the poor”
Later: a more analytical understanding
The purpose of training is to bridge the gap between an employee's current skill level and what is required by the organization. To design effective training, behavioural objectives must be created that specify an observable task, the conditions under which the task will be performed, and the standard for how well the task must be completed. A template is provided to write objectives including a task, condition, and standard to ensure objectives are measurable. Key tips for writing objectives are to use observable action verbs and keep objectives concise.
The Effect of Capital Structure on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A STUDY ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF FOREIGN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN SRI LANKA...ectijjournal
Banks serve as backbone to the financial sector, which facilitate the proper utilization of financial
resources of a country. The banking sector is increasingly growing and it has witnessed a huge flow of
investment. The banking sector of developing countries is different from the developed countries in term of
performance. The banking sector, especially commercial banks of Sri Lanka plays a vital role in the Sri
Lankan economy. The focus of this study was to investigate the financial performance of foreign
commercial banks in Sri Lanka. Many studies are conducted in different countries to study the financial
performance of banking sector using the various statistical methods. In this study, the CAMEL rating
system is used to study the financial performance of foreign commercial banks in Sri Lanka. The study
selects three foreign banks for the analysis. Data was collected for the time period of 2008-2014.
According to the findings foreign sector banks are good in the performance of capital adequacy and
earnings while other variables show an average performance.
Evaluation of some private commercial banks in bangladesh from performance pe...ijmvsc
Banks operate on a huge scale at the heart of the modern economy and the banking system has become an
integral part in the progress of economic development in Bangladesh. Besides, the banking sector has
made their innovation and efficiency crucial to the economy as it competes in an e-commerce world. The
role of banking system in this situation cannot be denied at all. This report intends to evaluate the
performance of selected private commercial banks in Bangladesh. In the study, best efforts have been put
on evaluating the performance. The growing pattern of branches, employees, deposits, loans and
advances, classified loan, net income and earnings per share of selected private commercial banks has
been considered to make an analysis on the performance evaluation of the selected private commercial
banks. To evaluate the performance, data have been collected from the secondary sources. Then the
collected data have been analyzed. From the analysis, it has been found that all of the selected banks are
in a position to make a sustainable growth in respect of branches, employees, deposits, loans and
advances, classified loan, net income and earnings per share during the period of 2007-2011 with some
fluctuation. Besides the growth pattern, other forms of calculations have been used for every selected
variable and they are trend equation and square of correlation coefficient. Under trend equation analysis,
the variables named branches, employees, deposits and net incomes hold more positive value than the
other variables considered. As the value of the slope always shows the positive number, it is a clear
indication that Bangladesh has a very good prospect in case of private commercial banks
Relevance of Mergers and Acquisition on Financial Performance of Deposit Mone...iosrjce
The paper examined the effects of Merger and Acquisition on the financial performance of selected
deposit money banks in Nigeria with emphasis on Profit After Tax, Gross Earnings and Asset Growth as
financial efficiency parameters. Two Nigeria Deposit Money Bank were selected using convenience and
judgemental sample selection methods. Data were collected from the published financial statements of the banks
namely former Oceanic bank and Ecobank Plc (now Ecobank Plc) and former Intercontinental Bank Plc and
Access Bank (Access Bank Plc). Data were analyzed using Linear Regression statistical tool. The results
revealed that Post Merger Financial Performance was significantly improved than the Pre Merger period of the
banks. The study therefore recommends that banks can merge or acquire each other as this has proved to
become a plat form for rescuing ailing ones and could provides a platform that could enhance batter financial
performance
Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Banking Sector A Case of Bharat Overseas B...ijtsrd
Mergers and Acquisitions MandAs continue to be a significant force in the restructuring of the financial services industry. The Indian Commercial Banking Sector, which has played a pivotal role in the country’s economic development, is currently passing through an exciting and challenging phase. The present research papers studies the impact of MandA on the financial performance of Bharat Overseas Bank and Indian Overseas Bank. The study uses key financial ratios to find the impact of MandA on financial performance of selected banks. Dr. Soniya Gambhir "Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Banking Sector (A Case of Bharat Overseas Bank and Indian Overseas Bank)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38415.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/38415/mergers-and-acquisitions-in-indian-banking-sector-a-case-of-bharat-overseas-bank-and-indian-overseas-bank/dr-soniya-gambhir
Analysis of Internal, Market & Economic Based Financial Performance Measureme...IOSRJBM
The aim of this study is to investigate the financial performance of 10 commercial banks listed on Dhaka Stock Exchange. In this paper, financial performance has been measured by using three indicators. Internal–based performance measured by Return on Assets, Market-based performance measured by Tobin’s Q model (Price / Book value of Equity) and Economic–based performance measured by Economic Value adds. The correlation and multiple regression of annual time series data is used to find the impact of bank size, credit risk, operational efficiency and asset management on financial performance measured by the three indicators, The study rejected the null hypothesis and it is found that there exist statistically significant impact of bank size, credit risk, operational efficiency and asset management with ROA and Economic Value Added. On the other hand Tobin’s Q has insignificant impact on financial performance of commercial banks
Liquidity, capital adequacy and operating efficiency of commercial banks in k...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that examines the effect of liquidity and capital adequacy on the operating efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, it analyzes how bank liquidity ratios and capital adequacy ratios impact operational efficiency. The study found that the previous year's operational efficiency, liquid assets to short-term liabilities ratio, and total capital ratio positively and significantly affect bank operating efficiency. Regression analysis showed that 41.08% of banks' operational efficiency is explained by the study variables. Therefore, banks should focus on improving liquidity ratios and capital ratios to enhance operating efficiency.
Determinants of commercial banks profitability panel data evidence from pakistanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the determinants of commercial bank profitability in Pakistan from 2004-2010. The researchers used multiple regression analysis on a sample of 5 major commercial banks to determine the relationship between return on assets (the dependent variable) and various internal and external independent variables. The results indicated that internal factors like liquidity, efficiency, asset composition, deposit composition, and external factors like firm size had a significant impact on bank profitability. The study adds to the limited literature on factors influencing bank performance in Pakistan.
A Comparison of Key Determinants on Profitability of India’s Largest Public a...Rajveer Rawlin
The banking sector in India has come under the scanner following some key changes in monetary policy. With
the Reserve bank of India (RBI) raising interest rates to support the falling Indian currency the Rupee, the cost of
funds of banks has increased significantly. This could manifest itself in rising non-performing assets (NPAs) and
declining profitability. The profitability of banks is impacted by both internal and external factors. This paper is
an attempt to compare the key drivers of profits at India’s largest public and private sector banks. Bank specific
metrics and risk factors were important drivers of profits at both banks. Productivity measures were key drivers
of profits at India’s largest public sector bank SBI but had no effect on profits at India’s largest private sector
bank, HDFC bank. Asset usage efficiency measures were key determinants of profitability at HDFC bank but not
at SBI. The single most important determinant of SBI proved to be business per employee, a productivity
measure while advances and bank size which are traditional bank metrics were key drivers of profits at HDFC
bank. Managers at both banks and their share holders thus can look at these drivers to develop a broad
understanding of profitability at the two banks.
