Foley Catheter Â€¢ Explain The Procedure

Foley Catheter Гўв‚¬Вў Explain The Procedure
How to insert a Foley catheter You must explain the process to the patient before you began. Most patients are not used to inserting any object into
their urethra. It is often described as painful or uncomfortable. So out of respect for the patient, explain the steps of the procedure to him/her before
beginning. Ask the patient to lay on their back. The patient's legs should be spread and their feet should be together. The patient laying on their back
relaxes the bladder and urethra, making easier to insert the catheter. You can even assist the patient getting into the supine position. Wash your hands
and put on sterile gloves. Wearing gloves are very important in the health care field, there are used to protect you and the patient from bacteria. The
sterile gloves help ensure that bacteria do not get into the urethra and the patient bodily fluids do not come into contact with your hands.... Show more
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Foley catheters comes in a sealed sterile kit. Before opening the kit, make sure you have the right size kit for your patient. They come in 12,14,16
French. (1French=1/3 mm). The smaller ones are usually better for the patient's comfort but the larger ones will help against leakage. Sterilize and
prepare the patient's genital area. You have wipe the patient's genital area with disinfectant soaked cotton swabs, to remove any debris. Repeat step if
needed. For female patients, be sure to clean the labia and urethral meatus (the outside of the opening of the urethra located above the vagina). For the
men clean the urethral opening on the penis. When you finish wiping down the patient, lay down surgical drapes around the genitals, leaving yourself
enough work
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Pain And Treatment Of Shoulder Pain
Introduction
The shoulder is one of the largest and most complex joints in the human body(1)The shoulder is not a single joint; it is an intricate arrangement of
bones, muscles and ligaments, which provides strength and range of motion to the arm(1, 2). Shoulder pain accounts for between 16–21% of all
musculoskeletal complaints(3, 4). There are many causes of shoulder pain such as: repetitive movements and overuse, trauma, and degenerative
changes.
Shoulder pain and associated glenohumeral joint movement dysfunctions are common and debilitating conditions(5). The most frequently occurring
problems include: shoulder impingement, rotator cuff–associated disorders, glenohumeral joint instability and adhesive capsulitis(5). Proper scapular
motion and stability are considered to be crucial for the shoulder to function normally(6, 7). The scapular must serve as first, a stable base for
glenohumeral function, second, a site of muscle attachment and third, a link for proximal–to–distal transfer of energy(2, 6, 8). Therefore abnormal
functioning of the scapular will decrease normal shoulder function and predispose the shoulder to injury ((2, 5, 9). This essay aims to review the
importance of scapular control during shoulder movements, and will discuss the evidence for scapular control to rehabilitate Glenohumeral joint
injuries.
Anatomy of the shoulder
The shoulder complex is made up of four different joints. These are the articulations of the clavicle, the humerus, the

Physical Therapy Case Studies
The claimant is a 31–year–old male who had an injury on 03/01/2017 while lifting a pallet, he shifted his weight and injured his left shoulder. He was
diagnosed with chronic, complete rupture of the left distal biceps tendon. He underwent Allograft reconstruction of the left distal biceps tendon on 06
/22/2017.
On 06/26/2017, the claimant presented one–week postop from biceps tendon reconstruction. His wound was healing nicely with an intact distal
neurovascular status. He was diagnosed with a strain of muscle, fascia, and tendon of the long head biceps of the left arm. He was placed in a
long–arm cast. Norco was recommended.
On 08/07/2017, the claimant presented for a physical therapy initial examination. He had left arm pain. It was noted that he would return to work the
day after the visit with restrictions of no lifting more than 10 pounds. Objective findings showed painful swelling and tenderness in the left distal
biceps tendon. Physical therapy for 2–3 times a week for 8 weeks was recommended. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On 10/09/2017, the claimant was 4 months post reconstructive surgery. It was noted that he had been doing well. His incision was healed with a good
mass of the biceps and good excursion with a range of motion of the elbow.
On 11/06/2017, it was noted that the claimant's work would not take him back to work on light duty. Objective findings showed a full range of motion
of the elbow, wrist, and shoulder. Continued independent strengthening exercises were recommended.
On 12/06/2017, the reported occasional soreness in the elbow. The physical examination was unremarkable. An x–ray of the elbow showed a good
position of the implant and the tunnel in the proximal radius. A functional capacity evaluation was recommended to determine if he can return to his
regular

Microfracture Procedure
Background and purpose:
Repetitive overhead athletic activities and age can increase risk for shoulder pathologies to arise. The microfracture procedure has been used more
recently for chondral defects of the glenoid and humeral head. There is very limited research on the rehabilitation following the microfracture
procedure, and even less in conjunction with other pathological surgical repairs. The purpose of this case report is to provide details on the
rehabilitation of a recreational athlete who underwent a type II SLAP repair with a microfracture of the central humeral head and glenoid.
Case Description:
The patient was a 41–year–old male who failed conservative treatment of a SLAP tear and full thickness glenoid and humeral head articular ... Show
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The incidence of injury was calculated to occur every 3.1 of 1000 hours trained.1
In 1990 the acronym "SLAP lesion" (Superior Labral Anterior and Posterior) was coined by Synder et al, ashoulder pathology previously made known
after arthroscopically identified by Andrews et al in 1985. 2,3 The prevalence of SLAP lesions in recreational athletic and athletic populations ranges
from 3.9 %– 11.8%. 4 Kim, et al noted out of 544 shoulders arthroscopically evaluated, 25% were diagnosed with a SLAP lesion, and 88%, about 120
subjects, presented with another pathology.6
A more recent surgical procedure, called a microfracture technique, has become more supported at the shoulder. 7 At the hip, McCarthy et al found
74% of patients with a labral pathology also had chondral lesions.18 The microfracture procedure is a technique that pierces subchondral bone to
initiate the body's natural response to injury. Through this, a pathway for cell migration to the chondral defect is formed where a clot will then
become a stable scar of fibrocartilage and hyaline.19,8 This cartilaginous mixture can be seen as a disadvantage due to less mechanically stable
fibrocartilage, making this scar mixture possibly more prone to future

Weightlifting And Powerlifting
Weightlifting and powerlifting may sounds the same, but they are not as similar as many people think. Apart from weightlifting being an Olympic
sport and powerlifting just being a past time with multiple federations, there are many technical differences. Weightlifting and powerlifting have
different movements, require different amounts of flexibility, and the weight is held differently.Weightlifting involves more complicated movements
while powerlifting has a variety of simpler movements. In weightlifting there is the snatch and clean & jerk. In the snatch weight the is pulled all the
way over the head in one smooth movement while simultaneously dropping into an overhead squat (Smith par. 23). Then standing and dropping the
weight to the ground. In the clean weight is taken to the shoulders while dropping into a front squat (Smith par. 7–9). Then standing and jerking the
weight (bringing the weight over the head and putting one leg forward and one leg back). After the legs are pulled back into a standing position the
weight is dropped. In powerlifting there is the back squat, bench, strict curl, and deadlift. In the back squat the weight is on the back and the legs are
bent to at least 90 degrees before coming back to the standing position and putting the weight back on the rack. In the bench the lifter lays on a bench
and lifts the weight off of a rack then brings the weight down to the chest and pauses for a one second count before pushing the weight back up and
racking

