Experimental studies on CTE pipes diameters 2016-17

Experimental studies on Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion for the Pipes with various diameter 2016-17
Dept. of ME, RRIT, Bangalore 1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
THE COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION (CTE, α, or α1) is a material
property that is indicative of the extent to which a material expands upon heating. Different
substances expand by different amounts. Over small temperature ranges, the thermal
expansion of uniform linear objects is proportional to temperature change. Thermal
expansion finds useful application in bimetallic strips for the construction of thermometers
but can generate detrimental internal stress when a structural part is heated and kept at
constant length. Thermal expansion is the tendency of a matter to change in its volume in
response to the change in temperature. When heat is given to a substance, the particles of the
substance begin to move more and thus, usually maintain a greater average separation (the
number of materials which contract with increasing temperature is very low). .
Thermal expansion, the isobaric change in length and volume resulting from a change in
temperature, is directly related to the length dependence of the interaction energies in a solid.
Experimentally, the thermal expansion coefficient is one of the three independent
thermodynamic derivatives which can be measured directly. These three derivatives, the
thermal expansion coefficient, the specific heat and the bulk modulus, completely
characterize a solid when measured over a range of temperature and pressure. The application
of the basic theory of the equation of state of solids to thermal expansion is due largely to
Gruneisen who showed that to a first approximation the thermal expansion coefficient should
be proportional to the specific heat. Early measurements on a number of materials tended to
confirm this. Later more precise work by Bijl and Pull an, and Rubin, Altman and Johnston,
however, showed deviations from Gruneisen's theory. These results, although somewhat
uncertain, prompted theoretical calculations for various lattice models by Barron ' and
Blackman which showed that the deviations could be expected with the greatest departure
from Gruneisen's theory. Since the thermal expansion coefficient decreases rapidly as the
temperature approaches zero, conventional thermal expansion techniques (X-ray, optical,
interferometer, lever, etc.) do not have sufficient sensitivity at low temperatures and only in
the last decade have techniques been developed to study thermal expansion.
The present work describes measurements on copper, brass and aluminum. These particular
materials were chosen for several reasons. The noble metals generally are regarded as the
prototype monovalent face centered cubic metals and considerable experimental and

theoretical work exists on both the lattice and electronic properties of the series. Data exist
from several types of experiments which can be correlated with expansion results.
Measurements of the elastic constants and their pressure derivatives can be compared with
low temperature lattice expansions, and data on the pressure variation of the Fermi surface
can be compared with electronic expansion effects. In addition, copper has become in
practice the best material for the inter comparison of low temperature thermal expansion data
since several measurements have been made using various techniques. Aluminum was
measured in conjunction with the noble metals since its heat capacity exhibits an anomalous
dispersion similiar to that of gold. Also, since aluminum is a superconductor, its electronic
thermal expansion coefficient can be obtained indirectly from the temperature and pressure
dependence of its critical field curve.
Thermal expansion is fundamental thermo physical properties of solids. The study of
temperature dependence of these properties is very important in understanding the
temperature variation of other properties like elastic constants, refractive indices, dielectric
constants, thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficients and other heat transfer dimensionless
numbers. Thermal expansion of solids is of technical importance as it determines the thermal
stability and thermal shock resistance of the material. In general the thermal expansion
characteristics decide the choice of material for the construction of metrological instruments
and in the choice of container material in nuclear fuel technology.
Thermal expansion is a consequence of the change in the average separation between the
atoms in an object. At ordinary temperatures, the atoms in a solid oscillate about their
equilibrium positions with amplitude of approximately 10-11 m and a frequency of
approximately 1013 Hz. The average spacing between the atoms is about 10-10 m As the
temperature of the solid increases, the atoms oscillate with greater amplitudes; as a result, the
average separation between them increases. Consequently, solids typically expand in
response to heating and contract on cooling; this response to temperature change is expressed
as its coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Thermal expansion is an intrinsic property as
it depends on lattice and associated forces. It reflects nature of binding forces responsible for
the close inter planar spacing between stacked molecules. The lattice and electronic
vibrations contribute to the thermal expansion and it is controlled by the motion of vibrating
atoms, which deviate from the simple harmonic motion. Thermal expansion is used to
characterize the different binding forces in solids and also for the thermodynamic model.
Moreover, it is also used in mechanical applications to fit parts over one another. The primary