This document discusses a study on the effect of capital structure on the profitability of conventional and Islamic banks in Pakistan. The study examines the relationship between capital structure factors like total liabilities to total assets, total equity to total assets, total liabilities to total equities, and bank size with profitability measures like return on equity and return on assets. Annual reports from 5 Islamic banks and 5 conventional banks between 2010-2014 are analyzed using statistical tools like correlation analysis and t-tests. The study aims to compare the capital structure and its impact on profitability between conventional and Islamic banks in Pakistan and help policymakers. Limitations and the thesis structure are also outlined.
An Impact of Capital Adequacy Ratio on the Profitability of Private Sector Ba...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Profitability being one of the cardinal principles of bank lending acts as a game changer for the survival and success of private sector banks in India. In order to stay profitable, banks have to capitalise on every penny advanced to yield the expected returns. However, considering the constraints laid down by the Reserve Bank of India, banks have to maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio, as per the current BASEL III regulations active in India. With the mergers of public sector banks, the challenge has got just tougher for the private sector banks in India. Expansion and Diversification are the key strategies adopted by the key players from the private banking sector, however, with the minimum capital adequacy ratio observed by them, it is necessary to understand its actual impact on the bank’s profitability. This research paper aims to throw light upon the linkage that capital adequacy has with the bank’s profitability. It attempts to establish a relation between the Capital Adequacy Ratio with the Net profits of the bank. For the purpose of this study, data from the past 5 years of the leading private sector banks has been collected, namely, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, AXIS Bank and YES Bank. The collected data has been analysed using Pearson’s Correlation to establish a relation between the CAR Ratio & the bank’s profitability. Hypothesis testing has been further done to study the quantum of proportionate change in the profitability with a change in the CAR Ratio for private sector banks using applicable research tools. The said research tools are applied to achieve the desired results while maintaining the required quantum of accuracy. It also aims to understand the proportionate impact of changes in CAR to the bank’s profitability, which can act as a suggested measure for banks to develop a reliable framework for efficient capital management and increase overall efficiency. The results derived from the data collected and analyzed aim to provide scope for further study on the subject matter.
The document provides an introduction and overview of a study on the role of financial ratios for IDBI Bank in lending to organizations. It discusses the objectives of the research, which are to understand the importance of financial ratios, IDBI Bank's use of ratios in lending decisions, and evaluation techniques. The methodology discusses collecting secondary data from sources like magazines, books, and IDBI Bank reports and using ratio analysis and tables/graphs for analysis and representation.
Corporate covernance as a tool for curbing bank distress inAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about examining the role of corporate governance in curbing bank distress in Nigerian deposit money banks through empirical evidence. The article reviews literature on corporate governance and bank distress. It discusses how poor corporate governance contributed to failures in the Nigerian banking sector prior to reforms. The study aims to determine if there is a relationship between good corporate governance and preventing bank distress as well as improving bank performance. It uses statistical analysis of survey data to test these hypotheses. The findings show that while corporate governance did not significantly improve prevention of bank distress, it significantly improved Nigerian bank sector performance.
The Impact of Liquidity on Profitability on Selected Banks of Bangladesh Samia Ibrahim
This research seeks to establish a relationship between liquidity and profitability which may assess in liquidity management in the banks in Bangladesh.There has been a wide range of study on the concepts of liquidity and profitability. My research differs from the previous works as such research was not done in the context of Bangladeshi banking sector using recent data.
Liquidity management and commercial banks profitability in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between liquidity management and profitability in commercial banks in Nigeria. The study found that liquidity and profitability are significantly related, with each influencing the other. Effective liquidity management is important for banks' success and survival, as both insufficient and excessive liquidity can erode profitability. The study recommends that central banks maintain a flexible interest rate policy to help banks manage liquidity and profitability, and promote alternative payment methods to reduce banks' need to hold excess cash reserves.
Firm level determinants to small and medium sized enterprises’ access to fina...rrpidani
Firm Level Determinants to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ Access to Financing in Indonesia by Rita Pidani and Ishak Balaka. Academy of Taiwan Business Management Review, April 2013, Volume 9, Number 1, pp. 117-126.
Evaluating Loan Loss Provisioning for Non-Performing Loans and Its Impact on ...Fakir Tajul Islam
Using the aggregate data of 56 commercial banks in the last 9 years
(2009-2017), this study attempts to evaluate the Impacts of LLP maintained for NPLs on profitability, as it may help
to take the level of the LLP, and NPLs in the optimum level of business success.
Determinants of Banks’ Financial Performance: A Comparative Study between Nat...inventionjournals
Financial performance is one of the most critical factors having impact on the decision making of the resource providers. And thus to ensure the existence in the ever growing competitive business environment, every institution should be more concerned about the factors affecting their financial performance. This paper specially focuses on identifying the factors having impact on the financial performance of the commercial banks operating in Bangladesh. An effort has also been exerted to determine whether the extent of influence of various factors on financial performance varies with respect to local private and nationalized commercial banks. For this purpose 10 local private commercial banks (PCB) and all nationalized commercial banks (NCB) have been taken covering the period from 2008-2014. Here, data has been collected from the annual reports of the banks under consideration. To draw conclusion a multiple regression has been run by considering financial performance (profitability) as dependent variable and operating efficiency, asset utilization , liquidity, credit risk, capital adequacy and size of the company as independent variables. The study finds that asset utilization and operating efficiency have significant positive impact on banks' financial performance (profitability) whereas credit risk has significant negative impact. However, for PCBs asset utilization is the most critical factor to performance. On the other hand, result shows that in case of NCB 1 taka increase in credit risk is responsible for negative return of 0.968 taka. It is found that financial performance has no significant relationship with size and liquidity of the banks
We’re getting serious about poverty
What we have done in the past has not been too successful: a search for something more effective
Initially: “direct impact on the poor”
Later: a more analytical understanding
The purpose of training is to bridge the gap between an employee's current skill level and what is required by the organization. To design effective training, behavioural objectives must be created that specify an observable task, the conditions under which the task will be performed, and the standard for how well the task must be completed. A template is provided to write objectives including a task, condition, and standard to ensure objectives are measurable. Key tips for writing objectives are to use observable action verbs and keep objectives concise.
