International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Firm level determinants to small and medium sized enterprises’ access to fina...rrpidani
Firm Level Determinants to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ Access to Financing in Indonesia by Rita Pidani and Ishak Balaka. Academy of Taiwan Business Management Review, April 2013, Volume 9, Number 1, pp. 117-126.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Firm level determinants to small and medium sized enterprises’ access to fina...rrpidani
Firm Level Determinants to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ Access to Financing in Indonesia by Rita Pidani and Ishak Balaka. Academy of Taiwan Business Management Review, April 2013, Volume 9, Number 1, pp. 117-126.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study aims to find the efficiency of selected Kenyan sample commercial banks. As the
banking industry is the main sector that contributes significantly to the development of the
national economy and hence the efficiency of commercial banks gains significantly. The analysis
of the study, using intermediation approach, reveals the efficiency of Kenyan commercial
banks. However, the efficiency of sample banks showed inefficiency in some areas during the
study period. But small banks showed better efficiency scores during the study period.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...journal ijrtem
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
This research work investigated the influence of firm size on the financial performance of deposit money banks quoted on the Nigerian stock exchange. The research work is necessitated by the need to find the factors that respond positively or negatively to the financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Five deposit money banks were sampled with the aid of Taro Yemeni sampling technique to represent the entire banking industry in Nigeria. The firm size proxied by log of total assets represents the explanatory variable while the financial performance measured by profitability proxied by return on asset is the dependent variable. The analysis was conducted using the pooled OLS regression and fixed effect/random effect regression with the aid of STATA for panel regression. In addition, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were computed. The finding of the study indicates that firm size insignificantly negatively influenced financial performance as a result of diseconomies of scale. The study therefore recommends that the industry should minimize the cost of expansion and enjoy maximum benefits of economies of scale in addition to other factors that may stimulate financial performance should be considered instead of the firm size that indicate insignificantly negative effect.
A STUDY ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF FOREIGN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN SRI LANKA...ectijjournal
Banks serve as backbone to the financial sector, which facilitate the proper utilization of financial
resources of a country. The banking sector is increasingly growing and it has witnessed a huge flow of
investment. The banking sector of developing countries is different from the developed countries in term of
performance. The banking sector, especially commercial banks of Sri Lanka plays a vital role in the Sri
Lankan economy. The focus of this study was to investigate the financial performance of foreign
commercial banks in Sri Lanka. Many studies are conducted in different countries to study the financial
performance of banking sector using the various statistical methods. In this study, the CAMEL rating
system is used to study the financial performance of foreign commercial banks in Sri Lanka. The study
selects three foreign banks for the analysis. Data was collected for the time period of 2008-2014.
According to the findings foreign sector banks are good in the performance of capital adequacy and
earnings while other variables show an average performance.
Evaluating Loan Loss Provisioning for Non-Performing Loans and Its Impact on ...Fakir Tajul Islam
Using the aggregate data of 56 commercial banks in the last 9 years
(2009-2017), this study attempts to evaluate the Impacts of LLP maintained for NPLs on profitability, as it may help
to take the level of the LLP, and NPLs in the optimum level of business success.
mpact of Foreign Shares to Profitability in Turkish Participation Banksinventionjournals
Covering the period 2006 to 2015, this paper aims at empirically studying the impact of foreign shares on the profitability of participation banks. Several econometrical models have been implemented to reveal this relation among variables. There is no co-integration result between profitability on the one hand, and foreign shares, deposits, loans and equity on the other hand. According to the Granger causality test lag 1, a bidirectional relationship exists between deposits and loans. Meanwhile, a unidirectional relationship exists between profitability and foreign shares.
