- Spain has been severely affected by unemployment since the 2008 financial crisis, with over 20% overall unemployment and over 50% youth unemployment, the second highest rates in the EU behind Greece. - High unemployment in Spain is problematic not just for Spain but for the EU as a whole, as Spain is a large economy in the Eurozone and its economic struggles negatively impact other EU countries. - Spain's unemployment issues are partly due to structural problems like an inflexible labor market, unreformed benefits system, and lack of investment in education, but the crisis greatly exacerbated existing problems and unemployment.

1. An Economic Calamity
A Look at the Effects of High Unemployment on Spain
and
The European Union
Carly Tucker
SISU-383-001
Professor Martin
May 2, 2016

2. 2
Executive Summary: Spain’s Unemployment Predicament
Unemployment has resulted in an economic setback for a number of member
states and consequently the European Union as a whole. In particular, Spain is a country
that has been afflicted with vast unemployment, especially amongst its youth, a pertinent
problem of which we must be critically aware given its affect on the rest of the EU. The
situation involving recent college graduates, those eligible to work between the ages of
18 and 25, is of immense concern for Spain and its governing bodies. Overall, these are
bright and ambitious young people forced to take unfulfilling positions well below their
educational acumen level. Worse, some have found that there are no jobs at all when
they have diplomas in hand, the result of a beyond sluggish economy within the Iberian
Peninsula. As a result, the country now reluctantly poses one of the greatest
unemployment threats to the European Union. With a rate of over 20% for those without
work, and a youth statistic that is double that staggering figure, Spain has the second
highest unemployment rate, finding itself in the unenviable company of Greece.
The subsequent pages of this report find that Spain has established and attempted
to implement structural reform amongst a variety of sectors. However, the rate and
degree at which it is doing so has not proven to be adequate. The GDP is growing, but not
at a substantial rate, thus leading to a variety of damaging results. The high
unemployment amongst youth has led to a rise in radical new party politics, an increased
level of Euroscepticism, a negative atmosphere and attitude within the labor market and
has had dire effects on the country and its population. For instance, there have been

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findings that due to Spain’s high unemployment, there have, in turn, been low fertility
rates which will have a critical effect on the future economics of Spain.
My research has also led me to discover that while all of the European Union has
experienced some sort of economic setback from the financial crisis, Spain’s has been
much more drastic, due to institutional and economic differences between it and other
countries. There is a belief that Spain’s structural issues within its labor market, its
unreformed benefits system and a lack of government investment in crucial areas, such as
education and innovation, have led to its unemployment predicament.
The European Union’s Unemployment Situation: An In-Depth Look at Spain
Since the financial crisis of 2008 rocked and disrupted the world’s economies, the
European Union has struggled to recover economically. The challenge of unemployment
is a very important policy issue confronting the EU due to the severe recession and its
inflexible labor markets. Cyclical unemployment within the EU could possibly become
structural. Additionally, unemployment poses a huge risk to the EU collectively due to
the relationship between the economy and politics. The woes of the economy will
become political woes, as the unemployed are more apt to distrust politicians and
therefore are more apt to distrust the EU as a whole. This distrust will lead to increased
Eurosceptism and, potentially, the toppling of the European Union as an entity.
Background and Context
The 2008 financial disaster brought the deepest recession Europe has seen since
the 1930’s. The post Cold- War in the European Union era was marked by much