The document discusses a study on the livelihood issues of street vendors in urban areas, specifically in Kochi. The study aimed to understand the problems faced by street vendors and identify measures to reduce these issues. Key findings were that many street vendors have been evicted from their vending spaces or arrested, over 60% live in rented houses, and nearly 40% work over 10 hours but earn less than Rs. 250 per day. The document recommends that authorities take a more humane approach, improve livelihood conditions, provide health insurance, and establish town vending committees.
I downloaded this presentation directly from the Department for International Development's Sustainable Livelihood Guidance Sheets. http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CG0QFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powershow.com%2Fview%2F142e13-ZGM5N%2FThe_Sustainable_Livelihoods_Framework_flash_ppt_presentation&ei=Wxe8T7raHsbYigfXqvTIDw&usg=AFQjCNFAxoScOZt6zVypzijcwVw1J1gxUA&sig2=ex2sYV3-BXadXVE7N-yzng
Corporate Governance Practices of Indian Public Sector and Private Sector Ban...scmsnoida5
This study examines the differences in corporate governance practices between public sector banks and private sector banks in India. An assessment tool called the Corporate Governance Disclosure Index (CGDI) was used to analyze annual reports from 2002-2014 of top public and private sector banks. Statistical analysis found some significant differences between the two sectors. Private banks had stronger practices related to board structure and remuneration committees. Both sectors differed significantly in adopting non-mandatory recommendations, with private banks exceeding in compliance. However, there were no major differences found regarding transparency/disclosure practices and shareholders' rights. The study aims to compare governance quality between Indian public and private banks.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Financial Performance Analysis Selected Pr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The growth of a country's banking sector has a significant impact on its economic development. The banking sector plays a critical role in determining a country's economic future. A well-planned, structured, efficient, and viable banking system is an essential component of an economy's economic and social infrastructure. In modern society, a strong banking system is required because it meets the financial needs of the modern society. In a country's economy, the banking system plays a crucial role. Because it connects surplus and deficit economic agents, the bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy. The banking system is regarded as the economy's lifeline. It meets the financial needs of commerce, industry, and agriculture. As a result, the country's development and the banking system are intertwined. They are critical in the mobilisation of savings and the distribution of credit to various sectors of the economy. India's private sector banks play a critical role in the country's economic development. So The financial performance of private sector banks must be evaluated carefully.
IMPACT ON INDIAN BANKS’ PROFITABILITY INDICATORS – AN EMPIRICAL STUDYIAEME Publication
The Indian banking system consists of 26 public sector banks, 20 private sector banks, 43 foreign banks, 56 regional rural banks, 1,589 urban cooperative banks and 93,550 rural cooperative banks, in addition to cooperative credit institutions. The Indian banking sector’s assets reached US$ 1.8 trillion in FY14 from US$ 1.3 trillion in FY10, with 70 per cent of it being accounted by the public sector. Indian banks are increasingly focusing on adopting integrated approach to risk management. Banks have already embraced the international banking supervision accord of Basel II. According to RBI, majority of the banks already meet capital requirements of Basel III, which has a deadline of March 31, 2019. Most of the banks have put in place the framework for asset-liability match, credit and derivatives risk management.
Financial sector plays a pivotal role in the economic development, but, in recent time, it has witnessed that the World Economy is passing through some intricate circumstances as bankruptcy of banking & financial institutions, debt crisis in major economies of the world and euro zone crisis. The scenario has become very uncertain causing recession in major economies like US and Europe. The tempo of development for the Indian banking industry has been remarkable over the past decade. It is evident from the higher pace of credit expansion, expanding profitability and productivity similar to banks in developed markets, lower incidence of non- performing assets and focus on financial inclusion have contributed to making Indian banking vibrant and strong. Indian banks have begun to revise their growth approach and re-evaluate the prospects on hand to keep the economy rolling. It is generally agreed that a strong and healthy banking system is a prerequisite for sustainable economic growth. The banking sector has always been one of the important sectors for investment. In the time of uncertainty, some are arguing that the economies are in the process of recovery, and while others are opining that the world is set for another recession soon. In order to resist negative shocks and maintain financial stability, it is important to identify the Performance of Indian Banking Sector. The current study is mainly concerned with the analysis of Performance Of banking sector in India, that reflects the impact of new competitive environment on the bank’s performance in terms of various selected parameters. The article considered the variables like balance sheet operations, efficiency, profitability ,Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Sect oral deployment of bank credit, Technological Development, Customer services and Financial Inclusion for a period of 6 years from 2011 to 16. The Data was collected through secondary sources from Statistical Tables relating to banks in India. The results have found strong evidence poor profitability and inefficiency of managing the assets in the year 2016.
Financial Performance Analysis of Bank of Bhutan Limited using Regression Ana...ijtsrd
This study analyses the financial performance of the Bank of Bhutan Limited BOBL . To measure the performance of BOBL, the factors affecting the profitability of the bank have been analysed. The data for the study are collected from the published annual reports of BOBL for the period of 2009 2020. Regression analysis is used to evaluate the financial performance of the bank. Return on Investment ROI is used as a dependent variable, and Return on Assets ROA , Total Expense Ratio TER , Loans and Advances to Total Assets Ratio LTAR and Spread to Total Deposit Ratio STDR are used as independent variables. The findings of the study indicate that TER has a positive relationship with the profitability of BOBL whereas LTAR has a negative relation with BOBL’s profitability. Hence, it is concluded that among four independent variables, ROA and TER had significant impact on the profitability of BOBL. Dr. Aaditya Pradhan | Mr. Ugyen Thinlay "Financial Performance Analysis of Bank of Bhutan Limited using Regression Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd58589.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/management/accounting-and-finance/58589/financial-performance-analysis-of-bank-of-bhutan-limited-using-regression-analysis/dr-aaditya-pradhan
Stressed Assets Effect on Post Merger Scheduled Commercial Banks in Indiaijtsrd
This document discusses stressed assets and non-performing assets (NPAs) in Indian banks. It provides background on issues like rising NPAs, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, and efforts by the Reserve Bank of India to resolve stressed assets. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code has helped improve recovery rates compared to previous mechanisms. While liquidations have been higher than resolutions so far under IBC, many of the cases involved were already non-viable. Overall, IBC represents a significant reform in debt resolution that can help reduce NPAs over time.
THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO UNDER BASE II ON THE DETERMINANTS OF PRO...IAEME Publication
This document analyzes the impact of capital adequacy ratio (CAR) under Basel II on the profitability ratios of Punjab National Bank from 2009-2014. It finds that most profitability ratios like return on equity, return on assets, and dividend payout ratio showed a decreasing trend during this period while CAR remained relatively stable. Correlation and regression analysis showed a positive relationship between CAR and profitability ratios except earnings per share. The study aims to establish how CAR affected various determinants of profitability for Punjab National Bank during the Basel II implementation period.
THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO UNDER BASEL II ON THE DETERMINANTS OF PR...IAEME Publication
Risks to a bank are responsible for an adverse impact on the capital and
profitability. The profitability ratios play an important role in deciding the strength of
a bank over the years. The present study has been carried out to observe the impact of
capital adequacy ratio on the profitability ratios of Punjab National Bank during the
implementation period of Basel II. The relationship between the Capital adequacy ratio
and profitability ratios has also been explained in the present study. The profitability
ratios like Dividend Payout Ratio, Return on Equity have shown decreasing trend
during the Basel II period whereas ratios like Return on Capital Employed, Return on
asset, Earning per Share and Dividend Payout Ratio have not shown consistent
decrease.
DETERMINANTS OF BANK PROFITABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM COMMERCIAL BANKS OF BANGLADESHMd. Shohel Rana
This paper attempts to investigate the impact of different bank specific
and macroeconomic variables on bank profitability by considering 23
commercial banks of Bangladesh based on data availability during the
period 2013-17. These data are collected from the individual banks
annual reports, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and a variety of
publications of the Bangladesh Bank. The fixed effect model for panel
data has been applied to operate the regression analysis among the
variables. In the study, three identical measures of profitability namely
Return on Asset (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Net Interest
Margin (NIM) are used. In the model for ROA, the result indicated
that earning variable (TIN, NII), and asset structure (DPST) have a
significant positive relationship with ROA, and asset quality (NPL) has
significant negative impact on ROA. For ROE, earning (TIN and NII)
and capital strength (CAP) have a significant positive relationship of
the entire explanatory variable with ROE. Only asset quality (NPL)
has significant negative impact on ROE. For NIM, earning variables
(TIN), capital strength (CAP) and liquidity (LTA) have a significant
positive relationship with NIM. This study find no significant impact
of the macroeconomic factors namely growth rate of GDP and rate
inflation and rate of interest included in the models on profitability.
For decision making and developing the performance of financial
organization in the future the findings of this study can assist the
investors, policymakers, management body and other stakeholders
11.modeling the npa of a midsized indian nationalized bank as a function of a...Alexander Decker
This document discusses modeling the non-performing assets (NPAs) of an Indian nationalized bank as a function of advances. It aims to develop a predictive model for estimating gross and net NPA percentages based solely on advances made. Historical NPA and advance data from the bank from 2000-2010 were analyzed using linear and non-linear regression models in SPSS. Strong correlations were observed between gross/net NPA percentages and advances. A non-linear model provided the best fit for predicting both gross and net NPA percentages from advances. This predictive model could allow banks to estimate NPA levels as loans are disbursed rather than waiting for official NPA figures.
Corporate Governance and Risk Management: Evidence From Banking Sector of Pak...Umer Gulzar
The document discusses the impact of various corporate governance dimensions on bank risks in Pakistan. The empirical results found that board independence, gender diversity on the board, and audit committee independence have a significant effect on reducing bank risks, while board size and CEO turnover have an insignificant effect. It is recommended that corporate governance should be viewed as a facilitator for creating long-term value for stakeholders rather than an end in itself. Enhancing the influence of corporate governance mechanisms could help increase their impact on managing risks in the Pakistani banking industry. In particular, increasing audit committee independence could make management more accountable to protecting the interests of all stakeholders.
A Comparative Analysis of Capital Structure between Banking and Non-Banking F...iosrjce
This document analyzes the capital structure and performance of banking and non-banking financial institutions in Bangladesh from 2009-2013. It uses annual reports from 10 commercial banks and 10 non-bank financial institutions to measure capital structure using debt to equity and debt to assets ratios, and performance using return on equity, return on assets, and earnings per share. Descriptive statistics and t-tests are used to compare differences between the banking and non-banking sectors. The results show no significant difference in earnings per share, but significant differences in debt to assets ratio, debt to equity ratio, return on assets, and return on equity between banks and non-banks.
11.[11 18]parameters of conventional and islamic bank抯 profitability in pa...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the key determinants of profitability for conventional and Islamic banks in Pakistan from 2006-2010. The study used regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between various internal bank characteristics and profitability, as measured by return on assets. The results found that total assets had a negative relationship with profitability, suggesting larger banks may have lower efficiency. Total equity and deposits both had a positive relationship with profitability. The study concluded that major internal factors like assets, capital, loans, and deposits influence bank profitability in Pakistan.
11.parameters of conventional and islamic bank抯 profitability in pakistanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the key determinants of profitability for conventional and Islamic banks in Pakistan from 2006-2010. The study used regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between various internal bank characteristics and profitability, as measured by return on assets. The results found that total assets had a negative relationship with profitability, suggesting larger banks may have lower efficiency. Total equity and deposits both had a positive relationship with profitability. The study concluded that major internal factors like assets, capital, loans, and deposits influence bank profitability in Pakistan.
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE ANDCONSERVATISMS IMPACT ON JORDANIAN.docxgerardkortney
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of ownership structure, bank characteristics, and conservatism on the financial performance of Jordanian banks from 2005-2014. The study found that foreign ownership and government ownership were positively related to bank performance, while concentrated ownership and larger bank size were negatively related. Conservatism had a negative impact on performance when measured using book value, but a positive impact when measured using accruals. The study used various measures of ownership structure, performance, and conservatism to analyze their relationships.
This document contains details of a student project analyzing the financial statements of the top 3 Indian banks - SBI, ICICI, and PNB. It includes the student's name, roll number, project title, subject area, and guide's name. The project involves calculating and comparing various ratios such as profitability, leverage, payout, and liquidity ratios across the three banks. The objectives are to assess the banks' profitability, do comparative analysis between banks, and evaluate operational efficiency. The introduction provides background on banks' role in the economy. The literature review discusses previous research on analyzing banks' financial performance.
Corporate governance and sustainable development in nigeria ( a survey of sel...Newman Enyioko
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between corporate governance, stakeholder theory, and bank performance in Nigeria from 1996-2006. The study uses regression analysis of 24 listed Nigerian banks to analyze the impact of various corporate governance mechanisms. Key findings include that separating the CEO and chairman roles benefits banks, maintaining a board size of around 10 members, and that ownership concentration can encourage monitoring. The results also show that banks led by expatriate CEOs tended to outperform those led by indigenous CEOs, and that leverage within reasonable levels can positively impact performance.