Boxing: The Five Phases Of Boxing
Boxing, a fierce sport that requires both quick thinking and fast reflexes. The right hook is known for its knock downs and defeats of even the most
elite of players and was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. Since then the world of boxing has only grown, bringing out elite athletes like
Muhammed Ali and Mike Tyson. There are five phases of the Right Hook punch, the starting position, the wind up phase, initial swing phase, contact
phase, and lastly the recoil phase.
The start position will consist of moving the arms up to block the face requiring flexion of the elbows at a little less than a 45o angle, the flexion of
the elbow takes place with the mediolateral axis along a sagittal plane (2). This will ensure the protection of the ... Show more content on
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If the angle is more or less than 90o this makes the movement ineffective and is unable to provide maximum power in the punch (6). A beginner
boxer is more likely to extend their elbow and are open to blocks from the opponents, while a more experienced boxer is able to angle their elbow
and drive more force into the punch. There is also the case with exaggerated movement and because there is limited flexion in the elbow the boxer is
more prone to a dislocated shoulder. Another two stances that may affect a beginner is excessive wrist flexion with feet too wide apart and hands to
far from the face with excessive shoulder and wrist extension. Most professional boxers when they complete a right hook they aim to knockout their
opponent. If the hands of their opponent are far from their face it leaves them vulnerable to these punches (7). As shown, neither of these stances are
going to prove effective and are more likely to result in injury. Both some beginners and professionals are guilty of this action and that's ignoring pain
or 'playing through', it could strain muscles and further degenerate injured tissue. Therefore, it is best to rest then risk further injury

Weight Of Identification Essay
The Weight of Identification What is light weight to the touch of a hand, but those who bear it around their neck feel the ultimate mass and value
carried behind it? It is made up of a ball bearing chain that connects to another smaller chain holding a pair of two–inch by 1 and 1/8 inch engraved
metal plates. They make a very distinctive metal sound over the heart when the human body is in motion. Engraved upon these metal plates is
someones name, followed by their blood type, social security number and religion. This is no ordinary necklace, this combination of chain and nickel
copper alloy, is a pair of dog tags. Dog tags are given to recruits during the first few days of basic training. They are the initial attribute of initiation for
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It solidifies the idea that the ones that have been lost in war, will live on forever and their duty is not just a mere statistic of casualties on the
battlefield. The metal plates have been through it all, created by nickel and copper yet truly forged in blood sweat and tears. They have endured
hardship though mud, sand and water, but if they are examined closely, the ordinary eye would notice that they are not completely damaged or
disrupted.Dog tags represent hardship, and determination to never be broken or bent. They are often kept around the necks of veterans after their
enlistment, in order to retain the memory of the family they were once adopted by; to keep the friends and the bonds created close to the heart. A
veteran never forgets his or her fellow comrades, nor the drill sergeant from basic training that supplied each tag from the very beginning. Dog tags
can symbolize the beginning of a new path for someone, but also the end. During the ceremony of a fallen service member, the tags are hung from
the lower receiver of an M4 carbine. The helmet worn by that soldier rests peacefully atop of the stock of the weapon as the funeral detail renders a
21 gun solute, this is called the battlefield cross. Dog tags can be hung from rear view mirrors, around picture frames or worn by family members as
well. In the National Veterans Museum in Chicago,

Stride or No Stride? the Biomechanics of Pitching. Essay
Stride or No stride? The Biomechanics of Pitching.
Brandon Ruston and Jacob Holland
Mr. Post
2012
Will taking a stride while throwing a baseball increase you speed and accuracy of the pitch? Yes. The fact that you are taking a stride helps
tremendously your speed and accuracy while throwing a baseball. The stride helps with changing your momentum from your back leg to your from
leg which helps to keep you going to forward and add speed to the ball. The ball we use and the distance from the bed sheet are the constants while
the speed and accuracy of the pitch are the controls. Each pitcher (there will be 3) will throw 10 pitches with a stride and 10 pitches without a stride.
We will measure the speed of the pitch with a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is during the follow–through that injuries to the posterior shoulder occur. The body must now dissipate the energy that has been developed to
accelerate the ball. This is one reason it is important for the body to continue to move after the ball is released. (Houglum). There are many more terms
and concepts in throwing a baseball then the wind–up, cocking, acceleration, and the follow through. There is also the stride, your pelvis, rotation,
deceleration, force, gravity, resistance and speed. (Maranowski). Within the shoulder, there are three major bones used. They are the clavicle,humerus,
and the scapula. Another major component of the shoulder while throwing is the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is made up of four small muscles which
are the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and the teres minor. The main responsibility of the rotator cuff is for the stability of the shoulder
joint. It holds the humeral head in the glenoid socket during early abduction while throwing. (" biomechanics of," ). Common injuries that occur while
pitching are elbow tendonitis, rotator cuff tendonitis, labral tears, dead arm, ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction or "Tommy John" surgery,
and oblique strains. Elbow tendonitis is inflammation of some tendon around the elbow. Rotator cuff tendonitis is any problem affecting

What Muscles Does A Basketball Player Primarily Focus On?
Najea Dixon
Muscular Physiology
In our everyday lives, we use and depend on so many different parts of our body. We use certain parts of our body so much that we are not even
aware of how important it is in helping us survive. Regarding the different muscles in our body, although there are so many of them, they all play an
important role and are all dependent on one another. Muscles are crucial for stability and mobility. We all work our muscles and occasionally strain
our muscles on an everyday basis, but individuals involved in athletic sports tend to work and stress their muscles more often. Considering an athlete,
depending on what sport they play, may focus more on specific muscles that will help improve their performances. What muscles does a Basketball
player primarily focus on?
A sport such as basketball focuses primarily on shooting a ball and running. A physical activity such as running uses nearly all leg muscles. Muscles
such as the Quadriceps are used when moving your leg forward (Jarmey). These are a group of muscles that is located in the front of the thigh
(Jarmey). Within the quadriceps are four separate muscles. These four muscles include the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and the
rectus femoris (Jarmey). The quadriceps help in the extension and stabilization of the knee, and it also helps in bending the hip (Jones).
Another muscle that assists in an activity such as running is the Hamstring. The hamstring is located behind the knee.

