The document provides an overview of a study on self-help group (SHG) bank linkage practices in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Karnataka in India. It examines the financial and operational performance of SHGs, including their savings, lending, borrowing, bookkeeping and interactions with banks. Some key findings are that compulsory savings contributions and discipline varies significantly across states, internal lending rates are generally higher than bank rates but penalties for defaults are often too low, and most SHGs require further training and support to improve their record keeping. The document concludes with recommendations around savings products, credit policies, default management and bank responsibilities.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the role of microfinance in poverty alleviation in India. It notes that microfinance through self-help groups has been an effective strategy for reducing poverty, however growth of self-help groups and bank lending to them has declined since 2009 according to NABARD data. The document also finds that non-performing assets related to bank loans to self-help groups have increased from 2009-2011, with private commercial banks having the highest rate of non-performing loans.
Bandhan Bank provides microfinance services focused on empowering disadvantaged women. It was founded in 2001 and is headquartered in Kolkata, India. Bandhan Bank offers savings accounts, term deposits, current accounts, and microloans for small businesses, agriculture, retail, and more. It operates primarily through the self-help group and joint liability group models. Bandhan Bank became a universal bank in 2014 and has over 2,000 branches across India serving over 6.6 million borrowers. The bank aims to alleviate poverty through expanding access to financial services.
This document provides a synopsis for a thesis that will examine the socio-economic development of women in self-help groups (SHGs) operated by four charitable non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in four villages across Tamil Nadu, India. The study aims to compare the performance of SHGs and identify factors for their success or challenges. A sample of 400 SHG women will be surveyed across the villages of Vannar Pettai, Manonjapatty, Palaa Vedu, and Samiyar Thottam, which are served by NGOs in Trichy, Thanjavur, Thiruvallur, and Chennai districts, respectively. Statistical tests will analyze the impact of SH
Microfinance in India provides small loans, savings, and insurance to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional financial services. Common microfinance models in India include self-help groups and programs based on the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. The microfinance sector has grown substantially over the past decade but still reaches only a small portion of the rural poor. Ongoing challenges include expanding access to remote areas, developing new products, and attracting long-term financing for continued growth.
This document provides an overview of the banking sectors in India, Namibia, and the state of Gujarat in India. It includes details on the geographical locations, populations, currencies, religions, ruling parties, and GDP compositions of India and Namibia. The banking industries of each country/region are described, including major players and their market shares. SWOT analyses are presented for the banking industries of India, Namibia, and Gujarat. Comparisons are made between the banking industries of Gujarat and Namibia in terms of bilateral trade opportunities.
Microfinance Performance in SHG Project ReportDinu05
This document discusses a study on the performance of microfinance in self-help groups (SHGs) in India. It provides background on microfinance and its role in poverty alleviation. The study aims to examine the growth of microfinance in Tamil Nadu, analyze the performance of women's SHGs and their outstanding loans. Secondary data from 2009-2012 is used for analysis through statistical tools like charts and percentage analysis. The document outlines the objectives, methodology, data sources, analysis plan and chapter structure of the study. It also acknowledges some limitations of the study.
NABARD is the apex development bank of India that was established in 1982 to provide credit and related services for agriculture and rural development. It replaced the agricultural credit departments of the RBI and provides refinancing support to rural financial institutions. NABARD also works to enhance access to financial services in rural areas through programs like self-help group bank linkage and develops rural infrastructure through funds like RIDF.
micro finance institution analysis in indiarohitsethi69
The document is a presentation on microfinance in India. It discusses the definition of microfinance and provides statistics on microfinance initiatives in India, including the number of districts and clients served. It also notes trends in loan amounts and growth rates. The presentation outlines some of the key issues and challenges faced by microfinance institutions, such as rapid growth and commercialization leading to lower quality services. It concludes by recommending strategies for microfinance institutions to manage risks and maintain proper systems.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the role of microfinance in poverty alleviation in India. It notes that microfinance through self-help groups has been an effective strategy for reducing poverty, however growth of self-help groups and bank lending to them has declined since 2009 according to NABARD data. The document also finds that non-performing assets related to bank loans to self-help groups have increased from 2009-2011, with private commercial banks having the highest rate of non-performing loans.
Bandhan Bank provides microfinance services focused on empowering disadvantaged women. It was founded in 2001 and is headquartered in Kolkata, India. Bandhan Bank offers savings accounts, term deposits, current accounts, and microloans for small businesses, agriculture, retail, and more. It operates primarily through the self-help group and joint liability group models. Bandhan Bank became a universal bank in 2014 and has over 2,000 branches across India serving over 6.6 million borrowers. The bank aims to alleviate poverty through expanding access to financial services.
This document provides a synopsis for a thesis that will examine the socio-economic development of women in self-help groups (SHGs) operated by four charitable non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in four villages across Tamil Nadu, India. The study aims to compare the performance of SHGs and identify factors for their success or challenges. A sample of 400 SHG women will be surveyed across the villages of Vannar Pettai, Manonjapatty, Palaa Vedu, and Samiyar Thottam, which are served by NGOs in Trichy, Thanjavur, Thiruvallur, and Chennai districts, respectively. Statistical tests will analyze the impact of SH
Microfinance in India provides small loans, savings, and insurance to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional financial services. Common microfinance models in India include self-help groups and programs based on the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. The microfinance sector has grown substantially over the past decade but still reaches only a small portion of the rural poor. Ongoing challenges include expanding access to remote areas, developing new products, and attracting long-term financing for continued growth.