knowledge of thermal expansion of the metals/ alloys/ composite materials is very essential
where these materials are used as a structural material for cryogenic use. Accurate data of the
thermal expansion of the constituent materials and the theories, which predict these values as
a function of temperature and percentage of the constituents, are very important in this area.
There are different techniques available to study the thermal expansion of metals and
composites materials at low and high temperature such as capacitance method variable
transformer technique Fabry-Perot laser interferometer and Michelson laser interferometer.
All these techniques used for the measurements of thermal expansion can be divided into two
categories namely absolute method, the linear changes of dimension of the sample are
directly measured at various temperature, and relative method where thermal expansion
coefficients are determined through comparison with a reference materials with a known
thermal expansion. However, some technique is extremely limited and needed of precision
measurement in mechanical and electronics equipments. Therefore, we made an effort to
determine linear coefficient of thermal expansion of metal using single-slit diffraction.
1.1 THERMAL EFFECTS
In the broad sense, thermal effects are those caused by a redistribution of internal energy in a
system, and they may be grouped in natural and artificial (see Introduction to
Thermodynamics). More often, however, instead of considering a generic compound system
out of equilibrium, a system at equilibrium is assumed, and thermal effects are understood as
those caused by a temperature variation forced from outside or due to internal processes.
Most of the times, both thermal ‘effects’ (i.e. thermal response) and thermal ‘causes’ (i.e.
thermal load) are included in the study.
Thermal behaviour of materials is a broader subject, more directly related to their general
thermal properties than to thermal effects of specific interest; e.g. heat transfer processes, or
the fact that when energy is added to a material it gets hotter, are general thermal behaviour
of matter, usually not included in the analysis of thermal effects. Thermal effects on materials
may be used advantageously (all kind of thermometers relay on them), or a nuisance (shape
and dimension distortions due to heating or cooling, malfunction of electronic equipment).
Most of the times, thermal effects are understood to focus just on materials (understood as
solid materials), and to deal with the effects of a non-comfort working temperature (cold or
hot) on some material properties (structural, electronic, etc.), including the thermal processes

used to produce, change or dispose of those materials. Sometimes it is also said ‘the effect of
heat on materials’, meaning the effect of heating so as to increase the internal energy. Of
course, the effects of cooling are also relevant thermal effects.
The traditional thermal effects are:
1. Phase change, basically melting and boiling (phase transition temperatures).
2. Glass transition temperature.
3. Dimensional change, basically thermal expansion (in general, contraction if negative).
4. Elasto-plastic changes, due to thermal stresses.
5. Brittle/ductile transition temperature.
6. Chemical change, decomposition, oxidation, ignition.
7. Other physical changes as drying, segregation, outgassing, colour change, etc.
8. Thermal effects due to non-thermal causes: frictional heating, electrical heating,
chemical heating, nuclear heating.
A general idea to keep in mind is that materials cannot resist very high temperature, say over
1000 K, without decomposition; materials resistant to high temperatures (from 1000 K to
3000 K) are called refractories. On the other hand, the effect of very low temperatures
(cryogenics) is mainly an increase in fragility (most materials break or even shatter after a
knock at cryogenic temperatures), what may help on hard-metals machining; cryogenic
cooling of metals increase their resistance to wear.
1.2 TYPES OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Material properties may be classified according to the material (i.e. metal properties, polymer
properties,..) or according to the application; in the latter case, the usual grouping is:
1. Mechanical properties (mainly structural): density, elastic modulus (Young's), shear
modulus (Poisson’s), Poisson’s ratio, strength, elongation, ε( σ ), rigidity-plasticity,
hardness-damping, wear, fatigue, fracture.
2. Thermal properties: density, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal capacity (former
specific heat), thermal conductivity (or thermal diffusivity), vapour pressure.
3. Electrical properties: conductivity (or resistivity), dielectric constant, magnetic
permeability, energy bands.