4. 4
economic advancement. Within a variety of treaties, the EU saw the completion of the
Single Market, the implementation of a single currency and plans to reform institutions
and to focus more resources on employment. According to a report from the European
Commission, the financial crisis was preceded by a period of “rapid credit growth, low-
risk premiums, abundant liquidity, and the development of real estate bubbles” (The
European Commission, 2009). All of this overstretched leveraging created a vulnerable
financial sector, thus allowing the United States’ economic crisis to spill over and affect
the European Union’s overall economy.1
As a consequence of this toppling, there were
adverse effects on the real EU economy, particularly on loan books, asset valuations and
credit supply. Some countries, however, were more vulnerable than others due to current
account positions, exposure to real estate bubbles or the presence of a large financial
center.2
In addition to the effects on economic activity, the labor market across the EU
has been negatively affected, leading to a rise in unemployment- a term that accounts for
those actively seeking jobs but cannot find them-a rise that has been felt more strongly in
some parts of the Eurozone than others.
While all of the European Union economies experienced hardship during the
financial crisis in ’08, Spain was arguably one of the most severely hit. Since the crisis,
while many of the EU countries have recovered, Spain has not. Spain has the second
highest unemployment rate behind Greece, with over 20% overall unemployment and
over 50% youth unemployment. The fact that Spain’s unemployment is so high is
puzzling for there is no one clear explanation. Many believe that Spain’s structural issues
1
István P. Székely and Paul van den Noord, “Economic Crisis in Europe: Cause, Consequences and
Responses,” VOX European Union, October 6, 2009, accessed March 27, 2016,
http://www.voxeu.org/article/economic-crisis-europe-cause-consequences-and-responses.
2 The European Commission, “Economic Crisis in Europe: Causes, Consequences and Responses,”
Economic and Financial Affairs, July 2009, accessed on March 27th
, 2016.

5. 5
within its labor market, its unreformed benefits system and a lack of government
investment in crucial areas have led to its unemployment predicament.3
With such high
unemployment among its youth, a sector that is defined as ages 18 to 25, and without any
talk or implementation by the government of structural measures, Spain will only
continue to experience insufficient growth.
From the latter half of the 1990’s up until 2007, Spain experienced a ‘Golden
Decade’ marked by rapid economic growth. By the end of its growth era, Spain’s GDP
per capita had reached 90% of the EU-15 average. This long “pre-crisis” period was
characterized by high employment and growth rates brought about largely by the
construction sector.4
This remarkable decade for Spain relied in large part to the housing
boom it experienced, but after the crash of the housing market, Spain’s economy suffered
a recession. Spain has experienced high unemployment in the past, but during its Golden
Decade unemployment dipped below 10%. During this period, a heavy influx of
immigrants contributed to Spain’s economic boom. Approximately 12.2% of Spain’s
population in 2010 were foreigners and between 2000 and 2008 the percentage of
employed immigrants increased from 1% to 14.8%.5
The 2.6% decrease within a two-
year span is important as it shows the fiscal incentives before and after the crisis.
Additionally, Spain’s trade deficit increased during this period, meaning that Spain was
importing more goods into its market, allowing for jobs to be created elsewhere instead
of domestically. This increase in the trade deficit was at a record high in 2007, thus
3 Julia Sinitsky, “Unemployment in Spain After the Financial Crisis,” Boston University Undergraduate
Economics Association, October 15, 2013, accessed February 10, 2016, http://buuea.com/unemployment-
in-spain-after-the-financial-crisis/.
4 Andrea Éltetö, “The Economic Crisis and its Management in Spain,” Eastern Journal of European
Studies, 2 (2011): 41, accessed February 12, 2016.
5 Éltetö, “The Economic Crisis and its Management in Spain,” 43-45.

