Field Robot to Extract Parasite Eggs from Soil
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•2 views
Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous diseases, especially the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Identifying the presence of SCN and measuring its population densities in the field is challenging as there are no visible signs of disease. The only sure way to evaluate SCN population levels is to extract the cysts from the soil, extract the eggs from the cysts, and count them. Currently, this extraction process is typically done in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and requires multiple steps. To make this process easier, we have created a robotic instrument that can automate the extraction of nematode cysts from soil and the subsequent release of their eggs. This technology is operated using a touchscreen interface and is tested using soil samples from two farms. The results are comparable to the conventional technique. Our robotic instrument makes SCN soil diagnostics more efficient, aiding in the long-term integrated pest management of this harmful soybean pest. Paper Title: Robotic agricultural instrument for automated extraction of nematode cysts and eggs from soil to improve integrated pest management, Scientific Reports (2021) 11:3212. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82261-w
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Robotic Soil Instrument to Extract Parasite Eggs
Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous diseases, especially the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Identifying the presence of SCN and measuring its population densities in the field is challenging as there are no visible signs of disease. The only sure way to evaluate SCN population levels is to extract the cysts from the soil, extract the eggs from the cysts, and count them. Currently, this extraction process is typically done in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and requires multiple steps. To make this process easier, we have created a robotic instrument that can automate the extraction of nematode cysts from soil and the subsequent release of their eggs. This technology is operated using a touchscreen interface and is tested using soil samples from two farms. The results are comparable to the conventional technique. Our robotic instrument makes SCN soil diagnostics more efficient, aiding in the long-term integrated pest management of this harmful soybean pest.
Robotics Instrument for Soil Processing
Abstract
Soybeans are an important crop for global food security. Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous soybean diseases, particularly the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). It is difficult to visually identify the presence of SCN in the field, let alone its population densities or numbers, as there are no obvious aboveground disease symptoms. The only definitive way to assess SCN population densities is to directly extract the SCN cysts from soil and then extract the eggs from cysts and count them. Extraction is typically conducted in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and involves repeated steps of sieving, washing, collecting, grinding, and cleaning. Here we present a robotic instrument to reproduce and automate the functions of the conventional methods to extract nematode cysts from soil and subsequently extract eggs from the recovered nematode cysts. We incorporated mechanisms to actuate the stage system, manipulate positions of individual sieves using the gripper, recover cysts and cyst-sized objects from soil suspended in water, and grind the cysts to release their eggs. All system functions are controlled and operated by a touchscreen interface software. The performance of the robotic instrument is evaluated using soil samples infested with SCN from two farms at different locations and results were comparable to the conventional technique. Our new technology brings the benefits of automation to SCN soil diagnostics, a step towards long-term integrated pest management of this serious soybean pest.
Development and Implementation of a Washout Algorithm for a 6-dof Motion Plat...
Flight simulators for pilot training is extremely important due safety and economic factors.
Flight simulator needs to simulate different kinds of complicated motion state such as roll, pitch and yaw
angles. It has six-degree of freedom, high precision, high rigid, modular design and many other advantages. The
motion system responds to the aircraft linear and angular accelerations in order to compute the most
appropriate cabin motion to replicate these accelerations, subject to the displacement limits and the velocity
limits of the actuators. The cabin accelerations are filtered in order to compute the most appropriate cabin
motion to replicate the actual airplane accelerations. This paper developed and implemented a motion washout
algorithm that can enhance the fidelity of motion platform and the cabin motion never exceeds the mechanical
limits of the motion platform, particularly the maximum actuator displacements and the maximum actuator
velocities.
The research of 6-DOF flight simulator washout filter Control Method
Electric 6-DOF flight simulator used in large aircraft engineering simulation has great benefits，As a Flight Simulator vector parallel six degree of freedom motion system is a very important part of flight simulator. Feeling is the most important in Flight simulator test while flight.If a flight simulator can feel closer to the real feeling of flying aircraft, in is more better for trainning.According to the question above, In this paper, we will start from the control method,make research on electric 6-DOF flight simulator wash out the filter control method, we will research Longitudinal studies of flight parameters at takeoff position flight simulator. Using MATLAB simulation software to verify washout filter algorithm practicality simulator Simulation.
Review - New Developments in Capsule Endoscopy
In this review, we focus on the hardware and software technologies used for the purpose of gastrointestinal tract monitoring in a safe and comfortable manner. We review the FDA guidelines for ingestible wireless telemetric medical devices, and the features incorporated in capsule systems such as microrobotics, closed-loop feedback, physiological sensing, nerve stimulation, sampling and delivery, panoramic imaging and rapid reading software. Both experimental and commercialized capsule systems with their sensors, devices, and circuits are discussed. Furthermore, the advances in biocompatible materials and batteries, edible electronics and alternative energy sources for ingestible capsule systems are presented. The clinical studies are reviewed to examine the safety and effectiveness of capsule procedures and the current challenges and outlook are summarized.
Dylan Miley*, Leonardo Bertoncello Machado*, Calvin Condo, Albert E. Jergens, Kyoung-Jin Yoon, Santosh Pandey, “Video Capsule Endoscopy and Ingestible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Sensors, Circuits, Materials, Telemetry, Optics, and Rapid Reading Software“, Advanced Devices & Instrumentation, (Science Partner Journal), Volume 2021, Article ID 9854040, 2021. https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/2021/9854040?permanently=true
https://doi.org/10.34133/2021/9854040
Antimicrobial resistance studies in low-cost microfluidic chips
By utilizing a low-cost engineering tool, we have created a microfluidic platform to study bacteria at the single cell level, allowing us to unlock insights into microbial physiology and genetics that would otherwise not be possible. The platform is composed of 3D devices made of adhesive tapes, an agarose membrane as the resting substrate, a temperature-controlled environmental chamber, and an autofocusing module. With this technology, we have been able to observe Escherichia coli morphological changes during ampicillin exposure and measure the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic. Additionally, we have been able to use CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to evaluate gene regulation in a concentration gradient. Overall, our microfluidic platform provides a powerful, low-cost tool to uncover new genetic determinants of antibiotic susceptibility and assess the long-term effectiveness of antibiotics in bacterial cultures.
Adhesive Tape Microfluidics with an Autofocusing Module That Incorporates CRISPR Interference: Applications to Long-Term Bacterial Antibiotic Studies, Taejoon Kong, Nicholas Backes, Upender Kalwa, Christopher Legner, Gregory J. Phillips, and Santosh Pandey, ACS Sensors 2019 4 (10), 2638-2645
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b01031
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acssensors.9b01031
Flexible chip for long-term antimicrobial resistance experiments
By creating a low-cost, three-dimensional microfluidic platform, we have improved our ability to study bacterial cells at the single cell level. This technology allows for prolonged culturing of bacteria in a controlled environment, as well as high resolution observation and imaging of cells. We have used this platform to examine morphological changes in Escherichia coli exposed to ampicillin and to quantify the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic. Additionally, we demonstrated the potential for precise gene regulation using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) in a concentration gradient. Ultimately, this engineering tool should be useful for uncovering new genetic factors that influence antibiotic susceptibility and evaluating the long-term effectiveness of antibiotics.
