Communication, Definition, Nature and Scope, Functions of Communication, Types of Communication: Intra-Personal, Interpersonal, Group and Mass Communication, Human Needs of Communication, Barriers in Communication, Indian Approach to Communication, Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication, Communication Flows: One-Step, Two-Step, Multi Step, Importance of Communication Flows, Concept and Models of Mass Communication,Concept of Mass Communication, Concept of Mass Media, Difference between Communication and Mass Communication,Models of Mass Communication: Macomb & Shaw’s, Agenda Setting Model, Gate Keeping Model, Gratification Model, Four Theories of Press: Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility and Soviet Media Theory
Online journalism, strengths and weaknesses, citizen journalism, history of online journalism (including comprehensive history of online journalism in Nepal)
History of Internet
Give a convincing definition of online journalism
Explain the forms of online journalism
Explain why traditional media outlets are moving online
Exploring new media outlets e.g citizen journalism, backpack journalism
The news agencies, also known as wire services, are among the most powerful and trusted names in news business. Some of them like Reuters have been in existence since the nineteenth century.
However, few are aware of their reach or existence. They do not own physical properties such as newspapers or television channels. But they generate news for all forms of media. Their subscribers include newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television networks and now news sites.
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) 4.MIL Media Literacy (Part 2)- Key Conce...Arniel Ping
Learners will be able to…
1. identify and explain the key concepts in media analysis (SSHS);
2. discuss key questions to ask when analyzing media messages (SSHS); and
3. apply the discussed strategies in analyzing and deconstructing media messages (SSHS).
I- Media Literacy
A. Key Concepts In Media Analysis
B. Key Questions to Ask When Analyzing Media Messages
C. Class Activities
Formative Assessment: Analyzing and Deconstructing Media Messages
Online journalism, strengths and weaknesses, citizen journalism, history of online journalism (including comprehensive history of online journalism in Nepal)
History of Internet
Give a convincing definition of online journalism
Explain the forms of online journalism
Explain why traditional media outlets are moving online
Exploring new media outlets e.g citizen journalism, backpack journalism
The news agencies, also known as wire services, are among the most powerful and trusted names in news business. Some of them like Reuters have been in existence since the nineteenth century.
However, few are aware of their reach or existence. They do not own physical properties such as newspapers or television channels. But they generate news for all forms of media. Their subscribers include newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television networks and now news sites.
Media and Information Literacy (MIL) 4.MIL Media Literacy (Part 2)- Key Conce...Arniel Ping
Learners will be able to…
1. identify and explain the key concepts in media analysis (SSHS);
2. discuss key questions to ask when analyzing media messages (SSHS); and
3. apply the discussed strategies in analyzing and deconstructing media messages (SSHS).
I- Media Literacy
A. Key Concepts In Media Analysis
B. Key Questions to Ask When Analyzing Media Messages
C. Class Activities
Formative Assessment: Analyzing and Deconstructing Media Messages
Informed Citizen Akron #1: Improving Candidate-Focused Media Coverage in the ...Jefferson Center
This the first out of three reports in the Informed Citizen Akron project. A demographically-balanced panel of eighteen Akron-area residents met at the University of Akron Student Center to participate in the Informed Citizen Akron project, and were given the charge to learn from media experts, to deliberate, and to generate recommendations for how local and Ohio-based media partners can improve issue-based coverage during the 2016 presidential election.
This presentation deals with an introduction to Communication Skills and Soft Skills. This is meant for both teachers and students of English language and literature.
Disclaimer:
Background pictures and Information doesn't belong to the account holder. The photos are search from google while the information have been cited at a k-12 program book entitled:
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (Module 11)
Exclusively published and distributed by
DIWA LEARNING SYSTEM INC
4/F SEDCCO 1 Bldg
120 Thailand corner Legaspi Streets
Legaspi Village, 1229 Makati city, Philippines
Author: Boots C. Liquigan
I hope this will help in your learning and activities but please cite the book. Thank you!
Welcome to the 17th annual meeting of the International Public Relations Research Conference! You can access the conference guide and program via these slides.