Shoulder Pain Research Paper
Shoulder pain
Shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint between the shoulder blade and upper arm. It is the most mobile joint of the body. There is capsule which is
two layers of members surrounding the joint. Around the capsule, there are some bursae––small fluid–filled sacs to assist the mobility. Theshoulder
joint is a muscle–dependent joint because it lacks strong ligaments.
Muscles surrounding the shoulder joint
Trapezius muscle
Trapezius muscle attaches to the base of the skull and extends down until mid back and laterally it inserts to the shoulder blades. It is involved in the
shoulder blades movement
Pain caused by middle and lower part of the trapezius can present burning pain or aching on the top of the shoulder. Also pain caused... Show more
It tends to be vulnerable to injury. If this happens, the most common symptom is pain on the shoulder with or without limited movement. Shoulder pain
is very common: about 3 in 10 adults are affected at some time in the lifetime.
Frozen shoulder is characterised as pain and stiffness of the shoulder. It is most common in middle–aged and older people. Due to pain and limitation
of the shoulder movement, it is difficult to carry out everyday activity such as dressing and bathing etc. It also can disturb sleep. The symptoms tend to
be persistent and get worse gradually if it is left untreated. In severe cases, the shoulder may not be moved at all. This is caused by inflamed capsule
surrounded the shoulder joint. The inflamed capsule becomes swollen, thickened and tightened. The inflammation makes the muscles surrounding the
shoulder spasm. This makes the shoulder painful and stiff. Though this is a common condition, the treatment remains challenging. Physiotherapy and
corticosteroid injections are commonly used to treat frozen shoulder. Acupuncture with therapeutic exercises is moderately recommended for pain
relief, improving range of movement and function and it is commonly used to treat frozen shoulder in China and it becomes a popular treatment

Pros And Cons Of Rotator Cuff Surgery
Rotator Cuff Surgery
Your rotator cuff consists of four muscles in your shoulder that allows you to move your arm away from your body. These muscles have tendons,
which connect them to the head of your upper arm bone or humerus. When a tear occurs in these muscles, you will experience extreme pain on motion.
A rotator cuff tear is also extremely painful at night. If left untreated, it may result in arm weakness.
Rotator cuff surgery may be required to repair re–attach torn tendons to the shoulder. This may be followed by rotator cuff exercises after surgery to
promote further healing and return of function.
Part 1: When Is Rotator Cuff Surgery Necessary?
A partial rotator cuff tear may not need surgery. Conservative treatment consists of rest and exercise, which help to heal your shoulder. This is... Show
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Surgery may also be recommended for a tendon that is torn due to recent injury or when the tear is not a result of long–standing rotator cuff problems.
Part 2: How to Prepare for the Rotator Cuff Surgery
To prepare for rotator cuff surgery, inform your doctor about the current treatments you are taking. Two weeks before the surgery, you may have to
stop taking some medicines that can interfere with blood clotting such as aspirin, naproxen or ibuprofen. You will also have to see a doctor to
evaluate your medical condition if you have any health problems such as diabetes or heart disease. Other factors that may affect your surgery are
your smoking habits and alcohol intake, which you must avoid before surgery. Tell your doctor if you have any acute illness such as flu or fever
before surgery.
On the day of surgery, avoid eating or drinking anything six to 12 hours before the operation. Just take a small sip of water to ingest any medication
you are asked to take. Go to the hospital early so you will arrive on time for your surgery. Part 3: How Is Rotator Cuff Surgery

Non-Septic Bursitis Case Study
This is a 70 year old female who denies PMHx of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout and STI's presenting with pain and edema in the posterior left
elbow for 2 weeks. Physical exam revealed a mildly tender, fluctuant mass on the posterior elbow consistent with non–septic olecranon bursitis. There
were no signs of septic bursitis such as fever, erythema, warmth or purulent drainage. The patient had normal sensation, muscle tone, full range of
motion and 5/5 strength in the elbows bilaterally. Physical exam of the left shoulder and wrist were unremarkable. The patient initially elected for
PRICE (protection, rest, ice, elevation). Specifically, the patient was instructed to protect the left arm from further injury, rest her left arm,... Show more
Common signs of infection are not always accurate in distinguishing these two types but two parameters, bursal warmth and fever are highly specific
for septic bursitis.2 Moreover, bursal fluid should be aspirated and analyzed for white cell count, fluid to serum glucose ratio, polymorphonucleocytes,
gram stain and culture and presence of crytals.2 These tests seem useful if a specific etiology such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout is suspected. If the
patient was showing signs of infection such as fever, redness and warmth at the site and purulent bursal aspirate, a CBC with differential should be
ordered and aspirated bursa fluid should be analyzed. To help identify rheumatoid arthritis an erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C–reactive protein and
Rheumatoid factor should be tested.1 In addition, if gout was suspected a uric acid level and the bursal aspirate should be tested for crystals. However,
there were no signs of either septic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout in this patient so these tests were not considered necessary. Plain X–rays of
the elbow would have been useful if there was known injury to rule out

Case Study : Tommy John Surgery
Tommy John Surgery is an operation that repairs an injured elbow for mostly college baseball and pro baseball athletes but also younger athletes.
Generally, the surgery is done to pitchers, left or right handed, that throw curve balls and sinker fastballs. Doctors call this the Ulnar Collateral
Ligament Reconstruction. UCLR is when there is repetitive stress damage to the elbow which was done first to a former and famous baseball player
named Tommy John in 1974 by Dr. Frank Jobe. The surgical operation is done by which a ligament in the medial elbow is removed and then replaced
with a different tendon in the body. This tendon is often taken from the hamstring, forearm, or foot of the person (Baseball Reference). The procedure
takes the tendon and threads it through like a figure eight pattern with holes that are drilled into the humerus and ulna bone. Most people say it's called
the "dead arm injury" (Baseball Reference). Tommy John played for the Los Angeles Dodgers as a leftypitcher. During a game, John was taken out of
a game when he couldn't even make the ball to the plate. He was pulled by his manager when John told him his arm was injured. After the game, Dr.
Jobe checked his arm out and told him to ice it and take a few days off and rest. John's elbow did not improve and was sent to get x–rays. Dr. Jobe
could not see the extensiveness of the injury in the ligament so he sent Tommy to a specialists where he was told "rest and home therapy" (SABR).
After a month of

Rotator Cuff Research Paper
Rotator cuff surgery affects the function of the shoulder. It is very painful injury and there is loss in strength. If the rotator cuff tendon becomes
inflamed or is partially torn, it can be painful and will most limit shoulder movement. This injury occurs from a sudden impact, like falling on your arm
which might accrue in motocross, snowboarding, playing football, and similar collision sport. Activities that might cause overload to the tendon have a
possibility to tear the tendon. Other ways a rotator cuff can tears is from old age and over use over the years.
Treatment depends on the damage done to the tendon. By having an accurate diagnosis, a careful physical examination of the shoulder and x–ray
examination of the shoulder can help