Adhesive Tape Microfluidics with an Autofocusing Module That Incorporates CRISPR Interference: Applications to Long-Term Bacterial Antibiotic Studies, Taejoon Kong, Nicholas Backes, Upender Kalwa, Christopher Legner, Gregory J. Phillips, and Santosh Pandey, ACS Sensors 2019 4 (10), 2638-2645
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b01031
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acssensors.9b01031
Recommended
Robotic Soil Instrument to Extract Parasite Eggs
Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous diseases, especially the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Identifying the presence of SCN and measuring its population densities in the field is challenging as there are no visible signs of disease. The only sure way to evaluate SCN population levels is to extract the cysts from the soil, extract the eggs from the cysts, and count them. Currently, this extraction process is typically done in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and requires multiple steps. To make this process easier, we have created a robotic instrument that can automate the extraction of nematode cysts from soil and the subsequent release of their eggs. This technology is operated using a touchscreen interface and is tested using soil samples from two farms. The results are comparable to the conventional technique. Our robotic instrument makes SCN soil diagnostics more efficient, aiding in the long-term integrated pest management of this harmful soybean pest.
Robotics Instrument for Soil Processing
Abstract
Soybeans are an important crop for global food security. Every year, soybean yields are reduced by numerous soybean diseases, particularly the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). It is difficult to visually identify the presence of SCN in the field, let alone its population densities or numbers, as there are no obvious aboveground disease symptoms. The only definitive way to assess SCN population densities is to directly extract the SCN cysts from soil and then extract the eggs from cysts and count them. Extraction is typically conducted in commercial soil analysis laboratories and university plant diagnostic clinics and involves repeated steps of sieving, washing, collecting, grinding, and cleaning. Here we present a robotic instrument to reproduce and automate the functions of the conventional methods to extract nematode cysts from soil and subsequently extract eggs from the recovered nematode cysts. We incorporated mechanisms to actuate the stage system, manipulate positions of individual sieves using the gripper, recover cysts and cyst-sized objects from soil suspended in water, and grind the cysts to release their eggs. All system functions are controlled and operated by a touchscreen interface software. The performance of the robotic instrument is evaluated using soil samples infested with SCN from two farms at different locations and results were comparable to the conventional technique. Our new technology brings the benefits of automation to SCN soil diagnostics, a step towards long-term integrated pest management of this serious soybean pest.
Development and Implementation of a Washout Algorithm for a 6-dof Motion Plat...
Flight simulators for pilot training is extremely important due safety and economic factors.
Flight simulator needs to simulate different kinds of complicated motion state such as roll, pitch and yaw
angles. It has six-degree of freedom, high precision, high rigid, modular design and many other advantages. The
motion system responds to the aircraft linear and angular accelerations in order to compute the most
appropriate cabin motion to replicate these accelerations, subject to the displacement limits and the velocity
limits of the actuators. The cabin accelerations are filtered in order to compute the most appropriate cabin
motion to replicate the actual airplane accelerations. This paper developed and implemented a motion washout
algorithm that can enhance the fidelity of motion platform and the cabin motion never exceeds the mechanical
limits of the motion platform, particularly the maximum actuator displacements and the maximum actuator
velocities.
The research of 6-DOF flight simulator washout filter Control Method
Electric 6-DOF flight simulator used in large aircraft engineering simulation has great benefits，As a Flight Simulator vector parallel six degree of freedom motion system is a very important part of flight simulator. Feeling is the most important in Flight simulator test while flight.If a flight simulator can feel closer to the real feeling of flying aircraft, in is more better for trainning.According to the question above, In this paper, we will start from the control method,make research on electric 6-DOF flight simulator wash out the filter control method, we will research Longitudinal studies of flight parameters at takeoff position flight simulator. Using MATLAB simulation software to verify washout filter algorithm practicality simulator Simulation.
Review - New Developments in Capsule Endoscopy
In this review, we focus on the hardware and software technologies used for the purpose of gastrointestinal tract monitoring in a safe and comfortable manner. We review the FDA guidelines for ingestible wireless telemetric medical devices, and the features incorporated in capsule systems such as microrobotics, closed-loop feedback, physiological sensing, nerve stimulation, sampling and delivery, panoramic imaging and rapid reading software. Both experimental and commercialized capsule systems with their sensors, devices, and circuits are discussed. Furthermore, the advances in biocompatible materials and batteries, edible electronics and alternative energy sources for ingestible capsule systems are presented. The clinical studies are reviewed to examine the safety and effectiveness of capsule procedures and the current challenges and outlook are summarized.
Dylan Miley*, Leonardo Bertoncello Machado*, Calvin Condo, Albert E. Jergens, Kyoung-Jin Yoon, Santosh Pandey, “Video Capsule Endoscopy and Ingestible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Sensors, Circuits, Materials, Telemetry, Optics, and Rapid Reading Software“, Advanced Devices & Instrumentation, (Science Partner Journal), Volume 2021, Article ID 9854040, 2021. https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/2021/9854040?permanently=true
https://doi.org/10.34133/2021/9854040
Antimicrobial resistance studies in low-cost microfluidic chips
By utilizing a low-cost engineering tool, we have created a microfluidic platform to study bacteria at the single cell level, allowing us to unlock insights into microbial physiology and genetics that would otherwise not be possible. The platform is composed of 3D devices made of adhesive tapes, an agarose membrane as the resting substrate, a temperature-controlled environmental chamber, and an autofocusing module. With this technology, we have been able to observe Escherichia coli morphological changes during ampicillin exposure and measure the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic. Additionally, we have been able to use CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to evaluate gene regulation in a concentration gradient. Overall, our microfluidic platform provides a powerful, low-cost tool to uncover new genetic determinants of antibiotic susceptibility and assess the long-term effectiveness of antibiotics in bacterial cultures.
Adhesive Tape Microfluidics with an Autofocusing Module That Incorporates CRISPR Interference: Applications to Long-Term Bacterial Antibiotic Studies, Taejoon Kong, Nicholas Backes, Upender Kalwa, Christopher Legner, Gregory J. Phillips, and Santosh Pandey, ACS Sensors 2019 4 (10), 2638-2645
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b01031
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acssensors.9b01031
Flexible chip for long-term antimicrobial resistance experiments
By creating a low-cost, three-dimensional microfluidic platform, we have improved our ability to study bacterial cells at the single cell level. This technology allows for prolonged culturing of bacteria in a controlled environment, as well as high resolution observation and imaging of cells. We have used this platform to examine morphological changes in Escherichia coli exposed to ampicillin and to quantify the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic. Additionally, we demonstrated the potential for precise gene regulation using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) in a concentration gradient. Ultimately, this engineering tool should be useful for uncovering new genetic factors that influence antibiotic susceptibility and evaluating the long-term effectiveness of antibiotics.
Adhesive Tape Microfluidics with an Autofocusing Module That Incorporates CRISPR Interference: Applications to Long-Term Bacterial Antibiotic Studies, Taejoon Kong, Nicholas Backes, Upender Kalwa, Christopher Legner, Gregory J. Phillips, and Santosh Pandey, ACS Sensors 2019 4 (10), 2638-2645
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b01031
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acssensors.9b01031
Flexible Membrane Chips for Drug Testing
In this paper, we explore the use of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (PADs) to study the behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans. We show how these devices can be fabricated on paper and plastic substrates, as well as how to load, visualize, and transfer single and multiple nematodes. We also demonstrate the use of anthelmintic drug, levamisole, to perform chemical testing on C. elegans. Furthermore, we provide a custom program that is able to recognize individual worms on the PADs in real-time and extract their locomotion parameters. This combination of PADs and the nematode tracking program creates a low-cost, easy-to-fabricate imaging and screening assay that is superior to standard agarose plates or polymeric microfluidic devices for non-microfluidic, nematode laboratories.