Comparative management study on public and private banks in bangladeshKanok Chowdhury
This document provides background information on a study comparing the management styles of public and private banks in Bangladesh. It begins with an introduction stating that management practices differ across cultures and change over time. The objectives are to assess differences in core management functions between public and private banks through charts, graphs, and analysis. The scope will focus on basic management practices, activities, factors influencing work attitudes, and how practices impact outputs. Some limitations in obtaining all necessary data from banks and interviews are also noted. The literature review discusses types of banks in Bangladesh and common management functions. It aims to analyze differences in management practices between selected public and private banks through a comparative study.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Advanced Research in Management that assesses risk management in the Indian banking sector, with a focus on public and private sector banks. It provides context on risk management and non-performing assets (NPAs) in banking. The study analyzes trends in NPAs for public and private sector banks from 1992 to 2012 and examines capital adequacy ratios after the implementation of Basel II regulations from 2007 to 2012. The document reviews previous literature on risk management and NPAs and outlines the objectives and methodology of the research.
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
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A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
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A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
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Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
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Formulation of corporate governance index for banks in india
1. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol.4, No.7, 2013
153
Formulation of Corporate Governance Index for Banks in India
Prof. Sumedha Tuteja1*
Dr. C.S. Nagpal2
1. Assistant Professor, Jaipuria Institute of Management Studies, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh,
India
2. Vice Chancellor, Ansal University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
∗ E-mail of corresponding author: sumedha.tuteja@gmail.com
∗ Contact number of corresponding author: +9198917 57755
Abstract
This paper attempts to develop a mechanism to evaluate the quality of Corporate Governance for the scheduled
commercial banks in India. Corporate governance in banks has become an imperative issue post the global
financial crisis of 2007-08. A lot of research has been done since the eruption of the aforesaid crisis on the
corporate governance of financial institutions. The paper first reviews the literature on the corporate governance
of financial institutions, especially the banks. The study henceforth, explores corporate governance in banks as a
distinct concept that has assumed importance globally over time. Subsequently, the paper reviews the current
state of corporate governance in India and explores the scope for improvement of the same. The study eventually
links both the assessments and places factors critical for evaluation of corporate governance of banks in the
Corporate Governance Index. The benchmark for the Index was Clause 49 of Listing Agreement of the Stock
Exchanges in India. The Index thus formulated consists of essential factors like board of directors, audit
committee, remuneration committee, nomination committee, risk management, related party transactions and
disclosures. These factors were delineated further by defining sub-elements under each head. These sub-elements
were assigned individual scores on the basis of review of literature performed while selecting factors. The result
of this study was a Corporate Governance Index designed especially for Indian banks. This paper would provide
a guideline to academicians, practitioners and policymakers for evaluating quality of corporate governance of an
Indian bank.
Keywords: corporate governance, corporate governance index, India, scheduled commercial banks, clause 49.
1. Introduction
This paper provides guidelines for assessment of corporate governance of Banks in India. The objective of this
study is to determine the relevant and most critical factors responsible for evaluating the effectiveness of
corporate governance of banks in India.
A large number of financial institutions collapsed during Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2007-2008. It was
realized that macroeconomic factors were majorly responsible for this crisis. The financial firms were exposed to
the fallout of the leveraged loan market, illiquidity in the asset backed commercial paper market and a steep fall
in the value of subprime mortgages and of structured financial product (Senior Supervisor's Report, 2009). The
crisis led to lack of confidence in the global financial markets leading to a destabilization of the global financial
system. Through recent studies it was concluded that the banks had a significant role to play in magnifying the
effects of this crisis into a banking crisis due to flawed risk management systems and awry asset-liability
management (Brunnermeier, 2009). Further, the ‘performance’ based incentives of bank CEOs, flawed internal
compensation and control systems led to serious agency problems in the banks (Kashyap, Rajan, & Stein, 2008)
that in turn gave rise to skewed risk management and financing policies in these banks. Thus, various studies
indicate that the weak and inadequate corporate governance mechanisms of the banks were among the main
reasons behind the GFC (Marcinkowsa, 2012) (Yeoh, 2010) (Laura & Berg, 2010) (Lapido & Nestor, 2009).
This paper underlines the need to evaluate the corporate governance of the banks.
Banks accept deposits and lend money thus collected. It is imperative that the interest of the depositors is
protected and there is confidence amongst the depositors to put their savings in banks. Banks determine which
end-users receive financial resources and provide a means of payment. They also serve as a tool for the
execution of monetary policy. Banks need to be perceived as accountable to depositors and credible in order to
manage the potential risk of a run on bank deposits. Banks suffer from high debt-equity ratio and there is
difference in maturity between liabilities and assets. Also, the banks' main assets (loan portfolio) are perceived to
be quite opaque to outsiders. Poor corporate governance of banks may lead to failure of the bank. (OECD, 2006)
Thus, failure of a bank has serious connotations for effectiveness of the financial system in an economy. Thus,
the importance of corporate governance in banks is different from the corporate governance of any other
company. The paper has been prepared with this view that corporate governance of banks needs special attention.
This is because the directors and the management of banks need to take care of the interest of non-shareholding
stakeholders, i.e., depositors.
2. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol.4, No.7, 2013
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2. Phases for Formulation of Corporate Governance Index
For formulating corporate governance Index for Indian banks there is a need to first understand the nature of
corporate governance of banks in general. Then the paper examines the state of corporate governance in India.
Finally, the guidelines given by various regulatory bodies for corporate governance in banks need to be kept
under consideration while formulating the index.
2. 1 Corporate Governance in Banks
Banks play the role of financial intermediation in an economy. Hence, the public and the market are highly
sensitive to any difficulties potentially arising due to weaknesses in the corporate governance of Banks. After the
financial crisis erupted in mid-2007, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision revisited its guidelines on
bank governance (Bank for International Settlements, 2010). The Committee has summarized the key focus
areas as: board practices, senior management, risk management and internal controls, compensation, complex or
opaque corporate structure and disclosure and transparency. Poor corporate governance in banks leads to
increased public costs and possibility of broader macroeconomic implications such as contagion risk and impact
on payment systems. The principles charted out by BIS have been kept in mind while formulating the Index.