Profitability Determinants of Go-Public Bank in Indonesia: Empirical Evidenc...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Relevance of Mergers and Acquisition on Financial Performance of Deposit Mone...iosrjce
The paper examined the effects of Merger and Acquisition on the financial performance of selected
deposit money banks in Nigeria with emphasis on Profit After Tax, Gross Earnings and Asset Growth as
financial efficiency parameters. Two Nigeria Deposit Money Bank were selected using convenience and
judgemental sample selection methods. Data were collected from the published financial statements of the banks
namely former Oceanic bank and Ecobank Plc (now Ecobank Plc) and former Intercontinental Bank Plc and
Access Bank (Access Bank Plc). Data were analyzed using Linear Regression statistical tool. The results
revealed that Post Merger Financial Performance was significantly improved than the Pre Merger period of the
banks. The study therefore recommends that banks can merge or acquire each other as this has proved to
become a plat form for rescuing ailing ones and could provides a platform that could enhance batter financial
performance
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study aims to find the efficiency of selected Kenyan sample commercial banks. As the
banking industry is the main sector that contributes significantly to the development of the
national economy and hence the efficiency of commercial banks gains significantly. The analysis
of the study, using intermediation approach, reveals the efficiency of Kenyan commercial
banks. However, the efficiency of sample banks showed inefficiency in some areas during the
study period. But small banks showed better efficiency scores during the study period.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...journal ijrtem
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
This research work investigated the influence of firm size on the financial performance of deposit money banks quoted on the Nigerian stock exchange. The research work is necessitated by the need to find the factors that respond positively or negatively to the financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Five deposit money banks were sampled with the aid of Taro Yemeni sampling technique to represent the entire banking industry in Nigeria. The firm size proxied by log of total assets represents the explanatory variable while the financial performance measured by profitability proxied by return on asset is the dependent variable. The analysis was conducted using the pooled OLS regression and fixed effect/random effect regression with the aid of STATA for panel regression. In addition, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were computed. The finding of the study indicates that firm size insignificantly negatively influenced financial performance as a result of diseconomies of scale. The study therefore recommends that the industry should minimize the cost of expansion and enjoy maximum benefits of economies of scale in addition to other factors that may stimulate financial performance should be considered instead of the firm size that indicate insignificantly negative effect.
A STUDY ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF FOREIGN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN SRI LANKA...ectijjournal
Banks serve as backbone to the financial sector, which facilitate the proper utilization of financial
resources of a country. The banking sector is increasingly growing and it has witnessed a huge flow of
investment. The banking sector of developing countries is different from the developed countries in term of
performance. The banking sector, especially commercial banks of Sri Lanka plays a vital role in the Sri
Lankan economy. The focus of this study was to investigate the financial performance of foreign
commercial banks in Sri Lanka. Many studies are conducted in different countries to study the financial
performance of banking sector using the various statistical methods. In this study, the CAMEL rating
system is used to study the financial performance of foreign commercial banks in Sri Lanka. The study
selects three foreign banks for the analysis. Data was collected for the time period of 2008-2014.
According to the findings foreign sector banks are good in the performance of capital adequacy and
earnings while other variables show an average performance.
Evaluating Loan Loss Provisioning for Non-Performing Loans and Its Impact on ...Fakir Tajul Islam
Using the aggregate data of 56 commercial banks in the last 9 years
(2009-2017), this study attempts to evaluate the Impacts of LLP maintained for NPLs on profitability, as it may help
to take the level of the LLP, and NPLs in the optimum level of business success.
mpact of Foreign Shares to Profitability in Turkish Participation Banksinventionjournals
Covering the period 2006 to 2015, this paper aims at empirically studying the impact of foreign shares on the profitability of participation banks. Several econometrical models have been implemented to reveal this relation among variables. There is no co-integration result between profitability on the one hand, and foreign shares, deposits, loans and equity on the other hand. According to the Granger causality test lag 1, a bidirectional relationship exists between deposits and loans. Meanwhile, a unidirectional relationship exists between profitability and foreign shares.