Similar to Communication to mass communication (20)
Matt Rife Cancels Shows Due to Health Concerns, Reschedules Tour Dates.pdfAzura Everhart
Matt Rife's comedy tour took an unexpected turn. He had to cancel his Bloomington show due to a last-minute medical emergency. Fans in Chicago will also have to wait a bit longer for their laughs, as his shows there are postponed. Rife apologized and assured fans he'd be back on stage soon.
https://www.theurbancrews.com/celeb/matt-rife-cancels-bloomington-show/
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Hollywood Actress - The 250 hottest galleryZsolt Nemeth
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From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
Create a Seamless Viewing Experience with Your Own Custom OTT Player.pdfGenny Knight
As the popularity of online streaming continues to rise, the significance of providing outstanding viewing experiences cannot be emphasized enough. Tailored OTT players present a robust solution for service providers aiming to enhance their offerings and engage audiences in a competitive market. Through embracing customization, companies can craft immersive, individualized experiences that effectively hold viewers' attention, entertain them, and encourage repeat usage.
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
240529_Teleprotection Global Market Report 2024.pdfMadhura TBRC
The teleprotection market size has grown
exponentially in recent years. It will grow from
$21.92 billion in 2023 to $28.11 billion in 2024 at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.2%. The
teleprotection market size is expected to see
exponential growth in the next few years. It will grow
to $70.77 billion in 2028 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 26.0%.
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Reimagining Classics - What Makes a Remake a Success
Communication to mass communication
1. Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University Of Journalism & Communication, Bhopal -
462311, Madhya Pradesh (India). www.mcu.ac.in
Amarendra Aarya
Faculty
Department of Media Management
Email- press.amarendra@gmail.com
Mobile No. 91+ 9584557055,
WhatsApp - 9584557055
Nature, Characteristics And Process Of Communication
Unit- 1 & 2, Communication, Mass Comm.
Science Of Communication
06-Sep-17
3. DEFINING COMMUNICATION
• The word 'communication'
is derived from the Latin
word 'communis' which
means 'to transmit', 'to
impart', 'to exchange', 'to
share' or 'to convey'.
• Communication means "the
imparting or exchanging of
information by speaking,
writing, or using some
other medium."
(Oxford English Dictionary)
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
4. COMMUNICATION
• Communication is a
message understood
• Communication is
social interaction
through messages.
• Communication is
sharing of
experience.
• According to Newman and
Summer, "Communication
is an exchange of facts,
ideas, opinions or emotions
by two or more persons.“
• Keith Davis states
"Communication is a
process of passing
information and
understanding from one
person to another."
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
5. we use our five senses
• Taste
• Touch
• Hearing
• Sight
• Smell
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
10. • Inform
• Educate
• Entertain
• Observe
• Agenda Setting
Function
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
11. Summary
Communication Can be improved, but doing so
is not always an easy process. It requires time, will
and motivation.
Communicating effectively with people means
understanding and thinking of both what makes
communication work and how others view and
respond to the whole process.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
12. Good communication can make success more
certain and make you more likely to achieve
excellence in job and career.
Communication in the workplace is all about
planning and adapting one‟s company‟s message
to improve one‟s communications approach and
get the message across.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
13. • Intra-Personal Communication
• Interpersonal Communication
• Group Communication
• Mass Communication
Types of Communication
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
14. Intra-Personal Communication
First type of communication
• Communication with oneself
• It involves thoughts, feelings and the way we
look at ourselves.
• intra-personal communication is centered in
the self.
• only sender-receiver.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
15. • The message is made up of your thoughts and
feelings.
• The channel is your brain, which processes
what you are thinking and feeling.
• There is feedback in the sense that you talk to
yourself, or discard certain ideas and replace
them with others.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
18. The one‐step flow model of communications
• mass media communicates directly to the mass
audience.
• Without the message is being filtered by Opinion
Leaders
• presents mass communications mainly advertising.
• directly on each member of the target audience.
• “hypodermic needle” model of communications.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
19. The one‐step flow model of communications
• There is only one source.
• The audience is passive.
• Preventing the mass media to have a big
influence on their audiences.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
21. TWO STEP FLOW
THEORY OF
COMMUNICATIONS
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
22. TWO STEP FLOW THEORY OF COMMUNICATIONS
• The two-step flow of communication hypothesis
was first introduced by Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard
Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet.
• The People's Choice
• 1944, study focused on the process of decision-
making during a Presidential election campaign.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
23. The TWO‐step flow model of communications
• Researchers expected to find empirical support
for the direct influence of media messages on
voting intentions.
• They were surprised to discover that informal,
personal contacts were mentioned far more
frequently than exposure to radio or newspaper
as sources of influence on voting behavior.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
24. The TWO‐step flow model of communications
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
25. Multi Step Flow Theory
(Diffusion of Innovation Theory)
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
27. Mass Communication
• A means of disseminating information.