What Makes A Gardener, An Athlete And A Carpenter
Hour 4
What does a gardener, an athlete and a carpenter all have in common? Easy, they all have a higher risk of acquiring tendinitis in their shoulders, more
specifically rotator cuff tendonitis. Shoulders are a very important component to the body, as they allow you to move your arms in any direction you
choose. Seeing that rotator cuff tendinitis is very frequently diagnosed, I was interested to learn more about it and what makes it so common.
A shoulder is one of the most complex joints of the body. The anatomy of the shoulder starts where thehumerus fits into the scapula almost as if it
were mimicking a ball and socket. The scapula has a little tip of itself overlooking the tendons of the shoulder called the acromion and a bit of itself
fanning out, a part called the coracoid. Also connected to the scapula is the clavicle or collarbone. Another very important component to the shoulder
is the rotator cuff, this is the most vital part to rotator cuff tendonitis. It is composed of four muscles and of various tendons that surround the shoulder
socket that allow it to connect the upper arm and the shoulder blade together. Protecting the rotator cuff is is a small sac of fluid called a bursa. The
humerus fits relatively loosely into the shoulder joint. This gives the shoulder a wide range of motion, but also makes it vulnerable to injury.
In macroscopic detail, the shoulder looks like the scapula coming up and creating a good base for the tendons. Above, is

Describe the Major Bones, Muscles, Joints and Joint...
1 . Describe the Major bones, muscles,joints and joint actions used to perform this movement skill and how they inп¬‚uence the way the body moves.
The overarm throw is a skill frequently used in a wide range of sports such as cricket,softball and baseball. The action is also used in athletic
activities such as javelin, with the overhead serve and smash in tennis, volleyball and badminton and passing a netball and basketball.An overarm
throw is the action of the arm swinging backwards then upwards, as the elbow moves close to ear level, leading the throw forward a step is taken
with the foot opposite the throwing arm, during the throw, body rotates to face forward and body weight transfers from back to front foot, the elbow then
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The п¬Ѓbula (slender long bone that lies parallel with and on the lateral side of the tibia) crucial in the overarm throw as it works with the tibia
providing support
and stability allowing the knee joint to slightly rotate the body before and while releasing the ball and lastly the tarsals,metatarsal and phalanges
(comprise the bones of the foot to allow leg movement,tarsals are short bones whereas metatarsals and phalanges are long bones) work together
allowing
balance of the body also п¬‚exion on the back leg when the ball is being released ending in a plantar п¬‚exion position .
A joint is a junction of two or more bones and is commonly referred to as an articulation.Without joint in the body no movement will be possible.There
are three types of joints immovable/п¬Ѓbrous where no movements are possible(example– cranium).Slightly movable/cartilaginous joint is a joint
that permits limited movement and a freely movable/synovial joint is the joint which allows maximum movement (example– hip joint).
The joints implicated with the overarm throw are the ball and socket joint

Proximal Humerus Fracture
EVOLUTION OF TREATMENT With advent of advanced medical care, the life span of humans has considerably increased. This in turn has
increased the populations of the aged people. With the increased life span and need to be independent patients are now demanding for a better
functional outcome following a fracture fixation. Management of proximal humerus fractures in the elderly has always posed a challenge to the
orthopaedicians in their daily practice. The earliest documentation regarding proximal humerus fractures was by the Egyptians dating back to 1600
BC. The Edwin Smith Papyrus (copied circa 1600 BC) in columns XII and XIII has documented about three cases of proximal humerus treated by
bandaging and splinting technique [Figure 1]. 1 Later in 415 BC, Hippocrates approach to fractures of humerus was noted in De Fracturis and also the
Hippocratic Corpus (circa 440–340 BC). In Hippocratic mode of reduction for fractures of humerus (De Fracturis, VIII) the patient is made to sit on a
high stool with a hanging rod in the armpit. Then the elbow is flexed with a scarf with heavy weights under the forearm extending the upper arm. The
fracture is then manually reduced by the physician... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Celsus stated that ''...there is least danger when the middle of the bone is fractured. The nearer the fracture is to either the upper or the lower end the
worse it is; for they are at once more painful and more difficult to treat''(De Medicina, VIII, 10). According to Celsus the bandages should be longer in
proximal humerus fracture than if the shaft or distal part is broken. He also recommended making the turns of the bandage numerous rather than tight.
His method differed from Hippocrates in using six bandages instead of three and he applied larger pieces of linen and soaked it with wine and oil
instead of cerate.

Case Study: Two Bone Cattle Tufacture
CHIEF COMPLAINT: Both bone forearm fracture follow up HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: Noah is an 11–year–old fifth grader who fell off his
skateboard, resulting in a both bone forearm fracture of the left forearm with deformity, who underwent closed reduction in the emergency room on
July 4, 2015, after his injury. He was treated with closed reduction and double sugar tong application and returns for followup today to check his
progress and his reduction in double sugar tongs. The patient reports no complaints. No pain. No numbness or other problems. He does notice that the
left thumb continues to be somewhat swollen although significantly better with the release of the soft tissue at his last visit on July 7, 2015. PAST
MEDICAL

Anatomy And Physiology Of Rotator Cuff Tendonitis
Rotator Cuff Tendonitis
Abby Johnson
Mr. Mejewski
Anatomy and Physiology
Hour 4
What does a gardener, an athlete and a carpenter all have in common? Easy, they all have a higher risk of acquiring tendinitis in their shoulders, more
specifically rotator cuff tendonitis. Shoulders are a very important component to the body, as they allow you to move your arms in any direction you
choose. Seeing that rotator cuff tendinitis is very frequently diagnosed, I was interested to learn more about it and what makes it so common. Ashoulder
is one of the most complex joints of the body. The anatomy of the shoulder starts where the humerus fits into the scapula almost as if it were
mimicking a ball and socket. The scapula has a little tip of itself overlooking the tendons of the shoulder called the acromion and a bit of itself
fanning out, a part called the coracoid. Also connected to the scapula is the clavicle or collarbone. Another very important component to the shoulder
is the rotator cuff, this is the most vital part to rotator cuff tendonitis. It is composed of four muscles and of various tendons that surround the shoulder
socket that allow it to connect the upper arm and the shoulder blade together. Protecting the rotator cuff is is a small sac of fluid called a bursa. The
humerus fits relatively loosely into the shoulder joint. This gives the shoulder a wide range of motion, but also makes it vulnerable to injury. In
macroscopic detail, the shoulder looks

My Left Elbow Loss Research Paper
Have you ever heard when a baseball gets hit by a bat? If you imagine, you can see how the ball feels if it had feelings. I felt how the ball might feel
when I was run over. When I look at the cut on my left elbow, I see where a scar would be that would be about five inches long. I can remember the
feel of the blood running down my arm like water rushing down a river going to the deep blue sea. As I was quickly finishing the card that I hand
make every year for my best friend Jaci, when my mother called me to the living room. I shouted that I was coming .She told me to hurry up so I can
be earlier than others. It was Jaci's birthday and she was my best friend. Quickly, I added the last finishing touches to make it unique, then I hurried to...
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My left elbow hurt very badly and I could feel blood running down my arm. It hurt so badly that I was crying. After a few minutes, I tried to get
up, but I made my elbow hurt so badly because I was adding pressure to much pressure to it. Then I bent my elbow to see if it was broken because
on the shows my parents watch, the doctors tell the injured people to bend their arms or legs to see if they are broken. Finally, someone noticed
me and called Jaci's mom, Brooke, over. Then everyone who was still there came running over to me. They asked if I was okay. I said that I was.
Brooke helped me to their garage and sat me down. She got a few bandages and some Neosporin. When she got back she checked my knees and
elbows. Seeing the large, bloody cut, she was glad that she brought a larger bandage. In a few minutes, she had my knees and elbows all bandaged
up. I went back to the party and had fun until my mom came from across the street to pick me up. Mom said, "Come on. You need to have a bath
tonight," and I gave Jaci a hug and then left for home. After the party, I went home and I had a bath. At about eight thirty, I went to bed and slept
well. A week later, my elbow was not hurting any more. I hope that it never happens again because my elbow hurt very badly for a week. Now I know
that I should watch for trikes, bikes, and scooters as well as cars at all times and you should