Profitability Determinants of Go-Public Bank in Indonesia: Empirical Evidenc...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Relevance of Mergers and Acquisition on Financial Performance of Deposit Mone...iosrjce
The paper examined the effects of Merger and Acquisition on the financial performance of selected
deposit money banks in Nigeria with emphasis on Profit After Tax, Gross Earnings and Asset Growth as
financial efficiency parameters. Two Nigeria Deposit Money Bank were selected using convenience and
judgemental sample selection methods. Data were collected from the published financial statements of the banks
namely former Oceanic bank and Ecobank Plc (now Ecobank Plc) and former Intercontinental Bank Plc and
Access Bank (Access Bank Plc). Data were analyzed using Linear Regression statistical tool. The results
revealed that Post Merger Financial Performance was significantly improved than the Pre Merger period of the
banks. The study therefore recommends that banks can merge or acquire each other as this has proved to
become a plat form for rescuing ailing ones and could provides a platform that could enhance batter financial
performance
THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO UNDER BASE II ON THE DETERMINANTS OF PRO...IAEME Publication
Risks to a bank are responsible for an adverse impact on the capital andprofitability. The profitability ratios play an important role in deciding the strength ofa bank over the years. The present study has been carried out to observe the impact of
capital adequacy ratio on the profitability ratios of Punjab National Bank during theimplementation period of Basel II. The relationship between the Capital adequacy ratio and profitability ratios has also been explained in the present study. The profitability ratios like Dividend Payout Ratio, Return on Equity have shown decreasing trend during the Basel II period whereas ratios like Return on Capital Employed, Return on asset, Earning per Share and Dividend Payout Ratio have not shown consistent decrease. The correlation and regression analysis show positive relationship between all the profitability ratios and Capital Adequacy ratio except earnings per share. Risks to a bank are responsible for an adverse impact on the capital and profitability. The profitability ratios play an important role in deciding the strength of a bank over the years. The present study has been carried out to observe the impact of capital adequacy ratio on the profitability ratios of Punjab National Bank during the implementation period of Basel II. The relationship between the Capital adequacy ratio and profitability ratios has also been explained in the present study. The profitability ratios like Dividend Payout Ratio, Return on Equity have shown decreasing trend during the Basel II period whereas ratios like Return on Capital Employed, Return on asset, Earning per Share and Dividend Payout Ratio have not shown consistent
decrease.
The banking industry plays an important role in the development of a country. For sustainable economic growth, a country must have a strong banking sector. However, there have been challenges in robustness of banks’ performance as a result of the current operating environment.
Corporate governance is of great importance for financial performance. Corporate governance issues have attracted public interest in the financial sector both locally and internationally after waves of corporate rip-offs and failures that almost led to loss of confidence in the finance sector. The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of corporate governance on financial performance of Savings and Credit Co-operatives in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study targeted a population of 65 active Savings and credit Co-operatives operating in Embu County. A sample size of 57 Savings and Credit Co-operatives was used in this study. Stratified sampling technique was used to select the sample. Primary data was collected using self-administered semi-structured questionnaires while secondary data was obtained from financial statements and periodicals using a record survey sheet. Pre-testing of research tool was conducted before the actual data collection was carried, to determine the reliability of the questionnaire by use of a Cronbach‘s alpha, statistical coefficient, while the validity was tested to ensure that the questions in the questionnaire provides adequate coverage to the investigative questions. Correlation and multiple regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The study findings indicated that corporate governance positively affected the financial performance. In specific the board composition and corporate risk management for SACCOs had a positive effect on the financial performances of the SACCOs. The study is beneficial to SACCOs management in improving the performance of Savings and Credit Co-operatives and enabling them to compete globally. The study recommends gender parity consideration and balanced mix of skilled board members during appointments of the board members. The recommendations are important to the government, especially the department of cooperatives in strengthening policies regarding cooperative societies.
Volume of Deposits, A determinant of Total Long-term Loans Advanced by Commer...iosrjce
Commercial banks have exponentially increased their total loans advanced over the period 2002-
2013. However commercial banks in Kenya have shown varying long term lending behavior. The main objective
of this study was to establish the effect of determinants of long term lending in the Kenyan banking industry, a
case of Bungoma County. This study was guided by the following specific objective; to determine the effect of
volume of deposit on total loan advanced, of selected commercial banks in Kenya. The target population
comprised 13 commercial banks in Bungoma County with a sample size of 52 respondents. From the findings,
for every unit increase in volume of deposits, a 10.9%, unit increase in total loans advanced is predicted. The
model hypothesizes that there is functional relationship between the dependent variable and the independent
variable. The study then recommends that commercial banks should focus on mobilizing more deposits as this
will enhance their lending performance.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Financial Performance Analysis of Selected Private Sector Banks in IndiaDr. Amarjeet Singh
The performance of the banking system has been
widely recognized as an important element for economic
growth and for enhancing the economic and financial system
buoyancy in facing financial crisis. In fact, such a vital role in
the economy has made banks to be considered as one of the
most strained kinds of businesses in the globe as they are
subject to close scrutiny since banks will otherwise be
counterproductive and severely damage the economy of a
country. Efficient and profitable banks maximize
shareholders’ value and encourage the shareholders to make
additional investments. As a result of which, more
employment opportunities will be created and more goods
and service will be produced and ultimately bring about
economic growth in which private and public sector banking
institutions play equal role. The present study analyses the
financial performance of selected private banks in India with
the help of correlation analysis by considering return on total
assets as the independent variable.
EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT PROFICIENCY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF FOREIGN COMMERC...AkashSharma618775
The study sought to examine Management Proficiency on financial performance of foreign
commercial banks in Kenya from period of 2013 to 2019.
Design/Methodology/Approach; The return on equity (ROE) and return on asset (ROA) were used as measure on
measure of financial performance measures on foreign commercial banks in Kenya. The descriptive, correlation
and panel regression analysis based on fixed effect model with help STATA.
The Results; It indicated that an R squared of 0.6956 was obtained that implies that 69.56 percent of the variations
in financial performance of foreign commercial banks in Kenya was accredited to capital adequacy, asset quality
and management efficiency. A p-value of 0.0000 further endorsed that the variables that were used namely: capital
adequacy, asset quality and management efficiency had significant effect predicting the financial performance of
foreign commercial banks in Kenya. The model had a constant value of 0.87 thus inferred that in the absence of
capital adequacy, asset quality and management efficiency, the value of financial performance of foreign
commercial banks in Kenya was 0.87.
Originality/value: The main study objective was to provide the empirical evidence on management proficiency on
financial performance on foreign commercial banks in Kenya and demanded literature gaps
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Determinants of Banks’ Financial Performance: A Comparative Study between Nat...inventionjournals
Financial performance is one of the most critical factors having impact on the decision making of the resource providers. And thus to ensure the existence in the ever growing competitive business environment, every institution should be more concerned about the factors affecting their financial performance. This paper specially focuses on identifying the factors having impact on the financial performance of the commercial banks operating in Bangladesh. An effort has also been exerted to determine whether the extent of influence of various factors on financial performance varies with respect to local private and nationalized commercial banks. For this purpose 10 local private commercial banks (PCB) and all nationalized commercial banks (NCB) have been taken covering the period from 2008-2014. Here, data has been collected from the annual reports of the banks under consideration. To draw conclusion a multiple regression has been run by considering financial performance (profitability) as dependent variable and operating efficiency, asset utilization , liquidity, credit risk, capital adequacy and size of the company as independent variables. The study finds that asset utilization and operating efficiency have significant positive impact on banks' financial performance (profitability) whereas credit risk has significant negative impact. However, for PCBs asset utilization is the most critical factor to performance. On the other hand, result shows that in case of NCB 1 taka increase in credit risk is responsible for negative return of 0.968 taka. It is found that financial performance has no significant relationship with size and liquidity of the banks
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
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Liquidity, capital adequacy and operating efficiency of commercial banks in kenya
1. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2013
76
Liquidity, Capital Adequacy and Operating Efficiency of
Commercial Banks in Kenya
Odunga R.M1
, Nyangweso P.M2
and Nkobe D. K3
.
1. Assistant Lecturer, Department of Accounting and Finance, School of Business and Economics, Moi
University, P.O. Box 1602 – 30100, Eldoret.
2. Associate professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, School of
Business and Economics Moi University, P.O. Box 3900 – 30100, Eldoret.
3. Assistant Lecturer, Department of Accounting and Finance, School of Business and Economics, Moi
University, P.O. Box 1602 – 30100, Eldoret.
E-mail of corresponding author: rodunga@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study aimed at examining the effect of liquidity and capital adequacy on the operating efficiency of
commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, we sought to establish the effect of bank specific liquidity ratios
(Interbank ratio, loan ratio, net loans to total deposits, liquid assets to short term liabilities ratio) and capital
adequacy ratios (core capital ratio, risk based capital ratio, total capital ratio, equity capital to total asset ratio)
on their operating efficiency. The findings of the study indicate that the previous year operational efficiency ratio,
liquid assets to short-term liabilities ratio and total capital ratio positively and significantly affect the bank
operating efficiency. The study adopted an explanatory research design and analysed the data using Fixed
Effects Regression. From the regression results, the overall R2
of 0.4108 was derived meaning that 41.08% of
banks operational efficiency is as a result of the study variables. This implies that the history of a firm’s
performance will definitely influence how a firm moves forward in an effort to streamline its operational
strategies. Therefore, banks should seek on mechanisms to improve their liquid assets to deposits ratio and total
capital ratio in readiness to improve operating efficiency and remain competitive in the market.