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contributing to Spain’s economic and employment downfall. Spain’s lack of investment
in domestic jobs intensified the issues brought about by the crisis.
Spain’s high unemployment rate is an extensive issue. Even before the financial
crisis of ’08, unemployment amongst youth was still unstable. The country failed to
invest in education and innovation when it was experiencing its economic boom, which
has played a key role in the high unemployment rate now facing this country. Its high
percentage of unemployed is the most critical sign signaling Spain’s weak economy and
it also signals continued stagnation within other EU economies. If Spain cannot correct
its structural difficulties then the rest of the Eurozone will bear the consequences as well.
Since Spain is a part of the Eurozone, all countries that are part of the Eurozone feel the
repercussions of its economic woes and high unemployment rates.
Relevance to the European Union and Europe Collectively
Spain’s economy and high unemployment are of significant relevance to the EU
and Europe as a whole. As the fourth largest economy in the Eurozone, behind Germany,
France, and Italy, Spain has seen significant economic growth in the past couple of years
and is set to see a GDP growth of 2.8% this year according to the European
Commission’s Economic and Financial Affairs Report.6
Spain’s economy, however, is
still fragile and thus incredibly vulnerable. Despite positive forecasts for the Spanish
economy, the Commission predicts negative risks to the economy, which develop from
the uncertainty in the formation of the new government (The European Commission,
2016). The EU cannot depend on a Spanish economic turnaround to sustain and
6 The European Commission, “Economies of the Member States,” Institutional Papers 202016, February
4, 2016, accessed on March 28, 2016.

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categorically benefit the Eurozone. In general, distressed economies within the European
Union lead to an overall increase in borrowing costs, as the EU has to bail out its
economies. These bailouts from countries like Germany come with strings attached, such
as strict austerity measures, that ailing countries resist. As Spain, and other peripheral
countries, have accumulated massive debts and deficits, it has threatened the Eurozone’s
effectiveness and productivity This threat highlights the European Union’s economic
interdependence and calls into question the sustainability of the monetary union.7
Under
the Maastricht Treaty, states that are a part of the Eurozone must have their economies in
order and be fiscally compliant. Negligence regarding Eurozone applications had led to
harsh effects for the EU and the IMF.
In 2012, Spain requested a bailout; EU leaders agreed to allocate $123 billion of
Eurozone funds to recapitalize Spain’s struggling banks. Despite EU assistance, Spain
followed Ireland and exited its bailout program, allowing Portugal to do the same.
Spain’s economy is set to grow, however, unemployment remains high, high debt persists
and there is still a rigid labor market, all weighing down Spanish banks.8
These bad assets
weighing down the banking system compromises the work the EU has done to assist
Spain and brings about negative effects and uncertainty to the EU as a whole.
Not only is Spanish unemployment an issue for the European Union, but also
unemployment is collectively a problem for the EU, for it leads to an array of challenges.
The high percentage of youth unemployment in the EU has led to a sharp rise in
Euroscepticism and has led to young voters diverging from the mainstream liberal leaders
and instead supporting much more radical political parties based upon Nationalist
7 Christopher Alessi and James McBride, “The Eurozone in Crisis,” The Council on Foreign Relations,
February 11. 2015, accessed on March 28, 2016 from http://www.cfr.org/eu/eurozone-crisis/p22055
8 Alessi and McBride, “The Eurozone in Crisis.”

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sentiments, sentiments that once tore Europe apart. In May of 2014, millennial voters
were a key source in the outcome of Parliamentary elections. For instance the French
Nationalist front, Marine Le Pen, won 25% of the votes of 18 to 24 year olds.
Additionally, a majority of Greece and Germany’s millennial voted in favor of far-right
Eurosceptic parties.9
The European youth have become cynical of the EU because of all
the issues it faces and the lack of transparency within the system. It is important to
recognize, however, that not all countries’ youth are supportive of far-right Nationalist
parties. Political dissatisfaction varies by region; in Spain and Greece youth have
benefitted from the growth and popularity of left wing parties such as Podemos and
Syriza.
Another challenge brought about the high unemployment is that of economic
integration. The EU’s youth has lost its keenness for economic integration, a principal for
which the Union is based upon. The approval ratings in countries with the highest youth
unemployment rates like Spain and Italy, which are 30% and 12% respectively, have
sharply declined over the past few years.10
Adding to the field of challenges is wide
emigration within and out of Europe. Despite the waning working age population and rise
of educational attainment, there are simply just not enough jobs to go around in Europe.
The high unemployment has brought about large waves of emigration, as skilled and
qualified people search elsewhere for opportunities not available to them in their home
countries. According to the United Nations Population Division, 18 out of the 40
European countries experienced negative net migration rates from 2010 to 2015.11
As
9 Neil Howe, “A Rising Generation of Eurosceptics,” Forbes, (October 30, 2015).
10 Bruce Stokes, “Faith in European Project Reviving,” Pew Research Center, (June 2, 2015).
11 The United Nations, “Data Query: World Population Prospects,” Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, (2015).