This document provides an overview of the banking sectors in India, Namibia, and the state of Gujarat in India. It includes details on the geographical locations, populations, currencies, religions, ruling parties, and GDP compositions of India and Namibia. The banking industries of each country/region are described, including major players and their market shares. SWOT analyses are presented for the banking industries of India, Namibia, and Gujarat. Comparisons are made between the banking industries of Gujarat and Namibia in terms of bilateral trade opportunities.
Microfinance Performance in SHG Project ReportDinu05
This document discusses a study on the performance of microfinance in self-help groups (SHGs) in India. It provides background on microfinance and its role in poverty alleviation. The study aims to examine the growth of microfinance in Tamil Nadu, analyze the performance of women's SHGs and their outstanding loans. Secondary data from 2009-2012 is used for analysis through statistical tools like charts and percentage analysis. The document outlines the objectives, methodology, data sources, analysis plan and chapter structure of the study. It also acknowledges some limitations of the study.
NABARD is the apex development bank of India that was established in 1982 to provide credit and related services for agriculture and rural development. It replaced the agricultural credit departments of the RBI and provides refinancing support to rural financial institutions. NABARD also works to enhance access to financial services in rural areas through programs like self-help group bank linkage and develops rural infrastructure through funds like RIDF.
micro finance institution analysis in indiarohitsethi69
The document is a presentation on microfinance in India. It discusses the definition of microfinance and provides statistics on microfinance initiatives in India, including the number of districts and clients served. It also notes trends in loan amounts and growth rates. The presentation outlines some of the key issues and challenges faced by microfinance institutions, such as rapid growth and commercialization leading to lower quality services. It concludes by recommending strategies for microfinance institutions to manage risks and maintain proper systems.
The document discusses the history and current state of microfinance in India. It begins with an overview of what microfinance aims to be by providing small loans to impoverished individuals. It then discusses the rise and fall of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India, from early growth in the 1980s-2000s to over-lending issues and client suicide crises in 2010-2011. The document analyzes factors that contributed to the MFI crisis in India, including exorbitant interest rates, client coercion, a focus on high growth over responsible lending, and multiple overlapping loans leading to over-indebtedness. It concludes by discussing regulatory options and the need for sustainable microfinance models going forward.
The document provides an overview of SKS Microfinance, including its business model, valuation process, and regulatory environment. SKS pioneered the joint liability group lending model and grew rapidly before facing difficulties in 2010. It valued itself using a branch-level valuation model that projected earnings and growth rates. Key recommendations from the Malegam Committee established regulations for the microfinance sector, including categorizing qualified NBFCs as NBFC-MFIs and capping interest rates.
Microfinance aims to provide financial services like credit, savings, insurance and money transfers to low-income households and micro-entrepreneurs. It is delivered by microfinance institutions (MFIs) through small loans with group lending. Shortcomings include overdependence on donors, high interest rates, lack of regulations and difficulty reaching remote areas. The State Bank of Pakistan has launched various initiatives like credit guarantee facilities, funding programs and partnerships to strengthen the microfinance sector and promote financial inclusion.
Sustainability of Self Help Groups in India Two AnalysesDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes two studies that analyze the financial sustainability of self-help groups (SHGs) in India. SHGs are small, community-based savings and credit groups primarily made up of poor women. The first study examines five SHG programs across different Indian states and finds that many well-run programs are achieving financial sustainability and covering their costs while also reaching very poor clients. The second study proposes a methodology for designing financially self-sufficient SHG programs and applies it to four leading Indian programs, finding they can cover their support service costs without ongoing subsidies. Both studies suggest that strong SHG programs that provide adequate support services have the potential to be replicated in a sustainable manner.
This handbook provides guidance on forming self-help groups (SHGs) to help poor communities. It discusses identifying potential SHG members and forming groups of 10-20 individuals from very poor families. It outlines how to organize group meetings and train members on financial management and social empowerment. SHGs can open a savings bank account, conduct internal lending between members, and eventually obtain loans from banks which the handbook says helps members properly manage, utilize, and repay loans.
Bandhan Bank was incorporated in 2014 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandhan Financial Holdings. It is headquartered in Kolkata and was the first bank set up in eastern India after independence. The bank started with a capital base of over Rs. 2,500 crore and seeks to offer banking products and services to both urban and rural customers across India, with a special focus on eastern and northeastern regions. Its target customers include urban, semi-urban, and rural populations, mainly focusing on women.
Meaning, Features of RRBs, Objectives of Regional Rural Banks, Formation and Development of Regional Rural Banks, Reform process of RRBs, For Development/ Promotion/ & Effectiveness of RRBs., Working of RRBs, Functions of RRBs, Structure of Rural Credit
This document provides an overview of microfinance in India. It defines microfinance and discusses who the typical clients are, which are low-income individuals without access to formal financial institutions. The key roles of microfinance are discussed as providing financial services like credit, savings, and insurance to the poor and very poor. The services allow clients to engage in small businesses and productive activities to raise their income levels and improve living standards. The conceptual framework of microfinance in India focuses on empowering underprivileged groups through self-help groups and cooperatives to generate self-employment.
This document is a project report submitted to Punjab Technical University by Aijaz Ahmed Rather for the partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. The report examines the role of nationalized banks in promoting microfinance services among rural people in Punjab, India. It includes an acknowledgement, executive summary, table of contents, and suggested chapter plan. The project report analyzes microfinance in India, issues for commercial banks, the research methodology used, and will provide conclusions, limitations, recommendations, and suggestions.