Keywords: Commercial Banks, Operating Efficiency, Liquidity, Capital Adequacy
1. Introduction
Commercial banks play an important role as financial intermediaries for savers and borrowers in Kenya.
According to Kenya Credit Providers Association (KCPA) commercial banks in the country disbursed over
US$10 billion in loans. Non-formal financial institutions served the remainder of the loans market. These
included credit union/SACCOs, which disbursed US$2 billion in loans, and micro finance institutions (MFI),
which managed only US$300 million (KCPA, 2010). Oloo (2009) described the banking sector in Kenya as the
bond that holds the country’s economy together. Sectors such as the agricultural and manufacturing virtually
depend on the banking sector for their very survival and growth.
Operational efficiency is narrowly defined as the ability to deliver products and services cost effectively without
sacrificing quality. It can also be defined as what occurs when the right combination of people, process, and
technology come together to enhance the productivity and value of any business operation, while driving down
the cost of routine operations to a desired level(Shawk, 2008). The end result is that resources previously needed
to manage operational tasks can be redirected to new, high-value initiatives that bring additional capabilities to
the organization. Relatively firms that are more efficient tend to maintain more stable levels of output and
operating performance compared to their industry peers (Mills and Schumann 1985).
Banks operate efficiently by directing society‘s savings toward those enterprises with highest expected social
returns and monitoring them carefully after lending society‘s scarce resources are allocated more efficiently. In
contrast, banks that simply operate with waste and inefficiency will slow down economic growth and reduce
society‘s welfare (Athanasoglou et al, 2008). Efficiency in intermediation of funds from savers to borrowers
enables allocation of resources to their most productive uses. The more efficient a financial system is in such
resource generation and in its allocation, the greater its contribution to productivity and economic growth (Beck,
et al. 2000). Management of operations has been usually a secondary concern, partly because it has been
considered, for some reason, to be less critical to profitability (Said, 2012). The importance of operating
efficiency for banks was put into evidence by a study done on Indian scheduled commercial banks (Siraj and
Pillai 2011). Its findings were that key determinants of operational efficiency were affected by the global
financial crisis. This reinforces the need to understand the drivers of operational efficiency for proper
management of commercial banks.
Whilst the Kenyan banking sector is the largest in terms of assets in the financial services industry, it is not the
largest supplier of credit (KCPA, 2010). The performance of the banking industry in Kenya has improved
tremendously over the last decade, since only two banks have been put under CBK statutory management
2. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2013
77
compared to 37 bank-failures between 1986 and 1998 (Mwega, 2009). However, in the same period the level of
interest rates have remained high implying an attempt of commercial to pass their inefficiencies to consumers.
This could be attributed to the inability to push their operational costs downwards.
Despite the growth in the Kenyan banking sector, the sector still faces many challenges with respect to
management of risks that banks they are exposed to. According to CBK, operating efficiency was one of the
most critical risks faced by financial institutions in Kenya and Kenyan banks are yet to adopt model-based
approaches in assessing their operating efficiency (CBK, 2011a). Risk-taking is an inherent element of banking
and, indeed, profits are in part the reward for successful risk taking in business. However, excessive or poorly
managed risk can lead to losses and thus endanger the safety of a bank’s deposits. The management of financial
institutions should recognize measure, monitor and control the overall levels of risks undertaken. Sound risk
management systems enable managers to take risks knowingly, reduce risks where appropriate and strive to
prepare for a future that cannot be predicted with absolute certainty.
A few studies on the Kenyan banking sector have addressed issues of corporate governance, evolution of e-
banking and profitability among others. However, no study has examined operating efficiency of commercial
banks in Kenya, yet it is paramount for the sector to operate efficiently. Analysis of the effect of liquidity and
capital adequacy on operating efficiency is intended to offer an insight to managers on one of the approaches to
risk management in the banking sector. This paper examines the effect of bank liquidity and capital adequacy on
operating efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya.
