This document discusses fiber optic cables, which transmit digital information in the form of light pulses along thin glass or plastic wires. Fiber optic cables offer advantages over copper wiring like greater bandwidth, less signal degradation over long distances, and less interference. They are commonly used for long distance communication, like telephone calls and internet, and have applications in networking due to their high bandwidth capabilities. Fiber optic cables use the phenomenon of total internal reflection to keep light signals bouncing along the length of the cable until they reach their destination.

1. Fiber Optic: Optical Cable
Fiber-optics, also called optical fiber, is a technology that allows light to travel
along thin glass or plastic wires. These wires are typically bundled
into fiber-optic cables. This type of cable is used most commonly in the
communications industry, because digital information can be converted into
light pulses that move along the length of the wires. The cables vary in length,
from a few feet to long enough to cross continents or oceans.
Telephone calls, the Internet, and cable television are examples of the kinds of
information that can pass through a fiber-optic cable. It is typically less
expensive than copper wiring. These cables may run to homes and
businesses, but they are typically used for long distance communication. It has
not been known to turn corners easily without losing signal strength, however,
so it is used more often for straight, level distances.
Many individuals in the communications industries prefer fiber-optics to copper
wiring. First and foremost, fiber-optics typically offer better bandwidth,
meaning they can carry more information at once. Secondly, there is usually

2. less attenuation, or signal degradation, in a fiber-optic cable. Thirdly,
whereas copper wires use electrical signals, fibers use light waves, so there is
less chance of interference in the signal. Lastly, optical fiber wires are made
of glass, so there is little risk of fire.
A fiber-optic cable is made up of many fiber-optic wires all bundled together.
The major component in each wire is the optical glass or plastic core. This
core is a thread of clear material that must be as pure as possible in order to
conduct light over long distances. Impurities in the core may cause a
degradation in the signal.
Any fiber-optic cable uses a process called total internal reflection to transmit
information down its bundled wires. This particular type of reflection occurs
when light hits a clear surface at a precise angle and bounces back instead of
penetrating it. An example of total internal reflection occurring in nature can be
seen when a swimmer is just barely underwater and he or she can see the
ocean floor reflected in the undersurface of the water. This reflection occurs
due to the angle of the swimmer in relation to the water’s surface.
The light pulse within a fiber-optic cable hits the outer walls of the wire at a
similar angle, which keeps the light wave moving forward. The outer surface of
the glass wire provides just the right angle of reflection to keep the light
bouncing back and forth along the length of cable. The core is encased
in cladding, which is an optically-reflective material that aids in this process.
Light signals typically enter the fiber-optic cable at one end and are received

3. at the other. The signals are usually converted from digital or voice information
by a computer. They are then emitted into the cable in the form of light pulses
made by a laser or a light-emitting diode (LED) through a lens.
An optical cable connector is an important part of optical cable.It is the
terminal at the end of a cable that is made of fiber optic strands and that
carries digital signals. For most consumers, the most prevalent
optical cable connector is the small TOSlink plug that typically carries digital
audio signals in home stereo and theater systems. Other
optical cable connector standards apply in the networking field, in
which optical fiber cables provide extremely high bandwidth connections.
Digital audio cables typically feature the TOSlink optical cable connector.
This connector dates to 1983, when it was developed to carry digital audio
signals from compact disc players to outboard digital-to-analog converters and
is used today with a range of audio and video devices that output digital audio
signals. TOSlink optical cable connectors are relatively small and easy to
insert because they can be inserted only at the correct angle and click in place
when they are properly connected. Their key benefit over wire-based
connections is that, because they carry light pulses instead of an electrical
signal, they are not subject to electrical interference from other cables.
Many home theater systems use the high-definition multimedia interface
(HDMI) cable, which combines video and audio signals over a single
connection. This can be problematic because HDMI cables can combine many

4. different signals into a physically small cable with a relatively small connector,
carrying a risk of signal degradation over long runs. For this reason, a
combination of optical fiber cables for audio and digital television cables for
video signals can provide better performance over long distances. Although
the exact distance at which HDMI cables become unsuitable varies, a good
rule of thumb is for a consumer to look for an alternative to HDMI if
a cable needs to be more than 50 feet (15.2 m) in length.
Computer networking applications also use fiber optic cables because of their
ability to carry extremely high bandwidths of data and to span long distances.
Over the years, many optical cable connector standards have emerged, with
newer connectors typically being much smaller than older connector standards.
As with the TOSlink optical cable connector, optical networking cables
typically encase the fiber in a protective ferrule to protect it from damage and
to help it to line up with either light receivers or additional optical cables. Most
of the time, individual computer users will not use optical cables for their
networking, because fiber connections typically connect entire campuses or

5. offices to the larger public network.
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