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The document summarizes findings from fluorescein angiography tests for three patients. For the first patient, areas of blocked and leaking blood vessels were seen in the left eye due to a retinal vein occlusion. The second patient showed retinal pigment epithelium atrophy and hyperfluorescence in the macula from choroidal exposure. For the third diabetic patient, new leaking blood vessels and microaneurysms were visible in the periphery.
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Fundus Flourescein Angiography( FFA ) by optometry fans.pptx
Fundus flourescein angiography (FFA) by optometry fans.
Fundus flourescein angiography (FFA) is a valuable procedure in ophthalmic practice to the diagnosis and management of a large number of fundus disorders.
FFA provide information by allowing the examiner to study the changes, produced by various fundus disorders, in the flow of fluorescein dye along the vasculature of the retina and choroid
indication
Diabetic retinopathy
Vascular occlusions
Eales’ disease
Central serous retinopathy (CSR)
Cystoid macular oedema (CME)
Contraindication
Cardiac disease
Renal impairment
Uncontrolled hypertension
Pregnancy
Allergic reaction
Injecting 5 ml of 10 per cent solution of sterile sodium fluorescein dye in the antecubital vein
Taking serial photographs (with fundus camera) of the fundus of the patient with pupils fully dilated.
The first photograph is taken after 5 seconds, then every second for next 20 seconds and every 3-5 seconds for next one minute. The last pictures are taken after 10 minutes.
The fundus camera has a mechanism to use blue light (420-490 nm wavelength) for exciting the fluorescein present in blood vessels and to use yellow-green filter for receiving the fluorescent light (510-530 nm wavelength) back for photography.
Fluorescein Angiography
Fluoroscein angiography is a technique used to examine the circulation of the retina and choroid. It involves injecting a fluorescent dye called sodium fluorescein and taking photographs of the eye during different phases as the dye circulates through the vessels. The dye is excited by blue light and emits yellow-green light, allowing visualization of the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Fluorescein angiography provides valuable information used to diagnose and monitor many retinal diseases. Some common uses include detecting leaking blood vessels in wet age-related macular degeneration and evaluating areas of non-perfusion in diabetic retinopathy. While generally safe, rare adverse reactions like allergic reactions may occur.
Traumatic chorioretinopathies
Traumatic chorioretinal pathologies can result from both penetrating and non-penetrating ocular injuries. Males under 40 are most commonly affected. Closed globe injuries may cause commotio retinae, while open globe injuries risk choroidal rupture. Indirect injuries like Valsalva retinopathy or Terson syndrome can also cause intraocular bleeding. Traumatic macular holes and retinal detachments require surgical repair like vitrectomy. Overall ocular trauma remains a major cause of blindness worldwide.
Leukocoria (White Pupillary Reflex)
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
Fundus Fluorescence Angiography
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Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) provides detailed information about the retinal and choroidal circulation. It reveals inflammatory changes, lesions, neovascularization, fluid accumulation, and other abnormalities not visible on standard examination. FFA uses sodium fluorescein dye and filters to produce images of the retinal vasculature and detect leakage or blockages. Areas of hyperfluorescence indicate leakage or pooling of dye, while hypofluorescence shows blocked fluorescence from materials obstructing the view. FFA is useful for diagnosing and monitoring many retinal diseases.
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This document provides information on vascular disorders of the retina. It begins with the anatomy and blood supply of the retina. It then discusses diabetic retinopathy in detail, including pathogenesis, signs, diagnosis and treatment. It also briefly covers hypertensive retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion, describing their pathophysiology, classification systems, clinical presentation and management. The document focuses primarily on providing an overview of diabetic retinopathy and its various stages and complications.
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Fundus Flourescein Angiography( FFA ) by optometry fans.pptx
Fundus flourescein angiography (FFA) by optometry fans.
Fundus flourescein angiography (FFA) is a valuable procedure in ophthalmic practice to the diagnosis and management of a large number of fundus disorders.
FFA provide information by allowing the examiner to study the changes, produced by various fundus disorders, in the flow of fluorescein dye along the vasculature of the retina and choroid
indication
Diabetic retinopathy
Vascular occlusions
Eales’ disease
Central serous retinopathy (CSR)
Cystoid macular oedema (CME)
Contraindication
Cardiac disease
Renal impairment
Uncontrolled hypertension
Pregnancy
Allergic reaction
Injecting 5 ml of 10 per cent solution of sterile sodium fluorescein dye in the antecubital vein
Taking serial photographs (with fundus camera) of the fundus of the patient with pupils fully dilated.