4. Chemical properties: composition, material compatibility, oxidation, corrosion,
erosion. Environmental attack. Health hazards (safety, exposure limits).
5. Optical properties: emissivity ε (hemispherical or normal), absorptance α ,
transmitance τ , reflectance ρ . Photonics: stimulated emission, fibre optics.
6. Acoustic properties: speed of sound, acoustic impedance and sound attenuation.
7. Miscellaneous engineering properties: availability (manufacturer), price, ease of
manufacture (cutting, joining, shaping), recycling, etc.
1.3 MATERIAL SELECTION
Material selection shall be optimized, considering investment and operational costs, such that
Life Cycle Costs are minimized while providing acceptable safety and reliability.
The following key factors apply to materials selection:
1. Primary consideration shall be given to materials with good market availability and
documented fabrication and service performance.
2. The number of different material types shall be minimized considering costs,
interchangeability and availability of relevant spare parts.
3. Design life.
4. Operating conditions.
5. Experience with materials and corrosion protection methods from conditions with
similar corrosivity.
6. System availability requirements.
7. Philosophy applied for maintenance and degree of system redundancy.
8. Weight reduction.
9. Inspection and corrosion monitoring possibilities.
10. Effect of external and internal environment, including compatibility of different
materials.
11. Evaluation of failure probabilities, failure modes, criticalities and consequences.
Attention shall be paid to any adverse effects material selection may have on human
health, environment, safety and material assets.
12. Environmental issues related to corrosion inhibition and other chemical treatments.

1.4 CHOICE OF MATERIAL:
Copper, brass and aluminium choosen in the present study are Strong, long lasting and are
leading choice of modern contractors for plumbing, heating and cooling installations in all
kinds of residential and commercial buildings.
The primary reasons for this are: ƒ
1. Copper, brass and aluminium is economical. The combination of easy handling,
forming and joining permits savings in installation time, material and overall costs.
Long-term performance and reliability mean fewer callbacks, and that makes copper
the ideal, cost-effective tubing material. ƒ
2. Copper, brass and aluminium are lightweight. These tube does not require the heavy
thickness of ferrous or threaded pipe of the same internal diameter. This means fewer
costs to transport, handles more easily and, when installed, takes less space. ƒ
3. Copper, brass and aluminium are formable. Because Copper, brass and aluminium
tube can be bent and formed, it is frequently possible to eliminate elbows and joints.
Smooth bends permit the tube to follow contours and corners of almost any angle.
With soft temper tube, particularly when used for renovation or modernization
projects, much less wall and ceiling space is needed. ƒ
4. Copper, brass and aluminium are easy to join. Copper, brass and aluminium tubes
can be joined with capillary fittings. These fittings save material and make smooth,
neat, strong and leak-proof joints. No extra thickness or weight is necessary to
compensate for material removed by threading. ƒ
5. Copper, brass and aluminium are safe. Copper, brass and aluminium tubes will not
burn or support combustion or decompose to toxic gases. Therefore, it will not carry
fire through floors, walls and ceilings. Volatile organic compounds are not required
for installation.
6. Copper, brass and aluminium are dependable. Copper, brass and aluminium tube is
manufactured to well-defined composition standards and marked with permanent
identification so you know exactly what it is and what made it. It is accepted by
virtually every plumbing code. ƒ
7. Copper, brass and aluminium are is long-lasting. It has excellent resistance to
corrosion and scaling, high mechanical strength, high-temperature resistance and

lifetime resistance to UV degradation, assures long, trouble-free service, which
translates to satisfied customers and systems that last. ƒ
8. Copper, brass and aluminium are recyclable. Copper, brass and aluminium are
engineering material that can be recycled over and over without degradation in
content or properties. This combined with copper's proven durability means that no
copper used in a building today needs to enter a landfill