OECD had conducted an Asian Roundtable on Corporate Governance Task Force on Corporate Governance of
Banks (OECD, 2006). The Policy document identifies the most critical issues for corporate governance that
affect banks in Asia. The task force believes that many Asian jurisdictions lack the institutional infrastructure
like, sufficient resources, experience, focus and know-how necessary for effective enforcement of the corporate
governance policy framework. Also, Asian banks play a dominant role in regional finance but have rather
immature capital markets. In such a milieu, it becomes very important that there is a need to tackle institutional
constraints and weaknesses in order to have effective corporate governance in banks. The policy brief gives
special mention to the state-owned commercial banks (“SOCBs”) and family-owned banks (“FOBs”) as these
are quite dominant in Asia. In case of FOBs, related party transactions hold importance. However, in case of
SOCBs the role of government as an active accountable owner has to be carried out in such a manner that it
doesn’t interfere with the day to day management of bank. For listed banks, the policy document stresses on the
separation of ownership and control (i.e., the agency problem).
Thought Arbitrage Research Institute (TARI, 2012), evaluates the role of RBI as a regulatory body of the
banking industry in India. RBI plays an important role in laying down the corporate governance norms for the
Indian Banking Industry. RBI works under the Board for Financial Supervision (BFS) which in turn inspects the
banks using “CAMELS” (Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity and Systems &
Controls) Approach. RBI monitors bank governance through three activities, viz. Disclosure and Transparency,
Off-site surveillance and Prompt corrective action. Disclosure and Transparency is monitored through the
regularity and thoroughness in the financial reporting of the Indian banks as per the accounting standards. The
Off-site surveillance mechanism checks the movement of assets, its impact on capital adequacy and overall
efficiency and adequacy of managerial practices in banks. RBI gives ‘Peer Group Comparison’ on critical ratios
to maintain peer pressure on individual banks for better performance and governance. Prompt corrective Action
is a part of the Basel II requirements through which RBI initiates corrective action in case there is an irregularity
in three ratios –Capital Adequacy Ratio, Non-Performing Assets Ratio and Return on Assets. BFS also monitors
the quality of audit done by the banks.
Asian Development Bank Institute conducted a study on the practices of corporate governance in the banking
systems in post-crisis period (1998-2003) in Asia (Sang-Woo Nam, 2006). The study covers four Asian countries
–Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. The study involved a questionnaire survey of 52 banks in
Asia. It focusses on the following factors:
1. Risk management within the Banking Organization
a. General risk management
i. Portion of total employees principally assigned to risk management in general and
particular areas of credit risk market, and operational risk management.
ii. The involvement of the board of directors in approving the strategy and major
policies of the bank for measuring and managing risk
iii. The frequency of reporting of risk exposure to management
iv. The frequency with which the bank conducted reviews of risk management
procedures
b. Internal control function
i. Management oversight and control culture
ii. Control activities and segregation of duties
iii. Information and communication
iv. Monitoring activities and correcting deficiencies
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2. Risk management in specific areas
a. Credit Risk
b. Market Risk
c. Operational Risk
The study concluded that better operational and credit risk management is positively correlated with profitability
and better market risk management is positively correlated with better asset quality. The study also investigates
the level of public disclosure by banks regarding risk exposure. It uses the best practices laid down by the Basel
Committee for credit risk disclosure as a reference to evaluate the same. Interestingly, the banks surveyed were
not found to be satisfactory on this parameter.
Erkens, Hung, & Matos (2012) investigate the impact of corporate governance on financial firms’ performance
during the 2007-2008 financial crisis. This study examined the relation between firm performance and corporate
governance by regressing stock returns during the crisis as buy-and-hold returns from January 2007 to
September 2008 on measures of corporate governance and control variables. The study found that firms with
more independent boards and higher institutional ownership posted worse stock returns during the crisis period.
2. 2 Corporate Governance in India
The World Bank published a Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (The World Bank Group, 2004)
in order to assess the corporate governance in India. This evaluation is done by benchmarking India’s corporate
governance framework and company practices against the OECD Principles for Corporate Governance. The
study has appraised the Indian companies on the adherence to the OECD principles in India methodically and
has assigned ratings on each factor & sub-factor according to the OECD Benchmark. The report identifies a few
problems areas in regard to the corporate governance practices in India. As per the report the sanctions provided
by the Companies Act in India, for the violation of corporate governance norms were inadequate. The Stock
Exchanges were not able to impose fines on market intermediaries. There were about 3,000 companies that were
either illiquid or in the breach of listing rules. Hence, an efficient mechanism is needed to allow minority
shareholders to exit from such investments at a fair price. The Department of Company Affairs, Stock Exchange
Board of India and the stock exchanges share jurisdiction over listed companies. This creates a potential for
regulatory arbitrage and weakens enforcement. The report stresses that there should be strong focus on director
professionalism. It is suggested that there should be establishment of director training institutes. Lastly, the
report recommends that the institutional investors should attend shareholders meetings and vote in order to
promote shareholder activism. Also, the institutional investors should nominate independent directors to the
boards of their portfolio companies. In this manner, the companies would avoid appointing their current or
retired employees as independent directors that leads to conflicts of interest in the exercise of their fiduciary
duties.
The role of independent directors in Indian Companies is being questioned since the controversies of year 2009.
There was a corporate scandal at Satyam Computer Services and a hullabaloo regarding the role of Mr Nimesh
Kampani as an independent director at Nagarjuna Finance. This led to strict scrutiny of Independent directors in
India and hence at least 620 independent directors resigned from the boards of Indian companies. A study done
by Mathew & Khanna (2010) carried out interviews with the independent directors in India. The authors probed
the opinions of independent directors regarding the clarity amongst these directors for their role in the
boardroom. The responses by and large showed that we are far from following the ethos of corporate governance
in its true spirit. In fact, the independent directors are quite confused about their role in the board. The paper also
lists legal requirements of Clause 49 of Stock Exchange Listing Agreement by SEBI for corporate governance
disclosure. It also updates on the voluntary guidelines produced by Ministry of Corporate Affairs (developed by
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), The Task Force chaired by Naresh Chandra and The Council of Institute
of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) in December 2009). This recent reform stresses on following points:
1. Nomination Committees
2. Executive Sessions
3. Access to Management and Other resources
4. Remuneration
5. Related Party Transactions
6. Independent Director Liability
7. Shareholder Activism
8. Director Training.
A study done by Kumar & Upadhyaya (2011) attempts to develop a Corporate Governance Index for
Commercial Banks of Nepal by taking the OECD code of Corporate Governance a benchmark. There have been
some irregularities in the governance of Nepal Development Bank Ltd and a few other prime commercial banks
in Nepal. The authors therefore, attempt to construct an Index in order to assist the promoters, common
shareholders, creditors, investors and other stakeholders of the banks in Nepal.