The first photograph is taken after 5 seconds, then every second for next 20 seconds and every 3-5 seconds for next one minute. The last pictures are taken after 10 minutes.
The fundus camera has a mechanism to use blue light (420-490 nm wavelength) for exciting the fluorescein present in blood vessels and to use yellow-green filter for receiving the fluorescent light (510-530 nm wavelength) back for photography.
Fluorescein Angiography
Fluoroscein angiography is a technique used to examine the circulation of the retina and choroid. It involves injecting a fluorescent dye called sodium fluorescein and taking photographs of the eye during different phases as the dye circulates through the vessels. The dye is excited by blue light and emits yellow-green light, allowing visualization of the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Fluorescein angiography provides valuable information used to diagnose and monitor many retinal diseases. Some common uses include detecting leaking blood vessels in wet age-related macular degeneration and evaluating areas of non-perfusion in diabetic retinopathy. While generally safe, rare adverse reactions like allergic reactions may occur.
Traumatic chorioretinopathies
Traumatic chorioretinal pathologies can result from both penetrating and non-penetrating ocular injuries. Males under 40 are most commonly affected. Closed globe injuries may cause commotio retinae, while open globe injuries risk choroidal rupture. Indirect injuries like Valsalva retinopathy or Terson syndrome can also cause intraocular bleeding. Traumatic macular holes and retinal detachments require surgical repair like vitrectomy. Overall ocular trauma remains a major cause of blindness worldwide.
Leukocoria (White Pupillary Reflex)
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
Fundus Fluorescence Angiography
basics , principle, mechanism of fluorescence and auto fluorescence with pictures of high quality, detailed diseases description with photographs of early and late phases of angiography
FFA Dr Md Afzal Mahfuzullah
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) provides detailed information about the retinal and choroidal circulation. It reveals inflammatory changes, lesions, neovascularization, fluid accumulation, and other abnormalities not visible on standard examination. FFA uses sodium fluorescein dye and filters to produce images of the retinal vasculature and detect leakage or blockages. Areas of hyperfluorescence indicate leakage or pooling of dye, while hypofluorescence shows blocked fluorescence from materials obstructing the view. FFA is useful for diagnosing and monitoring many retinal diseases.
Vascular disorders of retina
This document provides information on vascular disorders of the retina. It begins with the anatomy and blood supply of the retina. It then discusses diabetic retinopathy in detail, including pathogenesis, signs, diagnosis and treatment. It also briefly covers hypertensive retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion, describing their pathophysiology, classification systems, clinical presentation and management. The document focuses primarily on providing an overview of diabetic retinopathy and its various stages and complications.
Retinopathy of prematurity
Retinal vasculitis is an inflammatory eye disease involving the retinal vessels that can occur due to infectious, neoplastic, or systemic inflammatory disorders. It is detected clinically using fundus fluorescein angiography. It can lead to leakage and exudation from affected vessels, as well as occlusion causing cotton-wool spots, edema, hemorrhages, and retinal infarction. Late sequelae include vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, neovascular glaucoma, and rubeosis iridis. Retinopathy of prematurity is a disease affecting the retinas of premature infants that ranges from mild cases to severe cases causing bilateral blindness. It results from an initial vasocon
Fundus fluroscein angiography
Fundus fluorescein angiography utilizes the fluorescent properties of sodium fluorescein dye to visualize the retinal and choroidal circulation. When excited by blue light, fluorescein emits green light that can be detected by a fundus camera. Normal angiograms show sequential filling of the choroid, arteries, capillaries, and veins. Abnormalities appear as hyperfluorescence or hypofluorescence and can indicate disruption of the blood-retinal or blood-choroidal barriers, neovascularization, vascular occlusion, or other pathologies. The document describes the technique, interpretation of phases, and angiographic findings in various macular disorders including drusen, atrophy, choroidal neovascularization,
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Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) results from obstruction of blood flow through the central retinal artery, causing ischemia of the inner retina. It presents suddenly with severe, painless vision loss. Examination typically reveals a cherry red spot at the macula and whitening of the inner retina. The cause is usually thrombotic or embolic, with cholesterol emboli being common. Prognosis depends on the extent of retinal ischemia, with only minimal chances of vision improvement over time. Management involves ruling out underlying cardiovascular conditions and considering prophylactic treatment to prevent further embolic events.
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- Orbital cellulitis is a serious infection of the orbital tissues that does not involve the globe itself. It is most commonly caused by bacterial infection spreading from the paranasal sinuses.