Zach Njus, Taejoon Kong, Upender Kalwa, Christopher Legner, Matthew Weinstein, Shawn Flanigan, Jenifer Saldanha, and Santosh Pandey, "Flexible and disposable paper- and plastic-based gel micropads for nematode handling, imaging, and chemical testing", APL Bioengineering 1, 016102 (2017)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5005829
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5005829
Phenotyping paralysis in microscopic worms
The resistance of parasites to existing drugs and the availability of better technology platforms has driven the discovery of new drugs. Microfluidic devices have been used to facilitate faster screening of compounds, controlled sampling/sorting of whole animals, and automated behavioral pattern recognition. In most cases, drug effects on small creatures (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans) are measuredelegant by a single parameter such as worm velocity or stroke frequency. We present a multi-parameter extraction method to characterize modes of paralysis in C. elegans over a longer duration. This was done using a microfluidic device featuring real-time imaging, exposing worms to four anthelmintic drugs at EC75, where 75% of the worm population is affected. We monitored the worms' behavior with metrics such as curls per second, types of paralyzation, mode frequency, and number/duration of active/immobilization periods. Differences were observed in how the worms paralyzed in the various drug environments at equivalent concentrations. This study highlights the importance of assessing drug effects on small animals with multiple parameters, measured at regular intervals over a prolonged period, to accurately detect resistance and adaptability in chemical environments.
Roy Lycke, Archana Parashar, and Santosh Pandey, "Microfluidics-enabled method to identify modes of Caenorhabditis elegans paralysis in four anthelmintics", Biomicrofluidics 7, 064103 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4829777
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4829777
Smartphone app for Skin Cancer Diagnostics
Melanoma is a particularly dangerous type of skin cancer and is hard to treat in its later stages. Therefore, early detection is key in reducing mortality rates. In order to assist dermatologists in doing this, computer-aided systems have been designed for desktop computers. However, there is a desire for the development of mobile, at-home diagnostics for melanoma risk assessment. Here, we introduce a smartphone application that captures images and extracts ABCD features to classify skin lesions as either malignant or benign. The algorithms used are adaptive to make the process light and user-friendly, as well as reliable in diagnosis. Images can be taken with the phone's camera or imported from public datasets. The entire process of taking the image, performing preprocessing, segmentation and classification is completed on an Android smartphone in a short time. Our application is evaluated on a dataset of 200 images, and achieved either comparable or better performance metrics than other methods. Additionally, it is easy-to-download and easy-to-navigate for the user, which is important for the widespread use of such diagnostics.
Kalwa, U.; Legner, C.; Kong, T.; Pandey, S. Skin Cancer Diagnostics with an All-Inclusive Smartphone Application. Symmetry 2019, 11, 790. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11060790
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/6/790
Folded Floating Gate CMOS Biosensor for Nano Charge Sensing
A CMOS biosensor with a folded floating-gate is created to detect charged biochemical molecules. It contains a FET, a control-gate and a sensing area. The floating-gate spans the whole device, allowing the sensing area to be placed on top of the FET, resulting in a decrease of the device's total area. The device is sensitive to the polarity and quantity of charged poly amino acids and could be used for electronic recognition of temporal and spatial migration of charges, such as in biological phenomena.
B. Chen, A. Parashar and S. Pandey, "Folded Floating-Gate CMOS Biosensor for the Detection of Charged Biochemical Molecules," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2906-2910, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2011.2149514.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5762313
Paper based reconfigurable flow switch for paper microfluidics
We attempt to offer an innovative solution to the issues of long response times, large volumes of actuation fluid, and external control circuitry that have been associated with past approaches in creating switches in paper microfluidics. Our method consists of a device created from chromatography paper and featuring folds which, when selectively wetted with an actuation fluid, will either raise or lower the actuator's tip and thus engage or break the desired fluidic connections. As a result, response time is drastically reduced (2 seconds) and the volume of actuation fluid consumed is extremely small (4 microliters). We have tested this approach with six switch configurations, ranging from single-pole single-throw (normally OFF and normally ON) to single-pole double-throw (with single and double break). We further demonstrate its potential with a colorimetric assay involving six actuators in parallel, which can detect the presence of three analytes (glucose, protein, and nitrite) in artificial saliva. Finally, this work brings in the concept of origami to paper microfluidics, combining multiple-fold geometries for programmable switching of fluidic connections.
"A fast, reconfigurable flow switch for paper
microfluidics based on selective wetting of folded
paper actuator strips",
Lab on Chip, 2017, 17, 3621
Fast, reconfigurable switch for chemical sensors
A method to create smart and flexible switches for the regulation of liquid flow across multiple channels is essential in paper microfluidics. Prior approaches are hampered by long response times, high actuation fluid volumes, and external control circuitry. To diminish these problems, we designed a distinctive actuator device fashioned entirely from chromatography paper and featuring folds. The fold can be selectively wetted by an actuation fluid at either the crest or trough, resulting in the raising or lowering of the actuator's tip and thus bringing about the connection or severance of fluidic channels. This actuation principle reduces the response time to only two seconds and the amount of fluid used to merely four microliters. We have also added six switch arrangements which can be divided into single-pole single-throw (normally OFF and normally ON) and single-pole double-throw (with single and double break). The utilization of six actuators in a parallel system allowed us to construct an autonomous colorimetric assay for the detection of three analytes - glucose, protein, and nitrite - in artificial saliva. This study has brought the concept of origami to paper microfluidics, allowing the use of multiple-fold geometries for the programmable switching of fluidic connections.
Taejoon Kong et al, "A fast, reconfigurable flow switch for paper
microfluidics based on selective wetting of folded
paper actuator strips", Lab on Chip, 2017, 17, 3621
Opening and Closing of Transmembrane Proteins in Single Cells
The transmembrane proteins known as ion channels play a role in controlling and preserving the ionic concentrations across the cell membrane. Modeling the flux of ions in and out of these channels on an atomic level is essential for understanding several neurological diseases and related pharmaceutical discoveries. Recent experimental research has provided information on the channel's physical structure which can be used to create realistic ion transport models. Different trajectories exist for the ions entering the channel, each having its own probability of occurrence. Variables that measure these trajectories are the translocation and return probabilities, average lifetime, and spectral density of the ion number fluctuations. Theoretical analysis of ion transport has been restricted to low-resolution continuum diffusion-based or kinetic-based models which do not consider important factors that have an effect on ionic conduction. This paper extends previous models by an electro-diffusion model which takes into account the effects of electric fields, energy barriers, and rate-limited association/dissociation of ions with surface charges present inside the channel. Derived from the analytical model are the survival probability and spectral density.
