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1) The document discusses a proposed Channel Bonding Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (CB-DBA) scheme for next generation passive optical networks. 2) The CB-DBA scheme is compared to existing DBA schemes and is shown to improve performance in terms of upstream delay and better bandwidth utilization at higher traffic loads. 3) Simulation results indicate that the CB-DBA scheme achieves bandwidth improvement, lower delay, and higher data rates compared to existing solutions.
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The document analyzes the system capacity and spectral efficiency of a fixed-grid optical network using different modulation formats. It simulates a fixed-grid network using polarization division multiplexing and transmits 100-200 Gbps data rates using PM-QPSK, PM-8QAM, and PM-16QAM modulation. The achieved spectral efficiencies were 2, 3, and 4 bits/s/Hz respectively. The modulation formats provided system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps, reaching transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 km with a bit error rate below 2x10-3. It examines the received optical power and bandwidth requirements for different modulations in a fixed grid
Novel evaluation framework for sensing spread spectrum in cognitive radio
The cognitive radio network is designed to cater to the optimization demands of restricted spectrum availability. A review of existing literature on spectrum sensing shows that there is still a broader scope for its improvement. Therefore, this paper introduces an efficient computational framework capable of evaluating the effectiveness of the spread spectrum concept in the context of cognitive radio network in a more scalable and granular way. The proposed method introduces a dual hypothesis using a different set of dependable parameters to emphasize the detection of optimal energy for a low signal quality state over the noise. The proposed evaluation framework is benchmarked using a statistical analysis method not present in any existing approaches toward spread spectrum sensing. The simulated outcome of the study exhibits that the proposed system offers a significantly better probability of detection than the current system using a simplified evaluation scheme with multiple test parameters.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid Network
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
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Syllabus
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Chapter 2
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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FINAL EXAM.pptx
- 1. 1 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for Next Generations- Passive Optical Networks with Channel Bonding Name of Scholar: ABDUL RAZAQUE Roll no TC-12(2019-20) Department Telecommunication Engineering Name of Supervisor: Dr. Rizwan Aslam Butt 8/22/2023 1
- 2. Introduction and Background of the research work Channel bonding is the key achievement in ITU sector to increase the peak rate of the NG-PON system Channel bonding combines multiple connections into single connection. Due to increase in customer demand an Optical Network Unit is provided with multiple wavelengths that operate on multiple channels. 8/22/2023 2
- 3. Motivation and Scope of Research • Channel bonding can deliver multiple channels of NG-PON technology over fiber • By Enabling channel bonding could achieve two main goals: i. Expanding double bandwidth to each subscribers or network location ii. Providing path to move from 10 Gbps to 40 Gbps and higher speeds without deploying any new technologies 8/22/2023 3
- 4. Related Work Title of paper Passive Optical Network Roadmap Authors Derek Nesset Journal/Conference Name IEEE/ OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking Main Contribution In this paper author Reviews services of all PON technologies upto the Next Generation PON Findings GPON is the successful technology that’s why adopted around the world to deliver FTTH services Limitations Any new PON technology may be more advantageous and target 5G Radio Access Network for future business services 8/22/2023 4
- 5. Related Work Title of paper Channel bonding for Next Generation-Passive Optical Network stage 2 Authors Liang Zhang, Y. Luo, Journal/Conference Name Int. Conf. Transparent Opt. Network Main Contribution Their contributions in channel bonding is to achieve high data rate transmission • They also minimize the end-to-end delay Findings • Results give high channel capacity • flexible bandwidth allocation with low cost 8/22/2023 5
- 6. Related Work Title of paper Channel bonding design for 100 Gbps PON based on FEC codeword Alignment Authors I. Gravalos, K. Yiannopoulos, G. Papadimitriou Journal/Conference Name IEEE 19th European Conference on Networks and Optical Communications - (NOC), 2014, Main Contribution He proposes a channel bonded system structure and algorithm for 100 Gbps PON Findings Proposed FEC codeword algorithm among four wavelength channels of 25 Gbps • Achieved high efficiency and low latency. 8/22/2023 6
- 7. Methodology 8/22/2023 7 Phase 01 Review of PON DBA scheme without channel bonding Phase 02 Detailed concept of Channel Bonding Narrowed Review of Channel bonding with DBA scheme Phase 03 • Implementation of DBA scheme with channel bonding • Simulation of CH-DBA in testbed OMNET++ Phase 04 Thesis Writing
- 8. Research Objective • To implement DBA scheme for NG-PONs to support channel bonding • To compare the performance of the proposed scheme with the existing work in terms of US delays and delay variance. 8/22/2023 8
- 9. Proposed solution • The proposed Solution is Channel bonding DBA scheme: • This scheme is compared with existing DBA scheme in terms of Delay on traffic Load. • This scheme improves the performance of each traffic class on Optical Network Unit to achieve better utilization of bandwidth. 8/22/2023 9
- 14. Conclusion • The performance of the existing work is compared with by Channel Bonding(CB-DBA) scheme in terms of Upstream delay at higher traffic load to achieve: • Bandwidth Improvement or better utilization of bandwidth • Delay Minimization • Customer satisfaction • High data rate 8/22/2023 14
- 15. References 1. M. Kumari, R. Sharma, and A. Sheetal, “Passive Optical Network Evolution to Next Generation Passive Optical Network: A Review,” 2018 6th Ed. Int. Conf. Wirel. Networks Embed. Syst. WECON 2018 - Proc., pp. 102–107, 2018. 2. L. Zhang, Y. Luo, N. Ansari, B. Gao, X. Liu, and F. Effenberger, “Channel Bonding for Next Generation Passive Optical Network Stage 2 ( NG-PON2 ),” vol. 2, pp. 2–6, 2017. 3. L. Zhang, Y. Luo, N. Ansari, B. Gao, X. Liu, and F. Effenberger, “Enhancing Next Generation Passive Optical Network Stage 2 ( NG-PON2 ) with Channel Bonding,” vol. 2, 2017. 4. B. G. (new J. institute of technology Xiang Liu, “Channel bonding design for 100 G b/s PON based on FEC codeword alignment,” vol. 56, pp. 11–13. 5. https://www.fiercetelecom.com/telecom/verizon-sees-future-proof-capabilities-for-pon-network-channel-bonding- technology. 6. I. Gravalos, K. Yiannopoulos, G. Papadimitriou, and E. A. Varvarigos, “A modified maxmin fair dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for XG-PONs,” 2014 19th Eur. Conf . 7. A. Dixit, B. Lannoo, D. Colle, M. Pickavet, and P. Demeester, “Dynamic bandwidth allocation with optimal wavelength switching in TWDM-PONs,” Int. Conf. Transparent Opt. Networks, pp. 13–16, 2013 8/22/2023 15