Descriptive Essay About Tattoos
small–tattoos–01.jpg
Tattoo on the outer side of the upper arm about four inches long depicting army–like stripes approximately a quarter inch thick, with the first stripe two
inch from the crook of the arm. Four stripes of light black ink tone point upwards towards the upper arm and transform into two dark toned images of a
bird in motion.
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Tattoo design covering the entire circumference of the wrist. Shows of ocean wave on the backside of the wrist of the right hand in gray and accented
in black ink and with the front side depicting a small island with a single coconut tree on it.
Tattoo style on the innermost part of the forearm of the left hand indicating an intricate image of Da Vinci's framed hand of God and Adam, about two
inches thick. This is a perfect way to represent spiritual path
Small–tattoos –04.jpg
Small tattoos for guys on the lower side of the chest, one inch from mamma and on the left side a drawing that shows a simple representation of an
elephant. A great tattoo that symbolizes dignity, strength and pride.
Small tattoo ideas can be applied on the left inner arm and turns cycling into body arts! adorable and lovely black bicycle design pointing direction on
the left; about two inches thick for travel lovers.
Small tattoo for men, a classic flying bald eagle one inch from clavicle, drawn entirely using black ink with simple white horizontal lines at the wings
apart from

Process Essay: The Makeup Of The Shoulder
The shoulder remains an oft injured part of the body, and injuries range from mild to severe. Separated shoulders often occur as a result of a fall, and
car accidents at high speeds may lead to the collarbone or shoulder blade being fractured. In fact, this part of the body continues to be one of the most
frequently injured, with most individuals injuring one or more parts of the shoulder during their lifetime.
The Makeup Of The Shoulder
The shoulder consists of three separate bones: the scapula or shoulder blade, the clavicle or collarbone and the humerus or arm bone. Most people only
associate the shoulder blade with the shoulder, yet all three parts work together to ensure proper functioning, and the shoulder also contains tissues to
ensure the joint works as intended. This includes muscles, tendons, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When they have not shifted, no surgery will be needed. If they have, however, pins or plates and screws will be used to move them back to the proper
position and, in severe cases, a shoulder replacement may be required.
Shoulder Blade Fracture Symptoms
When the shoulder blade sustains a fracture, pain and swelling are commonly reported. Another sign of a fracture in this area is severe bruising.
Individuals cannot assume the bruising means the shoulder is simply injured. It must be checked to determine if there is an actual break.
For the majority of shoulder blade or scapula fractures, the shoulder heals with nothing more than immobilization using a shoulder immobilizer or
sling, the application of ice and the dispensing of pain medications. Nevertheless, 10 to 20 percent of patients do require surgery, and this typically
happens when the shoulder joint is affected or the shoulder blade and collarbone are both broken. The fracture fragments are then fixed using screws
and plates.
Recovery From A Shoulder

Ulnar Collateral Ligament Essay
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury of the Elbow With Rehab
Ulnar collateral ligament injury is a type of elbow injury that develops from repeated overhand throwing movements (overuse). This motion places a
lot of stress on the two strong bands of tissue (ligaments) that hold your elbow joint in place. The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is a main ligament
located on the inside of your elbow. Over time, repetitive overhand throwing can damage the UCL.
This injury is common in athletes who make repeated overhead motions. UCL injuries can range from minor inflammation to a complete ligament tear.
CAUSES
This condition is caused by:
Continuous or repetitive overhand throwing, such as baseball pitching.
Falling onto your elbow or outstretched ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These exercises also help to relieve pain, numbness, and tingling.
Exercise A: Elbow Extension, Active and Active–Assisted
1 Hold your left / right arm at your side and straighten your elbow as much as you can using your left / right arm muscles.
2 If instructed by your healthcare provider, straighten the left / right elbow farther by gently pushing down on your forearm using your other hand until
you feel a gentle stretch.
3 Hold this position for __________ seconds.
4 Slowly return to the starting position.
Repeat __________ times. Complete this exercise __________ times per day.
Exercise B: Elbow Flexion, Active and Active–Assisted
1 Hold your left / right arm at your side and bend your elbow as much as you can using your left / right arm muscles.
2 If instructed by your healthcare provider, bend the left / right elbow farther by gently pushing up on your forearm using your other hand until you feel
a gentle stretch.
3 Hold this position for __________ seconds.
4 Slowly return to the starting

Right Shoulder Pain Case Study
MRI of the right shoulder dated 07/20/2017 revealed a near full–thickness tear of the supraspinatus tendon with a thin portion of the bursal surface
intact. There was an associated tendinosis. There was a SLAP tear of the labrum, as well as, the anterior inferior labral tearing with a possible bony or
hyaline cartilage injury. There was infraspinatus and subscapularis tendinosis without evidence of a tear, retraction, or atrophy. MRI post arthrography
was recommended for further evaluation.
A physical therapy evaluation dated 08/07/2017 indicated that the claimant had a right shoulder pain after a fall onto her elbow and knee at work on 06
/28/2017. She stated that she will have a surgical intervention on her right shoulder. She rated the pain at 6–8/10. She was unable to reach above her
right with the right upper extremity. Objective findings showed reduced right arm swing. It was noted that the claimant was unable to place the right
hand behind the head or the ear. There was a noted atrophy of the right forearm. Therapeutic exercises, moist heat, TENS, cryotherapy, and patient...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was working on a light duty with restrictions and limitations with overhead or reaching activities. She also had a failed previous cortisone injection
on the right shoulder. On physical examination, there was a significantly limited motion with abduction, forward flexion, and internal rotation. There
was a significant pain in the impingement arc of motion. There was a positive Hawkins/impingement sign to the shoulder with a limited strength of the
right shoulder. She was diagnosed with a displaced fracture of the neck of the right radius and right shoulder pain. MRI arthrogram of the right
shoulder was recommended to better determine the extent of any potential labral