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Millennials struggle to find jobs, the added issue of immigration and the ongoing refugee
crisis does not help. Large numbers of Syrians and other Middle Eastern refugees are
seeking Europe for refuge, only adding to the youth’s frustration and struggle to find
jobs. Millennials are the next generation of the EU and it is their views that will shape the
future of the EU and will influence the outcome of the European Project.
The Challenge and Meaning for Spain
The topic of the economy is meaningful and challenging for the European Union
and Spain because a strong economic backbone is crucial for the EU and the Eurozone,
something of which Spain is a part. When it comes to its member states’ economies, the
EU has set the precedent that it will bail out these economies, thus the EU needs Spain to
bounce back so that it does not need to continue to monetarily assist its economy. As the
fourth largest economy in the Eurozone, the EU needs Spain to have a strong, functioning
economy with high employment. The financial crisis and subsequent consequences that
have followed have been detrimental for Spain. While its economy and GDP are
projected to grow, there are still structural issues that continue to persist in Spain. As
Spain enters into this fiscal year’s second quarter, high debt, emigration, lower consumer
consumption and income disparity are all persisting challenges.12
There are many
problems within the Spanish education system as well as a lack of investment in
innovation, both of which have abetted the high unemployment in Spain, particularly that
of its youth sector. Spain is now challenged with generating jobs for its citizens,
especially its youth; many of who are college educated and skilled.
12 Melissa Parietti, “5 Economic Challenges Spain Faces in 2016,” Investopedia, March 15, 2016, accessed
on March 28, 2016, http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/012416/5-economic-challenges-spain-
faces-2016.asp

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Overall Purpose
The purpose of analyzing and evaluating Spain’s economy and high
unemployment is to look at the conversation surrounding the policies in place and the
policies that could help better alleviate Spain of its troubles. High youth unemployment is
the biggest concern for Spain because it contributes to political and social unrest. There is
a loss to future productivity and overall earnings and a very real chance that cyclical
unemployment will become structural. Educated youth who are actively looking for jobs
and cannot find them will not only hinder the Spanish economy but also Spanish society
in that it could potentially lead to negative effects on health, happiness and job
satisfaction.13
If serious structural reforms are not implemented, Spain could see its
current youth becoming a “lost generation.” The purpose of this report is to contribute to
the conversation and showcase why this issue is of concern for not only Spain, but also
the European Union and Europe as a whole.
Spain’s Attempts to Tackle Unemployment
The economic crisis hit Spain hard and unlike many OECD countries, the impact
has lasted much longer in Spain. The construction sector collapsed, the government
deficit grew exponentially larger and unemployment saw unprecedented levels, levels
Spain is still trying to reduce. Despite the drastic impact the crisis has had on Spain, it has
allowed for a window of opportunity for Spain to reform and restructure it economy and
its labor markets. While the Spanish economy is strengthening, and unemployment rates
are slowly improving, it is not happening fast enough. A variety of measures have been
13 Stefano Scarpetta, Anne Sonnet and Thomas Manfredi. “Rising Youth Unemployment During The
Crisis: How to Prevent Negative Long-term Consequences on a Generation?” OECD Publishing (2010).
Accessed February 24, 2016. doi: 10.1787/1815199x.