:Analytical Modeling of the Ion Number Fluctuations in Biological Ion Channels"
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Vol. 12, 2489–2495, 2012
Ion Channel Fluctuations in Transmemembrane Proteins within Cell Membranes
The transmembrane proteins known as ion channels play a role in controlling and preserving the ionic concentrations across the cell membrane. Modeling the flux of ions in and out of these channels on an atomic level is essential for understanding several neurological diseases and related pharmaceutical discoveries. Recent experimental research has provided information on the channel's physical structure which can be used to create realistic ion transport models. Different trajectories exist for the ions entering the channel, each having its own probability of occurrence. Variables that measure these trajectories are the translocation and return probabilities, average lifetime, and spectral density of the ion number fluctuations. Theoretical analysis of ion transport has been restricted to low-resolution continuum diffusion-based or kinetic-based models which do not consider important factors that have an effect on ionic conduction. This paper extends previous models by an electro-diffusion model which takes into account the effects of electric fields, energy barriers, and rate-limited association/dissociation of ions with surface charges present inside the channel. Derived from the analytical model are the survival probability and spectral density.
Electronics to Monitor Animal Behavior Remotely
This paper presents a remote monitoring tool for the objective measurement of behavioral indicators that can help in assessing the health and welfare of pigs in precision swine production. The multiparameter electronic sensor board can measure posture, gait, vocalization, and external temperature, and has been characterized through laboratory measurements and animal tests. Machine learning algorithms and decision support tools can be implemented to detect animal lameness, lethargy, pain, injury, and distress. The adoption of this technology could lead to more efficient management of farm animals, better targeting of sick animals, lower medical costs, and fewer antibiotics being used. Challenges and a road map for technology adoption are discussed, along with suggestions for future improvements.
Animals 2021, 11(9), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092665
Electronic Ear Tag for Farm Animals
We propose a remote monitoring device for measuring behavioral indicators like posture, gait, vocalization, and external temperature which can help in evaluating the health and welfare of pigs. The multiparameter electronic sensor board was tested in a laboratory and on animals. Machine learning algorithms and decision support tools can be used to detect lameness, lethargy, pain, injury, and distress. The roadmap for technology adoption, potential benefits, and further challenges are discussed. This technology could help in efficient management of farm animals, providing targeted attention to sick animals, saving medical costs, and reducing the use of antibiotics.
"Behavioral Monitoring Tool for Pig Farmers: Ear Tag Sensors,
Machine Intelligence, and Technology Adoption Roadmap",
Animals 2021, 11, 2665.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092665
Magnetic Field to enhance ethanol production
In this study, two sets of experiments were conducted in order to investigate the impact of static magnetic fields on the growth and ethanol production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first experiment ran for 25 hours with a 2% dextrose loading rate, while the second ran for 30 hours with a 6% dextrose loading rate. The magnetic fields used were homogeneous and non-homogeneous, with strengths of 100 mT and 200 mT, respectively. The results showed that the homogenous magnetic field had no significant effect on cell growth, whilst the non-homogeneous field yielded an increase of approximately 8% in peak ethanol concentration compared to the control.
Deutmeyer, A. , Raman, R. , Murphy, P. and Pandey, S. (2011) Effect of magnetic field on the fermentation kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2, 207-213.
doi: 10.4236/abb.2011.24031.
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=6857
Magnetic field to improve fermentation kinetics for ethanol production
Two experiments were conducted to analyze the influence that magnetic fields have on cell growth and ethanol production during fermentation. The first experiment was conducted for 25 hours at a 2% dextrose loading rate with a homogeneous and non-homogeneous static magnetic field of 100 mT and 200 mT, respectively. The second experiment was conducted for 30 hours at a 6% dextrose loading rate with a non-homogeneous static magnetic field of 200 mT. The results indicated that homogeneous magnetic fields did not have a significant effect on the yeast cell growth. However, the non-homogeneous static magnetic field resulted in about 8% more peak ethanol concentration than the control for the 2% dextrose loading rate.
Parasite Nematode Egg Extraction and Counting
To evaluate the severity of SCN infections in the field, population densities of nematode eggs must be calculated. A method utilizing OptiPrep as a density gradient medium has been shown to provide more effective separation and recovery of extracted eggs compared to sucrose centrifugation. Furthermore, computerized processes have been established to facilitate the discernment and enumeration of eggs from processed samples. A high-resolution scanner was employed to capture static images of eggs and debris on filter papers, and a deep learning network was trained to distinguish and count the eggs from the debris. Additionally, a lensless imaging setup was established using standard components, and the egg samples were allowed to pass through a microfluidic flow chip created from double-sided adhesive tape. Holographic videos were then recorded of the eggs and debris as they moved through, which were reconstructed and processed by a custom software program to obtain the egg counts. The software programs' efficacy for egg counting was validated using soil samples obtained from two farms, and the results were compared to those obtained through manual counting.
Kalwa U, Legner C, Wlezien E, Tylka G, Pandey S (2019) New methods of removing debris and high-throughput counting of cyst nematode eggs extracted from field soil. PLOS ONE 14(10): e0223386.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
Extracting and counting of parasite eggs from soil
To evaluate the level of infestation of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, in the field, egg population densities are determined from soil samples. Sucrose centrifugation is a common technique for separating debris from the extracted SCN eggs. We have developed a procedure, however, that employs OptiPrep as a density gradient medium, with improved extraction and recovery of the eggs compared to the sucrose centrifugation technique. Also, we have built computerized methods to automate the identification and counting of the nematode eggs from the processed samples. One approach uses a high-resolution scanner to capture static images of the eggs and debris on filter papers and a deep learning network is trained to detect and count the eggs. The second approach utilizes a lensless imaging setup with off-the-shelf components and the egg samples flow through a microfluidic flowchip. Holographic videos are taken of the passing eggs and debris, which are then reconstructed and processed by a custom software program to calculate egg counts. To evaluate the performance of the software programs, SCN-infested soils were collected from two farms and the results were compared with manual counts.
Kalwa U, Legner C, Wlezien E, Tylka G, Pandey S (2019), New methods of removing debris and high-throughput counting of cyst nematode eggs extracted from field soil. PLOS ONE 14(10): e0223386.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Parasitic Worms in MicroChips
This study uses the model organism, C. elegans, to investigate its sensitivity and response to static magnetic fields. Wild-type C. elegans are put into microfluidic channels and exposed to permanent magnets for five cycles of thirty-second time intervals at field strengths ranging from 5 milli Tesla to 120 milli Tesla. Recorded and analyzed with custom software, the results of the worm's movement - the average velocity, turning and curling percentage - were compared to control experiments. Surprisingly, the results did not show any significant difference, indicating that C. elegans may not be able to sense static magnetic fields at the range of field strengths tested.
Njus, Z. , Feldmann, D. , Brien, R. , Kong, T. , Kalwa, U. and Pandey, S. (2015) Characterizing the Effect of Static Magnetic Fields on C. elegans Using Microfluidics. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6, 583-591.
doi: 10.4236/abb.2015.69061.
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=59434
Sweat sensing - a comprehensive review
The integration of physical and chemical sensing mechanisms found in nature has been harnessed to enable the development of wearable devices that can track the biochemical and physiological signals of the human body. Numerous consumer electronics have been developed to measure activity, posture, heart rate, respiration rate, and blood oxygen level. Sweat sampling provides a source of biomarkers that is accessible in a continuous, on-the-go, and non-invasive way, allowing for unique developments in wearable sweat sensing. This review focuses on recent trends in material science, device development, sensing mechanisms, power generation, and data management related to these devices. Additionally, exemplary wearable sweat sensors and commercialization efforts in this area are discussed, with an emphasis on the multifunctional sensing platforms that integrate data from both physical and biochemical sweat sensors.
