1) Sweden's economy has grown strongly during the recovery, with GDP growth of 5.5% in 2010 and projected growth over 3% in 2011, while unemployment falls, in contrast to struggles in other European countries.
2) Key factors in Sweden's success include a strong commitment to sound public finances through budget surpluses and spending controls, reforms that increased labor market participation by making work pay, and pro-growth structural reforms to markets, education, and pensions.
3) While challenges remain, such as high unemployment among some groups, Sweden's cultural values of tolerance, equality, and social cohesion have supported reforms and a generous welfare system that protects individuals amid economic changes.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
The document is a 2014 economic survey of Portugal by the OECD that finds:
1) Fundamental reforms have helped Portugal emerge from recession, but unemployment remains high and full recovery is still a work in progress.
2) Exports are growing but productivity and competitiveness need further improvement to strengthen the recovery.
3) Public debt is declining but corporate and household debt remain too high, and poverty has increased, especially among children.
4) Further reforms are recommended in areas like services regulation, education, research and development, and the social safety net.
The Western Balkan economies face many common problems including high unemployment, especially among youth, widespread corruption, and inefficient public sector management. All have seen economic impacts from the European crisis due to integrated markets. Unemployment is extremely high in many countries, especially long-term and youth unemployment. Public finances are poorly managed with unrealistically optimistic budgeting and growing debt. Reforms have been slow despite EU integration goals for the region. Youth unemployment needs to be addressed to prevent further issues related to visa liberalization.
The document summarizes key points from the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Mexico. It finds that GDP growth has been relatively low and poverty and inequality remain high in Mexico. The Pacto por Mexico reforms, if fully implemented, could raise productivity, living standards, and GDP growth by 1% annually by reducing informality, poverty, and inequality. Additional reforms in areas like the judiciary, labor markets, and increasing female participation could boost GDP growth by another 1%. The document recommends strengthening rule of law, reducing corruption and income inequalities, improving education equity and access to healthcare to maximize the benefits of reforms.
A presentation of the main findings and recommendations of the OECD Economic Survey of Spain 2014 launched 8 September 2014 in Madrid, Spain.
Structural reforms (labour market, banking, fiscal) have put the economy on the road to recovery.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States. It discusses recommendations related to strengthening economic growth through tax reform and financial stability policies, improving well-being through better jobs and work-life balance, and managing new energy resources while addressing climate change. Specifically, it notes that while the US recovery has been stronger than other OECD countries, long-term growth may be slowed by population aging. It recommends comprehensive tax reform and policies to promote financial stability. It also recommends improving job quality, expanding paid family leave, and developing regulations for hydraulic fracturing to balance energy production with environmental protection.
1) Japan has faced sluggish economic growth and declining potential growth over the past decades, which has left living standards below many other OECD countries. Public debt has risen to 226% of GDP while the population is shrinking.
2) Structural reforms are needed to boost growth, including increasing female labor participation, international trade engagement, private R&D investment, and improving productivity in services. Reforms are also required to reduce debt through fiscal consolidation and control of social spending.
3) Key policy recommendations include implementing Abenomics, reducing debt as the top priority, continuing monetary easing, boosting potential growth through structural reforms, and improving social programs through better targeting.
can-pro-growth-policies-lift-all-boats-structural-reforms-and-income-distribu...OECD, Economics Department
This document discusses how economic growth has been associated with rising inequality across OECD countries since the 1980s. While GDP per capita and average incomes were expected to rise together, growth has disproportionately benefited those at the top of the income distribution. Structural reforms can impact GDP and household incomes differently, with some reforms lifting lower incomes more than GDP. Reforms to labor markets, product markets, education, and tax systems present opportunities for policies that promote both long-term growth and more equitable income distribution. However, some reforms like tightening unemployment benefits could present tradeoffs between equity and growth goals.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
The document is a 2014 economic survey of Portugal by the OECD that finds:
1) Fundamental reforms have helped Portugal emerge from recession, but unemployment remains high and full recovery is still a work in progress.
2) Exports are growing but productivity and competitiveness need further improvement to strengthen the recovery.
3) Public debt is declining but corporate and household debt remain too high, and poverty has increased, especially among children.
4) Further reforms are recommended in areas like services regulation, education, research and development, and the social safety net.
The Western Balkan economies face many common problems including high unemployment, especially among youth, widespread corruption, and inefficient public sector management. All have seen economic impacts from the European crisis due to integrated markets. Unemployment is extremely high in many countries, especially long-term and youth unemployment. Public finances are poorly managed with unrealistically optimistic budgeting and growing debt. Reforms have been slow despite EU integration goals for the region. Youth unemployment needs to be addressed to prevent further issues related to visa liberalization.
The document summarizes key points from the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Mexico. It finds that GDP growth has been relatively low and poverty and inequality remain high in Mexico. The Pacto por Mexico reforms, if fully implemented, could raise productivity, living standards, and GDP growth by 1% annually by reducing informality, poverty, and inequality. Additional reforms in areas like the judiciary, labor markets, and increasing female participation could boost GDP growth by another 1%. The document recommends strengthening rule of law, reducing corruption and income inequalities, improving education equity and access to healthcare to maximize the benefits of reforms.