11. 11
taken in order to curtail unemployment, especially amongst the youth sector. In 2012, a
labor market reform was implemented but in order to fully and adequately address the
unemployment challenges, further tools and policies are needed. In 2013 Prime Minister
Mariano Rajoy revealed a plan of 100 individual measures the country would take,
among them was spurring spending in order to curb the extensive youth unemployment.
This plan allocated 3.5 billions euros over four years to stop the rising rates of
unemployed millennials. Now, in 2016, these effects are being slightly felt but further
reform is being instituted amongst the labor market, the education sector and work is
being done to create an efficient regulatory framework to reinforce business creation and
encourage the innovative capacity of the economy.14
Obstacles and Limitations to Curtailing Unemployment
Spain’s high youth unemployment has given rise to radical politics. With such
instability in the economy and labor market, the youth have become distrusting of the
traditional two party political system in Spain, thus leading to the creation of radical
leftist parties, such as the left-wing populist, Podemos party in 2014. Podemos is centered
on finding justice and solutions for Spain’s issues of inequality, unemployment and
economic disorder. After its establishment in 2014, the party garnered 100,000 members,
a number that has now risen to 389,000. This large number in such a short amount of
time could be attributed to Podemos’ goal of renegotiating the austerity measures put in
place as well as its goal of limiting the Treaty of Lisbon.15
In times of malaise and
corruption, citizens, especially the youth, look for ways to revolutionize the status quo in
14 Angel Gurría, “Spain After the Crisis: A New Growth Model,” OECD, (2010).
15 Omar G. Encarnación, “ Can the Far-Left Sweep Spain?,” Foreign Affairs, February 6, 2015, accessed
February 6, 2016.

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politics. As Podemos continues to grow in popularity and youth unemployment stays
stagnant, there is a very real chance of further intense political backlash.
In order to strengthen its economy, its politics, and its overall support and morale, the
European Union and in particular, Spain, needs to get its unemployed, especially its
youth, back to work. Spain needs to create more jobs domestically, instead of overseas,
and to innovate so to make its labor force more mobile. The country needs to encourage
its workers to get back to work and to be more competitive. In addition to Spain, many
European countries support its unemployed for more than a year, an issue that needs to be
addressed. The EU needs to initiate labor market measures, which will result in
stimulated demand and sharpened skills.
As a result of the qualified and educated youth being unable to find jobs in Spain,
Spain has seen a notable amount of youth emigration into other countries where these
opportunities may be more readily and aptly afforded to them. According to Spain’s
statistics institute, before the financial crisis in ’08, there were 1.4 million Spaniards
living abroad, in 2016 that number is now 2.3 million. This Spanish ‘brain drain’ has
spread through Europe and the Americas with many Spaniards living in Germany,
Venezuela, Argentina and the United Kingdom, which has the sixth largest contingent of
Spanish expats.16
A Fractured Spain
For a period of time the autonomous region of Catalonia, in Spain’s Northern
geographic region, has wanted to become its own sovereign territory. As a highly
16 “Spanish Brain Drain Spreads Through Europe and America,” Algarve Daily News, (March 18, 2016).
Accessed April 27, 2016 from http://algarvedailynews.com/news/8303-spanish-brain-drain-spreads-
through-europe-and-america.

13. 13
economically prosperous region, Spain has been reluctant to comply with Catalonia’s
demands. With the economic crisis and surging unemployment, Catalonia’s resistance to
be apart of Spain has only increased. The region makes up 19% of Spain’s GDP, is taxed
heavily yet rarely sees anything given back from Madrid in return. Catalonia feels it is
milked by the Spanish government to help more ailing parts of Spain, such as Andalucía;
however, its own services are underfunded. After pro-independence parties won the
elections in 2015, it is uncertain whether or not Spain will be able to keep Catalonia as a
part of the country, a move that is in Spain’s best interest. With uncertainty and disarray
amongst Spanish politics, an independent Catalonia only seems more likely.
Looking Ahead for Spain: Conclusions and Recommendations
Since the economic crisis of 2008, Spain has seen significant recovery. The
economic crisis highlighted many fundamental problems in Spain’s housing bubble, the
financial sector and its unsustainably high GDP growth. The crisis left Spain with
devastating economic downturns, an incredibly high unemployment rate and a number of
bankruptcies for major companies. As one of the hardest hit EU countries, Spain still has
a long way to go. Its economy and GDP are growing once again and while labor market
reforms have been effective and are improving, its unemployment is not growing fast
enough. Youth unemployment is one of the greatest challenges still facing Spain. The
country’s economy is still facing macroeconomic imbalances. While there have been
improvement in the rebalancing of Spain’s current account there are still risks linked to
the high levels of private and public sector indebtedness. In addition, the exceedingly
negative net international investment position needs careful attention in a framework of