Sweat sensors - a Review of latest technologies
Recent developments in wearable physical sensors have enabled the development of a number of consumer electronics products which measure parameters related to activity, posture, heart rate, respiration rate, and blood oxygen level. However, progress in the development of wearable chemical sensors has been slower due to the inherent challenges in retrieving and processing bodily fluids. Sweat is a valuable source of biomarkers which can be accessed continuously, on-the-go, and non-invasively. This review provides an overview of recent trends in the area of wearable sweat sensing, looking at topics such as material science, device development, sensing mechanisms, power generation, and data management. Examples of wearable sweat sensors published in recent years, as well as commercialization efforts in this field are also presented. The review highlights the trends in multifunctional sensing platforms which incorporate flexible electronics to integrate data from both physical and biochemical sensors.
Worm sorting in Amplitude Modulated Microfluidic channels
This paper explores how the adaptability of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion behavior can be assessed through a movement-based assay. This assay is set up with a series of sinusoidal microchannels, featuring a fixed wavelength and modulating amplitude. These channels are comparable to the body diameter of the organism, and worms are allowed to travel from the input port to the output port. In regions that closely fit the worms' natural undulations, progress is quick and steady. As the channel amplitude changes along the device, the worm struggles to generate propulsive force, slows down, and eventually is unable to move forward. An array of locomotion parameters (average forward velocity, number and duration of pauses, range of contact angle, and cut-off region) are generated from the recorded videos to measure how the worm moves in the modulated sinusoidal channels. The device is tested on wild-type (N2) and two mutant (lev-8 and unc-38) C. elegans. We suggest that this passive, movement-based assay can be used to differentiate between nematodes with distinct locomotion phenotypes.
"Amplitude-modulated sinusoidal microchannels
for observing adaptability in C. elegans locomotion",
Biomicrofluidics 5, 024112 (2011)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3604391
Automated sorting of parasitic worms using sine-wave channels
This paper explores how the adaptability of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion behavior can be assessed through a movement-based assay. This assay is set up with a series of sinusoidal microchannels, featuring a fixed wavelength and modulating amplitude. These channels are comparable to the body diameter of the organism, and worms are allowed to travel from the input port to the output port. In regions that closely fit the worms' natural undulations, progress is quick and steady. As the channel amplitude changes along the device, the worm struggles to generate propulsive force, slows down, and eventually is unable to move forward. An array of locomotion parameters (average forward velocity, number and duration of pauses, range of contact angle, and cut-off region) are generated from the recorded videos to measure how the worm moves in the modulated sinusoidal channels. The device is tested on wild-type (N2) and two mutant (lev-8 and unc-38) C. elegans. We suggest that this passive, movement-based assay can be used to differentiate between nematodes with distinct locomotion phenotypes.
Commercialized Video Capsule Endoscopy Review
In this review, we focus on the hardware and software technologies used for the purpose of gastrointestinal tract monitoring in a safe and comfortable manner. We review the FDA guidelines for ingestible wireless telemetric medical devices, and the features incorporated in capsule systems such as microrobotics, closed-loop feedback, physiological sensing, nerve stimulation, sampling and delivery, panoramic imaging and rapid reading software. Both experimental and commercialized capsule systems with their sensors, devices, and circuits are discussed. Furthermore, the advances in biocompatible materials and batteries, edible electronics and alternative energy sources for ingestible capsule systems are presented. The clinical studies are reviewed to examine the safety and effectiveness of capsule procedures and the current challenges and outlook are summarized.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Navigating the complex landscape of AI governance
Navigating the complex landscape of AI governance: Challenges, tools, and guidance for a trustworthy future
More Related Content
More from Iowa State University
Flexible Membrane Chips for Drug Testing
In this paper, we explore the use of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (PADs) to study the behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans. We show how these devices can be fabricated on paper and plastic substrates, as well as how to load, visualize, and transfer single and multiple nematodes. We also demonstrate the use of anthelmintic drug, levamisole, to perform chemical testing on C. elegans. Furthermore, we provide a custom program that is able to recognize individual worms on the PADs in real-time and extract their locomotion parameters. This combination of PADs and the nematode tracking program creates a low-cost, easy-to-fabricate imaging and screening assay that is superior to standard agarose plates or polymeric microfluidic devices for non-microfluidic, nematode laboratories.
Zach Njus, Taejoon Kong, Upender Kalwa, Christopher Legner, Matthew Weinstein, Shawn Flanigan, Jenifer Saldanha, and Santosh Pandey, "Flexible and disposable paper- and plastic-based gel micropads for nematode handling, imaging, and chemical testing", APL Bioengineering 1, 016102 (2017)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5005829
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5005829
Phenotyping paralysis in microscopic worms
The resistance of parasites to existing drugs and the availability of better technology platforms has driven the discovery of new drugs. Microfluidic devices have been used to facilitate faster screening of compounds, controlled sampling/sorting of whole animals, and automated behavioral pattern recognition. In most cases, drug effects on small creatures (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans) are measuredelegant by a single parameter such as worm velocity or stroke frequency. We present a multi-parameter extraction method to characterize modes of paralysis in C. elegans over a longer duration. This was done using a microfluidic device featuring real-time imaging, exposing worms to four anthelmintic drugs at EC75, where 75% of the worm population is affected. We monitored the worms' behavior with metrics such as curls per second, types of paralyzation, mode frequency, and number/duration of active/immobilization periods. Differences were observed in how the worms paralyzed in the various drug environments at equivalent concentrations. This study highlights the importance of assessing drug effects on small animals with multiple parameters, measured at regular intervals over a prolonged period, to accurately detect resistance and adaptability in chemical environments.
Roy Lycke, Archana Parashar, and Santosh Pandey, "Microfluidics-enabled method to identify modes of Caenorhabditis elegans paralysis in four anthelmintics", Biomicrofluidics 7, 064103 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4829777
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4829777
Smartphone app for Skin Cancer Diagnostics
Melanoma is a particularly dangerous type of skin cancer and is hard to treat in its later stages. Therefore, early detection is key in reducing mortality rates. In order to assist dermatologists in doing this, computer-aided systems have been designed for desktop computers. However, there is a desire for the development of mobile, at-home diagnostics for melanoma risk assessment. Here, we introduce a smartphone application that captures images and extracts ABCD features to classify skin lesions as either malignant or benign. The algorithms used are adaptive to make the process light and user-friendly, as well as reliable in diagnosis. Images can be taken with the phone's camera or imported from public datasets. The entire process of taking the image, performing preprocessing, segmentation and classification is completed on an Android smartphone in a short time. Our application is evaluated on a dataset of 200 images, and achieved either comparable or better performance metrics than other methods. Additionally, it is easy-to-download and easy-to-navigate for the user, which is important for the widespread use of such diagnostics.
