Fiber report

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
SUBMITTED TO: SIR IMRAN RAZA
SUBMITTED BY : MUBASHIR KHALID
DISCIPLINE: TS-01(A)

1) Length : ½ to 2 ½ inches
2) Color: Varies from white to yellow and grey.
3)Tenacity: 3-5 gm./denier , wet strength is 20% .
4)Elongation at break: Cotton does not stress easily. It has an
elongation at break of 5-10%
5)Elastic recovery: Low
6)Specific Gravity: 1.54 g/cm3
7)Moisture Regain:8.5%
8)Effect of sunlight: Loses strength when exposed to sunlight and fiber
turns yellow.
9)Resilience: Wrinkles easily.
10)Shrinkage: Tends to contract or shrink when it dries.
PYHSICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON

1)Effect of acid: Attacked by hot dilute acids.
2)Effect of Alkalis: Excellent resistance to alkalis.
3)Effect of organic solvents: High resistance to normal
cleaning solvents.
4)Effect of insects: Not attacked by moths or beetles.
5)Effect of mildew : Attacked by fungi and bacteria.
6)Resistance to perspiration: Alkali perspiration does
not deteriorate cotton. Acid perspiration has slightly
deteriorating effect.
7)Affinity for dyes: Good affinity for dyes.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON

1)Because of its high capacity to absorb, hold and dry moisture,
cotton offers maximum comfort under extreme heat and
humidity.
2)It is a fiber that “breathes”. Consumer prefers cotton for its
comfort, laundrability, absorbency, ease finishing and dyeing.
3)It is a preferred fabric for children & for anyone who has a
sensitive skin and is allergic to other fibers, since it is non
allergic.
3)A wide range of fabric construction methods can be
employed including weaving, knitting as well as non woven
techniques.
4)Cotton is used universally for a variety of apparel (both
inner and outer wear).
USES OF COTTON

5)It finds extensive usage in home textiles i.e. towel, pillow cover, bed
spreads and table cloth etc.
6)The fiber also has industrial applications including medical & surgical.
7)Blending of cotton fiber can be done at the fiber, yarn or fabric stage.
8)Cotton is also used to create fishing nets, tents and cotton paper. Cotton
paper is used to create banknotes and high quality art paper.
9)After the cotton is removed from the seeds there are some fine fibers left
attached to the seeds. These are called linters and when processed are
known as viscose rayon.
10)The seed of the cotton plant also has some important uses. Firstly, it can
be used to produce cottonseed oil, which is a popular vegetable oil for
cooking. The remains can be used as feed for cattle and other animals.

PYHSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOL
1) Length :1 ½ to 6 inches
2) Color: Could be white, near white brown and black.
3)Tenacity: 1-1.7 gm./denier (DRY) , 0.8gm/denier (WET)
4)Elongation at break: Standard elongation is 25-35%. In
Wet condition 25-50%
5)Elastic recovery: Good
6)Specific Gravity: 1.3-1.32g/cm3
7)Moisture Regain: 16-18%
8)Effect of sunlight: Main chemical components of wool
decomposes under action of sunlight .
9)Resilience: High degree of resilience.
10)Shrinkage: Greater in woolen than in worsted, all
fabrics made of wool are subject to shrinkage.

1)Effect of acid: Attacked by hot concentrated sulphuric
acid and decomposes completely.
2)Effect of Alkalis: Sensitive to alkaline substances.
3)Effect of organic solvents: does not affect in organic
solvents.
4)Effect of insects: affected by insects.
5)Effect of mildew: Attacked by mildew if it remains wet for
long time.
6)Affinity for dyes: Dyed well and evenly due to high
affinity for dyes.
7)Resistance to perspiration: Weakened by alkali
perspiration.
8)Bleaching: Bleaches like sodium hypochlorite or other
chlorine compounds are harmful to wool.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOL

1) Wool fabric is used for all kinds of clothing, couch covers, bedspreads,
toilet covers, tablecloths, etc.
2)People who can sew use wool fabric for most of their creations because
it is sold by the yard and is available in most craft stores.
3) Wool fabric has been used for centuries. Greek soldiers used wool felt
to add comfort to their helmets.
4) Villagers used wool to make clothing and bags for traveling. 5)Wool
can be used to make clothing, rugs, audio speaker coverings, and much
more.
6)Wool can be used to make sweaters and jerseys.
7)Wool fabric is also used to line boxes, shelving, and other surfaces that
need to be softer so that items are placed on top of or inside of will not
break.
8)Bedding and blankets are also created using wool or a blend of
different fabrics that includes wool. Wool can keep heat from escaping
because it is denser than other fabrics.
USES OF WOOL