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Several investigations and experiments are carried out on the Measurement of a
Thermal Expansion Coefficient. Some of the technical aspects that are considered to carry
out the project are from the following Literature survey.
Peter Hidnert and George Dickson carried a extensive work on “Thermal Expansion of
Some Industrial Copper Alloys” This paper gives data on the linear thermal expansion of
some industrial copper nickel, copper-nickel-aluminum, copper-nickel-tin, and miscellaneous
copper alloys (copper-tin, copper-lead-antimony, copper-manganese-aluminum, copper
nickel-iron, copper-nickel-zinc, copper-nickel-tin-Lead, copper-nickel-zinc-iron, copper-tin-
zinc-Lead, copper-zinc-aluminum-iron-manganese) for various temperature ranges between
20° and 900° C. The addition of 3 percent of nickel or the combined addition of 4.5 percent
of nickel and 5 percent of aluminum to copper was found to have little effect on the linear
thermal expansion. The effect of various treatments on these copper-nickel and copper-
nickel-aluminum alloys was also small. The coefficients of expansion of two copper-nickel-
tin alloys containing 20 and 29 percent of nickel were appreciably less than the coefficients
of expansion of copper for temperature ranges between 20° and 600° C. Three copper alloys
containing more than 28 percent of nickel showed the smallest coefficients of expansion of
the miscellaneous alloys. The coefficients of expansion of the copper alloys reported in this
paper were found to be between 14.9X 10-6 and 20AX 10-6 per degree centigrade for the
range from 20° to 100° C
Peter Hidnert made an extensive study on “Thermal Expansion of Some Bronzes” The
results obtained in the course of independent tests and investigations on the linear thermal
expansion of four groups of bronzes designated as tin-zinc, leaded, aluminum, and silicon
bronzes are given for different temperature ranges. Curves showing the typical expansion and
contraction characteristics of these bronzes during heating and cooling are presented. Ternary
diagrams are given to show the effect of composition on the coefficients of expansion of
copper-tin-zinc and copper-tin-Lead alloys. In general, the coefficients of expansion of these
copper-base alloys increase as the addition of tin, zinc, or lead is increased. For the range
from 20° to 100° C, the average coefficients of expansion of the various bronzes were found
to be between 16.8X 10-6 and 19.0X 10- 6/° C

Kethireddy Narender et. al. made a work on “Temperature Dependence of Density and
Thermal Expansion of Wrought Aluminum Alloys 7041, 7075 and 7095 by Gamma Ray
Attenuation Method” The gamma quanta attenuation studies have been carried out to
determine mass attenuation coefficients of 7041, 7075 and 7095 wrought aluminum alloys.
The temperature dependence of linear attenuation coefficient, density and thermal expansion
of these wrought aluminum alloys in the temperature range 300 K - 850 K have been
reported. The measurements were done by using a gamma ray densitometer designed and
fabricated in our laboratory. The data on variation of density and linear thermal expansion
with temperature have been represented by linear equations. Volume thermal expansion
coefficients have been reported and concluded that attenuation coefficient as a function of
temperature for these alloys. The density and thermal expansion of 7041, 7075 and 7095
aluminum alloys have been reported for the first time. Temperature dependence of density of
these alloys does not have anomalous behaviour and those values are analyzed with linear
equations. The temperature dependence of density shows a negative linear tendency. The
linear thermal expansions of these alloys are represented with linear equations
Kheamrutai Thamapha et. al. studied on the “Measurement of a Thermal Expansion
Coefficient for a Metal by Diffraction Patterns from a Narrow Slit” In this work, we made an
effort to determine linear coefficient of thermal expansion of metal using single-slit
diffraction. An aluminium strip was used as sample. The design of the apparatus for this
method allows for the width of a single slit to increase by the same amount as the thermal
expansion of a length of a strip or a rod of a material. The increase in the slit width, hence
the linear expansion, can be determined by measuring the fringe width. A He-Ne laser with a
wavelength of 632.8 nm was used to obtain a diffraction pattern for the single slit. The value
of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the material can then be calculated using the
principle knowledge of diffraction equation and thermal expansion. The experimental result
was found that the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminium is 22.512 × 10-6
(C°)-1, giving a 2.545 % error.
Hong Ye, Mingyang Ma and Jilin Yu et. al. carried out a work on “Anomalies in mid-high-
temperature linear thermal expansion coefﬁcient of the closed-cell aluminum foam” Low-
density closed-cell aluminum foam is promising to be used as load-bearing and thermal
insulation components. It is necessary to systematically study its thermal expansion
performance. In this work, linear thermal expansion coefﬁcient (LTEC) of the closed-cell
aluminum foam of different density was measured in the temperature range of 100–500˚C. X-