A presentation of the main findings and recommendations of the OECD Economic Survey of Spain 2014 launched 8 September 2014 in Madrid, Spain.
Structural reforms (labour market, banking, fiscal) have put the economy on the road to recovery.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States. It discusses recommendations related to strengthening economic growth through tax reform and financial stability policies, improving well-being through better jobs and work-life balance, and managing new energy resources while addressing climate change. Specifically, it notes that while the US recovery has been stronger than other OECD countries, long-term growth may be slowed by population aging. It recommends comprehensive tax reform and policies to promote financial stability. It also recommends improving job quality, expanding paid family leave, and developing regulations for hydraulic fracturing to balance energy production with environmental protection.
1) Japan has faced sluggish economic growth and declining potential growth over the past decades, which has left living standards below many other OECD countries. Public debt has risen to 226% of GDP while the population is shrinking.
2) Structural reforms are needed to boost growth, including increasing female labor participation, international trade engagement, private R&D investment, and improving productivity in services. Reforms are also required to reduce debt through fiscal consolidation and control of social spending.
3) Key policy recommendations include implementing Abenomics, reducing debt as the top priority, continuing monetary easing, boosting potential growth through structural reforms, and improving social programs through better targeting.
can-pro-growth-policies-lift-all-boats-structural-reforms-and-income-distribu...OECD, Economics Department
This document discusses how economic growth has been associated with rising inequality across OECD countries since the 1980s. While GDP per capita and average incomes were expected to rise together, growth has disproportionately benefited those at the top of the income distribution. Structural reforms can impact GDP and household incomes differently, with some reforms lifting lower incomes more than GDP. Reforms to labor markets, product markets, education, and tax systems present opportunities for policies that promote both long-term growth and more equitable income distribution. However, some reforms like tightening unemployment benefits could present tradeoffs between equity and growth goals.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Swedbank Analysis: The fiscal stance in LatviaSwedbank
- The Latvian government must undertake fiscal consolidation to eliminate structural deficits and return to a sustainable budget path. This requires deep restructuring of both expenditures and revenues through measures like optimizing the public sector and changing the tax system.
- Currently Latvia's tax system is not well-balanced and distorts the economy. It relies too heavily on taxes like income tax that are vulnerable to evasion. The tax system needs reforms to broaden the base and shift more to consumption taxes that are harder to evade.
- Public sector operations also need optimization to reduce long-term expenditures while supporting short-term restructuring. The focus of budget plans should be on achieving sustainable public finances rather than just meeting fiscal targets.
The document summarizes an OECD Economic Survey of Spain. It finds that while the Spanish economy has returned to growth following recession, the key challenge is to boost growth and reduce unemployment significantly through productivity and competitiveness gains. This will require reducing public and private debt, improving labor market policies, and reforms to promote business entry and growth. The survey recommends continuing fiscal consolidation, shifting taxes from labor to consumption, improving insolvency procedures, strengthening active labor market policies, raising innovation quality, and further developing the business sector.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Iceland that makes the following key points:
1) Iceland's economy is recovering steadily thanks to currency depreciation, a tourism boom, and higher consumer income and lower household debt.
2) Unemployment is low, life satisfaction is high, and wage inequality is relatively low in Iceland compared to other OECD countries.
3) The government plans to lift capital controls, which will help return Iceland to global capital markets, but macroeconomic stability will need to be maintained to prevent disorderly capital outflows.
4) Challenges remain in ensuring long-term fiscal sustainability, reviving productivity growth which has stalled, reducing barriers to entrepreneurship,
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Norway finds that while Norway has a very high GDP per capita and levels of well-being, the economy faces challenges from its dependence on oil exports. The recent fall in oil prices highlighted Norway's economic vulnerabilities. To rebalance the economy, the survey recommends continuing prudent fiscal policies, boosting structural policies in areas like higher education and rural economies, improving public spending efficiency, and shifting agricultural support away from subsidies toward broader rural development.
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Greece document analyzes the impact of the economic crisis in Greece and the reforms undertaken. It finds that:
1) The crisis hit Greece hard, with poverty, youth poverty, unemployment, public debt, and financing needs sharply increasing while life satisfaction dropped.
2) Many reforms have been undertaken in areas like labor markets and fiscal policy, and the economy is slowly turning around with exports and GDP gradually improving.
3) However, further structural reforms are needed to strengthen tax administration, pensions, SME access to finance, product markets, regulation, infrastructure, and contract enforcement in order to boost inclusive growth, reduce debt, and improve well-being.
Latvia implemented an internal devaluation strategy in response to the global financial crisis rather than using exchange rate devaluation. This involved pro-cyclical fiscal policies like tax increases and government spending cuts to reduce wages and prices. While Latvia's GDP has grown since 2010, some economists are skeptical this can be sustained due to weak private investment and consumption from high debt levels. Latvia's economic growth remains heavily reliant on net trade exports.