Post-Operative Home Exercise Report
Post–Operative Home Exercise Program
Phase I (pre–functional): Maximum protection phase
Day 1 post–op – 4 weeks
1.Pendulum exercise
Directions:
While standing, bend forward and let your affected arm hang loosely. Prop the unaffected arm on a table or place your hand in the seat of a chair, to
maintain balance. Relax your shoulder and initiate swinging of the arm by moving your upper body forwards and backwards, side to side, and in a
circle.
*Complete each of these three movements for 2–3 minutes, 3 times a day.
2.Cross–body stretch
Directions:
While sitting or standing, stretch affected arm across the chest towards the opposite shoulder. With the unaffected arm, apply pressure to the elbow
towards the chest.
*Complete this stretch three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grab the other end of the band with your affected arm. With your thumb towards the ceiling, squeeze your shoulder blades and slowly raise the
resistance band to just above shoulder level – keeping the band halfway between the front and side of your body. Hold here for five seconds and
repeat 10 times. *Complete exercise three times a day.
2.Scapular retraction
Directions:
This exercise can be performed in standing or seated position. With the resistance band securely anchored in the middle just above shoulder level,
grab a hold of both ends with each hand. Bend arms to shoulder level and bend elbows, hands up towards the ceiling. With arms in this position,
squeeze your shoulder blades as you slowly pull the bands back. Hold here for five seconds and repeat 10 times.
*Complete exercise three times a day.
3.Dynamic closed–chain

What Are The Pros And Cons Of Competitive Sports
Competitive sports means to have a rivalry with anything with either oneself or a person in a certain sport. This makes the competitor compare and
improve when competing with one another.
Some examples of competitive sports are Basketball, Table Tennis, Running, Football, Hiking, Robe Climbing, and many more.
There are several benefits that come from playing sports such as collaboration, teamwork and commitment. On the other hand, there are also several
disadvantages that come with sports. Some problems are that sportsmen may take drugs in the process because of being overly stressed or competitive
which is unhealthy for the player. When going for competitions they may have too much unhealthy pride for their country which would lead to
conflicts. Sportsmen may also be treated as a commodity which they are thus placed a "Price" on them, which lost the purpose of playing sports which
requires sportsmen ship and determination.
With so many pros and cons, I have come to a result where competitive sports bring more cons than pros.
2.0 Purposes
2.1 Performance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a game is not 'fun', then playing it becomes a burden rather than a joy. At that point, a person becomes effectively 'dead'. Competitive sports is
supposed to help you enjoy yet at the same time be focus and serious about it, so having fun is the most important point in the game. Athletes will
endeavour harder and longer when they are driven by the enjoyment of a goal in sports. People who work hard to reach a target due to the personal
significance of it will also be more positive when it gets harder, especially compared to individuals who count external pressure or feelings as their
main instigators. While psychological distress can be affected when self–motivated people find it tough to reach an unattainable goal, athletes are often
able to extricate with the target and re–engage with fresh goals that meet their overall

A Badminton Overhead Clear Shot
In this essay I will discuss, de–construct and analyze the techniques used by my partner, Luke Wynne when performing the badminton overhead clear
shot using anatomical and biomechanical analysis. Throughout the essay I will give critical feedback and feed forward on four different phases, the
preparation phase, execution phase, contact phase and the follow through phase. I will discuss the functional anatomy of how my partner can better
his whole performance to become closer to the optimum performance that elite athletes play at, also known as the autonomous stage of learning. I will
then finish my essay with a conclusion to sum up everything that I have discussed. PREPERATION The first stage when performing a badminton
overhead clear is the preparation stage; I will discuss the ideal performance, and then compare the ideal to my partner's performance. In the beginning
of the shot the player raises his arms above his head using the posterior deltoid. This movement involves the flexion of the elbow using the biceps. The
pectoral major and the biceps are the agonists in this movement with the antagonists being the triceps, latissimiss dorsi and the trapezius. This
movement involves the use of the third class lever, with the load being the racquet, and effort being the triceps and the fulcrum being the elbow, which
is a hinge joint. Also at this stage, the non–racquet arm is fully extended pointing at the shuttle using the trapezius and the interior deltoid to extend the

Brain Injury Case Study
Patient 1 –Mike was an active baseball and football player in high school. Now at the age of 36, he is still a professional athlete "wannabe." He has
dislocated his shoulder many times, but even after several hip injuries, he has never dislocated his hip.
a.Compare and contrast the anatomical physiology of the shoulder joint and the hip joint.
The shoulder and hip are considered ball and socket joints. In the shoulder, the "ball" of the humerus fits into the "socket" formed by the shoulder blade.
In the hip, the "ball' of the femur fits into the "socket" of the pelvis. These joints allow the motion in the body. Also, the shoulder joint and the joint are
both synovial joints (diarthroses), meaning they both consists of:
1.A fibrous joint capsule ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a possibility that statin medication can contribute to this condition since they "appear to affect ATP production by impairing mitochondrial
function. Statins can alter the balance between protein repair and degradation and risk are higher in adults with complex medical problems and
medication use"(Muscal, 2015, p. 1).
–Labs (K+ 6.0, Serum creatinine 1.6, serum creatinine kinase (CK) 6,000 units/L):
The "most important and clinically useful measurement is serum creatine kinase (CK) level and a level five times the upper limit of normal (about
1,000 units/L) is used to identify rhabdomyolysis"(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 1550). The patient's elevated CK level is a hallmark sign of
rhabdomyolysis.
–Signs and symptoms (severe pain and weakness in her muscles; reddish–brown urine:
The classic triad of signs and symptoms of rhabdomyolysis is "muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine (caused by myoglobinuria)"(McCance &
Huether, 2014, p. 1550), however, this is only seen in half of the patients. Muscular pain and tenderness muscle weakness are consistent with pressure

Infant Moving Room Study
Bachelor of Exercise and Sport science Skill Learning & Performance Infancy. The movements of an infant are categorised into two categories,
random, or spontaneous movements and infantile reflexes. Spontaneous movements are done without a purpose, e.g. thrusting of legs and arms,
squirming and stretching of fingers and toes. Although these movements are done without a purpose, they in fact resemble more mature movements
which we develop later in life,like walking. If you watch a new born kicking in a supine position it will be rhythmical and bilateral, meaning both
legs will kick at once. Usually by the end of the first year the knee, hip and ankle will move more sequentially, which means they will move in a more
logical sequence. The same... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is mostly due to the decrease in speed and range of motion they have. If one or more of the individual's body systems become damaged
/weakened, e.g. osteoporosis and arthritis, this would greatly decrease and slow this person's movements, range of motion,strength and flexibility ,
this means that less force is used to throw a ball, resulting in a lower velocity throw.These factors have more of an influence on the velocity of the
throw and not so much the accuracy.Another factor in an elderly person is that some people develop a fear of falling due to the potential seriousness
associated with falling,some elderly people cannot recover from the injuries and will die from possible infections ,e.g. a broken hip is very common
with elderly