9) Most active wear is made from wool blended fabric. Shirts, pants,
dresses, ties, skirts, and jackets can be made from wool.
10) Wool is a multifunctional fiber with a range of diameters that make
it suitable for clothing, household fabrics and technical textiles.
11) Its ability to absorb and release moisture makes woolen garments
comfortable as well as warm.
12) Two thirds of wool is used in the manufacture of garments,
including sweaters, dresses, coats, suits and "active sportswear".
13) Slightly less than a third of wool goes into the manufacture of
blankets anti-static and noise-absorbing carpets, and durable
upholstery (wool's inherent resistance to flame and heat makes it one
of the safest of all household textiles).
14) Industrial uses of wool include sheets of bonded coarse wool used
for thermal and acoustic insulation in home construction, as well pads
for soaking up oil spills.

1)Color: Could be yellow, brown, green or grey
2)Tenacity: 3.5-5gm./denier. Wet strength is 75-80% which
is higher than dry strength.
3)Elongation at break: 20-25% at break
4)Elastic recovery: not so good.
 6)Specific Gravity: 1.25-1.34g/cm3
5)Moisture Regain:11% standard but can absorb up to
35%
6)Effect of heat: Will withstand at higher temperature
than wool.
7)Effect of sunlight: Sunlight tends to encourage the
decomposition of silk by atmospheric oxygen.
8)Luster: Bright.
9)Resilience: Retain their shape and resist wrinkling.
10)Shrinkage: Normal shrinkage.
SILK FIBER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILK

1)Effect of acid: Can be decomposed by strong acids
into its constitute amino acids
2)Effect of Alkalis: Less readily damaged by alkali than
wool.
3)Effect of organic solvents: Insoluble in dry cleaning
solvents in common use.
4)Effect of insects: Does not affect silk.
5)Effect of mildew: Silk is affected by mildew slightly.
6)Affinity for dyes: Very good affinity for dyes.
7)Reaction to bleaches: Strong bleaches will deteriorate
silk like sodium hypochlorite.
8)Resistance to perspiration: Damaged by perspiration.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILK

1) Silk is mainly used in the manufacture of clothing such as
dresses, ties, shirts, trousers, pajamas, underwear and folk
costumes.
2) It is also used in skiing garments because of its ability to keep
body warmth contained and because it is lightweight.
3) Silk is also used to make silk comforter or duvets which are
lightweight and hypoallergenic.
4) It is also used as fabric for upholstery, curtains, rugs and
bedding such as sheets.
5) Silk is sometimes used in the construction of parachute
materials and cords, though it is more common for parachutes to
be made from nylon.
6) It is also occasionally used to make the casing of bicycle tires;
cotton and nylon are also used for this purpose.
7) Silk thread is used as a non-absorbable surgery sutures.
USES OF SILK

8) Silk has been used to make disposable cups and tableware.
9) Due to its refractive nature holograms have been made using silk
material.
10) It has been used to create capsules for drug delivery.
11) Spider silk was once used to create the cross hairs in instruments
such as microscopes and telescopes. Spider silk is still used in the field
of optics to create fine diffraction patterns need in optical
communications.
12) Silk is also being used in the fields of photonics and optics as well
as in electronic applications
13) The silk fibers can be used to provide a repair structure for
muscles, bone, cartilage and tendons. But the modern uses of silk do
not end in the medical field.
14) Silk's attractive luster and drape makes it suitable for
many furnishing applications

1)Color: Yellowish to grey.
2)Tenacity: 5.5-6.5gm./denier.
3)Elongation at break: 2.7-3.5% at break
4)Elastic recovery: not so good.
6)Specific Gravity: 1.50g/cm3
5)Moisture Regain:10-12 %
6)Effect of sunlight: Not affected by sunlight like other fibers.
7)Length: 18-30 inch.
8)Resiliency: Very poor.
9)Luster: Brighter than cotton.
10)Shrinkage: Shrinks less than cotton.
LINEN FIBER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LINEN

1)Effect of acid: Damaged by highly densified acids.
2)Effect of Alkalis: Excellent resistance to alkalis.
3)Effect of organic solvents: High resistance to normal
cleaning solvents.
4)Effect of insects: Not attacked by moths or beetles.
5)Effect of mildew: Vulnerable to mildew.
6)Effects of bleaching agents: Does not stain as readily
as cotton but it is also more difficult to bleach.
7)Affinity for dyes: Does not have good affinity for
dyes.
8)Effect of heat: Scorches and flames in a manner
similar to cotton.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LINEN