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Marcinkowsa (2012) conducts a study on the corporate governance mechanisms in banks, diagnoses the concern
areas and prescribes remedies for the industry. She proposes that banks should focus on the core banking
services rather than investment activities. Also, there should adequate loans-deposits synchronization, asset-
liability maturity match and level of leverage. The banks should link the remuneration of its executives
according to their performance and risk exposure. However, the bonuses should be conditional on the long-term
results that are sustainable. The internal and external auditor should be hugely accountable and should be liable
to report any non-conformance to the supervisory agencies.
Sarkar, Sarkar, & Sen (2012) constructed a Corporate Governance Index for 500 Indian large listed firms. The
index is constructed using 4 important mechanisms of corporate governance:
1. Board of Directors
2. Ownership Structure
3. Audit Committee
4. Auditor
The index has been created in two steps. First, a sub-index for each of four corporate governance components
listed above was created. Secondly, the average of these sub-indices is calculated to compute the corporate
governance index of a company. The paper reveals that companies with better corporate governance structures
have a better rate of return in the market. Thus, Indian markets reward the companies with sound corporate
governance mechanisms.
A study done by Kumar N. (2012) tested the impact of non-executive directors and insider ownership on the firm
value of 157 Indian firms. The study was done using data from the Prowess database to test the correlation
between Tobin’s Q and non-executive directors. Interestingly, the grey directors (affiliate outside directors) give
a negative impact on value of the company. This negative impact of grey directors is offsetting the positive (not
very significant) impact of independent directors (non-affiliate outside directors). The results of other studies
(Khanna & Palepu, 1999) (Kota & Tomar, 2010) shockingly reveal that promoter ownership is positively related
to firm value. This study also corroborates the findings of these other studies stating that this insider ownership
has a weak but positive impact on firm value.
The crisis of 2008 led to a revelation of inherent weaknesses in the corporate governance and control procedures
of the large financial institutions globally. Senior Supervisory Group of Bank for International Settlements
published a report on Risk Management Lessons from the Global Banking Crisis of 2008 (Senior Supervisor's
Report, 2009). The report lists a number of reasons due to which the crisis occurred. Among many other, the
report point out that there were weaknesses in the corporate governance of the financial firms:
• The unwillingness or inability of the board of directors and senior managers to articulate measure and
adhere to a level of risk acceptable to the firm. Several senior managers admitted that there was a
disparity in the risk that the firm took, and the risk that was ‘perceived’ by the board of directors.
• Arrangements that favored risk takers at the expense of independent risk managers and control
personnel. The stature and influence of revenue producers clearly exceeded those of the risk
management and control functions.
• Compensation plans that conflicted with the control objectives of the firm. The compensation plans
were not linked to the risk and the incentives were skewed to maximize revenues.
• An inadequate and often fragmented infrastructure that hindered effective risk identification and
measurement. Inadequate IT infrastructure in the financial firms prevented them to complete integration
of data that has resulted from firms’ multiple mergers and acquisitions.
3. Recent Developments
A leading independent executive compensation and corporate governance consulting firm, Meridian
Compensation Partners LLC conducted a survey (2012 Corporate Governance and Incentive Plan Design Survey,
2012) on 250 large public companies in USA to investigate the executive compensation practices of these
companies. Majority of companies surveyed follow a majority voting standard for directors’ elections and a
declassified Board structure. Another article on CEO Compensation by the same firm (Leckie & Rodda, 2012)
points out that most of the shareholders are voting in the support of their Say on Pay vote. According to the
authors the Compensation of CEO should be decided on the basis of six factors, company performance,
individual performance, alignment with pay decisions for other executives, market data and expected trends,
sending message to outsiders on views of performance and sending message to company employees regarding
their CEO’s performance.
A report published by the Society of Corporate Secretaries and Governance Professionals and Deloitte (2012)
covered 16 areas of governance practices. It was found that 84% of the companies reviewed their CEO
succession plans. Shareholder engagement has increased and directors met with shareholders more frequently. It
was also found that majority of companies has at least 25% women in the board.
5. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
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SEBI in its consultative paper on Corporate Governance in India (2013) summarized recent policy changes in the
Indian corporate governance regulations. It is mandatory to disclose details of the shares pledged by the
promoters for listed entities promoted by them. Also, it is compulsory for the Promoter to hold the shares in
dematerialized form. The auditor needs to be ‘peer reviewed’ in order to review a listed entity. The company
should disclose its agreements with media companies on its website. Appointment of CFO needs to be approved
by the audit committee of a company. Voting results or patterns need to be disclosed by the company on their
websites and stock exchanges within 48 hours of the shareholders’ meeting. Companies should facilitate e-voting
to its shareholders to ensure wider participation. The major recommendations of this paper have been kept in
mind while formulating the Corporate Governance Index.
The Companies Bill 2012 was passed in Lok Sabha in December 2012. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs in
India decided that the core principles of corporate governance ought to be included in the bill. According the bill,
at least one-third of the board should constitute of independent directors. It is mandated that the listed companies
need to have a Nomination and Remuneration Committee (Deloitte, 2012). For companies where total number of
shareholders, deposit holders, debenture holders exceeds 1000 in a financial year it is compulsory to have a
Stakeholders Relationship Committee (SRC). The audit committee needs to appoint a registered valuer who will
be responsible for any valuation of property, stocks, shares, debentures, goodwill or other assets, net worth and
liabilities etc. The act also directs setting up of National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) to take action
against the Auditors in the event of a professional misconduct. The act also mandates rotation of auditors and
restricts the auditors from providing non-audit services.
An independent body, the Asian Corporate Governance Association (ACGA) published a White Paper on
Corporate Governance in India (Asian Corporate Governance Association (ACGA), 2010). The findings suggest
that the issue related party transactions needs more attention. This is because Asian companies constitute a part
of family or state-controlled groups and can be either listed or unlisted entities. The paper discusses the listing
rules of Hong Kong and Singapore in this regard. The study recommends that this issue should be given more
weightage in the Clause 49 provisions laid down by SEBI rather than leaving the same on the company law. The
paper mentions other irregularities like, issuance of preferential warrants to the promoters of the company, lack
of quality and consistency of financial information provided as disclosures and fragmented nature of the auditing
industry in India. The paper endorses the legislative and regulatory framework of other Asian countries like,
Hong Kong, Singapore Malaysia and China to improve India’s corporate governance milieu.
4. Factors for CGI
Clause 49 has been taken as a benchmark for formulating CGI. However, practices that are usually followed by
the banks in India have not been included in the Index
4.1 Board of Directors
While formulating the CGI, a minimum and maximum limit has been decided. The rationale behind the same is
that a board needs to have sufficient strength of directors for effective corporate governance. At the same time,
there should not be too many directors as it would lead wastage of resources, time and efforts of the board.
Hence, penalty has been assigned in the CGI for excess number of directors.