• Message to large, anonymous and scattered
heterogeneous masses of receivers who may
be far removed from the message sources
through the use of sophisticated equipment.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
28. Mass Communication
• Communication is the sending of message
through a mass medium to a large number of
people
• Mass Communication represents the creation
and sending of a homogeneous message to a
large heterogeneous audience through the
media.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
29. Mass
• Herbert Blumer define the term “Mass” for the
first time.
• It is a special type of social formation in the
modern society.
• According to Wilbur Schramm
• A mass is a detached or a alienated group of
individuals who face objects or areas of life,
which are interesting but puzzling and hence, not
easy to comprehended.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
30. Features of Mass
• It has a large aggregate
• It is undifferentiated
• It is spread over a large geographical
territory.
• Its member do not come on a platform to
display their emotions, need sets or
grievances.
• If they have do… Make Group
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
31. Crowd
• A large number of people moving at a cross-roads can be
called Crowed.
• More then 20 Persons.
• There are four types of crowd.
• 1. Casual Crowd
• 2. Conventional Crowd
• 3. Acting Crowd
• 4. Expressive Crowd.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
32. Public
• The presence of an
issue, discussion over
the same and arrival
at a collective
opinion are the chief
features of public.
• Financial Publics
• Media Publics
• Government Publics
• Citizen-action
Publics
• Local Publics
• General Publics
• Internal Publics
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
33. Features of Mass Comm.
• Mass Communication is distinguished from other
kinds of communication by a number of features or
characteristics. They are:
• Mass Medium
• Presence of Gatekeepers
• Delayed Feedback
• Limited Sensory Channels
• Impersonal Vs Personal Communication
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
34. Mass Media
• The Term Mass Media refers to the collection of
all those tools that communicate with the masses
to elicit some responses from them.
• Mass Media unite the masses.
• The Mass Media are mediated communication
tools or vehicles.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
35. Mass Media
• The term mass media and mass
communication are closely
interrelated.
• Mass comm is not possible without
the use of mass media.
• It is the results of the efforts of the
mass media.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
36. Mass Media
• According to denis McQuil
• The mass media are a power resource.
• An arena.
• A source.
• A source of fame
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
37. Mass Media
• The foundations of a public meaning
system.
• The most effective entertainment tools.
• The most active tools for conducting
political processes.
• The mass media address burning questions.
• The mass media are educators.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
38. Objective of Mass Media
• Mould perceptions.
• Define or Redefine
views on some issues
• Purchase some products
or services.
• Take such actions as
would ensure social,
economic and political
development.
• Make them aware of
ecology and
environment.
The Mass Media of the new era are
used to persuade the masses to :
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
39. Presence of Gatekeepers
• In mass communication, sent messages do
not reach the audience in raw form.
• Messages are usually „treated‟.
• The concept of gatekeeper was first coined
by Kurt Lewin .
• Kurt describes gatekeepers as individuals or
groups of persons who govern the travels of
news items in the communication channels.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
40. Presence of Gatekeepers
• 1. Limiting the
information through
editing before
dissemination.
• 2. Expanding the
amount of information
by injecting additional
views or angles.
• 3. Reorganizing or
Reinterpreting the
information gathered
before disseminating
it.
A gatekeeper does three major functions:
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
41. Cont…
• In mass media organizations, the
gatekeepers are usually the reporters, sub-
editors, editors, producers, writers, etc.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
42. Delayed Feedback
• In interpersonal communication where
reply/feedback is made almost instantly,
the feedback in mass communication is
always delayed.
• Burgoon said in 1978 “Feedback is
often limited, delayed and indirect‟‟ .
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
43. Limited Sensory Channels
• This feature has to do with the fact that mass
medium limits the number of sensory
channels upon which audience can draw.
• Mass communication only enables one to use
his or her sense of sight and hearing since one
can only see the visual picture and hear the
voice of the speaker on the broadcast station.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
44. CONT….
• This is unlike in a face- to- face
communication where the audience can
shake hands or hug the politicians and
as such, have no limitation to the
sensory channels.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
45. Impersonal and Personal Communication
• Unlike in face – to – face
communication where communication
is personal.
• participants in mass communication
are usually strangers and, hence
messages are more impersonal.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
46. Mass Communication and Human Communication
• Human Communication is a dynamic process of
sharing information between individuals.
• It encompasses all kinds of communication that
involves man.
• Mass communication is part of human
communication.
• It is one of the three major parts of human
communication.
• Human Emotions and need in mass comm.