- Physical examination includes assessing vision, eye movements, proptosis, pupil function, and examining the orbit, eyelids and anterior/posterior segments for signs of infection or complications.
- Early diagnosis and treatment with intravenous antibiotics is important to prevent vision loss or life-threatening intracranial infections.
centralretinalarteryocclusion-150821150708-lva1-app6891.pdf
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) results from obstruction of blood flow through the central retinal artery, causing ischemia of the inner retina. It presents with sudden, painless vision loss. Examination typically reveals a cherry red spot at the macula and whitening of the inner retina. Ancillary testing such as OCT, FFA, and ERG can help evaluate the extent of retinal damage. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of underlying causes is important to prevent further vascular events.
Central retinal artery occlusion
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) results from obstruction of blood flow through the central retinal artery, causing ischemia of the inner retina. It presents with sudden, painless vision loss. Examination typically reveals a cherry red spot at the macula and whitening of the inner retina. Ancillary testing such as OCT, FFA, and ERG can help evaluate the extent of retinal damage. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of underlying causes is important to prevent further vascular events.
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This document discusses fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICG). It provides details on:
1. The introduction, pharmacology, characteristics and uses of FFA for assessing the retinal vasculature and blood-retinal barrier.
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Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
FFA provides detailed information about the retinal and choroidal vasculature by detecting how fluorescein dye circulates through the blood vessels and tissues after injection. It reveals inflammatory changes, lesions, neovascularization, fluid accumulation, hemorrhages, and disorders of the RPE and choroid. Areas that block the passage of dye appear dark on FFA while leaking or pooling dye appears bright. FFA is useful for diagnosing and monitoring many retinal conditions like diabetic retinopathy, AMD, retinal vascular occlusions, and CSR.
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This document discusses central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), a retinal vascular disorder where the central retinal vein becomes blocked. It has a prevalence of 0.4% and can be caused by compression of the vein, intraluminal thrombosis, or inflammation. CRVO is classified as perfused or non-perfused based on fluorescein angiography and the degree of retinal capillary non-perfusion. Treatment focuses on managing macular edema and neovascularization, common complications. While no treatment reverses CRVO itself, risk factor modification and therapies targeting edema and neovascularization can help preserve vision.
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This document discusses fluorescein angiography (FA), a medical imaging technique used to examine the circulation of the retina and choroid. It begins by describing the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers and how their disruption can be detected by FA. It then covers the principles and procedures of FA, including administration of fluorescein dye, use of filters, and image capture over time. Potential findings from FA are outlined, such as vascular filling defects, pooling, blocked fluorescence. Indications, contraindications and alternatives to FA like indocyanine green angiography are also summarized. Examples of FA images depicting various retinal conditions are provided.
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This document discusses fluorescein angiography (FA), a medical imaging technique used to examine the circulation of the retina and choroid. It begins by describing the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers and how their disruption can be detected using FA. It then covers the principles and procedures of FA, including administration of fluorescein dye, use of filters, and image capture over time. Potential findings from FA are outlined, such as vascular filling defects, pooling, blocked fluorescence. Indications, contraindications and alternatives to FA like indocyanine green angiography are also summarized. Examples of FA images depicting various retinal conditions are provided.
Retinal artery occlusion
The document discusses retinal arterial occlusion, including the central retinal artery and its branches. It describes the anatomy and blood supply of the retina. There are several potential mechanisms of retinal arterial occlusion, most commonly atherosclerosis-related thrombosis. Clinical presentations vary depending on the site of occlusion, such as central retinal artery occlusion presenting with a cherry red spot and cilioretinal artery occlusion causing pericentral scotomas. Management includes treating the acute event to restore vision as well as workup and management of any underlying systemic conditions. However, visual recovery is often poor due to retinal infarction.
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Fundus fluorescein angiography provides 3 key pieces of information: 1) the flow characteristics of blood vessels as fluorescein dye circulates through the retina and choroid, 2) fine details of the retinal pigment epithelium and retinal circulation, and 3) a clear picture of retinal vessels and assessment of their functional integrity. It involves injecting a fluorescent dye and taking rapid photographs under blue light to visualize the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Abnormal patterns include hypofluorescence from blocked fluorescence or vascular defects, and hyperfluorescence from window defects, leakage, pooling, or staining. It is useful for evaluating retinal diseases like epiretinal membranes, myopia, and diabetic retinopathy.
