This document summarizes the proposed updates to the FIGO staging system for endometrial cancer presented by Dr. Sagar. Key changes include distinguishing between aggressive and non-aggressive histological subtypes, incorporating myometrial invasion and lymphovascular space invasion criteria, recognizing simultaneous low-grade endometrial and ovarian carcinomas, and adding a molecular classification. The goals are to better define prognostic groups and indicate appropriate therapies. The updated system was developed based on recent genomic data and guidelines. It aims to improve prognostic clarity and management of the diverse types of endometrial cancer.
this lecture for undergraduates, GP & gynecologists
it includes full simple explanation of CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
how to do screening for cervical cancer
methods of screening that include pap smear and HPV testing
it also includes the diagnostic method for the cervical cancer by taking biopsy directed by colposcopy
colposcopy and its rule
how to deal with CIN different grades
follow up after CIN treatment
Here in these slides we have explain about the Breast cancer Screening with the help of which one can get the x-ray image to identify the breast cancer and it is a mammogram which is used when one have no symptoms.
this lecture for undergraduates, GP & gynecologists
it includes full simple explanation of CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
how to do screening for cervical cancer
methods of screening that include pap smear and HPV testing
it also includes the diagnostic method for the cervical cancer by taking biopsy directed by colposcopy
colposcopy and its rule
how to deal with CIN different grades
follow up after CIN treatment
Here in these slides we have explain about the Breast cancer Screening with the help of which one can get the x-ray image to identify the breast cancer and it is a mammogram which is used when one have no symptoms.
Endometrial Cancer is a malignancy that arises from the lining of the uterus, endometrium.
It is the most common gynaelogical cancer in developing countries, while in developed countries it is the second most common cancer, behind cervical cancer.
• In year 2012 a total of 320,000 new cases were recorded.
• Globally, it is the sixth most common cancer in women, fourteenth most common overall.
• In Peninsular Malaysia, it is the seventh most common cancer in women, according to Malaysian cancer Registry 2006.
• It is rare among women younger than 40 years.
• Peak incidence occurring at age 60-69.
• Majority are of Chinese ethnicity (47.5%), followed by Malays (41.6%) and Indian (10.9%).
Advance in diagnosis & treatment of cancers has led to high cure rate & longer survival.
Nearly 1 in 12 cases detected before 40 years age.
Survivors have to face infertility or early menopause.
This is a concise presentation on the pathology of endometrial cancer based on the latest WHO female genital tumors latest edition, 5th edition
prepared on April 2022
Fertility preservation in Cancer patientsArunSharma10
The need for fertility preservation
Chemotherapeutic drugs according to gonadotoxicity level
Fertility preservation: subject of continuous review by experts
Non-oncological conditions requiring fertility preservation
Delayed childbearing
AVAILABLE PROCEDURES FOR FP
Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation
Endometrial Cancer is a malignancy that arises from the lining of the uterus, endometrium.
It is the most common gynaelogical cancer in developing countries, while in developed countries it is the second most common cancer, behind cervical cancer.
• In year 2012 a total of 320,000 new cases were recorded.
• Globally, it is the sixth most common cancer in women, fourteenth most common overall.
• In Peninsular Malaysia, it is the seventh most common cancer in women, according to Malaysian cancer Registry 2006.
• It is rare among women younger than 40 years.
• Peak incidence occurring at age 60-69.
• Majority are of Chinese ethnicity (47.5%), followed by Malays (41.6%) and Indian (10.9%).
Advance in diagnosis & treatment of cancers has led to high cure rate & longer survival.
Nearly 1 in 12 cases detected before 40 years age.
Survivors have to face infertility or early menopause.