Kalwa, U.; Legner, C.; Kong, T.; Pandey, S. Skin Cancer Diagnostics with an All-Inclusive Smartphone Application. Symmetry 2019, 11, 790. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11060790
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/11/6/790
Folded Floating Gate CMOS Biosensor for Nano Charge Sensing
A CMOS biosensor with a folded floating-gate is created to detect charged biochemical molecules. It contains a FET, a control-gate and a sensing area. The floating-gate spans the whole device, allowing the sensing area to be placed on top of the FET, resulting in a decrease of the device's total area. The device is sensitive to the polarity and quantity of charged poly amino acids and could be used for electronic recognition of temporal and spatial migration of charges, such as in biological phenomena.
B. Chen, A. Parashar and S. Pandey, "Folded Floating-Gate CMOS Biosensor for the Detection of Charged Biochemical Molecules," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2906-2910, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2011.2149514.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5762313
Paper based reconfigurable flow switch for paper microfluidics
We attempt to offer an innovative solution to the issues of long response times, large volumes of actuation fluid, and external control circuitry that have been associated with past approaches in creating switches in paper microfluidics. Our method consists of a device created from chromatography paper and featuring folds which, when selectively wetted with an actuation fluid, will either raise or lower the actuator's tip and thus engage or break the desired fluidic connections. As a result, response time is drastically reduced (2 seconds) and the volume of actuation fluid consumed is extremely small (4 microliters). We have tested this approach with six switch configurations, ranging from single-pole single-throw (normally OFF and normally ON) to single-pole double-throw (with single and double break). We further demonstrate its potential with a colorimetric assay involving six actuators in parallel, which can detect the presence of three analytes (glucose, protein, and nitrite) in artificial saliva. Finally, this work brings in the concept of origami to paper microfluidics, combining multiple-fold geometries for programmable switching of fluidic connections.
"A fast, reconfigurable flow switch for paper
microfluidics based on selective wetting of folded
paper actuator strips",
Lab on Chip, 2017, 17, 3621
Fast, reconfigurable switch for chemical sensors
A method to create smart and flexible switches for the regulation of liquid flow across multiple channels is essential in paper microfluidics. Prior approaches are hampered by long response times, high actuation fluid volumes, and external control circuitry. To diminish these problems, we designed a distinctive actuator device fashioned entirely from chromatography paper and featuring folds. The fold can be selectively wetted by an actuation fluid at either the crest or trough, resulting in the raising or lowering of the actuator's tip and thus bringing about the connection or severance of fluidic channels. This actuation principle reduces the response time to only two seconds and the amount of fluid used to merely four microliters. We have also added six switch arrangements which can be divided into single-pole single-throw (normally OFF and normally ON) and single-pole double-throw (with single and double break). The utilization of six actuators in a parallel system allowed us to construct an autonomous colorimetric assay for the detection of three analytes - glucose, protein, and nitrite - in artificial saliva. This study has brought the concept of origami to paper microfluidics, allowing the use of multiple-fold geometries for the programmable switching of fluidic connections.
Taejoon Kong et al, "A fast, reconfigurable flow switch for paper
microfluidics based on selective wetting of folded
paper actuator strips", Lab on Chip, 2017, 17, 3621
Opening and Closing of Transmembrane Proteins in Single Cells
The transmembrane proteins known as ion channels play a role in controlling and preserving the ionic concentrations across the cell membrane. Modeling the flux of ions in and out of these channels on an atomic level is essential for understanding several neurological diseases and related pharmaceutical discoveries. Recent experimental research has provided information on the channel's physical structure which can be used to create realistic ion transport models. Different trajectories exist for the ions entering the channel, each having its own probability of occurrence. Variables that measure these trajectories are the translocation and return probabilities, average lifetime, and spectral density of the ion number fluctuations. Theoretical analysis of ion transport has been restricted to low-resolution continuum diffusion-based or kinetic-based models which do not consider important factors that have an effect on ionic conduction. This paper extends previous models by an electro-diffusion model which takes into account the effects of electric fields, energy barriers, and rate-limited association/dissociation of ions with surface charges present inside the channel. Derived from the analytical model are the survival probability and spectral density.
:Analytical Modeling of the Ion Number Fluctuations in Biological Ion Channels"
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Vol. 12, 2489–2495, 2012
Ion Channel Fluctuations in Transmemembrane Proteins within Cell Membranes
The transmembrane proteins known as ion channels play a role in controlling and preserving the ionic concentrations across the cell membrane. Modeling the flux of ions in and out of these channels on an atomic level is essential for understanding several neurological diseases and related pharmaceutical discoveries. Recent experimental research has provided information on the channel's physical structure which can be used to create realistic ion transport models. Different trajectories exist for the ions entering the channel, each having its own probability of occurrence. Variables that measure these trajectories are the translocation and return probabilities, average lifetime, and spectral density of the ion number fluctuations. Theoretical analysis of ion transport has been restricted to low-resolution continuum diffusion-based or kinetic-based models which do not consider important factors that have an effect on ionic conduction. This paper extends previous models by an electro-diffusion model which takes into account the effects of electric fields, energy barriers, and rate-limited association/dissociation of ions with surface charges present inside the channel. Derived from the analytical model are the survival probability and spectral density.
Electronics to Monitor Animal Behavior Remotely
This paper presents a remote monitoring tool for the objective measurement of behavioral indicators that can help in assessing the health and welfare of pigs in precision swine production. The multiparameter electronic sensor board can measure posture, gait, vocalization, and external temperature, and has been characterized through laboratory measurements and animal tests. Machine learning algorithms and decision support tools can be implemented to detect animal lameness, lethargy, pain, injury, and distress. The adoption of this technology could lead to more efficient management of farm animals, better targeting of sick animals, lower medical costs, and fewer antibiotics being used. Challenges and a road map for technology adoption are discussed, along with suggestions for future improvements.
Animals 2021, 11(9), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092665
Electronic Ear Tag for Farm Animals
We propose a remote monitoring device for measuring behavioral indicators like posture, gait, vocalization, and external temperature which can help in evaluating the health and welfare of pigs. The multiparameter electronic sensor board was tested in a laboratory and on animals. Machine learning algorithms and decision support tools can be used to detect lameness, lethargy, pain, injury, and distress. The roadmap for technology adoption, potential benefits, and further challenges are discussed. This technology could help in efficient management of farm animals, providing targeted attention to sick animals, saving medical costs, and reducing the use of antibiotics.
"Behavioral Monitoring Tool for Pig Farmers: Ear Tag Sensors,
Machine Intelligence, and Technology Adoption Roadmap",
Animals 2021, 11, 2665.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092665
Magnetic Field to enhance ethanol production
In this study, two sets of experiments were conducted in order to investigate the impact of static magnetic fields on the growth and ethanol production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first experiment ran for 25 hours with a 2% dextrose loading rate, while the second ran for 30 hours with a 6% dextrose loading rate. The magnetic fields used were homogeneous and non-homogeneous, with strengths of 100 mT and 200 mT, respectively. The results showed that the homogenous magnetic field had no significant effect on cell growth, whilst the non-homogeneous field yielded an increase of approximately 8% in peak ethanol concentration compared to the control.
Deutmeyer, A. , Raman, R. , Murphy, P. and Pandey, S. (2011) Effect of magnetic field on the fermentation kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2, 207-213.
doi: 10.4236/abb.2011.24031.