Bandhan Microfinance is one of the largest microfinance institutions in India that provides financial services like loans, insurance, and other services to low-income individuals. It started in 1995 and has expanded to over 2,000 branches across 22 states. While Bandhan has been very successful as an NBFC-MFI, transforming into a bank could allow it to better serve its customer base of over 5 million and help achieve its mission. However, becoming a bank would also present challenges around increased regulatory compliance, developing new banking capabilities and systems, and higher costs of operations. With proper strategic planning around expanding services, training employees, and leveraging its existing brand and customer base, Bandhan appears ready and well-positioned to successfully
Financial inclusion refers to access to quality financial services for all people provided by trustworthy institutions. Over 50 countries have financial inclusion plans because increasing access can significantly reduce poverty. An estimated 2 billion people lack basic financial tools and only 40% use debit cards, showing the need for greater financial inclusion worldwide. MetLife Foundation's mission is to improve lives by partnering with organizations providing advice and high-quality financial services to share lessons learned.
This document discusses rural banking in India. It provides statistics on India's rural population and economy. It then discusses the current state of rural banking, including key challenges like financial exclusion and unprofitability. It also covers opportunities in the rural banking market and improving access. The conclusion is that commercial banks need a coordinated effort with the government and RBI to build an inclusive financial system and reach rural customers through partnerships with business correspondents and collaboration. Tailoring products and delivery models to rural needs is also important.
This document discusses microfinance and rural banking in India. It explains that microfinance aims to help economically excluded communities achieve greater asset ownership and income security. It is usually provided through small loans and financial services to micro-entrepreneurs and businesses lacking access to banks. Microfinance and regional rural banks are development tools that provide financial access like savings, credit, and insurance to low-income populations. The document also outlines achievements, social rating components, impact assessment methods, functions and performance phases of regional rural banks in India.
The document discusses the role of banks in providing agricultural credit in India. It notes that while India's economy has grown rapidly, its dependence on agricultural performance remains high. Access to banking services in rural and agricultural areas remains limited. The document then outlines various agricultural credit schemes provided by banks in India, including short term crop loans, term loans, and the Kisan Credit Card scheme. It also discusses the challenges in expanding rural and agricultural credit like lack of infrastructure and focus on urban sectors.
“POTENTIAL OF MICRO-FINANCE OF J&K BANK” AabidJanwari
This document is a report submitted by Aamir Bashir to the University of Kashmir in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. It discusses the potential of microfinance provided by Jammu & Kashmir Bank in the state of Jammu & Kashmir. The report provides background on the need for microfinance to address the gap between demand and supply of credit for the poor. It notes that previous government poverty alleviation programs through banks were not sustainable and did not treat lending to the poor as a commercial activity. As a result, the poor turned to moneylenders for credit. Self-help groups emerged as local financial intermediaries to provide microfinance and achieved higher repayment rates than banks. The report will analyze Jam
This document provides an acknowledgement and abstract for a paper on microfinance in India with a special focus on microcredit. It acknowledges the support received from professors and the university. The abstract notes that microfinance has expanded in India through self-help groups (SHGs) and the SHG Bank Linkage Program. Over 86 million poor households are covered by the program. The paper aims to examine regional differences in access to credit and suggest ways to overcome discrepancies. It also discusses recent controversies around microfinance institutions.
Rural banking in India aims to provide financial services to customers in rural areas. The objectives include saving rural people from money lenders, accelerating economic growth, and encouraging entrepreneurship. Currently, rural populations have limited access to services, with many relying on informal sources. Regional Rural Banks were established to increase credit flow, but commercial bank branches still only cover 7% of rural sectors. Microfinance is an important approach, with self-help groups being a major model. Issues include regional imbalances, poor management, lack of support, and ensuring sustainability. Expanding reach through partnerships and technology, as well as financial literacy, are keys to further progress.
The document summarizes priority sector lending in India. It defines priority sectors as areas of the economy that are prioritized for funding by the government and central bank. Banks are directed to provide loans to these sectors at reduced interest rates to promote their development. The priority sectors include agriculture, small businesses, education and housing. The document outlines the sectors and challenges they face, as well as the role of priority sector lending in addressing issues like unemployment and poverty. It discusses targets for priority sector lending and how the Reserve Bank of India monitors compliance.
Founded in 1976, Apple Inc. began as a computer company founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Some of Apple's seminal early products included the Apple I computer in 1976 and the Apple II in 1977, which was a unique and colorful personal computer. Throughout the 1980s, Apple launched other computers like the Apple III and Lisa, and in 1984, the groundbreaking Macintosh, the first computer with a graphical user interface. In later decades, Apple introduced many successful consumer electronics including the iPod in 2001, iPhone in 2007 which pioneered the touchscreen smartphone, and iPad tablet in 2010. Apple has continued innovating with new versions of its products and aims to focus on customer satisfaction and performance stability for the
The document discusses the history and current state of microfinance in India. It begins with an overview of what microfinance aims to be by providing small loans to impoverished individuals. It then discusses the rise and fall of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India, from early growth in the 1980s-2000s to over-lending issues and client suicide crises in 2010-2011. The document analyzes factors that contributed to the MFI crisis in India, including exorbitant interest rates, client coercion, a focus on high growth over responsible lending, and multiple overlapping loans leading to over-indebtedness. It concludes by discussing regulatory options and the need for sustainable microfinance models going forward.