ray fluorescence was used to analyze elemental composition of the cell wall material. Phase
transition characteristics were analyzed with X-ray diffraction and differential scanning
calorimetry. LTEC of the closed-cell aluminum foam was found to be dominated by its cell
wall property and independent of its density. Particularly, two anomalies were found and
experimentally analyzed. Due to the release of the residual tensile stress, the LTEC declined
and even exhibited negative values. After several thermal cycles, the residual stress vanished.
With temperature higher than 300˚C, instantaneous LTEC showed hysteresis, which should
result from the redistribution of some residual hydrogen in the Ti2Al20Ca lattice. In summary,
the effects of relative density, composition, residual stress and phase transition on the LTEC
of the closed-cell aluminum foams have been discussed in the temperature range of 100–500
˚C. The cell wall material of the closed-cell foams mainly consists of Al, Al4Ca and
Ti2Al20Ca phase. The LTEC of the closed-cell aluminum foam is close to that of the pure
aluminum, mainly dominated by the properties of the cell wall material, and independent on
the relative density. In the first heating process, as most of the residual tensile stress is
released, the LTEC declines significantly and even shows negative values. As the tests are
repeated, all residual stress can be released. With temperature higher than 300˚C, the
Jagannath K et. al. made an extensive study on “Thermal Expansion Coefficient for
LeadGraphite and Lead-Iron Metal Matrix Composites” One of the significant features of a
composite material is tailorability of its material properties. Coefficient of thermal expansion
(CTE) of a composite material is known to play a key role in its application area. It has been
realized that a state of micro stress often exists between the phase of the matrix and
reinforcement. Difference in thermal expansion of the individual phases produces stress
which indirectly affects the strength properties and modes of failure. In the present study,
coefficient of thermal expansion is measured using metroscope, with a least count of 0.2
microns. Nichrome wire embedded specimens are used for the experiment. The main
findings from the experiment is that the coefficient of thermal expansion for both lead-
graphite and lead-iron composites increase with the increase in temperature. The rate of
coefficient of thermal expansion decreases with increase in weight percentage of graphite or
iron The thermal expansion coefficient of metal matrix composites reinforced with graphite
and iron particulates in lead is in the elastic region for the temperature range from 0 to 80 0
C. The coefficient of thermal expansion for both lead-graphite and lead-iron composites
increase with increase in temperature. The rate of coefficient of thermal expansion decreases
with increase in weight percentage of graphite or iron.

D.G. Eskin et. al. carried out a work on “Contraction of Aluminum Alloys during and after
Solidification”A technique for measuring the linear contraction during and after solidification
of aluminum alloys was improved and used for examination of binary and commercial alloys.
The effect of experimental parameters, e.g., the length of the mold and the melt level, on the
contraction was studied. The correlation between the compositional dependences of the linear
contraction in the solidification range and the hot tearing susceptibility was shown for binary
Al-Cu and Al-Mg alloys and used for the estimation of hot tearing susceptibility of 6XXX
series alloys with copper. The linear thermal contraction coefficients for binary and
commercial alloys showed complex behavior at subsolidus temperatures. The technique
allows estimation of the contraction coefficient of commercial alloys in a wide range of
temperatures and could be helpful for computer simulations of geometrical distortions during
directchill (DC) casting.
R. K. Weese, A. K. Burnham, A. T. Fontes carried out “A Study of the Properties of CP:
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Decomposition Kinetics and Reaction to Spark, Friction
and Impact” The properties of pentaamine (5-cyano-2H-tetrazolato-N2) cobalt (III)
perchlorate (CP), which was first synthesized in 1968, continues to be of interest for
predicting behavior in handling, shipping, aging, and thermal cook-off situations. We report
coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) values over four specific temperature ranges,
decomposition kinetics using linear heating rates, and the reaction to three different types of
stimuli: impact, spark, and friction. The CTE was measured using a Thermal Mechanical
Analyzer (TMA) for samples that were uniaxially compressed at 10,000 psi and analyzed
over a dynamic temperature range of 20˚C to 70˚C. Using differential scanning calorimetry,
DSC, CP was decomposed at linear heating rates of 1, 3, and 7 °C/min and the kinetic triplet
calculated using the LLNL code Kinetics05. Values are also reported for spark, friction, and
impact sensitivity. In making this assessment, it became obvious that existing data should be
compiled in a more accessible format. Also, future plans should consider bringing all
laboratories that have a need for understanding the stability of CP together to discuss
unification of testing methods. This will not only bring analyses and results in-line, but it
will also insure that a better understanding of the stability of an energetic material such as CP
is safe for all that are exposed to its handling, operation or use.
Francois Liot studied on “Thermal Expansion and Local Environment Eﬀects in
Ferromagnetic Iron-Based Alloys - A Theoretical Study” The present thesis aims at providing
an insight into the physical nature of the thermal expansion of ferromagnetic random face