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=6857
Magnetic field to improve fermentation kinetics for ethanol production
Two experiments were conducted to analyze the influence that magnetic fields have on cell growth and ethanol production during fermentation. The first experiment was conducted for 25 hours at a 2% dextrose loading rate with a homogeneous and non-homogeneous static magnetic field of 100 mT and 200 mT, respectively. The second experiment was conducted for 30 hours at a 6% dextrose loading rate with a non-homogeneous static magnetic field of 200 mT. The results indicated that homogeneous magnetic fields did not have a significant effect on the yeast cell growth. However, the non-homogeneous static magnetic field resulted in about 8% more peak ethanol concentration than the control for the 2% dextrose loading rate.
Parasite Nematode Egg Extraction and Counting
To evaluate the severity of SCN infections in the field, population densities of nematode eggs must be calculated. A method utilizing OptiPrep as a density gradient medium has been shown to provide more effective separation and recovery of extracted eggs compared to sucrose centrifugation. Furthermore, computerized processes have been established to facilitate the discernment and enumeration of eggs from processed samples. A high-resolution scanner was employed to capture static images of eggs and debris on filter papers, and a deep learning network was trained to distinguish and count the eggs from the debris. Additionally, a lensless imaging setup was established using standard components, and the egg samples were allowed to pass through a microfluidic flow chip created from double-sided adhesive tape. Holographic videos were then recorded of the eggs and debris as they moved through, which were reconstructed and processed by a custom software program to obtain the egg counts. The software programs' efficacy for egg counting was validated using soil samples obtained from two farms, and the results were compared to those obtained through manual counting.
Kalwa U, Legner C, Wlezien E, Tylka G, Pandey S (2019) New methods of removing debris and high-throughput counting of cyst nematode eggs extracted from field soil. PLOS ONE 14(10): e0223386.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
Extracting and counting of parasite eggs from soil
To evaluate the level of infestation of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, in the field, egg population densities are determined from soil samples. Sucrose centrifugation is a common technique for separating debris from the extracted SCN eggs. We have developed a procedure, however, that employs OptiPrep as a density gradient medium, with improved extraction and recovery of the eggs compared to the sucrose centrifugation technique. Also, we have built computerized methods to automate the identification and counting of the nematode eggs from the processed samples. One approach uses a high-resolution scanner to capture static images of the eggs and debris on filter papers and a deep learning network is trained to detect and count the eggs. The second approach utilizes a lensless imaging setup with off-the-shelf components and the egg samples flow through a microfluidic flowchip. Holographic videos are taken of the passing eggs and debris, which are then reconstructed and processed by a custom software program to calculate egg counts. To evaluate the performance of the software programs, SCN-infested soils were collected from two farms and the results were compared with manual counts.
Kalwa U, Legner C, Wlezien E, Tylka G, Pandey S (2019), New methods of removing debris and high-throughput counting of cyst nematode eggs extracted from field soil. PLOS ONE 14(10): e0223386.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223386
Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Parasitic Worms in MicroChips
This study uses the model organism, C. elegans, to investigate its sensitivity and response to static magnetic fields. Wild-type C. elegans are put into microfluidic channels and exposed to permanent magnets for five cycles of thirty-second time intervals at field strengths ranging from 5 milli Tesla to 120 milli Tesla. Recorded and analyzed with custom software, the results of the worm's movement - the average velocity, turning and curling percentage - were compared to control experiments. Surprisingly, the results did not show any significant difference, indicating that C. elegans may not be able to sense static magnetic fields at the range of field strengths tested.
Njus, Z. , Feldmann, D. , Brien, R. , Kong, T. , Kalwa, U. and Pandey, S. (2015) Characterizing the Effect of Static Magnetic Fields on C. elegans Using Microfluidics. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 6, 583-591.
doi: 10.4236/abb.2015.69061.
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=59434
Sweat sensing - a comprehensive review
The integration of physical and chemical sensing mechanisms found in nature has been harnessed to enable the development of wearable devices that can track the biochemical and physiological signals of the human body. Numerous consumer electronics have been developed to measure activity, posture, heart rate, respiration rate, and blood oxygen level. Sweat sampling provides a source of biomarkers that is accessible in a continuous, on-the-go, and non-invasive way, allowing for unique developments in wearable sweat sensing. This review focuses on recent trends in material science, device development, sensing mechanisms, power generation, and data management related to these devices. Additionally, exemplary wearable sweat sensors and commercialization efforts in this area are discussed, with an emphasis on the multifunctional sensing platforms that integrate data from both physical and biochemical sweat sensors.
Sweat sensors - a Review of latest technologies
Recent developments in wearable physical sensors have enabled the development of a number of consumer electronics products which measure parameters related to activity, posture, heart rate, respiration rate, and blood oxygen level. However, progress in the development of wearable chemical sensors has been slower due to the inherent challenges in retrieving and processing bodily fluids. Sweat is a valuable source of biomarkers which can be accessed continuously, on-the-go, and non-invasively. This review provides an overview of recent trends in the area of wearable sweat sensing, looking at topics such as material science, device development, sensing mechanisms, power generation, and data management. Examples of wearable sweat sensors published in recent years, as well as commercialization efforts in this field are also presented. The review highlights the trends in multifunctional sensing platforms which incorporate flexible electronics to integrate data from both physical and biochemical sensors.
Worm sorting in Amplitude Modulated Microfluidic channels
This paper explores how the adaptability of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion behavior can be assessed through a movement-based assay. This assay is set up with a series of sinusoidal microchannels, featuring a fixed wavelength and modulating amplitude. These channels are comparable to the body diameter of the organism, and worms are allowed to travel from the input port to the output port. In regions that closely fit the worms' natural undulations, progress is quick and steady. As the channel amplitude changes along the device, the worm struggles to generate propulsive force, slows down, and eventually is unable to move forward. An array of locomotion parameters (average forward velocity, number and duration of pauses, range of contact angle, and cut-off region) are generated from the recorded videos to measure how the worm moves in the modulated sinusoidal channels. The device is tested on wild-type (N2) and two mutant (lev-8 and unc-38) C. elegans. We suggest that this passive, movement-based assay can be used to differentiate between nematodes with distinct locomotion phenotypes.
"Amplitude-modulated sinusoidal microchannels
for observing adaptability in C. elegans locomotion",
Biomicrofluidics 5, 024112 (2011)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3604391
Automated sorting of parasitic worms using sine-wave channels
This paper explores how the adaptability of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion behavior can be assessed through a movement-based assay. This assay is set up with a series of sinusoidal microchannels, featuring a fixed wavelength and modulating amplitude. These channels are comparable to the body diameter of the organism, and worms are allowed to travel from the input port to the output port. In regions that closely fit the worms' natural undulations, progress is quick and steady. As the channel amplitude changes along the device, the worm struggles to generate propulsive force, slows down, and eventually is unable to move forward. An array of locomotion parameters (average forward velocity, number and duration of pauses, range of contact angle, and cut-off region) are generated from the recorded videos to measure how the worm moves in the modulated sinusoidal channels. The device is tested on wild-type (N2) and two mutant (lev-8 and unc-38) C. elegans. We suggest that this passive, movement-based assay can be used to differentiate between nematodes with distinct locomotion phenotypes.