The document provides an overview of SKS Microfinance, including its business model, valuation process, and regulatory environment. SKS pioneered the joint liability group lending model and grew rapidly before facing difficulties in 2010. It valued itself using a branch-level valuation model that projected earnings and growth rates. Key recommendations from the Malegam Committee established regulations for the microfinance sector, including categorizing qualified NBFCs as NBFC-MFIs and capping interest rates.
Microfinance aims to provide financial services like credit, savings, insurance and money transfers to low-income households and micro-entrepreneurs. It is delivered by microfinance institutions (MFIs) through small loans with group lending. Shortcomings include overdependence on donors, high interest rates, lack of regulations and difficulty reaching remote areas. The State Bank of Pakistan has launched various initiatives like credit guarantee facilities, funding programs and partnerships to strengthen the microfinance sector and promote financial inclusion.
Sustainability of Self Help Groups in India Two AnalysesDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes two studies that analyze the financial sustainability of self-help groups (SHGs) in India. SHGs are small, community-based savings and credit groups primarily made up of poor women. The first study examines five SHG programs across different Indian states and finds that many well-run programs are achieving financial sustainability and covering their costs while also reaching very poor clients. The second study proposes a methodology for designing financially self-sufficient SHG programs and applies it to four leading Indian programs, finding they can cover their support service costs without ongoing subsidies. Both studies suggest that strong SHG programs that provide adequate support services have the potential to be replicated in a sustainable manner.
This handbook provides guidance on forming self-help groups (SHGs) to help poor communities. It discusses identifying potential SHG members and forming groups of 10-20 individuals from very poor families. It outlines how to organize group meetings and train members on financial management and social empowerment. SHGs can open a savings bank account, conduct internal lending between members, and eventually obtain loans from banks which the handbook says helps members properly manage, utilize, and repay loans.
Bandhan Bank was incorporated in 2014 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandhan Financial Holdings. It is headquartered in Kolkata and was the first bank set up in eastern India after independence. The bank started with a capital base of over Rs. 2,500 crore and seeks to offer banking products and services to both urban and rural customers across India, with a special focus on eastern and northeastern regions. Its target customers include urban, semi-urban, and rural populations, mainly focusing on women.
Meaning, Features of RRBs, Objectives of Regional Rural Banks, Formation and Development of Regional Rural Banks, Reform process of RRBs, For Development/ Promotion/ & Effectiveness of RRBs., Working of RRBs, Functions of RRBs, Structure of Rural Credit
This document provides an overview of microfinance in India. It defines microfinance and discusses who the typical clients are, which are low-income individuals without access to formal financial institutions. The key roles of microfinance are discussed as providing financial services like credit, savings, and insurance to the poor and very poor. The services allow clients to engage in small businesses and productive activities to raise their income levels and improve living standards. The conceptual framework of microfinance in India focuses on empowering underprivileged groups through self-help groups and cooperatives to generate self-employment.
This document is a project report submitted to Punjab Technical University by Aijaz Ahmed Rather for the partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. The report examines the role of nationalized banks in promoting microfinance services among rural people in Punjab, India. It includes an acknowledgement, executive summary, table of contents, and suggested chapter plan. The project report analyzes microfinance in India, issues for commercial banks, the research methodology used, and will provide conclusions, limitations, recommendations, and suggestions.
Bandhan Microfinance is one of the largest microfinance institutions in India that provides financial services like loans, insurance, and other services to low-income individuals. It started in 1995 and has expanded to over 2,000 branches across 22 states. While Bandhan has been very successful as an NBFC-MFI, transforming into a bank could allow it to better serve its customer base of over 5 million and help achieve its mission. However, becoming a bank would also present challenges around increased regulatory compliance, developing new banking capabilities and systems, and higher costs of operations. With proper strategic planning around expanding services, training employees, and leveraging its existing brand and customer base, Bandhan appears ready and well-positioned to successfully
Financial inclusion refers to access to quality financial services for all people provided by trustworthy institutions. Over 50 countries have financial inclusion plans because increasing access can significantly reduce poverty. An estimated 2 billion people lack basic financial tools and only 40% use debit cards, showing the need for greater financial inclusion worldwide. MetLife Foundation's mission is to improve lives by partnering with organizations providing advice and high-quality financial services to share lessons learned.
This document discusses rural banking in India. It provides statistics on India's rural population and economy. It then discusses the current state of rural banking, including key challenges like financial exclusion and unprofitability. It also covers opportunities in the rural banking market and improving access. The conclusion is that commercial banks need a coordinated effort with the government and RBI to build an inclusive financial system and reach rural customers through partnerships with business correspondents and collaboration. Tailoring products and delivery models to rural needs is also important.
This document discusses microfinance and rural banking in India. It explains that microfinance aims to help economically excluded communities achieve greater asset ownership and income security. It is usually provided through small loans and financial services to micro-entrepreneurs and businesses lacking access to banks. Microfinance and regional rural banks are development tools that provide financial access like savings, credit, and insurance to low-income populations. The document also outlines achievements, social rating components, impact assessment methods, functions and performance phases of regional rural banks in India.
The document discusses the role of banks in providing agricultural credit in India. It notes that while India's economy has grown rapidly, its dependence on agricultural performance remains high. Access to banking services in rural and agricultural areas remains limited. The document then outlines various agricultural credit schemes provided by banks in India, including short term crop loans, term loans, and the Kisan Credit Card scheme. It also discusses the challenges in expanding rural and agricultural credit like lack of infrastructure and focus on urban sectors.
