1. Formula
• Formulas are equations that perform
calculations in your worksheet.
• A formula consists of the following:
Starts with an equal sign
Functions
References
Operators
Constants
Example 1: =C5 * 3
Example 1: =C5 * SUM(E5:E9)

2. Functions
• Functions are predefined formula. Functions consist of the
following:
 Name – Every function is identified by a unique name.
 Arguments – Functions are specific values that a function
requires. Arguments can be number, text, logical values such
as TRUE or FALSE, Cell references, constants etc.
 Category – Functions belong to a category. Some of the
categories are:
Financial
Mathematical & trigonometry
Statistical
Logical etc…
 Tooltip – are guidelines on how to use a function. They
appear when a user types in the function name.

3. Functions
Example:
 Click on formula tab and click on cell D57.
 Type in the following formula
=SUM(D21:D56)
 Click on cell D58 and type in the following formula
=COUNTA(D21:D56)
 Click on cell D59 and type in the following formula
=MAX(D21:D56)
 Click on cell D59 and type in the following formula
=MIN(D21:D56)
 Click on cell D61 and type in the following formula
=AVERAGE(D21:D56)

4. References
• References are cell address. A cell in Excel is identified by the
column letter and row number.
Example: B2
• A worksheet consists of:
 Columns A to XFD
 Rows 1 to 1048576 (one million forty eight thousand five
hundred and seventy six rows)

5. References
To refer to Use
All cells in row 5 5:5
All cells in column H H:H
All cells in row 5 to 7 5:7
All cells in column H and J H:j

6. References
• References can be broadly classified into 3 categories:
 Relative references
 Absolute references
 Mixed references
Example:
 Open exercises excel folder
 Click on formula tab
 Copy paste numbers into internet and newspaper column
 Copy paste numbers into TV and magazine column
 Type in following formula in Total column =SUM(F5:G5)
 Copy and paste the formulas to other cells in the column.
This is relative cell referencing.

7. References
 On cell F2 type in Commission
 On cell G2 type in .08
 Add a new column after the Total column and name it Total +
Commission
 Type the following formula in cell I5
=(H5*$G$2)+H5
 Copy the formula to other cells.
This is absolute cell referencing

8. References
 Using Names in formula
• Names are labels that can be used in Excel. Names are used to
make it easy for users to refer to cell references.
• Names are managed (created, edited, deleted) using the Name
Manager.
• Example:
 Click on Advanced formatting tab.
 Select cells E2:E37.
 Click on Formula tab > Defined Names (subgroup) > Click on Name
Manager icon. A dialog box opens.
 Click on New button. A dialog box opens.
 Type in Radio in the name field and click OK.
 Close dialog box.
 Click on formula worksheet tab.
 Click on cell I18 and type in the following formula =SUM(RADIO)
 Note the formula adds the revenue column from the other sheet.

9. Operators
• Operators identify the type of operation to be performed.
• Operators can be categorized into four groups:
Arithmetic Operator :
+, -, *, / (division), % (percent), ^ (caret)
Comparison operator
 = , >, < (greater than), >= (greater than or
equal to), <= (less than or equal to), <> (not
equal)
Text Concatenation operator
& (ampersand)
Reference operators Space
: (reference operator), , (union), (intersection)

10. Operators
• Use of comma: =SUM(B5:B15,D5:D15)
• Use of intersection operator: =(B7:D7 C6:C8)
Operator precedence
1) Brackets
2) :
3) Single space
4) ,
5) -
6) %
7) ^
8) * and /
9) + and –
10) &
11) = < > <= >= <>
Compute the following value: 2^4/2-4*3+15