This is a concise presentation on the pathology of endometrial cancer based on the latest WHO female genital tumors latest edition, 5th edition
prepared on April 2022
Fertility preservation in Cancer patientsArunSharma10
The need for fertility preservation
Chemotherapeutic drugs according to gonadotoxicity level
Fertility preservation: subject of continuous review by experts
Non-oncological conditions requiring fertility preservation
Delayed childbearing
AVAILABLE PROCEDURES FOR FP
Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation
Evaluation of Breast Cancer in Reference to Skin ChangesQUESTJOURNAL
Introduction:- Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring female cancer in the world which is more than double that of the second ranked cancer i.e. cervical cancer. Breast cancer accounts for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is the most frequent cancer death in developing countries of the world. Mammary skin changed in breast carcinoma is categorized as advance stage in breast cancer classification. In the present study we evaluated the correlation of macroscopic, microscopic and no skin changes with axillary lymph node using histologic factor dermal lymphatic involvement. Materials and methods: prospective study was conducted on 42 breast cancer admitted patients of different age groups. Based on degree of skin involvement patients were placed into four groups, i.e. clinical stageT1 toT4. All groups were compared on the basis of percentage of patients involvement according to T1, T2, T3 and T4 stage, tumor size, histopathological dermis and epidermis involvement, dermal lymphatic invasion, tumor size and tumor subtype. Results: Majority of the patients with skin (dermis and epidermis) infiltration by the tumor (94.4%) were of T4 stage (along with dermal lymphatic invasion). Majority of the patients with only dermal lymphatic involvement (87.5%) without dermis and epidermis infiltration were of T2 stage. Conclusion: In our study, most of the patients of stage T2 and T3 with dermal lymphatic invasion had involved node when studied by routine histologic technique even though they were not clinically palpable. The identification of characteristics of the primary tumor like dermal lymphatic invasion that are associated with nodal metastases should encourage the surgeon to perform a more extensive axillary lymph node dissection and the pathologist to use methods of examining the nodes that increase the likelihood of finding metastatic disease. From this we can conclude that patients in early stage breast cancer may also have metastatic axillary lymph nodes. Dermal lymphatic invasion may be regarded as the precursor of nodal involvement, and all patients with nodal involvement can be assumed to have lymphatic invasion in the primary tumors. However the converse may not be true, not all patients with lymphatic invasion have nodal involvement.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
FIGO staging of endometrial cancer.pptx
1. FIGO staging of endometrial
cancer: 2023
Presenter : Dr Sagar
Moderator : Dr Narayanaswamy
2. INTRODUCTION
• Many advances in the understanding of the pathologic and molecular
features of endometrial cancer have occurred since the FIGO staging
was last updated in 2009.
• Molecular and genetic findings have accelerated since the publication
of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and provide improved
clarity on the diverse biological nature of this collection of endometrial
cancers and their differing prognostic outcomes.
• The goals of the new staging system are to better define these
prognostic groups and create substages that indicate more appropriate
surgical, radiation, and systemic therapies.
3. METHODS
• The FIGO Women's Cancer Committee appointed a
Subcommittee on Endometrial Cancer Staging in
October 2021, represented by the authors.
• Data and analyses from the molecular and histological
classifications performed and published in the recently
developed ESGO/ESTRO/ESP guidelines were used as a
template for adding the new sub classifications to the
proposed molecular and histological staging system.
4. PATHOLOGY
1. Histological type :-
• Histological tumor type is an important prognostic predictor in endometrial
carcinoma.
• All endometrial carcinomas should be classified according to the 5th edition of WHO
Classification of Tumors, Female Genital Tumors.
• The following different histological types have been recognized:
• (1) Endometrioid carcinoma (EEC), of low grade (grades 1 and 2) or high grade
(grade 3)
• (2) Serous carcinoma (SC) (6) Carcinosarcoma (CS)
• (3) Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) (7) Other unusual types, such as mesonephric
• (4) Mixed carcinoma (MC) (8) gastrointestinal mucinous type carcinomas.
5. PATHOLOGY (Cont’d)
• In this revised FIGO staging, non-aggressive histological types are
composed of low-grade (grades 1 and 2) EECs, while aggressive
histological types are composed of high-grade EECs (grade 3), SC,
CCC, MC, UC, CS, and mesonephric-like and gastrointestinal type
mucinous carcinomas.
• Importantly, high-grade EEC (grade 3) is a prognostically,
clinically, and molecularly heterogenous disease, and the tumor type
that benefits most from applying molecular classification.
6. TUMOUR GRADE
• SC, CCC, MC, UC, CS, and mesonephric-like and
gastrointestinal mucinous type carcinomas are considered high-
grade by definition.
• The grading criteria for EECs are primarily based on
architectural features.
• In this revised FIGO staging scheme, the binary approach of
WHO Classification of Tumors, Female Genital Tumors1 has
been adopted.
• In brief, low-grade EECs are subdivided into grade 1 and 2
tumors, which exhibit up to 5% and 6%–50% solid non-glandular
growth, respectively.
• In contrast, high-grade EECs (grade 3) are characterized by 50%
or more solid component.
7. MYOMETRIAL INVASION
• The extent of myometrial invasion has long been recognized
as an essential prognostic risk factor.
• It is recommended that the assessment of the percentage of
myometrium involved should be expressed as the percentage
of the overall myometrial thickness infiltrated by carcinoma
using three categories: none; <50%; or ≥50%.
• The assessment of tumor invasion from adenomyosis is a
controversial issue without strong scientific evidence.
8. LYMPHVASCULAR SPACE INVASION
• LVSI should be assessed at the invasive front of the tumor.
• It is very important to distinguish “substantial” or “extensive”
LVSI from “focal” or “no”LVSI.
• The recognition of myometrial invasion and identification of
LVSI in tumor tissue is dependent on appropriate sampling.
• Therefore, it is important to consider ISGYP
recommendations, which state that one section per centimeter
of the largest tumor dimension will suffice.