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This document provides information about fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. It discusses the basic principles of angiography including fluorescence and luminescence. It describes the chemical, optical, and pharmacological properties of fluorescein sodium used in fluorescein angiography. The normal phases and findings of a fluorescein angiogram are outlined. Common abnormalities detected on fluorescein angiography such as leakage and blockage are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing indocyanine green angiography which allows better visualization of the choroidal circulation compared to fluorescein angiography.
Ffa and icg
This document provides information about fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. It discusses the basic principles of angiography including fluorescence and absorption of light. It describes the properties and pharmacokinetics of fluorescein and the phases and findings of a normal fluorescein angiogram. It also discusses patient preparation, contraindications, common abnormalities seen on angiography and how various retinal conditions present on angiography. Finally, it provides an overview of indocyanine green angiography including its principles and advantages over fluorescein angiography.
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Fundus fluorescein angiography utilizes the fluorescent properties of sodium fluorescein dye to visualize the retinal and choroidal circulation. When excited by blue light, fluorescein emits green light that can be detected by a fundus camera. Normal angiograms show sequential filling of the choroid, arteries, capillaries, and veins. Abnormalities appear as hyperfluorescence or hypofluorescence and can indicate disruption of the blood-retinal or blood-choroidal barriers, neovascularization, vascular occlusion, or other pathologies. The document describes the technique, interpretation of phases, and angiographic findings in various macular disorders including drusen, atrophy, choroidal neovascularization,
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Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) results from obstruction of blood flow through the central retinal artery, causing ischemia of the inner retina. It presents suddenly with severe, painless vision loss. Examination typically reveals a cherry red spot at the macula and whitening of the inner retina. The cause is usually thrombotic or embolic, with cholesterol emboli being common. Prognosis depends on the extent of retinal ischemia, with only minimal chances of vision improvement over time. Management involves ruling out underlying cardiovascular conditions and considering prophylactic treatment to prevent further embolic events.
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- Orbital cellulitis is a serious infection of the orbital tissues that does not involve the globe itself. It is most commonly caused by bacterial infection spreading from the paranasal sinuses.
- Physical examination includes assessing vision, eye movements, proptosis, pupil function, and examining the orbit, eyelids and anterior/posterior segments for signs of infection or complications.
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centralretinalarteryocclusion-150821150708-lva1-app6891.pdf
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) results from obstruction of blood flow through the central retinal artery, causing ischemia of the inner retina. It presents with sudden, painless vision loss. Examination typically reveals a cherry red spot at the macula and whitening of the inner retina. Ancillary testing such as OCT, FFA, and ERG can help evaluate the extent of retinal damage. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of underlying causes is important to prevent further vascular events.
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Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) results from obstruction of blood flow through the central retinal artery, causing ischemia of the inner retina. It presents with sudden, painless vision loss. Examination typically reveals a cherry red spot at the macula and whitening of the inner retina. Ancillary testing such as OCT, FFA, and ERG can help evaluate the extent of retinal damage. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of underlying causes is important to prevent further vascular events.
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fundus fluorescein angiography V/S indocyanine green angiography
This document discusses fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICG). It provides details on:
1. The introduction, pharmacology, characteristics and uses of FFA for assessing the retinal vasculature and blood-retinal barrier.
2. The properties, adverse reactions, and instrumentation used for ICG, which provides better imaging of the choroid compared to FFA due to its deeper tissue penetration.
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Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
FFA provides detailed information about the retinal and choroidal vasculature by detecting how fluorescein dye circulates through the blood vessels and tissues after injection. It reveals inflammatory changes, lesions, neovascularization, fluid accumulation, hemorrhages, and disorders of the RPE and choroid. Areas that block the passage of dye appear dark on FFA while leaking or pooling dye appears bright. FFA is useful for diagnosing and monitoring many retinal conditions like diabetic retinopathy, AMD, retinal vascular occlusions, and CSR.
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This document discusses fluorescein angiography (FA), a medical imaging technique used to examine the circulation of the retina and choroid. It begins by describing the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers and how their disruption can be detected by FA. It then covers the principles and procedures of FA, including administration of fluorescein dye, use of filters, and image capture over time. Potential findings from FA are outlined, such as vascular filling defects, pooling, blocked fluorescence. Indications, contraindications and alternatives to FA like indocyanine green angiography are also summarized. Examples of FA images depicting various retinal conditions are provided.
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This document discusses fluorescein angiography (FA), a medical imaging technique used to examine the circulation of the retina and choroid. It begins by describing the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers and how their disruption can be detected using FA. It then covers the principles and procedures of FA, including administration of fluorescein dye, use of filters, and image capture over time. Potential findings from FA are outlined, such as vascular filling defects, pooling, blocked fluorescence. Indications, contraindications and alternatives to FA like indocyanine green angiography are also summarized. Examples of FA images depicting various retinal conditions are provided.