“POTENTIAL OF MICRO-FINANCE OF J&K BANK” AabidJanwari
This document is a report submitted by Aamir Bashir to the University of Kashmir in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. It discusses the potential of microfinance provided by Jammu & Kashmir Bank in the state of Jammu & Kashmir. The report provides background on the need for microfinance to address the gap between demand and supply of credit for the poor. It notes that previous government poverty alleviation programs through banks were not sustainable and did not treat lending to the poor as a commercial activity. As a result, the poor turned to moneylenders for credit. Self-help groups emerged as local financial intermediaries to provide microfinance and achieved higher repayment rates than banks. The report will analyze Jam
This document provides an acknowledgement and abstract for a paper on microfinance in India with a special focus on microcredit. It acknowledges the support received from professors and the university. The abstract notes that microfinance has expanded in India through self-help groups (SHGs) and the SHG Bank Linkage Program. Over 86 million poor households are covered by the program. The paper aims to examine regional differences in access to credit and suggest ways to overcome discrepancies. It also discusses recent controversies around microfinance institutions.
Rural banking in India aims to provide financial services to customers in rural areas. The objectives include saving rural people from money lenders, accelerating economic growth, and encouraging entrepreneurship. Currently, rural populations have limited access to services, with many relying on informal sources. Regional Rural Banks were established to increase credit flow, but commercial bank branches still only cover 7% of rural sectors. Microfinance is an important approach, with self-help groups being a major model. Issues include regional imbalances, poor management, lack of support, and ensuring sustainability. Expanding reach through partnerships and technology, as well as financial literacy, are keys to further progress.
The document summarizes priority sector lending in India. It defines priority sectors as areas of the economy that are prioritized for funding by the government and central bank. Banks are directed to provide loans to these sectors at reduced interest rates to promote their development. The priority sectors include agriculture, small businesses, education and housing. The document outlines the sectors and challenges they face, as well as the role of priority sector lending in addressing issues like unemployment and poverty. It discusses targets for priority sector lending and how the Reserve Bank of India monitors compliance.
Founded in 1976, Apple Inc. began as a computer company founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Some of Apple's seminal early products included the Apple I computer in 1976 and the Apple II in 1977, which was a unique and colorful personal computer. Throughout the 1980s, Apple launched other computers like the Apple III and Lisa, and in 1984, the groundbreaking Macintosh, the first computer with a graphical user interface. In later decades, Apple introduced many successful consumer electronics including the iPod in 2001, iPhone in 2007 which pioneered the touchscreen smartphone, and iPad tablet in 2010. Apple has continued innovating with new versions of its products and aims to focus on customer satisfaction and performance stability for the
Therapists should evaluate patients before virtual reality treatment by administering questionnaires to assess death anxiety and conducting interviews to understand fears and triggers. Therapists then customize the virtual environments to each patient, including adjusting parameters and allowing patients to experience modules on the anxiety of others' and one's own death. The virtual reality application contains four customizable environments - a park, room, funeral home and cemetery - to help patients gradually confront death symbols and concepts.
1) The student did not fully adhere to the brief as their video was only 30 seconds instead of the required 3 minutes, and felt it resembled a film trailer more than a short film. However, they did represent British youth culture stereotypes as asked.
2) While short, the student felt the video was somewhat effective in representing different youth stereotypes and using transitions between them.
3) For production and post-production, the group used a video camera, tripod, Final Cut editing software, free music, and Vimeo for uploading. They learned how to use the new software and equipment but struggled with some technical aspects like uploading to Vimeo.
4) The preliminary task was
Christmas in Canada features Santa Claus on December 25th similar to the U.S. Common Christmas foods include ham, eggs, pancakes, cranberries, potatoes and eggnog. Celebrations involve light-up contests, cookie baking parties, and decorating with pine trees and lights. After Christmas on Boxing Day, Canadians enjoy additional traditions like mummering and sinck tuck. Stores close early on Christmas Eve for family time, and many cities hold Santa parades amidst glowing holiday lights.
This document describes listings for various handmade jewelry and bead items being auctioned on Wednesday Market. It includes descriptions and photos of jewelry pouches, earrings, bead strands, pendants, and other items, along with starting bids and shipping costs. The seller splits time between homes on the east and west coasts and sells items through Etsy, Tophatter, Outbid, and Facebook auction groups. Materials are often self-taught or learned through online videos.
The document discusses the concept of guanxi in Chinese culture. Guanxi refers to relationships and obligations between parties built through reciprocal social exchanges and favors over time. It represents the system of social networks and influential relationships that facilitate business dealings in China. The document provides the example of how McDonald's lost its largest restaurant location in Beijing to make way for a development by Li Ka-shing due to lacking the strong guanxi, or relationships, that he enjoyed. By taking officials to court over the decision, McDonald's further reduced their guanxi instead of accepting the ruling and moving on.
Badrinath is located in the Garhwal hills of Uttarakhand on the banks of the Alaknanda River between the Nar and Narayana mountain ranges. Dwarka is located in Gujarat and was the dwelling place of Lord Krishna. Jagannath Puri is located in Odisha and its main 1000 year old temple was constructed by kings Choda Ganga Deva and Tritiya Ananga Bhima Deva. Rameswaram is located in Tamil Nadu. These four pilgrimage sites make up the Char Dham pilgrimage circuit in India.
The student must choose between three briefs for their coursework: creating a short film, a promotion package for a new album, or a promotion package for a new film. They analyze the tasks for each brief, ruling out the short film as too challenging since they struggled with a similar task before. They consider the album promotion package interesting due to their enjoyment of music, but note some tasks may be similar to past work. They are drawn to the film promotion package as making a trailer seems easier than a full film, and the tasks allow room for creativity while developing new skills. Their next post will announce their chosen brief.