1)Linen makes an excellent upholstery fabric, because it does not pill
or stretch. It resists wear from abrasion as well as dirt and stains.
2) Linen works wonderfully for drapery panels, as air permeates it,
providing privacy and airflow.
3) Bed linens made from pure linen feel soft and natural. The more
they are washed, the more organic and soft they appear and feel.
4) Wallpaper made with linen adds a layer of texture to any design
motif.
5) Headboards upholstered with linen create a clean, simple and
minimalist look.
USES OF LINEN

6)Tablecloths made of linen have long been preferred for formal tables.
7) Napkins made of linen have been used since the 18th century. Linen
napkins are lint free and get softer with washing
8) Apparently, it can even be used for making wall canvases, artist’s
canvases. coverings, napkins, lampshades, chair backing covers.
9) It can be used for runners, handkerchiefs, gift wrappings, book
covers, cell phone pouches and other various accessories
10) Linen fabrics are used in light aviation products, reinforced
plastics, sewing thread, surgical thread and twine.
11) Linen can be used to make a wonderful set of curtains or cushions.
12) The fabric is welcoming during the summer months for its
cooling sensations but on the contrary, it is good in winter because of its
warming features.

1)Color: White.
2)Tenacity: 5-7gm./denier.
4)Elasticity: Good.
6)Specific Gravity: 1.38g/cm3
5)Moisture Regain:0.40%
6)Luster: Bright.
7)Resilience: high degree of resilience.
8)Effect of sunlight: Good resistance to degradation by
sunlight.
9)Shrinkage: Shrink as much as 20% during wet finishing
operations. Finished polyester woven and knitted fabrics
will not shrink.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER

1)Effect of acid: Good resistance to mineral and organic acids.
Concentrated Solution of sulphuric acid at high temperature will
result in degradation.
2)Effect of Alkalis: Good resistance to weak alkalis and fair
resistance to strong alkalis. Resistance is reduced with increase in
temperature.
3)Effect of organic solvents: Does not effect.
4)Effect of insects: Good protection.
5)Effect of midew: Good protection.
6)Effects of bleaching agents: Not affected by bleaching agents.
7)Affinity for dyes: Can be dyed with disperse, azoic and developed
dyes at high temperatures.
8)Resistance to perspiration: No significant loss of strength from
continued contact with acid or alkali.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIRES

1) Polyester fibers are widely used in textile industry for making a
variety of textiles such as sarees, dress materials, curtains, etc. They
are also blended with natural fibers such as cotton and wool.
2) Polyester is used for making sails of sailboats.
3) Polyester is also used as Mylar, in the preparation of films, magnetic
recording tapes, etc.
4) Polyester is used for making water hoses for firefighting.
5) Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in tyre
strengthening process
6) Polyester fabrics used for conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics
and plastic supporting with high-energy absorption.
USES OF POLYESTER

7) Polyester fiber is used as cushioning and padding material in pillows, quilts
and upholstery stuffing.
8) Polyesters are also used to make bottles, films, oilcloth, sheeting, canoes,
liquid crystal flaunts, holograms, filters, dielectric film for capacitors, film
insulation for wire and insulating tapes.
9)Polyesters are widely used as a finish on first-class wood products such as
guitars, pianos and automobile/ship interiors.
10) Cure polyesters can be sanded and polished to a high-luster, durable
finishing.
11) Polyester fibers are mainly resistant to brightness and climatic conditions
and can endure geographical effects.
12) An unusual and little known use of polyester is in the manufacturing of
balloons gifted on special occasions.
13) Polyester is also used to manufacture high strength ropes, thread, hoses,
sails, floppy disk liners, power belting and much more in industries.

1)Color: White.
2)Tenacity: 2.4-3.2gm./denier.
3)Elongation at break: 13% at break
4)Elasticity: Good.
6)Specific Gravity: 1.64-1.54g/cm3
5)Moisture Regain:11-13%
6)Luster: Light to Bright.
7)Effect of sunlight: Good resistance to sunlight.
8)Shrinkage: Tends to shrink more than cotton.
9)Resiliency: Creases easily.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1)Effect of acid: Damaged by strong acids but moderate with
weak acids.
2)Effect of Alkalis: Concentrated solution of alkalis disintegrate
viscose rayon.
3)Effect of organic solvents: Enough ability to protect against
organic solvents.
4)Effect of insects: Affected by insects and they cause harm to
fiber.
5)Effect of midew: Not good and mildew damages the rayon
fiber.
6)Effects of bleaching agents: Strong oxidizing agents damage
viscous rayon fibers.
7)Affinity for dyes: Absorbs dyes evenly and can be dyed with
variety of dyes.
8)Resistance to perspiration: Fairly resistant to deterioration
from perspiration.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1) Used for making blouses, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings,
millinery, slacks, sport shirts, sportswear, suits, ties, work clothes
2) It is also used in making Bedspreads, blankets, curtains
3) It has variety of uses in draperies, sheets, slipcovers,
tablecloths, upholstery
4) It is also used in Industrial products, medical surgical products,
nonwoven products, tire cord
5) It is used for making Feminine hygiene product
6) Rayon filament is used in tire cord, fiber deniers.
USES OF RAYON

