The document discusses exchange rate forecasting. Exchange rate forecasting is done by calculating the value of one currency relative to others over time. Various theories can be used for predictions, but no model is perfect. Exchange rate forecasts are required by multinational corporations, governments, financial institutions, and brokers. Fundamental analysis considers long-term economic factors, while technical analysis charts patterns in investor sentiment. Models for predicting exchange rates and prices include the random walk approach, uncovered interest rate parity, purchasing power parity, and theories related to interest rates, inflation, and investor psychology.

1. Exchange Rate Forecasting Presented By:- Nitin Kirnapure Nishit Dholakia Vivek Sethia

2. What is Exchange Rate….? Exchange Rate implies how much strong is one currency to another. For example:- An exchange rate of 91 Japnese Yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States Doller (USD, $) means that 91 JPY = 1 USD

3. Exchange rate forecasts are done through calculation of a currency’s value with other currencies over a period of time. While there are various theories that can be used to predict exchange rates, all of them have limitations. No model has been able to establish a monopoly in the forecasting process. Exchange rates are determined by the demand and supply of one currency relative to the demand and supply of another

4. Exchange Rate Forecast is required by whom…? MNC Governments Financial institutions Brokers (Facilitators to buyers and sellers)

5. Why Firms Forecast Exchange Rates MNCs need exchange rate forecasts for their: hedging decisions, short-term financing decisions, short-term investment decisions, capital budgeting decisions, and long-term financing decisions.

6. Exchange Rate Forecasting Fundamental Analysis It forecasts exchange rates after considering the factors that give rise to long term cycles. Elementary data, such as GDP, inflation rates, productivity indices, balance of trade and unemployment rate, are taken into account. Denotes true value of currency. (long term investments) Technical Analysis This approach is based on the premise that it is investor sentiment that determines changes in the exchange rate and makes predictions by charting out patterns.

7. PRICE AND EXCHANGE RATE : MODELS Random Walk Approach Uncovered Interest Rate Parity (UIP) Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Law of one price. Interest rates. Investor psychology and “Bandwagon” effects 9-

8. LAW OF ONE PRICE In competitive markets free of transportation costs and trade barriers, identical products sold in different countries must sell for the same price when their price is expressed in terms of the same currency. For Ex : US/French exchange rate: $1 = .78Eur A jacket selling for $50 in New York should retail for 39.24Eur in Paris (50x.78). 9-

9. PURCHASING POWER PARITY By comparing the prices of identical products in different currencies, it should be possible to determine the ‘real’ or PPP exchange rate - if markets were efficient. In relatively efficient markets (few impediments to trade and investment) then a ‘basket of goods’ should be roughly equivalent in each country. 9-

10. MONEY SUPPLY AND INFLATION PPP theory predicts that changes in relative prices will result in a change in exchange rates, A country with high inflation should expect its currency to depreciate against the currency of a country with a lower inflation rate Inflation occurs when the money supply increases faster than output increases Purchasing power parity puzzle 9-

11. INTEREST RATE AND EXCHANGE RATE Theory says that interest rates reflect expectations about future exchange rates. Fisher Effect (I = r + l). International Fisher Effect: For any two countries, the spot exchange rate should change in an equal amount but in the opposite direction to the difference in nominal interest rates between the two countries. 9-

12. INVESTOR PSYCHOLOGY AND BANDWAGON EFFECTS Evidence suggests that neither PPP nor the International Fisher Effect are good at explaining short term movements in exchange rates Explanation may be investor psychology and the bandwagon effect Studies suggest they play a major role in short term movements Hard to predict 9-