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Fiscal policy keynesians
John Maynard Keynes was a British economist in the early 20th century whose ideas had a major impact on modern economic theory and government fiscal policy. He advocated for interventionist government policies using fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic downturns. Keynesians believe the government can use changes in spending and taxes to influence aggregate demand and achieve goals like high employment and price stability. However, fiscal policy does not operate in isolation and may be offset by factors like crowding out of private sector spending or individuals anticipating future tax changes.
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Fiscal policy keynesians
- 1. Fiscal Policy andKeynesians
- 2. John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes, (June 5, 1883 – April 21, 1946) was a British economist whose ideas had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to aim to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. Economists consider him one of the main founders of modern theoretical macroeconomics. His popular expression "In the long run we are all dead" is still quoted.
- 3. Discretionary Fiscal Policy Discretionary Fiscal Policy The discretionary changes in government expenditures and/or taxes in order to achieve certain national economic goals is the realm of fiscal policy. High employment (low unemployment) Price stability Economic growth Improvement of international payments balance
- 4. Discretionary Fiscal Policy (cont'd) Fiscal Policy The discretionary changing of government expenditures or taxes to achieve national economic goals, such as high employment with price stability
- 5. Discretionary Fiscal Policy (cont'd) An increase in government spending will stimulate economic activity Changes in government spending Military spending Education spending Budgets for government agencies
- 6. Figure 13-1 Expansionaryand Contractionary Fiscal Policy: Changes in Government Spending, Panel (a) If there is a recessionary gap in panel (a), fiscal policy can presumably increase aggregate demand
- 7. Figure 13-1 Expansionaryand Contractionary Fiscal Policy: Changes in Government Spending, Panel (b) If there is an inflationary gap, fiscal policy can presumably decrease aggregate demand
- 8. Figure 13-2 Contractionaryand Expansionary Fiscal Policy: Changes in Taxes, Panel (a) • In panel (a), the economy is initially at E1, where real GDP exceeds long-run equilibrium • Contractionary fiscal policy can move aggregate demand to AD2 via a tax increase • A new equilibrium is at E2 at a lower price level • Real GDP is now consistent with LRAS
- 9. Figure 13-2 Contractionaryand Expansionary Fiscal Policy: Changes in Taxes, Panel (b) • In panel (b) with a recessionary gap (in this case $500 billion) taxes are cut • AD1 moves to AD2 • The economy moves from E1 to E2, and real GDP is now at $12 trillion per year • We are at the long-run equilibrium level
- 10. Discretionary Fiscal Policy (cont'd) Change in taxes A rise in taxes causes a reduction in aggregate demand because it can reduce consumption spending, investment expenditures, and net exports.
- 11. Possible Offsets toFiscal Policy Fiscal policy does not operate in a vacuum and important questions must be answered. How are expenditures financed and by whom? If taxes are increased what does government do with the taxes? What will happen if individuals worry about increases in future taxes?
- 12. Possible Offsets toFiscal Policy (cont'd) Crowding-Out Effect The tendency of expansionary fiscal policy to cause a decrease in planned investment or planned consumption in the private sector; this decrease normally results from the rise of interest rates.
- 13. The Crowding-Out Effect, Step by Step
- 14. The Crowding-Out Effect Expansionary policy causing deficit spending initially shifts from AD1 to AD2 Due to crowding out, AD shifts inward to AD3 Equilibrium GDP below full-employment GDP—recessionary gap
- 15. Possible Offsets toFiscal Policy (cont'd) Planning for the future: the Ricardian equivalence theorem Ricardian Equivalence Theorem The proposition that an increase in the government budget deficit has no effect on aggregate demand The reason for the offset People anticipate that a larger deficit today will mean higher taxes in the future and adjust their spending accordingly.
- 16. Possible Offsets toFiscal Policy (cont'd) Direct Expenditure Offsets Actions on the part of the private sector in spending income that offset government fiscal policy actions Any increase in government spending in an area that competes with the private sector will have some direct expenditure offset.
- 17. Possible Offsets toFiscal Policy (cont'd) The supply-side effects of changes in taxes Expansionary fiscal policy could involve reducing marginal tax rates. Advocates argue this increases productivity since individuals will work harder and longer, save more, and invest more. The increased productivity will lead to more economic growth.
- 18. Possible Offsets toFiscal Policy (cont'd) Supply-Side Economics The suggestion that creating incentives for individuals and firms to increase productivity will cause the aggregate supply curve to shift outward
- 19. Laffer Curve Khaldun-Laffercurve is a representation of the relationship between possible rates of taxation and the resulting levels of government revenue. Tax rates and tax revenues rise together Tax revenues are at a maximum Tax rates and tax revenues fall together
- 20. Discretionary Fiscal Policyin Practice: Coping with Time Lags Recognition Time Lag The time required to gather information about the current state of the economy Action Time Lag The time required between recognizing an economic problem and putting policy into effect Effect Time Lag The time it takes for a fiscal policy to affect the economy
- 21. Discretionary Fiscal Policyin Practice: Coping with Time Lags (cont'd) Fiscal policy time lags are long and a policy designed to correct a recession may not produce results until the economy is experiencing inflation. Fiscal policy time lags are variable in length (1–3 years), and the timing of the desired effect cannot be predicted. Because fiscal policy time lags tend to be variable, policymakers have a difficult time fine-tuning the economy.
- 22. Automatic Stabilizers Automatic or Built-In Stabilizers Changes in government spending and taxation that occur automatically without deliberate action of Congress The tax system Unemployment compensation Welfare spending
- 23. Automatic Stabilizers Theautomatic changes tend to drive the economy back toward its full-employment output level
- 24. What Do WeReally Know About Fiscal Policy? Fiscal policy during normal times Congress ends up doing too little too late to help in a minor recession. Fiscal policy that generates repeated tax changes (as has happened) creates uncertainty.
- 25. What Do WeReally Know About Fiscal Policy? (cont'd) Fiscal policy during abnormal times Fiscal policy can be effective The Great Depression—fiscal policy may be able to stimulate aggregate demand. Wartime—during World War II real GDP increased dramatically.
- 26. What Do WeReally Know About Fiscal Policy? (cont'd) The “soothing” effect of Keynesian fiscal policy Should we encounter a severe downturn, fiscal policy is available. Knowing this may reassure consumers and investors. Stable expectations encourage a smoothing of investment spending.