14. 14
very high unemployment. Spain needs to implement further action in order to reduce the
risk of unfavorable effects on the Spanish economy and of adverse spillovers to the
economic and monetary union.17
In addition to the reforms and policy proposals brought about by Spain, The
European Commission has made four recommendations to ensure that Spain is on target
come 2020. To help Spain improve its economic performance it must adhere to
improving the following areas: public finances and health; financial sector; labor market;
small and medium enterprises and services.18
Spain is the EU’s fourth largest economy
and safeguarding its progress is vital to the Eurozone. Spain needs to take more measures
to tackle its unemployment rate, particularly that of its youth sector. In the interest of
policies, Spain the government needs to target specific groups among the youth in order
prioritize and customize solutions and direct available resources to the specific needs of
groups based on their areas of vulnerability. A second policy recommendation for Spain
would be planning for the short term and long term in order to maximize potential. In the
short term, it is crucial to adopt impact measures that focus on mitigating the immediate
consequences for the most vulnerable sectors of the population. These vulnerable sectors
would be those with low levels of education and job training. Prioritizing this group is
vital to the improvement of overall unemployment.
Tackling youth unemployment is not something Spain can do on its own. The
European Union, as a whole, needs to provide assistance to Spain and address it across
the entire EU. As of 2015, there were still 7.5 million young Europeans who were
without jobs, without school and without training. One measure the Commission is taking
17 “Europe 2020 in Spain,” The European Commission, (2015).
18 The European Commission, (2015).

15. 15
is to promote job mobility, to encourage youth to travel throughout the EU to countries
where there may be more jobs or training opportunities available. Of course, this is only a
short -term solution as their home countries should be able to offer these same
opportunities in the long run. In 2013, all EU member states signed “The Youth
Guarantee,” a promise to invest in youth. The Guarantee entails youth to be enabled to
find jobs suited to their level of education, skill and experience or the opportunity to
acquire the necessary education, skills or training in order to get a job or apprenticeship.
This Guarantee provides grounds for structural reform measures in both the long and
short term. It seeks to establish structures, measures and processes to be able to offer the
unemployed youth a way forward, a way to become integrated within the economy and
labor market and to enhance access to a job for not only Spain’s youth but also to
enhance the access to the labor market for all of the EU’s youth.19
As The Youth
Guarantee is a new adoption by the EU countries, it is still playing out and its effects are
yet to be significantly felt.
Getting the youth working and tackling overall unemployment is not an easy task
and there is no one simple solution. As this paper has addressed, unemployment is an
issue for Spain and other parts of the EU. The Spanish economy and the unemployment
rate have considerable consequences for the entire Union and puts a significant financial
burden on the Eurozone, thus it is an issue that needs collective assistance in addressing.
The high rates of youth unemployment have had dire implications for the EU and for
Spain. There has been a rise in radical politics across the EU, an increased level of
Eurosceptisim and Spain has seen a greater push by Catalonia for independence. Despite
19 “Addressing Youth Unemployment in the EU,” The European Commission, (2015).

16. 16
the Spanish economy improving and unemployment slowly decreasing, the rate at which
it is doing so is not rapid enough. Through reform and strict structural measures, there is
hope that Spain can hasten its improvement of the dire situation in which it finds itself,
and give hope to its youngest, brightest and most promising members of its labor force.

17. 17
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