The document discusses the history and growth of the green movement. It notes that the first green movement party started in 1972 in New Zealand as the Values party, which focused on environmental issues. Since then, the number of green movement parties has increased significantly around the world. The document quotes Rachel Carson saying that contemplating the beauty of the earth provides strength that endures throughout life.
Selfhelpgroups - Default Management and Recoveries: A Study among the Schedul...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Rating of sanghamitra rural financial servicesNaresh Majhi
1) SRFS is a microfinance institution based in Bangalore, Karnataka that provides credit to self-help groups promoted by MYRADA, a well-known NGO.
2) SRFS has over 100,000 members and a gross portfolio of Rs. 48.6 crores as of March 2008. It operates on a self-help group bank linkage model.
3) SRFS receives support from MYRADA, which facilitates its operations and training. It has a strong board and low operating expenses. However, its profitability is declining and portfolio-at-risk is increasing.
Governance has assumed increasing importance in the Indian microfinance sector over the last few years. With the growth in portfolio and outreach of MFIs, intense competition and stricter regulations, the governance practices of MFIs needed to adapt quickly. Strong governance not only contributes to robust growth of the institution but also avoids the possibility of mission drift. There is a need for prudent corporate governance structure to prevent MFIs from committing the same mistakes they made earlier, which led to a crisis-like situation in the Indian microfinance industry in 2010.
In the light of this context, SIDBI’s PSIG programme commissioned MicroSave to assess the “as-is” status of key corporate governance models followed by Indian MFIs, boards’ roles and responsibilities, executive management and oversight, level of involvement in policy development, corporate oversight and strategic planning process and so on.
The study was accomplished and the report was launched in a conference-cum-workshop on June 3, 2015. The conference was attended by industry stakeholders comprising microfinance practitioners, donors and investors, lenders, and industry experts. The conference presentation captures the summary of the report titled, “Governance Practices among MFIs in India” and provides a snapshot of the governance models adopted by MFIs in India.
This document summarizes the results of a survey assessing Bank Mitr locations under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) program in 9 Indian states. Some key findings:
1) 69% of Bank Mitrs were available at their locations, though only around half were able to conduct transactions.
2) 86% of PMJDY account holders reported it as their first bank account, though only 18% had received a RuPay card.
3) 45% of account holders had Aadhaar numbers, of which 79% had been linked to their PMJDY account.
The report identifies areas for improvement such as updating Bank Mitr data, rational
This document discusses the challenges rural women face in accessing formal financial resources in India. It notes that rural women have limited control over resources needed as collateral, social restrictions on their mobility, and lack of financial literacy. While the share of loans to rural women has increased over 15 years, it remains a small percentage and rural women's labor force participation has declined. It argues that microfinance and self-help groups have not significantly helped rural women build assets. However, some evidence suggests that institutional innovations combining collectivization, new contracts, appropriate products, and government support can enhance rural women's ability to access financial services. But sustaining such innovations requires long-term political strategies addressing land, development, and gender issues.
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Financing Practices in SHGs
1. Self Help Group Bank Linkage: Through the responsible Finance Lens
A study on state of Practice in SHG Bank Linkage in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Karnataka
Amulya K Champatiray
Parul Agarwal
Misha Sharma
IFMR Research, Chennai, India
2. Agenda
• Background
• Research Questions
• Methodology and sample
• Financial Performance
• Other Performance Indicators
• Overall Recommendations
3. Background
• SHG-BLP status as of March 2013
– 73.18 lakh savings-linked SHGs with savings balance of over INR 8217.25 cr
– 44.51 lakh credit-linked SHGs with bank loan outstanding of INR 39375.30 cr
– Over 95 million households covered as on 31st March 2013
• In March 2012, NABARD introduced ‘SHG-2’ with number of revisions
in the programme including
– Introduced the concept of ‘voluntary savings’ and
– Joint Liability Group of entrepreneurial-members with the SHG for income
generation activities
• In June 2011, NRLM was introduced that envisions SHGs as a delivery
mechanism of massive poverty alleviation initiative.
