1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in mass communication and journalism, including theories of the press, news values, types of news stories, and how the digital revolution has impacted news gathering and reporting. 2. It discusses the rise of citizen journalism, blogs, and hyperlocal news online. New tools and convergence of skills have also affected reporting in the digital age. 3. While audiences for news have declined across most media, the internet has increased options for customizing news from various sources. Print, broadcast, and online journalism each have strengths and weaknesses in informing the public.

1. Week 10 Lecture
Intro to Mass Comm
Philip Gan Chee Keat, School of Communication
FIC 0114 July 2013 Semester

2. ObjectivesObjectives
• understand the most important theories of the
press
• describe the qualities that characterize news
• identify the three main types of news stories
• understand how the digital revolution has affected
news gathering, reporting, and the news business
• discuss the similarities of broadcast, print, and
online journalism
• describe the changes in the news audience over
the past several years
2

3. F0114 L9F0114 L9
News Gathering andNews Gathering and
ReportingReporting

5. The Theories of the PressThe Theories of the Press

6. Theories on how the press basically operates in different political, historical
and cultural environments of the world
The Theories of the PressThe Theories of the Press

7. Developmental TheoryDevelopmental Theory
• Hatchen (1987) found that in many developing
nations in the Third World, the underlying press
philosophy is the concept of national
service/nation building.
• He made the first significant change to the four
theories and added the Developmental Theory to the
list in 1987.

8. The Developmental TheoryThe Developmental Theory
• The media can be privately owned, but usually are
owned by the government.
• The media are used to promote the country’s social
and economic goals and to direct a sense of national
purpose.
• A developmental media system might be used to
promote birth control or to encourage children to
attend school.

9. • The media become an outlet for
some types of government
propaganda, then, but in the name of
economic and social progress for the
country.
• Malaysia and other developing
countries.
The Developmental TheoryThe Developmental Theory

10. THE Origins of NewsTHE Origins of News
There are essentially three origins for a story:
•Naturally occurring "events" such as disasters, floods, earthquakes, fires, and
airline crashes are inherently unpredictable and journalists must respond after the
fact. News stories about disasters follow a predictable pattern: early reports, which
frequently over estimate the severity of the disaster, rely on everyday people, because
they’re frequently the only witnesses; later stories, assuming the story is newsworthy
enough to become developing news over several days, tend to rely on officials –
mayors and governors, insurance company representatives, disaster relief agency
officials. This is the way news becomes routinized.
•Created and "subsidized" news is more frequent than unpredicted news. It occurs
because a person, group or organization either does something public and
newsworthy and/or seeks press attention. Public relations practitioners
participate in the process of news making.
•"Enterprise" news is made when journalists act rather than react as they do in a
disaster or tragedy. This is called enterprise news because the editor or reporter takes
the initiative on a story. These can develop from beat coverage and investigative
journalism. 10

11. DECIDING WHAT IS NEWSDECIDING WHAT IS NEWS
What is worth to be made known?
The dog bit the man is not news,
but the man bit the dog is news!

12. News values (newsworthiness)News values (newsworthiness)
Eight primary factors that determine the newsworthiness of a potential story:
1. Impact/Consequence: The significance, importance, or consequence of an event or
trend; the greater the consequence, and the larger the number of people for whom an
event is important the greater the newsworthiness.
2. Timeliness: The more recent, the more newsworthy. In some cases, timeliness is
relative. An event may have occurred in the past but only have been learned about
recently.
3. Prominence: Occurrences featuring well-know individuals or institutions are
newsworthy. Well-knownness may spring either from the power the person or
institution possess – the president, the Speaker of the House of Representatives – or
from celebrity – the late Princess Diana or fashion designer Gianni Versace.
4. Proximity: Closeness of the occurrence tot he audience may be gauged either
geographically – close by events, all other things being equal, are more important than
distant ones – or in terms of the assumed values, interest and expectations of the news
audience.

13. News values (newsworthiness)News values (newsworthiness)
Eight primary factors that determine the newsworthiness of a potential story.
5. The Novelty/Bizarre/Oddity: The firsts, and the unusual, unorthodox, or unexpected
attracts attention. E.g. - Boxer Mike Tyson’s disqualification for biting off a piece of
Evander Holyfield’s ear moves the story from the sports pages and the end of a
newscast tot he front pages and the top of the newscast; first Malaysian man in space.
6. Conflict/Suspense: Controversy and open clashes are newsworthy, inviting attention
on their own, almost regardless of what the conflict is over. Conflict reveals underlying
causes of disagreement between individuals and institutions in a society.
7. Currency: Occasionally something becomes an issue whose time has come. The matter
assumes a life of its own, and for a time assumes momentum in news reportage.
8. Human Interest: Those stories that have more of an entertainment factor versus any of
the above - not that some of the other news values cannot have an entertainment value.