cantered cubic iron-nickel, iron platinum and iron-palladium bulk solids. First, the thermal
expansion co efficient is modelled as a function of temperature. The theory relies on the
disordered local moment (DLM) formalism. However, contrary to all the previous models,
the mapping between equilibrium states and partially disordered local moment (PDLM) states
involves the probability that an iron-iron nearest-neighbour pair shows anti-parallel local
magnetic moments, and the average lattice constant of the system at a finite temperature is
calculated by minimization of energy. The approach is applied to iron-nickel alloys. The
model qualitatively reproduces several experimentally observed properties of disordered fcc
iron-nickel solids. This includes Guillaume’s famous plot of the thermal expansion
coefficient at room temperature as a function of concentration. Second, for the purpose of
studying the origin of the anomalous expansion, the anomalous and normal contributions to
the thermal expansion coefficient are defined, then evaluated for iron-nickel alloys. The
results support the idea that the peculiar behaviour of the expansivity, α, originates solely
from the anomalous contribution, αa. Subsequently, the anomalous contribution is modeled
for iron-nickel systems. In formulating the model, the following observation is taken into
account; the average lattice spacing of an Fe100−xNix alloy at temperature T in a partially
disordered local moment state is strongly negatively correlated with the probability that a
nearest-neighbour pair has each of its two sites occupied by an iron atom and exhibits anti-
ferromagnetically aligned magnetic moments (XFFAP). The quantity αa(x,T) is estimated for
several couples of values of the parameters x and T. Model results are found to agree
qualitatively and quantitatively well with data.

Chapter 3
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The overall Experimental set up of the proto type model of the Coefficient of Linear
Thermal Expansion is as shown in below photographic figure 3.1 which is very compact and
universal type of equipments can be used conventionally for variety of tubes with a simple dial
indicator for measuring the change in length and the multimeter mechanisms for temperature
measurements.
Fig 3.1: Experimental setup of Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion for Pipes
The coefficient of thermal expansion can be defined as the degree of expansion divided by
the change in temperature. Materials expand because an increase in temperature leads to
greater thermal vibration of the atoms in a material, and hence to an increase in the average
separation distance of adjacent atoms. The linear coefficient of thermal expansion a (Greek
letter alpha) describes by how much a material will expand for each degree of temperature
increase. In order to proceed in the direction of finding the thermal expansion coefficient the

following Experimental executions are necessary hence the work is carried out in the
following steps and the details of each steps are discussed in detail in this chapter the
procedures are:
1. Design modelling.
2. Fabrications
3. Bill of materials.
4. Cost Estimations
5. Design Specifications of all components
6. Experimental procedure.
3.1 DESIGN MODELLING.
Design modelling consist of
1. 3D Modelling of the fabricating components.
2. 3D Modelling of the wise Clamp
3. 3D modelling of samples.
4. 2D drafting of the fabricating components for fabrication purpose.
5. 3D Modelled Final Assembly.

3.1.1 3 D Modelling of The Fabricating Components:
Fig 3.2: Wooden Base.
Fig 3.3: Clamp and dial indicator block.

Fig 3.4: L – Clamp.
Fig 3.5: Overall Base Assembly

Fig 3.6: Overall Base Assembly in coloured form.
3.1.2 3 D Modelling of the Wise Clamp:
Fig 3.7: Wise Clamp Fixed Jaw

Fig 3.8: Wise Clamp Movable Jaw
Fig 3.9: Wise Clamp horizontal screw rod

Fig 3.10: Wise Clamp horizontal screw rod
Fig 3.11: Overall Assembly of Wise Clamp

Fig 3.12: Overall Assembly of Wise Clamp in coloured form.
3.1.3 3 D Modelling of the Heater:
Fig 3.13: Electric heater