Presentation of the OECD Territorial Review of the Netherlands, The Hague, Ne...OECD Governance
Presentation of the OECD Territorial Review of the Netherlands, The Hague, Netherlands, 24nd April, 2014. Presented by Enrique Garcilazo, David Bartolini & Isabelle Chatry from the OECD's Public Governance and Territorial Development directorate. More information on this publication can be found at www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/territorial-review-netherlands.htm
The global economy is stuck in a low growth trap according to the OECD Economic Outlook. Growth has declined in many advanced and emerging market economies. Productivity growth has also slowed and inequality has risen as wages are growing more slowly than productivity. Comprehensive collective action is needed including using fiscal policy to boost public investment while interest rates remain low, as well as structural reforms to increase productivity, wages, and equality. Monetary policy alone cannot break the global economy out of its low growth situation and may become overburdened.
1. The economic cycle refers to short-run fluctuations in national output (real GDP) around its long-term trend. It includes periods of boom, slowdown, recession, and recovery.
2. A recession is defined as at least six months of falling output across the economy. It can cause rising unemployment, falling business profits, and declining tax revenues.
3. Estimating the output gap, which is the difference between actual GDP and potential GDP, is difficult but important for understanding inflationary pressures and spare capacity in the economy. A negative output gap indicates unused resources while a positive gap risks inflation.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Finland. It finds that reviving productivity and increasing employment are essential for Finland's economy given weak growth, rising debt, and the highest government spending in the OECD. Productivity growth has stalled across industries, though this is a common trend. Unemployment is higher in Finland than other Nordic countries. The document recommends reforms to streamline product market regulations, shift taxes, and boost cooperation between businesses and universities to increase innovation and productivity. It also suggests stepping up activation policies for unemployment benefits and reducing incentives for early retirement to raise employment.
Highlights from the 2014 edition of the OECD's Sovereign Borrowing Outlook. This includes gross borrowing requirements, net borrowing requirements, central government marketable debt, funding strategies and instruments and distribution channels.
Find out more information at http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/public-debt/oecdsovereignborrowingoutlook.htm
United States 2016 OECD Economic Survey unleashing productivity and expanding...OECD, Economics Department
The document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the United States. It finds that while the US recovery has strengthened and unemployment has returned to pre-crisis levels, productivity growth and business dynamism have slowed. It notes rising inequality and recommends boosting infrastructure investment, strengthening competition policies, and expanding programs to help displaced workers and reduce social disparities to make economic growth more inclusive and sustainable.
Euro area-european-union-enhancing-european-cooperation-oecd-economic-survey-...OECD, Economics Department
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the European Union and Euro Area finds that while macroeconomic policies have become more supportive, demand remains weak and unemployment is very high. It recommends that countries with fiscal space boost growth through budget support, and that monetary policy stay accommodative. It also suggests speeding up the resolution of non-performing loans, promoting non-bank financing, increasing public investment, reducing regulatory burdens, and enhancing labor mobility through increased recognition of qualifications and portability of pensions. Structural reforms across these areas could significantly increase EU GDP.
This document summarizes the Chief Economist's discussion of policy challenges facing the global economy in areas such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, and growth. It notes that while policymakers have successfully managed the crisis, challenges remain in areas like withdrawing monetary stimulus, reducing government debt, and rebalancing global growth. Overall economic growth is expected to be slow over the next few years. Coordinated, realistic policies across many levels will be needed to avoid future crises and promote sustainable growth.
The document discusses the relationship between finance, growth, and inequality. It finds that while finance can boost growth by allocating capital efficiently, too much finance through excessive deregulation or too-big-to-fail guarantees can harm growth. Increases in bank lending were found to have a more negative link to growth than other types of debt. The expansion of finance has also been linked to rising income inequality as the financial sector disproportionately benefits higher income groups through wages and access to credit. The document advocates policies like restricting too-big-to-fail subsidies and implementing macroprudential regulation to achieve healthy financial systems that support inclusive growth.
Courtney Testa seeks an internship in the television industry with experience in production, editing, camera operation, and social media promotion from internships at NBC Universal, Penn State TV stations, and a local radio station. She has a 3.94 GPA in Broadcast Journalism from Penn State University and won a College Television Award for a reality show.
Reference Dmitri Osipov InfoMarex TranslationsDmitriuso
Dmitri Mikhailovich Osipov has worked as a freelance translator for Infomarex Translations since March 2010, translating commercial texts from English to Russian as well as French and Spanish to Russian. Michael McCann, the director of Infomarex Translations, provides this reference letter to confirm Dmitri's excellent translation work, which is always delivered on time and to the highest standards of accuracy and quality. McCann gives this reference without reservation and recommends Dmitri's translation work.
Este documento presenta la clase de inglés de primavera 2015. Incluye el calendario académico, los requisitos de la clase, el trabajo académico que incluye el libro de texto y las unidades, la composición de la nota final basada en evaluaciones orales y escritas, y el portafolio que los estudiantes deben completar. El profesor enfatiza la puntualidad, participación, y desarrollo de habilidades para la comunicación y el trabajo en equipo, que son importantes para el éxito profesional.