7) It is also used in suit linings, and jewel boxes.
8) Flame-resistant rayon/wool blends are used in commercial
airline seats.
9) Ultra-fine rayon gives blouses and dresses a silkier look and
feel.
10) High-wet modulus rayon, used alone or in blends, produces
apparel fabrics that are wrinkle and shrink-resistant.

1)Color: White or grey white
2)Tenacity: 2-4.2gm./denier.
4)Elasticity: Good.
6)Specific Gravity: 1.16gm/cm3
5)Moisture Regain:1-2.5%
6)Luster: Bright to light.
7)Effect of sunlight: Good resistance to sunlight.
8)Shrinkage: Tends to shrink more than cotton.
9)Resiliency: Creases easily.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1)Effect of acid: Good resistance to acids.
2)Effect of Alkalis: Fair resistance to alkalis.
3)Effect of organic solvents: Does not cause harm to acrylic
fiber.
4)Effect of insects: Does not affect.
5)Effect of mildew: Excellent protection.
6)Effects of bleaching agents: It is safe to bleach .
7)Affinity for dyes: Acid dyes and basic dyes are suitable.
8)Resistance to perspiration: Not readily deteriorated by
perspiration.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

It is used for making Sweaters, socks, fleece wear, circular knit
apparel, sportswear and children's wear
2) it is used in making Carpet, blankets, area rugs, upholstery,
pile fabrics
3) its wide uses make it suitable for making Car tops, boat
covers, awnings, outdoor furniture
4) It is used in Filtration materials, reinforcement materials in
construction, car batteries.
5) It is used in making Sweaters.
USES OF ACRYLIC

6) Used for Women's and Children's Wear, Sports Wear, Socks, Knitted
Underwear, Pajamas, Gloves, etc.
7) Carpets, A Variety of Rugs, Upholstery, Cushions, Blankets, Pile
Sheets, etc.
8) Used in making Felts for Paper Making
9) It is used in Filter Cloth, Alternative Asbestos, Tents, Sheet, etc.
9) It is used for making Rag Doll, Toys .
10) Also used in Auxiliary Tapes for Bags, Braids, Cloth for Bags, Wigs,
etc.

1)Color: White or grey white
2)Tenacity: 4-9gm./denier(dry), in wet 90% of Dry.
4)Specific Gravity: 1.14gm/cm3
5)Moisture Regain:3.5-5%
6)Effect of sunlight: More resistant to sunlight than most
other fibers.
7)Shrinkage: Good dimensional stability.
8)Resiliency: Excellent.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1)Effect of acid: Decomposed by cold concentrated mineral acids
like sulphuric, nitric and hypochlorite acids.
2)Effect of Alkalis: Inert to alkalis.
3)Effect of organic solvents: Most of the solvents have little or no
effect on nylon.
4)Effect of insects: Does not affect.
5)Effect of mildew: No effect.
6)Effects of bleaching agents: Not attacked by oxidizing and
reducing bleaches but can be harmed by chlorine and strong
oxidizing bleaches.
7)Affinity for dyes: Nylon6 has greater affinity for dyes than
nylon6,6.
8)Resistance to perspiration: It is resistant to perspiration.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1) Nylon is used for making plastic machine parts as it is low cost
and long lasting.
2) It is often commonly used in the electronics industry for its
non-conductivity and heat resistance.
3) It is used for screws, bolts, washers and nuts as well as circuit
board hardware. Parts made of nylon are often used in
mechanisms that rotate or slide due its low coefficient of friction.
4) It is used to make bearings for the appliance industry because of
its excellent abrasion resistance
USES OF NYLON

5) Nylon is used in cookware since it has a relatively high continuous
service temperature. These include spatulas, slotted spoons, turners, forks,
tongs, brushes.
6) Nylon is used in making book bags, back packs, flak jackets.
7) Also used in wedding gowns and bridal veils.
8) It has a wide application in athletic shoes, ponchos, umbrellas, camera
cases, swimsuits, socks, gloves, hats, luggage, and much more.
9) Nylon fibers are used in textiles, fishing line and carpets. Nylon films is
used for food packaging.
10) Polyamide 6 is used in large applications in sport, such as ski bindings
and in-line skates.
11) It is used in miniature circuit breakers, residual current devices, fuses,
switches and relays, contactors and cabinets.

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