4. Research Objectives
• To understand the financial and non-financial interactions of SHG with
external agencies like banks and SHPIs
• To study the internal group dynamics in terms of financial transactions,
decision making, cohesiveness, transparency and acceptance towards
technology and new policy
5. Sample and Methodology
• 200 SHGs each spread across 2-3 districts in the states of
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka
• SHGs ranged in the age group of 1-6 years
• Data Collection Instruments:
– Leader module administered with leader
– Transaction module administered with leader and treasurer
– Members module administered with progressive and not so progressive
members
– Interviews with respective SHPIs
6. Sample Characteristics
State wise distribution of literacy levels among SHG members (%)
Literacy Level
Bihar
MP
Karnataka
Can read and write
16
20
38
Cannot read and write but sign
46
35
39
Can neither read nor write
38
44
22
State wise distribution of occupation among SHG members (%)
Occupation
Bihar
MP
Karnataka
Farm activities
54
81
56
Non-farm activities
41
18
27
Unemployed
5
1
17
8. Savings: Performance
Details of Compulsory Savings
Details
Bihar
MP
Karnataka
9
(weekly)
3
(weekly)
114
(Monthly)
Percentage of groups where all the
members do not contribute to compulsory
savings
15
65
5
Percentage of groups where all the
members' savings are deposited in SHG
bank account
2.5
7.25
97.25
Average number of times a member has
defaulted in the group
4.5
2
0.4
Average number of times when a penalty
is paid for default
0
0.1
0.1
1394
1179
2875
Average Savings Amount per frequency
Average member's savings corpus
9. Savings: Default Management
Penalty and Interest Rate on
Savings
Bihar
MP
Karnataka
Average penalty amount for default
5
2
6
Percentage of groups with no penalty
84
76
60
Average interest rate on savings
0
0
2
100
100
47
Percentage of groups that do not offer
interest on members’ savings
10. Savings: Discipline among Members and Leaders
Leader
Member
Bihar
95.36
93.34
>3 Years
36.49
46.38
31.58
51.4
7.21
3.19
7.41
3.08
<=3 Years
95.83
93.75
% of Members and Leaders Never Defaulted on Savings
Leader
Member
MP
Leader
Member
Karnataka
% of Members Never Defaulted on Savings
11. Risk with SHG savings
Percentage of groups by the risks associated with saving with SHG
Risks
Bihar
MP
Karnataka
4.5
5.5
48
1
7
35.5
1
7.5
38.5
3
18
37
1.5
3.5
36
Loss in case of SHG defaulting a bank/
SHPI loan
Loss in case of default by a group
member for which she guaranteed
Loss in case of defaulting own loan
Utilization of money by SHG for
group activities that are personally not
relevant
Loss of Money due to poor accounting
12. Demand for the additional voluntary savings options
• None of the groups across the study SHGs are practicing the
concept of voluntary deposits
• A small fraction of SHGs faced a situation where some
members in the group wanted to save more than others.
– 4% of groups in Bihar,
– 7% in MP and
– 26% in Karnataka
13. Savings: Policy Implications
• Needs and implications of flexibility in saving product/s?
– Is it required across states/regions and SHGs? given the scenario
where a substantial number of members are not participating in the
compulsory savings
– What benefit member will gain apart-from creating capital? There
is no interest offered by SHG on member savings apart from few
exceptions (in Karnataka)
– Will it lead to conflict where majority of SHGs have a practice of
not depositing the member savings at bank account (with the
experience of poor bookkeeping)
14. Lending and Borrowing: Performance
Percentage of groups
Borrowing and lending practices of groups
98%
96%
91%
Groups that lend internally
42%
Groups that have borrowed
from bank in the last six
months
20%
9%
Bihar
MP
States
Karnataka
15. Internal Lending: Performance
Details of Internal Lending Policy
Details
Bihar
Average percentage of members/per SHG with loan
33%
outstanding as of 30th June 2013
Average loan size (minimum and maximum / in INR)
98 -5595
Average loan repayment period (min-Max in month)
% of groups where interest rates differ for different loans
% of groups where loan repayment period differs for
different loans
% of groups where members are penalized for defaulting on
repayment
Average minimum and maximum penalty rate for single
term default
MP
Karnataka
41%
38%
105 –
3210
5118 17850
1 - 12
1-6
9 - 13
1
5
8
52
79
18
7
22
17
6 – 13
4-7
15 - 17
16.
17. Borrowing from bank and SHPI
Details regarding external
borrowings
Bihar
MP
Karnataka
BANK
SHPI
BANK
SHPI
BANK
SHPI
Percentage of SHGs whose loan
application has been rejected at
least once
12%
95%
7%
2%
19%
14%
Percentage of SHGs who have
taken more than one loan
2%
2%
21%
no
data
55%
4%
Average number of days taken to
process the loan
59
64
40
no
data
28
22
434254210
no
data
51231230270
47875398880
Average min and max amount
borrowed per SHG (in INR)
Average annual interest rate
charged
Average repayment period
(months)
Percentage of loans linked to
SHG corpus
21705- 3917154536 50374
13
13
12
0
14
10
23
41
-
0
22
18
23%
68%
26%
0%
48%
32%
18. Discipline among Members and Leaders in External
Loan Repayment
% of Members and Leaders Never Defaulted on External
Loan Repayment
Leader
Member
Bihar
Leader
Member
MP
Leader
67.02
13.83
62.5
no obs.
16.67
96.23
>3
100
87.5
97.39
93.66
97.78
91.94
<=3
Member
Karnataka
19. Loan default management
• Internal Lending
– A better system of penalizing the members need to be in place. Current
analysis shows that the penalty amount charged is not sufficient enough
to incentivize members not to default indicating a scope of raising the
penalty fee to control defaults further.
• Lending by Banks
– Considering the loan size and default rates, amount disbursed to SHGs
need to be checked which might currently be too high for MP and
Karnataka and a little low for Bihar.
20. Cost on bank loan
•
Interest rate on bank loans is charged at 12% to 14%
•
Opportunity cost during the loan process: Rs. 100 - 140 per member per day.
•
Average total transportation cost per SHG in processing bank loan
– Bihar 111
– MP 518 and
– Karnataka 1,803
•
Processing fees being charged on their bank loans,
– MP 268
– Karnataka 610 and
– Bihar - not reported
•
Loan account maintenance
– MP 500
– Karnataka 313 and
– Bihar – not reported
•
Insurance contribution i.e. linked to their loan: Karnataka Rs. 8,736
21. SHG Interaction with Bank
The average time taken during interaction with bank to facilitate regular
transaction of deposit and withdrawal:
• about 60 minutes in the case of Bihar and MP,
• 30-45 minutes in the case of Karnataka
Percentage of groups by the type of assistance provided by the bank in the loan
application process
Type of assistance
Bihar
MP
Karnataka
Filling loan application
Guidance and information on required documents
for loan
17
54
78
15
51
75
Promptly conducting due-diligence (rating)
3
23
75
Providing assistance/guidance in making SHG
eligible for loan
4
40
69
22. Lending and Borrowing: Policy Implications
• Without proper mechanism of default management among substantial
number of SHGs – would the soft loan / revolving fund be beneficial or
will it create conflicts?