Roy P.L has over 13 years of experience in office administration and public relations roles in Dubai. He is currently seeking a new position and provides a summary of his relevant work history and responsibilities. His past roles include office administrator for Pact Engineering Co from 2009-2015 where he handled tasks like payroll, visa processing, and document management. Previously, he worked as a public relations officer from 2006-2008 and as a transport coordinator from 2003-2006. He provides details of his educational qualifications and technical skills to support his job application.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Swedbank Analysis: The fiscal stance in LatviaSwedbank
- The Latvian government must undertake fiscal consolidation to eliminate structural deficits and return to a sustainable budget path. This requires deep restructuring of both expenditures and revenues through measures like optimizing the public sector and changing the tax system.
- Currently Latvia's tax system is not well-balanced and distorts the economy. It relies too heavily on taxes like income tax that are vulnerable to evasion. The tax system needs reforms to broaden the base and shift more to consumption taxes that are harder to evade.
- Public sector operations also need optimization to reduce long-term expenditures while supporting short-term restructuring. The focus of budget plans should be on achieving sustainable public finances rather than just meeting fiscal targets.
The document summarizes an OECD Economic Survey of Spain. It finds that while the Spanish economy has returned to growth following recession, the key challenge is to boost growth and reduce unemployment significantly through productivity and competitiveness gains. This will require reducing public and private debt, improving labor market policies, and reforms to promote business entry and growth. The survey recommends continuing fiscal consolidation, shifting taxes from labor to consumption, improving insolvency procedures, strengthening active labor market policies, raising innovation quality, and further developing the business sector.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Iceland that makes the following key points:
1) Iceland's economy is recovering steadily thanks to currency depreciation, a tourism boom, and higher consumer income and lower household debt.
2) Unemployment is low, life satisfaction is high, and wage inequality is relatively low in Iceland compared to other OECD countries.
3) The government plans to lift capital controls, which will help return Iceland to global capital markets, but macroeconomic stability will need to be maintained to prevent disorderly capital outflows.
4) Challenges remain in ensuring long-term fiscal sustainability, reviving productivity growth which has stalled, reducing barriers to entrepreneurship,
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Norway finds that while Norway has a very high GDP per capita and levels of well-being, the economy faces challenges from its dependence on oil exports. The recent fall in oil prices highlighted Norway's economic vulnerabilities. To rebalance the economy, the survey recommends continuing prudent fiscal policies, boosting structural policies in areas like higher education and rural economies, improving public spending efficiency, and shifting agricultural support away from subsidies toward broader rural development.
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Greece document analyzes the impact of the economic crisis in Greece and the reforms undertaken. It finds that:
1) The crisis hit Greece hard, with poverty, youth poverty, unemployment, public debt, and financing needs sharply increasing while life satisfaction dropped.
2) Many reforms have been undertaken in areas like labor markets and fiscal policy, and the economy is slowly turning around with exports and GDP gradually improving.
3) However, further structural reforms are needed to strengthen tax administration, pensions, SME access to finance, product markets, regulation, infrastructure, and contract enforcement in order to boost inclusive growth, reduce debt, and improve well-being.
Latvia implemented an internal devaluation strategy in response to the global financial crisis rather than using exchange rate devaluation. This involved pro-cyclical fiscal policies like tax increases and government spending cuts to reduce wages and prices. While Latvia's GDP has grown since 2010, some economists are skeptical this can be sustained due to weak private investment and consumption from high debt levels. Latvia's economic growth remains heavily reliant on net trade exports.
Presentation of the OECD Territorial Review of the Netherlands, The Hague, Ne...OECD Governance
Presentation of the OECD Territorial Review of the Netherlands, The Hague, Netherlands, 24nd April, 2014. Presented by Enrique Garcilazo, David Bartolini & Isabelle Chatry from the OECD's Public Governance and Territorial Development directorate. More information on this publication can be found at www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/territorial-review-netherlands.htm
The global economy is stuck in a low growth trap according to the OECD Economic Outlook. Growth has declined in many advanced and emerging market economies. Productivity growth has also slowed and inequality has risen as wages are growing more slowly than productivity. Comprehensive collective action is needed including using fiscal policy to boost public investment while interest rates remain low, as well as structural reforms to increase productivity, wages, and equality. Monetary policy alone cannot break the global economy out of its low growth situation and may become overburdened.
1. The economic cycle refers to short-run fluctuations in national output (real GDP) around its long-term trend. It includes periods of boom, slowdown, recession, and recovery.
2. A recession is defined as at least six months of falling output across the economy. It can cause rising unemployment, falling business profits, and declining tax revenues.
3. Estimating the output gap, which is the difference between actual GDP and potential GDP, is difficult but important for understanding inflationary pressures and spare capacity in the economy. A negative output gap indicates unused resources while a positive gap risks inflation.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Finland. It finds that reviving productivity and increasing employment are essential for Finland's economy given weak growth, rising debt, and the highest government spending in the OECD. Productivity growth has stalled across industries, though this is a common trend. Unemployment is higher in Finland than other Nordic countries. The document recommends reforms to streamline product market regulations, shift taxes, and boost cooperation between businesses and universities to increase innovation and productivity. It also suggests stepping up activation policies for unemployment benefits and reducing incentives for early retirement to raise employment.