3.1.4 3 D Modelling of the dial indicator:
Fig 3.14: Dial Indicator
3.1.5 3D modelling of samples:
Fig 3.15: Copper Specimens

Fig 3.16: Brass Specimens
Fig 3.17: Aluminium Specimens

3.1.6 2D drafting of the fabricating components for fabrication purpose:
Fig 3.18: 2D drawing of Overall Base Assembly

3.1.7 3D Modelled Final Assembly:
Fig 3.19: Overall Assembly of front view of Thermal Expansion Coefficient Apparatus

Fig 3.20: Overall Assembly of Thermal Expansion Coefficient Apparatus

3.2 FABRICATIONS:
Fig 3.21: Fabrication of wooden base with clamping blocks
Fig 3.22: Fabrication of wooden base assembly fixing L frame on Blocks
Fig 3.22: Wise clamp and its assembly on mounting block.

Fig 3.22: Fabricated Heater with insulation
Fig 3.23: Fabricated specimen for test.
Fig 3.24: Dial Indicator. Fig 3.25: Multimeter

Fig 3.26: Final Fabricated Overall Assembly of Thermal Expansion Coefficient Apparatus

3.3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
1. Wooden base assembly:
Specification
1 It consists of a long square wooden base
which has 3 small wooden boxes on it.
2 The left most wooden box is fixed one
and the remaining 2 boxes are movable
ones.
3 A vice holding clamp is screwed on each
wooden blocks so that bench vise clamp can
be fixed to carry out the experiment.
4 A heater coil is also fixed in between
fixed and movable wooden blocks.
Fig 3.27: Wooden base assembly
2. Wise clamp: Specification
Fig 3.27: Wise clamp

3. Dial Indicator Specification
Fig 3.27: DialIndicator
4. Multimetetr Specification
Fig 3.27: Dial Indicator

3.4 BILL OF MATERIALS:
Sl. No, Component Description Quantity
1 Wooden base 01
2 Wise Holding blocks 02
3 Dial indicator holding block 01
4 L - clamps 03
5 Screws for L - clamps 06
6 Nut and bolt for Dial indicator holding 01
7 Wise clamping fixture 02
8 Electric heater 01
9 Screws for Electric heater 04
10 Socket connection for electric heater 01
11 Dial Indicator 01
12 Multimeter 01
13 Connecting Knobs for Multimeter 01
14 Copper Specimens 03
15 Brass Specimens 03
16 Aluminium Specimens 03

3.5 COST ESTIMATIONS:
Sl. No, Component Description Quantity
Unit
prize
Total Prize
1 Wooden base Frame 01 1200 1200
2 Wise Holding blocks 02 150 300
3 Dial indicator holding block 01 150 150
4 L - clamps 03 35 105
5 Screws for L - clamps 06 05 30
6 Nut and bolt for Dial indicator
holding
01 25 25
7 Wise clamping fixture 02 600 1200
8 Electric heater 01 1200 1200
9 Screws for Electric heater 04 05 20
10 Socket connection for electric
heater
01 120 120
11 Dial Indicator 01 2900 2900
12 Multimeter 01 200 200
13 Connecting Knobs for Multimeter 01 100 100
14 Copper Specimens 03 450 1350
15 Brass Specimens 03 360 1080
16 Aluminium Specimens 03 120 360
Total 10340/-
Rupees ten thousand three hundred and fourty only
Note: The Expenditure for Transportations and other accessories required for final assembly
are excluded in the Total Amount.

3.6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Select the sample specimen to be tested and clamp firmly on front end.
2. The rare end should be clampled lightly only for alignment purpose.
3. Make sure that the test specimen should be Co-axial with the electric heater.
4. Move the dial indicator assembly such that it just touches the specimen.
5. Adjust the dial indicator to zero for indication.
6. Fix the polarity knob at rare end of the specimen for multimeter connections.
7. Ensure all the connections including electric connection, multimeter connection, dial
indicator connections properly.
8. Switch on the electric heater and observe the readings on dial indicator and
multimeter for change in length and resistance value.
9. Note down the corresponding temperature for the observed resistance
reading.Tabulate the values of change in length and temperature.
10. Repeat the above steps for the next specimen sample.

Experimental studies on CTE pipes diameters 2016-17

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