What Is The Eight Head Theory
2. PATTERN MAKING 2.1 Body Measurement Garment fitting is based on taking body measurements. So it is very important for a dress maker to
know how to take accurate measurements. For a successful garment cutting, one must know the size and shape of the human body, for which designing
has to be done. Anatomy begins with the eight head theory (Adu–Boakye et.al 2012). 2.1.1 Body Anatomy The father of tailoring Mr. Wampon drew
seven imaginary lines across the body structure for the purpose of easy measurement in tailoring. The whole body structure was lengthwise divided into
eight equal parts, which is known as the eight head theory. This theory has become the foundation of all fashion drawing and for understanding the
body shape and structure... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cutting table and cutting board – cutting table is 6' long, 4' wide and 3' height. People to work in standing position use table and people who work
sitting, use cutting board. Cutting board should be 6" height. ii. Shears – This is mostly used for cutting thick materials and usually 10 – 15" in length.
iii. Scissors – It is used for cutting ladies and children's garment. It is 7" to 10" in length. iv. Paper cutting scissors– This is a small scissors available
in various sizes and meant for cutting paper. v.Pinking shears– This cuts the edges in zig–zag manner. It is used for finishing seams and raw edges. It
gives a decorative appeal to the raw edges at the same time avoid unravelling of yarns. vi. Trimming scissors – It is used for repairs, alterations,
trimming seams and cut thread while sewing. vii. Buttonhole scissors – This is used for making holes for buttons and eyelet holes in the garments.
2.2.2.5 Sewing devices Sewing can be done either by hand or machine. For hand sewing, the following are required: i.Needles – These needles come in
the denominations of a t012 numbers. Based on the thickness of cloth, the needle number is used. ii. Crewel needle or Darn needle – This is used for
darning. The front side of the needle is in bent

Muscle Analysis: The Deltoid Muscles
The Deltoid Muscle
The deltoid muscle is in the shoulder area, towards the proximal end of the arm. The muscle itself is rounded and triangular in shape, and consists of
three main "heads" or muscles fibre strands; the lateral, anterior, and posterior deltoids. It is used for arm extension in all angles and rotation, mainly
up and down straight out to the side.
The deltoid has three main functions that involve the three individual muscle "strands". The the anterior deltoid rotates the humerus anteriorly, such as
when you reach forward or throw a ball underarm. The lateral deltoid rotates the arm directly out sideways using abduction. The posterior deltoid
extends the arm backwards and laterally rotates the arm by pulling the humerus toward ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lift up to your chin keeping the barbell close to your body and keeping your back straight. Then lower the bar back down slowly to the starting position.
The Agonist in this exercise is the Medial or Lateral Deltoid while lifting the bar up and the antagonist is the Latissimus Dorsi and the Pectoralis Major.
While lowering the bar the agonists and antagonist swap around. The synergists are the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres major and minor,
Subscapularis. The deltoid muscle contraction is Concentric upwards and eccentric downwards and the types of movements are Shoulder Abduction and
Adduction.
Shoulder Presses– Anterior Deltoid Exercise: Hold a dumbbell in each hand, sitting on a chair on bench with back support. Lift the dumbbells to about
shoulder height before propelling the dumbbells upwards until reaching full contraction. Hold there briefly before slowly lowering them back to
shoulder

Assignment: Functional Anatomy
Name: Yong Jia Wei
Date: 6/10/14 Assignment title: Functional Anatomy Individual Assignment
2 exercise movement with diagrams and full anatomy
Introduction
The shoulder joint is also know as the glenohumeral joint is a "ball and socket" between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
bone(shoulder blade). The six main movements of the shoulders are: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation and external rotation.
Flexion is when the upper arm is elevated forward toward the face. Extension is when the arm moves backward behind the plane of the body.
Abduction is when the arm moves up and out to the side away from the body. Adduction is when the arm is pulled in towards the side of... Show more
Common dumbbell lateral raise mistakes to avoid
Mistake: swing torso back
Solution: avoid the temptation of swinging to gain momentum. Stay focused during the set by remaining slightly bent over. Do not extend your back
or thrust your hips forward, this could be effective in some scenarios
Mistake: Wrists higher than elbow
Solution: ensure your elbows are always higher than your wrists at every point during the exercise. Do not rotate externally rotate your shoulders, as
this causes the elbows to point downwards towards the ground and the wrist will naturally to rise above the elbow level. This result in the front
deltoids contributing to the exercise and the side deltoids will not have any contraction.
Mistake: too much internal shoulder rotation
Solution: as you reach the top of the movement, there should be a slight internal rotation to bring the elbows barely above the wrists. Further rotation
causes the elbows to pint toward the top. This shifts attention away from the lateral deltoids and causes strains to the shoulder joint so always keep
elbows pointed to the rear.
Dumbbell lateral raise

Shooting A Bow Lab Report
Shooting a bow largely involves the use of the upper extremity. Between the needs of stabilization and torque, many muscles in the upper extremity are
utilized to perform an effective shot. However, the lower extremity is also involved in bow shooting mechanics. Muscles in the lower extremity
perform both concentric and eccentric contractions to stabilize the body during all phases of shooting a bow. Therefore, shooting a bow involves
complex contractions of muscles throughout the body. In the next few pages the joints and the muscular involvement of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist
during bow shooting will be discussed in depth.
As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the involvement of the upper extremity will be discussed in detail as it relates to its function in the action of
shooting a bow. The shoulder plays a huge role in drawing the bow and keeping the string pulled back. The joints of the shoulder are vital when
performing these actions. The joints involved include: the sternoclavicular joint, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The prime movers in the left shoulder that move it back to its neutral position are the anterior deltoid and the bicep brachii. Concentric contractions
followed by eccentric contractions of both of these muscles move the shoulder from extension and abduction to it neutral state by flexing and adducting
the shoulder. The prime movers in the right shoulder are again the anterior and middle deltoid along with the supraspinatus that contract isometrically
to keep the shoulder in horizontal abduction. When the right shoulder is let down after follow through, the prime movers are the triceps and the
posterior deltoids which eccentrically contract to extend the shoulder to its neutral position. Therefore the muscles of the shoulder are exceedingly
imperative to the action of shoot a

Similarities Between Chicken And Chicken Skeletons
Belonging to different animal classes, the skeletons of humans and chickens have similarities alongside expected differences. Analyzing a chicken
skeleton led to the discovery that while there are certainly visible differences between the bodies, both skeletons have a myriad of bones in common.
For example, the bones that both the chicken and human skeleton have in common include: the mandible, the clavicle, the sternum, the scapula, the
humerus, and the patella. However, despite the common bones, the chicken skeleton contains bones that humans do not have such as the pygostyle,
furcula, and sclerotic ring, while as humans have bones that chickens do not share such as the hyoid, calcaneus, and stapes.
Despite being different species, the chicken and human skeletons have numerous bones in common. A few of the several shared bones includes: the
mandible, the clavicle, the sternum, the scapula, the humerus, and the patella. The mandible, located in the lower part of the skull in humans, functions
to move the lower jaw which allows the mouth to open and close. Used in conjunction with muscles, the mandible allows humans to not only speak but
also consume food and drinks (Healthline). In a chicken, the mandible forms the bottom of the beak which allows for the consumption of foods and
liquids as well as killing prey, fighting predators or other chickens, and feeding chicks. Alongside the mandible, chickens and humans both have the
clavicle bones. In humans, the clavicle (collar