Highlights from the 2014 edition of the OECD's Sovereign Borrowing Outlook. This includes gross borrowing requirements, net borrowing requirements, central government marketable debt, funding strategies and instruments and distribution channels.
Find out more information at http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/public-debt/oecdsovereignborrowingoutlook.htm
United States 2016 OECD Economic Survey unleashing productivity and expanding...OECD, Economics Department
The document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the United States. It finds that while the US recovery has strengthened and unemployment has returned to pre-crisis levels, productivity growth and business dynamism have slowed. It notes rising inequality and recommends boosting infrastructure investment, strengthening competition policies, and expanding programs to help displaced workers and reduce social disparities to make economic growth more inclusive and sustainable.
Euro area-european-union-enhancing-european-cooperation-oecd-economic-survey-...OECD, Economics Department
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the European Union and Euro Area finds that while macroeconomic policies have become more supportive, demand remains weak and unemployment is very high. It recommends that countries with fiscal space boost growth through budget support, and that monetary policy stay accommodative. It also suggests speeding up the resolution of non-performing loans, promoting non-bank financing, increasing public investment, reducing regulatory burdens, and enhancing labor mobility through increased recognition of qualifications and portability of pensions. Structural reforms across these areas could significantly increase EU GDP.
This document summarizes the Chief Economist's discussion of policy challenges facing the global economy in areas such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, and growth. It notes that while policymakers have successfully managed the crisis, challenges remain in areas like withdrawing monetary stimulus, reducing government debt, and rebalancing global growth. Overall economic growth is expected to be slow over the next few years. Coordinated, realistic policies across many levels will be needed to avoid future crises and promote sustainable growth.
The document discusses the relationship between finance, growth, and inequality. It finds that while finance can boost growth by allocating capital efficiently, too much finance through excessive deregulation or too-big-to-fail guarantees can harm growth. Increases in bank lending were found to have a more negative link to growth than other types of debt. The expansion of finance has also been linked to rising income inequality as the financial sector disproportionately benefits higher income groups through wages and access to credit. The document advocates policies like restricting too-big-to-fail subsidies and implementing macroprudential regulation to achieve healthy financial systems that support inclusive growth.
Courtney Testa seeks an internship in the television industry with experience in production, editing, camera operation, and social media promotion from internships at NBC Universal, Penn State TV stations, and a local radio station. She has a 3.94 GPA in Broadcast Journalism from Penn State University and won a College Television Award for a reality show.
Reference Dmitri Osipov InfoMarex TranslationsDmitriuso
Dmitri Mikhailovich Osipov has worked as a freelance translator for Infomarex Translations since March 2010, translating commercial texts from English to Russian as well as French and Spanish to Russian. Michael McCann, the director of Infomarex Translations, provides this reference letter to confirm Dmitri's excellent translation work, which is always delivered on time and to the highest standards of accuracy and quality. McCann gives this reference without reservation and recommends Dmitri's translation work.
Este documento presenta la clase de inglés de primavera 2015. Incluye el calendario académico, los requisitos de la clase, el trabajo académico que incluye el libro de texto y las unidades, la composición de la nota final basada en evaluaciones orales y escritas, y el portafolio que los estudiantes deben completar. El profesor enfatiza la puntualidad, participación, y desarrollo de habilidades para la comunicación y el trabajo en equipo, que son importantes para el éxito profesional.
Roy P.L has over 13 years of experience in office administration and public relations roles in Dubai. He is currently seeking a new position and provides a summary of his relevant work history and responsibilities. His past roles include office administrator for Pact Engineering Co from 2009-2015 where he handled tasks like payroll, visa processing, and document management. Previously, he worked as a public relations officer from 2006-2008 and as a transport coordinator from 2003-2006. He provides details of his educational qualifications and technical skills to support his job application.
Este documento resume el prólogo de un libro sobre matemática dirigido a niños. Describe la experiencia del autor al dar una charla sobre resolución de problemas matemáticos a 400 estudiantes de primaria. Los niños participaron activamente tratando de resolver los problemas y disfrutaron del desafío intelectual. El autor se sintió gratificado al ver que los estudiantes habían resuelto previamente uno de los problemas en clase.
Klepon adalah kue tradisional Indonesia yang terbuat dari ketan yang diisi gula merah lalu direbus. Klepon berasal dari Jawa Tengah dan sering disajikan bersama cemilan lain. Klepon melambangkan kesederhanaan namun memiliki rasa manis di dalamnya, serta menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan memerlukan proses dan tidak bisa sendirian.
This document discusses Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. It provides background on how Walt Disney World developed from a single attraction into a destination resort with multiple theme parks. The document also analyzes Walt Disney World's external environment using a PESTEL framework and internal environment through a SWOT analysis. Some of the key points covered include Walt Disney World's mission statement, its economic and environmental impact on Florida, its use of cutting-edge technology, and the low threat of new competitors entering the theme park industry.