14. Economics
• Determines what should be
covered, as investigative
stories are more costly than
press conferences.
• Investments in technologies
make tv stations cover
“trivial” news to justify the
cost.

15. Why is this news
newsworthy?

16. Why is this news newsworthy?

17. MJ Oddities

18. Why is this news newsworthy?
Perak state assembly
under a rain tree

19. Why is this news newsworthy?

20. THE NEWS BUSINESSTHE NEWS BUSINESS
• Business model for the news media:
• Advertising offsets cost of gathering and distributing news.
• Internet has changed this 200-year-old model.
• Decoupling of advertising from news.
• Newspaper income down 23% in 2 years; local TV news
revenue drop by 7%.
• Revenue from online properties would never cover the shortfall.
• Newspaper crisis: urgent adoption of multimedia presentation,
aggregation, blogging & user content.
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22. NEWS REPORTING IN THE DIGITAL AGENEWS REPORTING IN THE DIGITAL AGE
• The digital revolution has changed reporting:
1. Rise in the number of news sources.
2. Blogs
3. Citizen journalism
4. Hyperlocal news
5. Converged journalists
6. News reporting tools
22

23. More Sources of NewsMore Sources of News
• Internet increased number of news sources:
1. General news sites –CNN.com; TheStarOnline
2. News aggregators –Huffington Post; Google News
3. Specialized news sites-Wall Street Journal (business);
ESPN (sports)
4. Blogs
23

24. BlogsBlogs
• Represent another source of news:
• free from economic, political, corporate or advertising considerations.
• Information that mainstream media wouldn’t cover.
• Can have an agenda-setting effect.
• Influence traditional media on selected events/ topics.
• Eg. May 2011: Utusan Malaysia published an article “Christian
conspiracy” on unsubstantiated claims from two bloggers.
24

25. Allegations from Shamsul and
Big Dog’s blogs about
opposition party’s conspiracy
to make Malaysia a Christian
state became front page
agenda of Utusan Malaysia.

26. BlogsBlogs
• Can provide check on traditional media.
• Checking accuracy of information.
• Eg. Jeff Ooi & Ahiruddin Attan exposed Brenden Pereira (ex-NST
Group Editor) for plagiarising Mitch Albom (Detroit Free Press).
• Provide additional outlet for reporters
• Extra information to provide reasons or context why a report was in a
certain angle.
• Eg. CNN’s Anderson Cooper (360)
• Make it possible for everyone to be a reporter
• Citizen journalism witness and give first-hand information to events/
happenings.
26

28. Citizen JournalismCitizen Journalism
• Ordinary citizens become amateur reporters: first witnesses of
happenings.
• 9/11 2001; London Bombing 2005; Japanese Tsunami 2011; Arab Spring
2011.
• Facilitated by digital and cell phone video cameras
(miniaturisation), high speed Internet access.
• Traditional media encourage citizen journalism; eg. The New
York Times, CNN iReport, Ureport.
(Video-Russian meteorite)
28

29. • News organizations no longer monopolize what’s
reported and how.
• The Guardian crowdsourcing about London Riots (2011) from
twitters, bloggers, videos and records sent by the crowd.
• They report on news items of interest to communities.

30. Hyperlocal NewsHyperlocal News
• Coverage of stories of interest to very small community:
• Single ZIP code.
• Interest group in defined area.
• Most hyperlocal news appears on web sites
• Patch.com has 500 communities (including 42 neighbourhoods)
• Publishers hope will draw in people who don’t generally
consume news.
• Content generated by users.
• Inexpensive ads for local businesses and classifieds for
community.
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31. The Converged JournalistThe Converged Journalist
• Has skills of print journalist and video journalist.
• Backpack journalists.
• Mobile journalists (mojos).
31

32. New ToolsNew Tools
• Internet allows reporters to access wide variety of information
while at their desks:
• Must learn how to use these tools.
• Acess documents, databases, government records and expert
sources.
• Computer-assisted reporting:
• Perform web searches, download files and data and analyse with
spreadsheets, set-up list servs and use geographic mapping software.
32

33. Categories of news reporting
News are categorised as:
1.Hard news
2.Soft news
3.Investigative reports

34. Hard NewsHard News
• Traditional fact-oriented journalism:
• Who, what, where, when, why, how
• Reports about important events of public concern.
• News values
• Crime, foreign affairs, economics, environment, science, etc.
34

35. • Print media
– Inverted pyramid format
– Lead (basic facts stated)
• Broadcast media
– Square format (due to limitations: time, sound, video; every
bit must be important)
– More conversational, informal.
– Sometimes, lead is soft news syle (grab attention)
• Online media
– Varied writing styles: inverted pyramid or broadcast style.
– Graphics, videos, links.
– News are briefs and some print version verbatims.