9. CERVICAL STROMAL INVASION
• Cervical stromal invasion is subjected to significant inter-
observer variation and strict criteria are recommended.
• Any invasion of the cervical stroma, identified at the level of
or deeper than a benign endocervical crypt, should be
considered cervical stromal invasion.
• Cervical glandular extension is not considered for staging.
10. ADNEXAL INVOLVEMENT
• This revised 2023 FIGO staging for endometrial carcinoma
endorses conservative management for the group of patients
with simultaneous low-grade carcinomas of the endometrium
and the ovary if specific criteria are present, showing a good
prognosis and establishes the category of Stage IA3 when the
following criteria are met in a low-grade EEC:
(1) no more than superficial myometrial invasion is present
(<50%);
(2) the absence of substantial LVSI
(3) the absence of additional metastases
11. ADNEXAL INVOLVEMENT (Cont’d..)
(4) the ovarian tumor is unilateral, limited to the ovary,
without capsule invasion/breach (equivalent to pT1a).
• Tumor involvement of the fallopian tube should also
be recorded and staged as IIIA1.
12. UTERINE SEROSAL INVOLVEMENT
• By following ISGYP recommendations, uterine serosal
involvement is defined as a tumor reaching
submesothelial fibroconnective tissue or the mesothelial
layer, regardless of whether tumor cells may or may not
be present on the serosal surface of the uterus.
13. LYMPH NODE STATUS
• Lymph node status is an important prognostic factor for
endometrial carcinoma.
• According to TNM8, macrometastases are larger than 2 mm,
micrometastases are 0.2–2mm in size and/or more than 200
cells, and isolated tumor cells are up to 0.2 mm in size and up to
200 cells.
• A finding of isolated tumor cells does not upstage a carcinoma.
• Ultrastaging is recommended for the analysis of sentinel lymph
nodes.
14. MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION
• When feasible, the addition of molecular subtype to the staging criteria allows a
better prediction of prognosis in a staging/prognosis scheme.
• When performed, these molecular classifications should be recorded in all stages.
• 1. Good prognosis: pathogenic POLE mutation (POLEmut)
• 2. Intermediate prognosis: mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd)/microsatellite
instability and no specific molecular profile (NSMP)
• 3. Poor prognosis: p53 abnormal
• 4. FIGO Stages I and II are based on surgical/anatomical and histological
findings.
• 5.FIGO Stages III and IV are based on surgical/anatomical findings
15.
16.
17. DISCUSSION
• The goal is to improve the clarity of the diverse
biological nature of endometrial carcinomas with
differing prognostic outcomes, better define these
prognostic groups, and create substages that yield more
appropriate surgical, radiation, and systemic therapies.
• The following changes have been incorporated into the
updated endometrial cancer staging system:
18. FIGO STAGGING OF ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA (2023)
• Stage I: (IA1) non-aggressive histological type limited to an endometrial polyp
or confined to the endometrium;
• (IA2) non-aggressive histological types involving less than half the
myometrium with no or focal LVSI as defined by the WHO criteria;
• (IA3) low-grade endometrioid carcinomas limited to the uterus with
simultaneous low-grade endometrioid ovarian involvement;
• (IB) non-aggressive histological types involving one half or more of the
myometrium with no or focal LVSI; and
• (IC) aggressive histological types limited to a polyp or confined to the
endometrium.
19. • Stage II: (IIA) tumors that infiltrate the endocervical stroma,
or
• (IIB) have substantial LVSI or
• (IIC) aggressive histological types, i.e. serous, clear cell,
carcinosarcomas, undifferentiated, mixed, gastrointestinal-type
mucinous endometrial carcinoma, and mesonephric-like
carcinomas with any myometrial invasion
20. • Stage III: (IIIA1) differentiation between adnexal versus
• (IIIA2) uterine serosa involvement;
• (IIIB1) vaginal and/or parametrial involvement and
• (IIIB2) pelvic peritoneal carcinomatosis; refinements are defined
within Stage IIIC to reflect the extent of pelvic and abdominal lymph
node metastases with
• (IIIC1i) micrometastasis and (IIIC2ii) macrometastasis.
• Stage IV: (IVA) reflects locally infiltrative,
• (IVB) extrapelvic peritoneal metastasis, and
• (IVC) distant metastatic disease.
21. DISCUSSION Cont’d…)
• When performed, the POLEmut and p53abn molecular groups can
increase or decrease the stage of endometrial cancer in Stages I and II.
• No changes occur through the molecular staging in Stages III and IV.
• Stage III and IV cases, for which the molecular classification is
known, should be recorded as Stage IIIm and Stage IVm with the
specification of the molecular class for the purpose of data collection.
• Based on these molecular assays, an “m” notation is always required
to indicate that the stage is modified in case of early stages or recorded
in case of advanced stages.