According to Clause 49 of SEBI Listing Agreement, one-third of directors should be independent, in case the
Chairman of the Board is a non-executive director and half of directors should be independent, if Chairman of
the Board is an executive director. Therefore, in the CGI the companies that have more than fifty percent of the
directors as independent are assigned higher points.
Number of board meetings is an important parameter for judging the activity level of the board. Clause 49 also
specifies that the board would meet for a minimum of four times in a year. Hence, the CGI specifies a minimum
and maximum limit.
Post the GFC of 2007-08 many consulting agencies and companies globally have shown their preference towards
declassified boards (Meridian Compensation Partners, LLC, 2012). This is because it ensures more
accountability of the directors towards issues related to corporate governance.
4.2 Audit Committee
The requirements related to the audit committee, specified in OECD principles and Clause 49 of SEBI Listing
Agreement have been listed in CGI. Apart from this, bonus points have been given if all the directors in the
committee are independent and if internal auditor reports to the Audit Committee. It has been observed that if the
auditor provides services other than the audit service to a company, it leads to conflict of interest (Securities and
Exchange Board of India, 2013). Thus, bonus points have been given if auditor in a company provides only audit
service.
4.3 Remuneration Committee
Clause 49 lists existence of a remuneration committee as a non-mandatory requirement. Thus, the
recommendations of this Clause have been listed in the CGI. Since compensation of CEO has been a contentious
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issue since the GFC in 2007-08, companies are setting performance based incentives for CEO. Hence, extra
points have been given in CGI for this practice.
4.4 Nomination Committee
Although, Clause 49 is silent on this issue presently, nomination committee is essential for carrying out effective
corporate governance in any company (Bank for International Settlements, 2010). Therefore, a few salient points
in this regard have been assigned extra points in the CGI.
4.5 Risk Management
Risk Management in financial institutions has been a major reason for collapse of financial markets in the GFC
of 2007-08 (Brunnermeier, 2009). The Indian Banking system has been more or less cautious on this factor when
compared to other countries. However, globally there has been a need felt to include specific disclosures and
practices for risk management in the corporate governance framework.
4.6 Related Party Transactions
Enough has been said about these transactions in academic literature (Mathew & Khanna, 2010) and review by
independent bodies (Asian Corporate Governance Association (ACGA), 2010). Bonus points have been
assigned if a bank seeks approval from shareholders for divestment decisions, if a majority of the ‘minority
shareholders’ are approving the transaction, or if prior approval from the audit committee has been taken for
transactions.
4.7 Disclosures
The disclosure of Indian Banks is quite comprehensive. Thus, a few unique disclosures have been included in the
Index to check the level of transparency maintained by the banks. A few material issues have been incorporated
in the index like, related party transactions, penalties levied to company for non-compliance, remuneration of
each director compared to the median salary of the company, existence of succession planning for CEO, Director
or senior managers.
4.8 Policies of the banks
The suggestions from various reports and papers have been incorporated to check if Indian banks are following
the best practices and non-mandatory requirements of the corporate governance mandates. Bonus points have
been affixed for issues like training provided to board members, evaluation of non-executive directors, separate
meeting of independent directors, existence of evaluation system for CEO etc.
Conclusion
The corporate governance Index formulated below thus provides a mechanism to evaluate the adherence of
banks to corporate governance principles. There are penalties for certain issues such as excess number of
directors in board, independent directors holding more than nine years’ tenure in the bank etc. Also, the index
assigns bonus points for banks that go beyond the mandatory requirements as laid down by Companies Act and
Clause 49 of Listing Agreement. These bonuses have been decided basis the review of current practices being
followed by the companies globally and the diagnosis of the gaps currently prevailing in the financial system.
Table 1: Corporate Governance Index for Indian Banks
Sub Elements Points
Board of Directors
No. of Directors Board consists of 8 to 12 members 3
Board consists of more than 12 members 2
Chairman Chairman of the Board is a non-executive directors 5
Director Independence Proportion of independent directors is less than 33.33% 0
Proportion of independent directors is equal to 33.33% and less
than 50%
1
Proportion of independent directors is equal to 50% 3
Proportion of independent directors is greater than 50%. 5
CEO Duality Chairman is an independent director (and separate from CEO) 5
Board Meetings Number of meetings greater than or equal to 6 4
Number of meetings greater than or equal to 4 1
Number of meetings greater than or equal to 12 -1
Board Structure Declassified Board 5
Audit Committee
Director Independence All directors are independent 3
At least 3 directors in Audit Committee are independent (two-
thirds must be independent)
1
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159
Committee Meetings Audit committee exists & meets at least 4 times a year 1
Independent members of audit committee meet separately as well 1
Allied Services by Auditor Auditor provides only audit services 5
Reporting Mechanism Internal auditors report directly to the audit committee 3
Remuneration Committee
Remuneration Committee exists 1
Committee Meetings Remuneration Committee meets at least 2 times a year 1
Director Independence At least 3 directors in remuneration Committee are independent 3
Chairman Independence Chairman of Remuneration Committee is independent 3
Criteria for CEO Incentives Performance Based Incentive of CEOs 5
Nomination Committee
Committee Meetings Nomination Committee meets at least 2 times a year 1
Director Independence All members are independent 3
All are not independent, but Chairman is independent 2
Risk Management
Credit Allocation Credit allocation procedures exist 1
Lending Exposure Bank does not have significant lending exposure to a single client 5
Risk Management Initiative Risk Management Plan exists 5
Related Party Transactions
Divestment of subsidiaries Approval required by shareholders for divestment of major
subsidiaries
5
Minority Shareholders’
Approval
Any RPT approved by majority of the minority shareholders
5
Audit Committee’s Approval RPTs approved by audit committee before the transaction takes
place
5
Disclosures
Related Party Transactions Related Party Transactions disclosed 3
Non-Compliance Details of non-compliance by the company and penalties 5
Relative Remuneration of
Directors
Ratio of Remuneration of each director to median employees’
remuneration
5
Succession Planning Disclosure of Succession Planning 5
Other Policies
Training Board members are trained 2
Performance Evaluation Performance of non-executive directors evaluated 2
Whistle Blower Policy Whistle Blower Policy exists & communicated 2
Tenure of Independent
Director
Independent directors serving more than nine years’ tenure in the
board till date
-2
Performance Evaluation Performance of CEO evaluated 2
Multiple Directorship Director(s) in more than 6 companies -2
Peer Evaluation Peer evaluation of Board Members 5
Meetings Separate meetings of Independent Directors 5
Lead Independent Director Appointment of Lead Independent Director 5
Managerial Remuneration Approval of minority shareholders required if managerial
remuneration is above a certain limit
5
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