2. Theoretical considerations
This study was guided by three main theories namely: -economic efficiency theory, modern theory of financial
intermediation and regulatory and efficient marketing monitoring hypothesis. Economic efficiency theory states
that companies should achieve their output at the lowest possible cost per unit produced. According to this
theory, optimal production can be achieved by economies of scale. Thus, in the short run, maximum operational
efficiency is attained at the level of output at which all accessible economies of scale are taking advantage of
such efficiency. In the long run, lifting the capacity of existing systems can increase the optimal level of
productive efficiency (Zerbe, 2001; Said, 2011). There are two perspectives of economic efficiency theory;
allocative (price) efficiency criteria that states that for banks to operate at efficient level, then all bank products
have to be priced optimally. This will in turn reduce unfair competition in the market and reduction in interest
rate spreads. The productive efficiency (technical efficiency) which takes place when the business employs all of
its resources efficiently, producing the most output from the least input (Sathye, 2001; Barr, et al 2002; Saad &
El-Moussawi, 2009; Said 2011).
Modern theory of financial intermediation argues that the role of banks in the economy is to create liquidity by
funding illiquid loans with liquid demand deposits (Diamond 1984, Ramakrishnan and Thakor, 1984). Banks
create liquidity on the balance sheet by transforming less liquid assets into more liquid liabilities. Liquid banks
may be more efficient in the sense that, all other things being equal, an efficient bank can produce more output
part of which includes liquid and other assets. According to Gorton and Huang, (2002), banks and banking
systems that produce more liquidity than others perhaps can be viewed as both more ‘liquidity efficient’ and also
less risky. Kashyap, et.al, (2002) suggested that banks might also create significant liquidity off the balance sheet
through loan commitments and similar claims to liquid funds.
Regulatory and efficient marketing monitoring hypothesis states that regulators encourage banks to increase their
capital to commensurate with the amount of risk taken by the banks. This may be achieved through efficient
market monitoring, mechanisms that will call for increase in capital when capital positions are deemed
inadequate (Calomiris and Kahn, 1991; Berger, 1995). Thus, an important factor contributing to a positive
relationship between capital adequacy and credit risk management to banks efficiency relates to the actions of
regulators and supervisors (Shrieves and Dahl, 1992; Jacques and Nigro, 1997; Aggarwal and Jacques, 1998;
Editz et al., 1998). Banks could respond to regulatory actions forcing them to increase their capital by increasing
asset risk (Kahane 1977, Koehn and Santomero, 1980 and Kim and Santomero, 1988.
The need to control the high incidence of loan default occasioned by increased lending activities was a popular
motive for reforms in financial systems in developing economies. The statutory minimum capital adequacy ratio
for commercial banks in Kenya is 12%, which is measured by the ratio of Total Capital to Total Risk Weighted
Assets (CBK, 2011a)
According to Gorton and Winton (1998), Altunbas et al (2007), any empirical approach that is used to model the
relationships between capital and risk also needs to take account of bank efficiency. Harley (2011), states that
government should regulate investment policy for banks for them to be more efficient and be globally
competitive.
3. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2013
78
3. Model specification
The following model was used;
ελα ββββββββ +++++++= +++− XXXXXXXXyy 88776655443322111
Where:
Y = Bank operating efficiency
, , ᵦ … ᵦ = Estimated coefficients
= Lagged Bank Operating Efficiency
= Interbank Ratio
= Loans Ratio
= Net Loans to Total Deposits
= Liquid Assets to Deposits
= Core Capital Ratio
= Risk – based Capital Ratio
= Total Capital Ratio
X8 = Equity Capital to Total Asset Ratio
ε = Error term
Operating Efficiency ratio = (Interest income + non-interest income + securities gains)/ (Interest expense
+ non- interest expense + provision for loan losses + taxes)
4. Methodology
This study used an explanatory approach by using panel research design. Data was collected from 40 commercial
banks out of 44, which existed and had the required data during the entire study period. The study used
secondary data, which was retrieved from published statements of accounts of the 40 commercial banks both
from the central bank of Kenya and the respective commercial banks for seven-year period 2005-2011. The
respective ratios were then computed from the data retrieved from the statements of accounts of the banks. The
collected data was analyzed using stata software. Descriptive statistics for panel data, correlation matrix and
estimation of panel data were run. Inferential statistics using the Hausman test checks were done in order to
determine a more efficient model against a less efficient one. The study carried out the fixed effects regression
analysis to examine the effects of bank specific liquidity ratios and capital adequacy ratios on their operating
efficiency.