• What should be the priority for SHG and SHPI – to offer more credit
products or timely sanction of existing credit product?
• Are banks prepared to take on more responsibility of managing funds
that will come up with the structural and functional changes
introduced?
23. Book-Keeping: Performance
Status of Book-Keeping
States
% of SHGs NOT
Recording of
maintaining books
meeting (minutes)
of accounts
regularly
Training on bookkeeping
99%
(recorded after the
meeting)
93%
7%
44% SHGs received training
90% demand for more training
MP
(recorded during
the meeting)
87%
3%
20% SHGs received training
90% demand for more training
Karnataka
(10% of SHGs do
not maintain
meeting minutes)
2%
32% SHGs received training
78% demand for more training
Bihar
24. Book-Keeping: Quality (accuracy, clear and timely update):
Karnataka
MP
Bihar
Overall
observation
Majority of the SHGs were maintaining high standard of business records
A smaller fraction of SHGs face difficulty in updating passbooks due to
increase in migration of group members
Most of the groups are depending on the SHPI/s for maintaining their
records
Groups in MP are performing second best after Karnataka.
A small section of SHGs (5% to 10%) in MP reported of problems with
record keeping
Most of the groups are depending on the SHPI/s for maintaining their
records
Though books were updated but there are concerns of clarity and accuracy
in their records
A large section of SHGs are lagging behind due to lack of timely
availability of required stationaries
• Technology: None of the sample SHGs use any form of technology for their
record keeping
• A lack of proper quality control mechanism in place
25. Book Keeping: Policy Implications
• With the current standard of book-keeping
– it will be difficult to manage voluntary savings – it might lead to
group conflict
– Managing soft-loan and revolving fund will be difficult and
specifically JLG loan management will be a challenge
– Groups’ involvement in community development work will be
difficult to check and track
26. Other Indicators: Transparency
Members’ awareness on group policy:
For a meagre 1.17% of the groups
Karnataka
•
Awareness regarding bank's
lending policy
across the SHGs under study were the
members not well versed with the
68
64
~Prog
Interest rate
at which
group have
borrowed
from bank
81
79
Prog
group’s policies.
15
15
MP
15
16
Prog
Sharing of financial status with members
States
~Prog
in every meeting
98% in Bihar,
•
87% in MP
•
84.21% in Karnataka
–
11.58% SHGs in Karnataka share it
only when a member asks for it
59
~Prog
20
Bihar
•
Total amount
of bank loan
outstanding
61
Prog
25
0
50
Percentage of groups
100
27. Information sharing and use of technology
•
About 90% of the sample SHGs
believes technology can help in
improving the standards of bookkeeping (regular and accurate
updating of records).
•
A significant number of SHGs across
study states (18.95% in
Karnataka, 25.63% in MP and 28% in
Bihar) expressed their willingness to
adopt technology.
•
SHGs are willing to pay a range of
Rs. 3000 to Rs. 10000
28. Other Indicators: Social Performance
Percentage of groups by the topics and frequency of discussion
Financial
Social (Comm.
Based)
Political
Development
of the village
48
1
81
18
1
1
43
56
23
69
8
52
42
6
3
23
74
8
53
39
12
43
45
2
40
58
29
64
7
32
47
21
Never
51
When
needed
Regular
1
Never
98
When
needed
1
Never
Regular
Karnataka
When
needed
Topics
MP
Regular
Bihar
29. Other Indicators: Social Performance
Percentage of groups
Group activities performed for the community
120
100
27
80
60
40
20
0
75
47
23
9
27
7
15
7
15
29
38
60
6
15
48
20
10
3
SHG Activities performed for the community
58
3
Karnataka
MP
Bihar
31. Other Indicators: Perception on SHGs capacity
SHPIs’ perception on social performance of
SHGs
•
Participation of SHGs in community
development activities:
–
•
about 60% SHGs looks for assistance from
SHPIs across study states
SHGs’ capacity of adopting SHG 2 and
Livelihoods promotion program:
–
SHPIs in Karnataka and Bihar believe that a
large section of SHGs are capable of
adopting the revisions
40
30
20
10
17
47
35
33
32
Whenever
Scheduled
29
22
18
44
44
42
Whenever
Possible
33
23
14
12
0
Bihar
MP
States
~ Progressive
Dealing with External Agencies:
49
Progressive
•
SHPIs believe SHGs have limitations in
addressing the community level issues on
their own – they look at the SHPIs for support
55
51
~ Progressive
–
50
Progressive
Addressing community level issues:
~ Progressive
•
60
Progressive
–
SHPIs in Karnataka and Bihar rated high on
performance of SHGs
SHGs performance in MP is moderate
Percentage of groups
–
Frequency of participation in
SHPI activities (%)
Karnataka
Never
32. Overall Recommendations
•
•
•
•
•
Fund and Default Management
Transparency and Accountability
Engagement of External Institutions
Conflict Resolution
Community Level Sensitization
33. Thank you
For further questions and discussion please write to the researchers at:
amulyakrishna.champatiray@ifmr.ac.in
parul.agarwal@ifmr.ac.in
misha.sharma@ifmr.ac.in
Editor's Notes
(as the per day loss of income of an SHG member who visits the bank leaving her job unattended)