36. Soft NewsSoft News
• Features:
• Wide range of topics
• Human interest
• Appeal to curiosity, skepticism, amazement, sympathy.
• To entertain
• Structures:
• Inverted pyramid style
• Chronological order
• Q&A
• Shocking start & explanation
• More common on TV than radio. 36

37. Investigative ReportsInvestigative Reports
• Significant information about matters of public importance:
exposing corruption, financial embellishment, irresponsible
leadership, social issues, etc.
• Very expensive & time consuming.
• Longer than typical news item-run as a segment of
newsmagazine; a series of reports in print.
• Eg. Malaysiakini’s exclusive on slavery in Malaysia (2005).
• Bloggers: Little green footballs –exposed Dan Rather's
assertions on 60 Minutes that the Killian documents were
genuine.
37

38. -George Bush got preferential
treatment during the Vietnam
War
-He wangled his way into the
Texas Air National Guard
back in the 1960s to avoid
service in Vietnam
-Portrayed Bush as a slacker
and “cowardly draft dodger.”
The Rathergate
Controversy (2004)

39. THE NEWS FLOWTHE NEWS FLOW
Characteristics of news reporting:
•Many gatekeepers in print and broadcast news.
•Online reporting may have fewer gatekeepers.
•Bloggers-none/ community verification.
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40. Print MediaPrint Media
• Sources of print news
• Staff reports & wire services
• Other contributing sources, less important (feature syndicates,
handouts, releases)
• Organisation
• City editor (assigns, approves & supervises reporters)
• Beat reporters (regular coverage of police/ city hall)
• General assignment reporters
• Copy desk (further editing stories).
• Managing editor & assistant managing editor (overall
preparation of the paper).
• All are gatekeepers.
40

41. Broadcast MediaBroadcast Media
• Sources of broadcast news
• Local reporters & wire services
• Syndicated news services
• Network feeds
• Organisation
• News director (overall operation)
• Executive producer & producers
• Decide stories to cover, who & how to cover
• Story order in newscast
• Time to each story
• Write copy for some stories
• Integrate live reports
• Assignment editor (assigns & monitors activities of the news crew)
• Reporters and anchors (most reporters are general assignment reporters)
• Camera crews, sound editors, writers, etc
• All are gatekeepers.
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42. Online MediaOnline Media
• News flow and production process similar to traditional
media
• Organisation
• Top executives
• Structure & specialty/ pages of site
• Editors
• Story presentation, updates & content
• Reporters
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43. THE WIRE SERVICESTHE WIRE SERVICES
• Two biggest wire services:
• AP: Associated Press
• UPI: United Press International
• Others:
• Reuters
• Agence-France-Press
• Eyes & ears for local papers/ broadcasting stations without
foreign correspondents.
• Shift focus to cable and web.
• Wire services provide most of the news about what’s going on
outside the local community.
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44. MEDIA DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN NEWSMEDIA DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN NEWS
COVERAGECOVERAGE
• Print, online or broadcast is better?
• Print, broadcast, and online media all have
strengths and weaknesses.
• All play crucial role in informing the public.
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45. DifferencesDifferences
• Print & online news are organized in space; TV stories
organized in time.
• TV covers fewer stories and in less detail.
• TV better at transmitting experience or impressions;
print & online better at facts, information, lengthy
analysis.
• Newspapers & online have more permanence; can
cover complex stories better.
• TV has strong visual dimension, but visual is also
important to print & online.
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46. • Appearance and personality of reporters are more important in
TV than in print and online:
• TV newscasters can become stars.
• Print & online reporters are more anonymous.
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47. SimilaritiesSimilarities
• Print, broadcast, and online journalists share basic values and
journalistic principles:
• Honesty (no inventions of quotes & stories)
• Accuracy (right facts)
• Balance (voices from all sides)
• Objectivity (no bias/ personal comments-detached with no judgment)
• Maintaining credibility
• Credibility is key in keeping public’s trust.
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48. READERSHIP AND VIEWERSHIPREADERSHIP AND VIEWERSHIP
• Audiences for news have been shrinking and getting
older.
• Except for Internet, exposure to all sources of news
has decreased.
• Prefers online news sites, Youtube and mobiles.
• Audience has become less likely to trust the media.
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51. 51

52. 52
1. The qualities that characterize news are timeliness, proximity, prominence, consequence,
and human interest. Economics is also important.
2. News media are searching for new business models.
3. There are three main types of news stories: hard, soft, and investigative.
4. The digital revolution has increased the number of available news sources, encouraged the
growth of blogs, contributed to the rise of citizen journalism and hyperlocal news, and
supplied new tools to reporters.
5. The Associated Press is a wire service that provides stories to print and broadcast
journalists.
6. Print, broadcast, and online journalism have their unique strengths and weaknesses.
7. All forms of news media strive for credibility.
8. Online news enables audience members to select from more news sources and customize
their news.
9. The audience for news has been declining across all media.
Quick Summary

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