Aquí os dejamos la sexta entrega del Boletín CONECT@SSIDO, donde encontrareis algunas de las noticias más destacadas del primer semestre.
A partir de septiembre dispondréis de la versión en papel en los centros de Murcia y Casillas.
¡FELICES VACACIONES!
I became a nurse to help people and promote a healthy lifestyle. 17 years into the profession I felt I was mainly caring for people only when some kind of sickness or ailment set in. I made a choice to change my focus and help people live exceptional lives through small simple changes that will leave a significant long term positive impact on them and their families.
Swedbank Economic Outlook 29 September 2009Swedbank
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Savremeni trendovi i kvalitet u upravljanju ljudskim resursimaDejan Jeremic
The document discusses promoting entrepreneurship and self-employment as an opportunity for unemployed youth. It notes high youth unemployment in Europe and describes Slovenia's economic challenges and declining demographics. Self-employment programs can help unemployed youth start businesses, though over 23,000 participated in Slovenia's 2007-2013 self-employment subsidy with uncertain effectiveness due to a lack of program evaluation culture. Promoting entrepreneurship through supportive environments and active labor market policies is important to create jobs and exit unemployment.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
2014.03.18 - NAEC Seminar_Assessing the vulnerabilities of social institution...OECD_NAEC
This document summarizes a presentation on the social impacts of the economic crisis and policy responses. It discusses how the crisis widened income gaps and increased poverty and financial hardship. While governments initially increased social spending, fiscal pressures later led many to implement spending cuts. This compromised the effectiveness of social policies at a time when more support was needed. The presentation argues for policies that cushion income losses, support self-sufficiency, and prioritize social investments to avoid high future costs. Social policies need to adapt to economic cycles to maintain their effectiveness during times of both growth and crisis.
This document summarizes key points from an OECD Economic Survey of Austria in 2015. It finds that while growth has stalled and unemployment is rising, productivity is weak in many services. Key policy recommendations include continuing banking sector reforms, reducing taxes for low-income workers, increasing retirement ages, reducing barriers to competition in services, and fostering gender equality. Gender equality could boost growth by increasing labor force participation and human capital, as Austria has a high gender pay gap and uneven distribution of family responsibilities.
The Icelandic financial crisis from 2007-2011 was one of the largest banking collapses in history relative to the country's size. Iceland's three major privately owned banks grew to over 10 times the size of Iceland's GDP through risky lending practices. When the global financial crisis hit in 2008 and Iceland's currency depreciated severely, the banks collapsed and had to be nationalized. Iceland was able to recover through loans from other Nordic countries and an IMF program, and has since experienced strong economic growth. However, the crisis was caused by a perfect storm of factors, including a volatile inflation rate, risky foreign borrowing by the banks, and conflicts of interest between the banks' owners and managers.
Swedbank Economic Outlook - 2010, September 21Swedbank
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Lao PDR: Public Expenditure Mangement Review 2008Jean-Marc Lepain
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OECD: Going for Growth Interim Report 2016
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“Going for Growth” offers a comprehensive assessment to help governments reflecting on how policy reforms might affect their citizens’ well-being, and to design policy packages that best meet their objectives. The Going for Growth framework is instrumental in helping G20 countries to monitor their efforts to fulfill the pledge made in 2014 to boost their combined gross domestic product (GDP) by 2%, and to adapt their growth strategies accordingly.
Slides from the Nevin Economic Research Institute's post Budget seminar. Speakers Michelle Murphy (Social Justice Ireland), Cormac Staunton (TASC) and Michael Taft (UNITE)
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The document discusses Saint Lucia's economic situation from 2008-2013. It notes that:
1) During the global financial crisis in 2008-2009, Saint Lucia's private consumption dropped significantly but the administration kept a current surplus through prudent spending.
2) The economy recovered in 2010-2011, with private consumption and revenues increasing, though current surpluses decreased due to recovery programs.
3) In 2012 under a new administration, private consumption drastically dropped due to fear-mongering about economic problems, implementation of VAT, and increased spending on unproductive programs. This led to deficits.
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Global Powers of Consumer Products 2014
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (DTTL) is
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For more information:
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_mb.shtml
Similar to %22The Rock Star of the Recovery%22 Berggren article on Swedish economic performance (20)
Monthly Briefing on the World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP), No. 62
%22The Rock Star of the Recovery%22 Berggren article on Swedish economic performance
1. Fall 2011 The Ambassadors REVIEW35
“The Rock Star of the Recovery”:
Explaining Sweden’s Strong Economic Performance
Johan Berggren
Political Advisor to the Swedish Ministry of Finance
urope is beset by economic and financial risks: uneven and in many cases
slow growth, high unemployment, weak public finances, jittery financial
markets, and popular dissatisfaction with consolidation schemes. The sover-
eign debt crisis afflicting several southern and peripheral Euro-economies exemplifies
Europe’s current travails.