06-Sep-17 @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
49. THE AGENDA-SETTING FUNCTION
OF MASS MEDIA*
MAXWELL E. Macomb & DONALD L. SHAW
• Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 36, Issue 2,
Pages 176–187.
• Published:
01 January 1972
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
50. Setting role of media has its roots in an old book,
Public Opinion Written by Walter Lippmann (1922).
The author titled his first chapter as “The World
Outside and the Pictures in Our Heads.”
Lippmann was the person who argued that the mass
media make our pictures of the world and inform us
about the world events.
People can see only reflections of reality (not reality
itself) in the news media
The idea of the agenda
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
51. • Agenda-setting is the
creation of public
awareness and
concern of salient
issues by the news
media.
• Agenda-setting
describes the way that
media attempts to
influence viewers,
and establish a
hierarchy of news
prevalence.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
• The press and the media do not reflect reality, they filter and
shape it.
• Media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public
to perceive those issues as more important than other issues.
52. • The concept that the news media influence the
“pictures in our heads” was put to an empirical
test in 1972.
• During the 1968 presidential election of the USA,
McCombs and Shaw conducted the first test of
Lippmann‟s theory in Chapel Hill, NC.
“The media Tells us whaT To Think abouT”
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
53. • Mass Media influence public perception about
the important issues of the day through their
daily selection and display of the news in their
news bulletin etc.
They believed that with the passage of time the
priority issues of the news media organizations
would become the priority issues of the public.
The media audience can easily feel the priorities
of the news agenda.
mccombs and shaw’ TesT (1972)
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
54. Three Models
• There are three models assumed by Max McCombs: the
awareness model, the priorities model and the salience model.
Rogers and Dearing identify three types of agenda setting:
• Public agenda setting, in which the public's agenda is
the dependent variable (the traditional hypothesis)
• Media agenda setting, in which the media's agenda is treated
as the dependent variable ("agenda building")
• Policy agenda setting, in which elite policy makers' agendas
are treated as the dependent variable ("political agenda
setting")
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
55. Beginning of the Agenda-Setting Theory
News agenda determines the public agenda.
We look to news media to prompt us as to
where we should focus attention.
Media don‟t tell us what to think, they tell us
what to think about.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
56. • A theory that
holds intense
media attention
increases the
importance of
certain topics,
issues, and
individuals
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
• It has the ability to tell us
what issues are
important and has a very
powerful influence of the
media.
58. • McCombs and Shaw‟s study was to
investigate a link between the content of
the news agenda and the public agenda.
• McCombs and Shaw wanted to examine
effects on people that resulted from some
specific content of the media messages.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
59. Who uses agenda setting
• Agenda setting functions
mostly in mass
communication and media
• The media uses agenda setting
theory to inform us on what
they think is important to our
society
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
60. SIGNIFICANCE
• Agenda-setting theory countered the “limited
effects” .
• “Limited effects” = selective exposure, attention,
retention)
• Showed that the media ARE powerful,
yet also recognizing that public was free to choose.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
61. FOCUS OF THEORY
• Election campaigns
• Establishing cause-
(effect relationship between media agenda
and public agenda)
• Quantitative research techniques
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
62. WHO SETS THE AGENDA FOR MEDIA?
Media “gatekeepers”
The candidates themselves
Public relations / “spin” professionals and interest groups
Compelling news events
Individual Media Workers‟ influence on Media Content
Influence of Media Routines
Organizational Influences on Media Content
Influences from Outside Media Organizations
Influence of Ideology on Media Content
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
63. • The size of the headlines
• The length of the news story
• The page placement
• story appears indicate the prominence of the news story.
In newspapers
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
64. • The position of an item in the newscast
• The length of the story determine its importance.
These signals help the audience in making their priorities
among a small number of issues selected for attention in
the daily news broadcasts and outlets.
In television broadcasts
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
66. GRATIFICATIONS THEORY
• The audience is active
and its media use is
goal oriented.
• People have various
uses (needs) they seek
to satisfy through
media.
• Audience members
take initiative to link
need gratification to a
specific media.
• The media compete
with other sources for
need satisfaction.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
67. • Elihu Katz first introduced the Uses and
Gratification Approach, when he came up with the
concept that people use the media to their benefit.
• The perspective emerged in the early 1970‟s as
Katz and his two colleagues, Jay Blumler and
Michael Gurevitch continued to expand the idea.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
68. • The Uses and Gratifications Approach
views the audience as active.
• They actively seek out specific media
and content to achieve certain results.
• Gratifications satisfy their personal
needs.
06-Sep-17@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.