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The document discusses retinal arterial occlusion, including the central retinal artery and its branches. It describes the anatomy and blood supply of the retina. There are several potential mechanisms of retinal arterial occlusion, most commonly atherosclerosis-related thrombosis. Clinical presentations vary depending on the site of occlusion, such as central retinal artery occlusion presenting with a cherry red spot and cilioretinal artery occlusion causing pericentral scotomas. Management includes treating the acute event to restore vision as well as workup and management of any underlying systemic conditions. However, visual recovery is often poor due to retinal infarction.
Fundus fl. angio
Fundus fluorescein angiography provides 3 key pieces of information: 1) the flow characteristics of blood vessels as fluorescein dye circulates through the retina and choroid, 2) fine details of the retinal pigment epithelium and retinal circulation, and 3) a clear picture of retinal vessels and assessment of their functional integrity. It involves injecting a fluorescent dye and taking rapid photographs under blue light to visualize the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Abnormal patterns include hypofluorescence from blocked fluorescence or vascular defects, and hyperfluorescence from window defects, leakage, pooling, or staining. It is useful for evaluating retinal diseases like epiretinal membranes, myopia, and diabetic retinopathy.
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This document provides information about fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. It discusses the basic principles of angiography including fluorescence and luminescence. It describes the chemical, optical, and pharmacological properties of fluorescein sodium used in fluorescein angiography. The normal phases and findings of a fluorescein angiogram are outlined. Common abnormalities detected on fluorescein angiography such as leakage and blockage are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing indocyanine green angiography which allows better visualization of the choroidal circulation compared to fluorescein angiography.
Ffa and icg
This document provides information about fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. It discusses the basic principles of angiography including fluorescence and absorption of light. It describes the properties and pharmacokinetics of fluorescein and the phases and findings of a normal fluorescein angiogram. It also discusses patient preparation, contraindications, common abnormalities seen on angiography and how various retinal conditions present on angiography. Finally, it provides an overview of indocyanine green angiography including its principles and advantages over fluorescein angiography.
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Causes of proptosis
This document discusses proptosis (forward displacement of the eyeball), its causes, signs, symptoms, and evaluation. Proptosis can be unilateral or bilateral, acute or intermittent. It may be caused by congenital defects, trauma, infections, vascular lesions, cysts, tumors, or endocrine disorders like Graves' disease. Evaluation involves inspection, palpation, tests of eye movement and vision, exophthalmometry to measure protrusion, and diagnostic imaging or biopsy when indicated based on suspected etiology.
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This document provides an overview of vitreoretinal diseases and the anatomy of the vitreous and retina. It discusses examination of the normal eye, symptoms of vitreoretinal disorders, and abnormal fundus features seen on examination. Specific conditions covered include retinal detachment, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and effects of systemic diseases like hypertension and AIDS. Management approaches for various vitreoretinal diseases are also summarized.
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Optic nerve and retinal diseases are described including optic neuritis, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, central retinal vein occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion, and age-related macular degeneration. Optic neuritis causes eye pain, vision loss, and color vision changes. Central retinal vein occlusion blocks the main vein draining the retina causing hemorrhages and macular edema. Central retinal artery occlusion involves sudden vision loss from blockage of the artery supplying the retina. Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults and involves the degeneration of the macula.
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fundus fluorescein angiography V/S indocyanine green angiography
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- 2. • Left superior branch retinal vein occlusion. • The fluorescein angiography on the left shows areas of hypofluorescence and hyperfluorescence. • Hypofluorescence - retina haemorrhages and the hard exudates block the choroidal fluorescein causing dark patches • pre-retinal haemorrhages, in addition to blocking the choroidal fluorescein also cover the retina vasculature • Hyperfluorescence - damaged retina veins have exposed collagen which are stained by fluorescein. Leakage around the damaged vein occurs due to damage to the endothelium walls • microaneurysms appear as multiple bright spots.
- 4. • This is the right funuds of a patient with dry form of age-related macular degeneration. The macula shows areas of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy. • The fluorescein angiography shows hyperfluorescence in the macula due to RPE window defect allowing choroidal fluorescein to show through brightly.
- 6. • Fluorescein angiography of a diabetic patient with peripheral neovascularization. Hypofluroescence - dot and block haemorrhages Hyperfluorescence - new blood vessels with leakage - microaneurysms