2.  The inferences that may limit the
receiver’s understanding of the
message are known as barriers
to communication.

3. 1. Personal Barriers
-Communication interferences that arise
from human emotions, values, and poor
listening habits are reffered to as personal
barriers.
-Communication cannot be separated from
our personality.
-Communicated is our interpretation of
reality instead of reality itself.

4. 2. Physical Barriers
-Communication interference that exists in
the environment in which the communication
takes place is reffered to as physical barriers.
-Distracting noise that drowns out our voice
message is a physical barrier.
3. Semantic Barriers
-Limitations in the symbols with which we
communicate are reffered to as semantic
barriers. Symbols generally have a number of
meanings. We have to choose one meaning
from among many.

5.  Words
Words are, by and large, the main means of
communication used on the job. Many
employees spend more than 50% of their time
communicating in words.
 Multiple meanings
Almost all common words have a number of
meanings.
 Context
Words have a number of meanings
communication can be brought about through
context.

6.  Pictures
Pictures are used to clarify word
communication, through their use in the form
of blueprints, charts, maps, films, three-
dimensional models and similar devices.
 Action
Actions are non-verbal means of
communication. What people do are means of
communication that are interpreted by others.
The differences between what one says and
what one does is reffered to as that person’s
communication credibility gap. Credibility gap
in an individual, results in loss of confidence in
that person.

7.  Body Language
Body language is non-verbal means of
communication whereby people communicate
with others with their bodies interpersonal
interaction. In work situations, the face and the
hands are important sources of body language.
Face-to-face conversation and action are
probably the two most important in employee
communication of all communication symbols.
 Readibility
If symbols can be simplified, the receiver will
understand the message more easily.

8. Guides to readibilty writing according to
the Rudolf Flesh formula are the following:
 Use simple words and phrases
 Use short and familiar words
 Use personal pronouns
 Use illustrations, examples, and charts
 Use short sentences and paragraphs
 Use active verbs
 Use only necessary words

9.  Listening
Effective listening enables the recievers to
take exactly the idea that a sender wishes to
convey. Good listening has several advantages.
It saves time because the listeners learn more
within a short period of time; it makes the
listener learn more about the person talking as
well as what he is saying; it is also a
manifestation of good manners and it
encourage others to respond by listening to
what the receiver has to say. Written words are
more effective in receiving and storing factual
details.

10. Suggestion for good listening are given below:
1. Stop talking.
2. Put the talker at ease.
3. Show the talker that you want to listen.
4. Remove distractions.
5. Empathize with talkers.
6. Be patient.
7. Hold your temper.
8. Go easy on argument and criticism.
9. Ask questions.
10. Stop talking!

11. You cannot do an effective listening job while you
are talking.
 Nature gave people two ears but only one
tongue, which is a gentle hint they should
listen more than they talk.
 Listening requires two ears, one for meaning
and one for feeling.
 Decision makers who do not listen have no
information for making sound decisions.