Amidst these dark clouds of uncertainty over Europe, the Swedish economy is
powering ahead. GDP grew by 5.5 percent in 2010—among the highest in the entire
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)—and is projected to
increase by well over three percent this year. Employment is set to grow by over two
percent in 2011 and while unemployment is still too high at over seven percent, it is
falling. While other countries struggle with deficits of five to ten percent of GDP and debt
levels approaching 100 percent, Sweden will achieve a budget surplus this year and debt
will fall below 40 percent.
Though significant challenges remain, these economic data have led to Sweden
recently being described as Europe’s “north star”1
and “tiger economy”2
as well as “the
rock star of the recovery.”3
At the World Economic Forum discussions in Davos in January
this year, the Nordic model was lauded for combining efficiency and equality. This
renewed attention for the Nordic or Swedish economic model is reminiscent of the interest
that it first generated in the 1960s, but given the passage of time and structural changes, it
is now more fitting to speak—in the words of Swedish Minister for Finance Anders
Borg—of a Swedish model 2.0.
What explains the success of the Swedish economy? At least four main factors can
be identified.
First, a strong commitment to sound public finances, including a robust fiscal
policy framework, has been crucial for Sweden’s economic fortunes. A responsible fiscal
policy in the good years before the crisis, including a surplus of over three percent in 2007,
placed Sweden, in contrast to most other countries, in a strong position, entering the down-
turn. The government could therefore pursue an expansive—but still responsible—fiscal
policy during the crisis, and let extensive automatic stabilizers work.
1
“The Swedish Economy: North Star,” The Economist, 9 June 2011.
2
From Ecofin Council discussions, January 2011.
3
“Five Economic Lessons from Sweden, The Rock Star of the Recovery,” The Washington Post, 24 June
2011.
E
2. Fall 2011 The Ambassadors REVIEW36
The fiscal policy framework, with a surplus target of one percent of GDP over the
business cycle, a multi-annual expenditure ceiling, a statutory balanced budget requirement
for local government, and a centralized, top-down budget process, remains a cornerstone of
economic policy. The framework was introduced after the deep economic recession of the
early 1990s, which in part reflected the weak fiscal institutions previously in place.
The surplus, in fact, has been on average just over one percent since 2000, and the
expenditure ceiling has never been breached. Given the credibility of government fiscal
policy, households and firms have not had to adjust investment and consumption decisions.
Most importantly, Sweden has avoided the tax increases and the cuts to public services,
which are now occurring across the OECD and which almost always harm the poor the
most.
Equally important has been the goal of moving people from social exclusion into
work by making work pay again, which is at the heart of the current center-right
government’s economic agenda. When elected in 2006, nearly a fifth of the working age
population was outside the labor market and faced very high marginal tax rates. To help
this group back into employment, benefit systems have been reformed and income taxes
have been reduced substantially, particularly for low- and middle-income earners—through
the introduction of earned income tax credits—thus making it more worthwhile to work.
These and other changes have helped people escape poverty traps and make the
labor market function more effectively. The time lost due to sick leave has fallen by nearly
two weeks per year. Moreover, employment is now growing faster than in many other
OECD countries and total employment is nearing an all-time high, despite the financial
crisis. Labor force participation is rising steadily, while unemployment is declining.
Third, a number of pro-growth structural reforms since the early 1990s have
contributed to a more efficient economy. Markets have been deregulated, state-owned
companies sold, competition introduced in health care and education—through school
vouchers—and the pension system has been made demographically sustainable. The
wealth and inheritance taxes have been abolished, while entrepreneurship as well as
research and development have been stimulated.
Fourth, the government has focused on improving the educational system and the
plight of groups with weak employment prospects. Reforming education has been an
obvious priority given declining results and the importance of high quality schooling and
vocational training in equipping individuals for the modern economy. Major changes to
primary and secondary schools have been introduced, including report cards for younger
students, improved curricula and teacher training, and more teaching hours. Employer
costs have been cut, both in general and specifically for those companies that hire workers
who have been unemployed for long periods, thus making those workers more attractive.
Other labor tax wedges have also been addressed.
These reforms, targeting both the demand and supply side of the economy, in
conjunction with active labor market policies, have served to help long-term unemployed
3. Fall 2011 The Ambassadors REVIEW37
and other marginalized groups establish themselves in the labor market, which has been
the central goal of government policy. Social exclusion, defined as the share of population
in various social welfare programs, has already fallen to the lowest levels since the early
1990s and is projected to continue declining.
The accomplishments of the Swedish model 2.0 to a considerable extent also reflect
various socio-economic and cultural traits inherent to Sweden and Scandinavia. Tolerance
and economic openness are two values that have underpinned our long and staunch support
for free trade, which has allowed Swedish companies to grow and prosper and, even in
some cases, become world-leading.
Another significant feature is the value placed on social cohesion, which is
illustrated by Sweden having very small income inequalities and a generous welfare state,
which provides citizens with high-quality health care, education, pensions, and many other
services. However, the social benefit systems are designed to protect people, not jobs, and
hence help individuals to transition into new industries in the wake of globalization and
economic changes.