69. @ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
• Utility
• Intentionality
• Selectivity
• Imperviousness to Influence
• Activity
• Activeness
Need for Gratifications
71. Four Theories of the
Press / Media /
Mass Communication
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
72. • Normative theories were first proposed by
Fred Siebert, Theodore Peterson and Wilbur
Schramm in their book called “Four Theories
of the Press”.
• At first the word “Normative Theory” was
pronounced in USA during the height of „cold
war‟ with communism and soviet.
• Often it called as western theories of mass
media.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
73. • A Normative theory describes an ideal way
for a media system to be controlled and
operated by the government, authority, leader
and public.
• Normative theories of press are not
providing any scientific explanations or
prediction.
• Normative theories are more focused in the
relationship between Press and the
Government than press and the audience.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
74. The four theories of the Press/Media
• These theories are
more concern about
the ownership of the
media and who
controls the press or
media in the country.
• Authoritarian theory
• Libertarian theory
• Social responsibility
theory
• Soviet media theory
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
75. Authoritarian Theory
• Authoritarian theory describe that all forms of
communications are under the control of the
governing elite or authorities or influential
bureaucrats.
• The press is an instrument to enhance the ruler‟s
power in the country rather than any threats.
• The authorities have all rights to permit any media
and control it by providing license to the media and
make certain censorship.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
76. Cont…
• If any media violate the government policies against
license, then the authority has all right to cancel the
license and revoke it.
• The government has all right to restrict any sensitive
issues from press to maintain peace and security in the
nation.
• Censorship is a suppression of any communication
which may consider as harmful to the people, King,
government and its nation.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
77. Different types of censors
• Political censor
• Moral censor
• Religious censor
• Military censor
• Corporate censor
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
78. Libertarian Theory
• The theory is originally came from libertarian
thoughts from 16th century in Europe.
• The libertarian theorists are against the authoritarian
thoughts.
• Liberalism means information is knowledge and
knowledge is power.
• Libertarianism is free from any authority or any
control or censorship.
• The libertarianism is an idea of individualism and
limited government which is not harmful to another.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
79. Cont…
• The libertarian thoughts are exactly against or
opposite to the authoritarian theory which means the
authoritarian theory says “all forms of
communication works under the control of
government or elite like king”.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
80. Social Responsibility Theory
• Social responsibility theory of press which is
associated with “the Commission of the Freedom of
Press” in United States at 1949.
• In the book “Four theories of Press” (Siebert,
Peterson and Schramm) it’s been stated that “pure
libertarianism is antiquated, out dated and
obsolete.”
• That covered way for replacement of Libertarian
theory with the Social responsibility theory.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
81. Cont…
• The theory lies between both authoritarian
theory and libertarian theory because it gives
total media freedom in one hand but the
external controls in other hand.
• Here, the press ownership is private.
• The social responsibility theory moves beyond
the simple “Objective” reporting (facts
reporting) to “Interpretative” reporting
(investigative reporting).
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
82. Cont…
• The theory helped in creating professionalism
in media by setting up a high level of accuracy,
truth, and information.
• Formulate the code of conduct for the press.
• Improve the standards of journalism.
• Safeguarding the interests of journalism and
journalist.
• Criticize and make some penalty for violating the
code of conduct.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
83. Soviet Media Theory
• After the 1917th revolution, the Soviet Union was
restructured with new political system based on the
Marxist-Leninist principles.
• The newly formed communist party by Lenin shows
much interest in the media which serves to the
working class in the country and their welfares.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
84. • Soviet originates a theory from Marxist, Leninist
and Stalinist thoughts, with mixture of Georg
Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ideology is called “Soviet
Media Theory”
• also known as “TheCommunist Media Theory”.
• The same theory was developed and followed by
Adolf Hitler‟s Nazi in Germany and Benito
Mussolini in Italy.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
85. • Soviet media theory is imitative of Leninist principles
which based on the Carl Marx and Engel‟s ideology.
• The government undertake or controls the total media
and communication to serve working classes and their
interest.
• Theory says the state have absolute power to control
any media for the benefits of people.
• They put end to the private ownership of the press and
other media.
• The government media provide positive thoughts to
create a strong socialized society as well as providing
information, education, entertainment, motivation and
mobilization.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17
86. • The theory describe the whole purpose of the
mass media is to educate the greater masses
of working class or workers.
• The public was encouraged to give feedback
which would able to create interests towards
the media.
@ Amarendra Aarya, Media Management, MCU, Bhopal.06-Sep-17