5. Results and discussion
Table 1 shows regression results of the fixed effect model. Results show that, previous year’s operational
efficiency, total capital ratio and liquid asset to short-term liabilities ratio were significantly different from zero
at = 0.05. This implies that the history of a firm’s performance will definitely influence how a firm moves
forward in an effort to streamline its operational strategies. Similarly, the significance of the capital ratio implies
that commercial banks well endowed with capital resources are more stable operationally and are able to cushion
themselves from financial shocks in the capital markets. This is inconsistent with previous findings (Altunbas
2007) Therefore; the central banks should endeavour to keep the base lending rate as low as possible to improve
access to capital resources by commercial banks. In addition, commercial banks in Kenya need to engage in
prudent investment of their capital resources to avoid overexposure to risks consistent with the findings by
Harley (2011). The results also indicate that commercial banks with enough liquid assets tend to draw more
confidence with customers because of the ability to address short-term financial obligations. It is therefore
important for the central bank to ensure full compliance with the minimum liquidity requirement by commercial
banks. The other ratios, interbank ratio, loan ratio, net loans to deposits ratio, core capital ratio, risk based capital
ratio and equity to total asset ratio, were not significantly different from zero.
Conclusion
This study investigates the effect of liquidity and capital adequacy on operating efficiency of commercial banks
in Kenya. The results show that previous year’s operational efficiency, liquidity and capital adequacy
combined explain about 41% of the bank’s operating efficiency. Further, total capital ratio and liquid asset to
deposits ratio positively affect operating efficiency of the banks. The other liquidity ratios- interbank ratio, loan
ratio, net loans to deposits ratio and capital adequacy ratios - core capital ratio, risk based capital ratio and equity
to total asset ratio insignificantly effect operating efficiency of the banks. We recommend commercial banks to
strive to increase their total capital ratio in order to reduce their operational risks and therefore increase
operational efficiency. Similarly, they should increase the ratio of liquid assets to deposits and short term
funding in order to increase their operational efficiency. Future research should be concerned with factors
influencing the operating efficiency of commercial banks. Moreover, a full model for operating efficiency for
4. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online)
Vol.4, No.8, 2013
79
banks will go a long way in assisting bank managers to evaluate and attempt to minimize risks that banks are
exposed to.
6. Policy Recommendations
Operational efficiency as the study has found out will be brought by the factors under this study. The history of a
firm’s performance will definitely influence how a firm moves forward in an effort to streamline its operational
strategies. Similarly, banks well-endowed with capital resources are more stable operationally and are able to
cushion themselves from financial shocks in the capital markets. Therefore, banks should seek on mechanisms to
improve their liquid assets to deposits ratio and total capital ratio in readiness to improve operating efficiency
and remain competitive in the market. A model for operating efficiency of banks will go a long way in assisting
bank managers to evaluate and attempt to minimize risks that banks are exposed to.
7. Areas of further research
Since the study variables only account for 41.08% of the changes in operational efficiency, it means that 52% of
the banks operational efficiency is determined by other factors. Therefore, a study should be done using
different variables to determine their effect on operational efficiency. Some of the factors can be board of
Directors composition, skills and qualifications of the staff, values of collateral used and automations of the
operations.
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Table 1: Fixed Effects Regression Results
R-sq: within = 0.0836 F (9, 39) = 1429.33
Between = 0.4368
corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.4577
Prob > F = 0.0000
Overall = 0.4108
Parameters Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
Op.efficiency lag 0.2373 0.1082 2.1900 0.0340 0.0184 0.4561
Core capital ratio 0.0697 0.0783 0.8900 0.3790 -0.0887 0.2281
Risk based capital ratio 0.2507 0.3219 0.7800 0.4410 -0.4005 0.9018
Total capital ratio 0.0002 0.0001 2.1400 0.0390 0.0000 0.0004
equity/asset ratio -0.1965 0.6249 -0.3100 0.7550 -1.4605 1.0674
interbank ratio 0.0000 0.0000 0.2600 0.7950 0.0000 0.0000
loan ratio -0.0352 0.2112 -0.1700 0.8680 -0.4625 0.3920
net loans/deposits ratio -0.0485 0.1519 -0.3200 0.7510 -0.3558 0.2588
liquid assets/deposits ratio 0.0079 0.0020 3.8900 0.0000 0.0038 0.0120
_cons 0.8882 0.2221 4.0000 0.0000 0.4390 1.3374
sigma_u 0.1318
sigma_e 0.0912
rho 0.6764
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