Swedish society also values gender equality highly. While complete equality still
eludes us, with women earning less than men and doing more of the household work,
Swedish women are more active politically, economically, and socially than in most other
countries. Both the Swedish parliament and government typically have nearly equal
representation of men and women. The female employment rate, though lower than the
male rate, is among the highest in the European Union at over 70 percent, and higher than
the average male rate in the Union. Affordable and readily available child care is part of
the explanation as are public attitudes favoring female participation in the work place.
In spite of the progress made, Sweden cannot afford to rest on its laurels.
Challenges abound, both domestically and internationally. For the Swedish economy, two
of the most pressing concern the labor market and the educational system. Far too many
people, particularly among young workers, immigrants, and those without a high school
diploma, lack jobs. Additional reforms to increase participation and employment rates,
including further tax cuts for low-income earners, are therefore warranted, as indicated in
the government’s 2010 re-election manifesto.
With years of falling educational outcomes and high drop-out rates, the government
will remain focused on strengthening the school system. Given the increased importance of
human capital in driving growth, productivity, and innovation in the 21st
century economy,
the speedy and effective implementation of the aforementioned educational reforms is a
priority. Further changes may also be necessary. Moreover, higher education needs to
improve, in order to support world-class research and development.
Europe’s finance ministers have identified the precarious state of Europe’s public
finances, often referred to as the sovereign debt crisis, as perhaps the most serious interna-
tional challenge to economic stability. Large deficits and debts are worrying for several
reasons. As debt accumulates, risk premiums on government bonds rise, and countries
4. Fall 2011 The Ambassadors REVIEW38
have to spend ever-larger amounts servicing debt repayments, thus crowding out welfare
services and growth-generating investments. More generally, the uncertainty associated
with massive debt complicates economic policy making. Third, with deficits set to persist
well into the future, many countries risk being unable to pursue expansionary fiscal
policies or let automatic stabilizers work in the next down-turn. Fourth, Europe’s aging
populations, driven by low birth rates and rising life expectancy, will add further fiscal
pressure in the years to come.
Policymakers generally agree on the solution: serious, substantial, and sustained
fiscal consolidation, using all means available, including tax increases, expenditure
reductions, and pension reforms, such as increased retirement ages and limiting early
retirement. Economists also point to the importance of strengthened fiscal frameworks.
Credible and robust frameworks play a crucial role in safeguarding sound public finances,
as in the case of Sweden. Empirical evidence shows that countries with stronger fiscal
institutions achieve better outcomes, in terms of lower deficit and debt.
A second international challenge relates to European labor markets, which have
suffered greatly in the past few years, with tens of millions unemployed across the continent.
Member states, seeking to improve the prospects of the jobless by making work
more attractive, have several tools at their disposal. One option is to cut income taxes,
particularly for low-income groups, for example through the use of an Earned Income Tax
Credit, as in Sweden. Another option is to reform benefit systems, especially
unemployment insurance as well as sick leave and early retirement benefits, so as to
reward returning to work. Well-designed active labor market policies can also help
improve the functioning of labor markets. It is worth remembering, of course, that in many
countries the room for action is constrained by weak public finances.
Most economists would agree that increasing female participation and employment
is especially important—because it is good for the economy, individuals, and gender
equality. Data show that too many women are absent from the labor market: female
employment is 12 percentage points lower than male employment in Europe, and in some
countries below 50 percent. If women worked as much as men, GDP in the European
Union would be about 25 percent greater. Key factors in helping reduce the gender gap in
employment include better and more affordable child care and stronger economic
incentives to work, which involves reducing the marginal tax rates facing women in the
work place and eliminating unfair pay differences between men and women.
A third international challenge concerns the financial system, a system whose
health and efficiency is crucial for economic growth and stability. It is well known that the
financial crisis grew out of an insufficient, incomplete and uneven regulatory landscape as
well as unsustainable and reckless behavior among actors in the financial system. The need
for new, stronger rules and institutions has therefore been a cornerstone in strengthening
crisis prevention mechanisms in Europe.
5. Fall 2011 The Ambassadors REVIEW39
The European Union has worked for greater regulation and the creation of powerful
new European financial market supervisors to minimize the likelihood of costly public
interventions and to secure financial stability. New common rules that promote a sound
and sustainable long-term development of banks and prevent unhealthy compensation
schemes were therefore introduced, yet more remains to be done.
In conclusion, Sweden is currently an outlier in the European economic landscape,
with strong growth, improving labor markets, and sound public finances. The success of
the Swedish model 2.0 reflects a number of factors, including a commitment to strong
public finances, most clearly exemplified by a responsible fiscal policy and a robust fiscal
policy framework; an economic policy centered on making work pay and reducing social
exclusion; pro-growth structural reforms; and measures designed to improve education and
the employment prospects of disadvantaged groups. Underpinning these reforms is a set of
values allowing Sweden to embrace globalization and the modern economy, namely a
proclivity for social cohesion, free trade, tolerance, gender equality, and a welfare state
protecting people, not jobs.*
*
Editor’s Note: This piece is based on a presentation given by the author in June 2011.