Commercialized Video Capsule Endoscopy Review
In this review, we focus on the hardware and software technologies used for the purpose of gastrointestinal tract monitoring in a safe and comfortable manner. We review the FDA guidelines for ingestible wireless telemetric medical devices, and the features incorporated in capsule systems such as microrobotics, closed-loop feedback, physiological sensing, nerve stimulation, sampling and delivery, panoramic imaging and rapid reading software. Both experimental and commercialized capsule systems with their sensors, devices, and circuits are discussed. Furthermore, the advances in biocompatible materials and batteries, edible electronics and alternative energy sources for ingestible capsule systems are presented. The clinical studies are reviewed to examine the safety and effectiveness of capsule procedures and the current challenges and outlook are summarized.
More from Iowa State University (20)
Folded Floating Gate CMOS Biosensor for Nano Charge Sensing
Folded Floating Gate CMOS Biosensor for Nano Charge Sensing
Paper based reconfigurable flow switch for paper microfluidics
Paper based reconfigurable flow switch for paper microfluidics
Opening and Closing of Transmembrane Proteins in Single Cells
Opening and Closing of Transmembrane Proteins in Single Cells
Ion Channel Fluctuations in Transmemembrane Proteins within Cell Membranes
Ion Channel Fluctuations in Transmemembrane Proteins within Cell Membranes
Magnetic field to improve fermentation kinetics for ethanol production
Magnetic field to improve fermentation kinetics for ethanol production
Extracting and counting of parasite eggs from soil
Extracting and counting of parasite eggs from soil
Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Parasitic Worms in MicroChips
Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Parasitic Worms in MicroChips
Worm sorting in Amplitude Modulated Microfluidic channels
Worm sorting in Amplitude Modulated Microfluidic channels
Automated sorting of parasitic worms using sine-wave channels
Automated sorting of parasitic worms using sine-wave channels
Recently uploaded
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Navigating the complex landscape of AI governance
Navigating the complex landscape of AI governance: Challenges, tools, and guidance for a trustworthy future
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Presentación Giulio Quaggiotto-Diálogo improbable .pptx.pdf
Presentación Giulio Quaggiotto-Diálogo improbable .pptx.pdfInnovation and Technology for Development Centre
presentación en el marco de un diálogo improbable DRAFT NRW Recreation Strategy - People and Nature thriving together
Natural Resources Wales’ draft Recreation Strategy - People and Nature thriving together
AGRICULTURE Hydrophonic FERTILISER PPT.pptx
It's a research paper ppt which consit of hydrophonic farming in agriculture
Summary of the Climate and Energy Policy of Australia
Short description of climate and energy policy of Australia
ppt on beauty of the nature by Palak.pptx
The ppt beauty of nature tell us about the beautiful environmental resources like water, land, etc..
Alert-driven Community-based Forest monitoring: A case of the Peruvian Amazon
Presented by Arun Pratihast at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana”, 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptx
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdf
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
International+e-Commerce+Platform-www.cfye-commerce.shop
International+e-Commerce+Platform-www.cfye-commerce.shop
Recently uploaded (20)
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...
Presentación Giulio Quaggiotto-Diálogo improbable .pptx.pdf
Presentación Giulio Quaggiotto-Diálogo improbable .pptx.pdf
DRAFT NRW Recreation Strategy - People and Nature thriving together
DRAFT NRW Recreation Strategy - People and Nature thriving together
growbilliontrees.com-Trees for Granddaughter (1).pdf
growbilliontrees.com-Trees for Granddaughter (1).pdf
Summary of the Climate and Energy Policy of Australia
Summary of the Climate and Energy Policy of Australia
Alert-driven Community-based Forest monitoring: A case of the Peruvian Amazon
Alert-driven Community-based Forest monitoring: A case of the Peruvian Amazon
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
International+e-Commerce+Platform-www.cfye-commerce.shop
International+e-Commerce+Platform-www.cfye-commerce.shop
Field Robot to Extract Parasite Eggs from Soil
- 1. Figure 1. System-level overview of the robotic instrument. The instrument comprises (A) a stage system to hold and rotationally position sieves, (B) a gripper/washing system to manipulate sieves and rinse soil samples, (C) a grinding system to rupture cysts and release their eggs, (D) a control electronics board to actuate motors/ sensors, and (E) a user interface software with a touchscreen to initiate operation modules.
- 2. Figure 2. The stage system. (A) CAD schematic showing the three stage levels where each level has four sieve slots. (B) Image of the stage system in its fully uncompressed state. (C) Image of the stage system in its partially compressed state where the bottom level is raised and aligned with the middle level. (D) Image of the stage system in its fully compressed state where the lower two levels are raised and aligned with the top level.
- 3. Figure 3. The gripper/washing system. (A) CAD schematic showing the gripper and water sprayer. (B) Image of constructed parts of this system and its relative position in the instrument. (C–E) Images of the gripper preparing to grab a sieve, holding the sieve, and lifting the sieve from its sieve slot in the stage system, respectively. (F–H) Images of the sprayer moving into position above a sieve, aligning with the sieve, and rinsing the sieve contents, respectively.
- 4. Figure 4. The grinding system. (A) CAD schematic showing the drill press, linear actuator, and grinding pad. (B) Image of constructed parts of this system and its relative position in the instrument. (C–F) Images of the grinding pad in its neutral position, being turned on and lowered within the sieve, gently grinding material on the sieve screen, and being washed by a spray nozzle in position above the sieve screen.
- 5. Figure 5. Process flow and extraction protocols. (A) Flowchart depicts the overall process flow for the robotic instrument. The user selects an input type (soil sample for cyst extraction or cyst sample for egg extraction). The appropriate extraction protocol is chosen and performed. The resultant sample is recovered, and the count of cysts or eggs is obtained. (B) List of the robotic functions implemented by the two protocols for cyst and egg extraction, along with the time duration of each function.
- 6. Figure 6. Manipulation of sieves during the extraction protocols. (A) The soil suspension is decanted through a #20 sieve seated above a #60 sieve. (B) The water sprayer moves into place above the #20 sieve to wash its contents and ensure the extracted cysts pass through to the #60 sieve. (C) The cyst-containing #60 sieve is transferred via the gripper onto the top stage level. (D) The grinding pad is brought into contact with the cyst- containing #60 sieve to rupture the cysts and release their eggs. (E) The grinder is raised to be free of the sieve and turned off. (F) The eggs are collected on the #500 sieve and transferred to a container to be counted later.
- 7. Figure 7. Performance of the robotic instrument for nematode egg extraction from field soil. (A,C) Plots of the nematode egg recovery percentage using the robotic instrument. (B,D) Plots of the nematode egg recovery percentage using the manual bucket method (i.e. wet-sieving technique). The field soil was obtained from fields near the cities of Muscatine and Nevada in Iowa. Each soil sample was processed to extinction (until 0 eggs were recovered) through four successive iterations. Six separate soil samples were tested for each case (n= 6 samples× 2 soil types× 2 extraction methods). For Muscatine soil samples, the first extraction iteration yielded an egg recovery percentage of 77.8± 14.8% (n = 6 samples) for the robotic instrument and 80.8 ± 5.8% (n= 6 samples) for the manual bucket method. For the Nevada soil samples, the first extraction iteration yielded an egg recovery percentage of 66.8± 11% (n= 6 samples) for the robotic instrument and 73.0 ± 6.5% (n= 6 samples) for the manual bucket method. In all experiments, more than 94% of nematode eggs were retrieved within the first two iterations of extraction.