Bicipital Tendinitis Research Paper
Bicipital Tendinitis Bicipital tendinitis, or biceps tendinitis, is inflammation of the biceps tendon. The biceps muscle is located between the elbow and
shoulder of the inner arm. Strong bands of tissue (tendons) connect the biceps to the shoulder socket. They are called short head and long head tendons
because tendons of different lengths connect the top (head) of the upper arm to the shoulder. If you have bicipital tendinitis, the long head tendon is
inflamed. The long head tendon may also be thickened or partially torn. Bicipital tendinitis often happens with other shoulder and arm problems, such
as arthritis or complete tears in the tendons. CAUSES This condition is usually caused by overusing the arm and shoulder, especially by... Show more
Having a job that requires manual labor. Having poor strength and flexibility. SYMPTOMS Symptoms of this condition may include: Pain in and
around the front of the shoulder. Pain may get worse with overhead motion, and pain may spread down the arm. Clicking or shifting feelings in the
shoulder. Limited range of motion in the shoulder. DIAGNOSIS This condition is diagnosed based on your symptoms and medical history. Your
health care provider will perform a physical exam to observe the range of motion, strength, and flexibility in your arm. You may have X–rays or MRIs
to check for broken bones (fractures) or other damage. TREATMENT Treatment for this condition may include: Resting your arm and shoulder.
Medicines that help to relieve pain. Cold therapy and heat therapy. Shots (injections) of medicine (cortisone) that helps relieve pain and inflammation.
Physical therapy. Surgery, if your condition is severe or if other treatments are not effective. HOME CARE

Essay On Kidney Replacement
Background: Proximal end of the humerus is a common site for both primary and metastatic bone tumors. Limbe salvage with endoprosthetic
replacement is the most common means of reconstruction but it is proved to be just a spacer with inferior shoulder function. So it can be replaced by
cheaper spacers specially in poor societies.
Patients and methods: This study included 20 patients,fourteen were females. With mean age of 40.4 years (range 12 to 60 ). Diagnosed as 6
osteosarcomas , two , chondrosarcomas, two myeloma, two lymphoma, four metastatic carcinoma from the breast , two giant cell tumor and two
recurrent chondroplastoma. Limb salvage was successfully done to all of them with Tikhof–linberg type I intwelve cases and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most commonly used reconstructive techniques after proximal humeral resection include osteoarticular allografts , allograft– or
autograft–prosthesis composites.(7)
Risks vary dependent on the choice of reconstruction. Biological reconstruction can be complicated by fracture, infection, and subchondral collapse,
leading to implant revision or removal. Difficulties with endoprosthetic reconstruction involve consequences of surgical resection of deltoid and rotator
cuff. These include proximal subluxation, instability, and a reduction in functional range of motion .(2,3,8,9)
Aim of the work: The aim of this work was to evaluate the result of (endoprosthetic versus cement spacer replacements) reconstructions of the proximal
humerus after tumor resection.
Patients and methods: This work included 20 patients presented with proximal humeral lesions with a mean age of 40.4 years (range; 12 to 60
years).fourteen (70%) females and six (30%) males. The lesions were in the form of; six (30%) osteosarcomas, two (10%) chondrosarcomas, two
(10%) lymphomas, two (10%) myeloma, two (10%) giant cell tumor, two (10 %) recurrent chondroblastoma and 4 (20%) metastatic breast carcinoma.
In cases of primary bone sarcoma ( cases of osteosarcoma and the cases of chondrosarcoma , myeloma, and lymphoma ) a wide resection of the tumor
was done through an

Slap Tear
SLAP Lesion Tear
A SLAP lesion tear is an injury to the shoulder. This can cause painful symptoms and difficulty with overhead activities whether they be athletic or
those of daily living. In 1985, Andrews et al were the first to describe the superior labrum tear. In their experience, they identified tears of the labrum
from throwing athletes located anterosuperor near the origin of the bicep tendon. The cause of the lesion to tear was the bicep tendon being pulled
off the labrum from the force generated during the throwing motion. As time went on, the labral tears got categorized into four different types of
classifications called SLAP lesions by Snyder in 1990. A SLAP lesion, as described by Snyder involves tears of the superior... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
SLAP lesion can develop due to the repetitive forces of the throwing motion. Athletes that are involved in overhead activities tend to develop a struggle
in glenohumeral internal rotation. Both internal impingement and peel back mechanisms can cause that to happen.
Walch et al first described the internal impingement as an intraarticular impingement of the rotator cuff in the abducted and externally rotated shoulder.
With 90 degrees of both abduction and external rotation, the articular surface of the posterior superior rotator cuff becomes pinched between the labrum
and the greater tuberosity.5 The authors separated the labral lesions from SLAP lesions which extended anteriorly to the biceps anchor at the
supraglenoid tubercle, concluding that internal impingement may be responsible for a subset of patients with isolated posterior SLAP tears.5
Burkhart et. al presented the peel back (posterior superior) mechanism that causes SLAP lesions. The peel back has its origin in a biceps vector change
in the position of abduction and external rotation resulting in torsional forces to the labra–bicipital complex.6 Once the posterior superior labrum gets
fatigued, it will start to rotate medially over the upper rim of the glenoid. This could happen in a late cocking position of

AMCL Essay
The UCL is crucial for valgus stability, maintaining the appropriate angle of the elbow away from the body, of the elbow and is the primary elbow
stabilizer. As stated in Haan et al. (2011), "the AMCL is divided in two functional components and is taut throughout the full range of flexion and
extension because the components are alternatively tightening throughout this range of motion. The posterior part of the AMCL is taut from eighty
degrees flexion to full flexion; in contrast, the anterior part of the AMCL is taut in extension."
The AMCL is a stronger ligament than the PMCL, acting as the primary medial ligamentous joint stabilizer. The function of the PMCL is to act as a
secondary stabilizer of the elbow when the joint is flexed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Kacprowicz (2017), "in order to properly diagnose and treat any injury to the UCL, a comprehensive understanding of the functional
anatomy and biomechanics of the UCL in overhead throwing sports is imperative." The anterior bundle of the UCL is particularly susceptible to
injury. The study by Awh (2010) reports that, "These injuries are often associated with those of the flexor pronator muscle
–tendon unit, a stabilizer at
the medial elbow. Strains and/or fatigue of the dynamic stabilizers may cause increased tears of the UCL." The posterior bundle of the UCL is not as
vulnerable for injury since it does not play a large role in the overhead throwing motion.
Acute tears of the anterior bundle of the UCL can be seen on high quality MR images. Edema, abnormal laxity, and discontinuity of the ligament are
all signs of UCL disruption. Partial tears can be diagnosed with edema and focal areas of discontinuity with residual intact fibers. However, according
to Awh (2010), "with complete tears, laxity is more apparent and edema and/or disorganized soft tissue extend across the width of the anterior bundle.
With proper inspection, one can identify both the site and severity of UCL injury."
Langer et al. (2016) discusses that, "despite excellent reported outcomes in the operative management of UCL injuries in throwing athletes, debate
remains over the

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