Fertilization, implantaion and embryologyobgymgmcri
1. The document summarizes key stages in human development from fertilization through embryonic and fetal development. It describes fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and extraembryonic membranes.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
1. Embryology is the study of prenatal development from fertilization through birth. This includes general embryology (embryogenesis) and special embryology (organogenesis).
2. Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into male and female gametes. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the testes to produce sperm. In females, oogenesis occurs in the ovaries to produce eggs.
3. Fertilization involves the fusion of an egg and sperm to form a zygote, initiating the embryonic period of development. Cleavage and blastulation occur over the first week as the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and differentiates into a blastocyst.
The physiological processes that regulate parturition and the onset of labor continue to be defined. It is clear, however, that labor onset represents the culmination of a series of biochemical changes in the uterus and cervix. These result from endocrine and paracrine signals emanating from both mother and fetus.
The document describes several key processes in human development:
1. Gamete production and spermatogenesis/oogenesis which involve the formation of sperm and eggs through meiosis in the gonads.
2. Fertilization, which requires the sperm penetrating the egg's jelly coat and plasma membrane fusing with the egg's plasma membrane.
3. Cleavage, where the zygote rapidly divides through mitosis to form a morula then blastula.
4. Gastrulation creates the three germ layers and primitive streak that patterns the embryo.
5. Neurulation forms the neural tube which later becomes the brain and spinal cord through primary then secondary neurulation.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 008 First week of development A embryo .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The initial week of embryonic development is a vital period commencing with fertilization, leading to the creation of the zygote and early cell divisions. It's noteworthy that, throughout this week, the developing embryo remains in the pre-implantation stage, journeying from the fallopian tube toward the uterus. Key events such as fertilization, cleavage, and the formation of the blastocyst are crucial for the embryo's early development.
These events lay the foundation for subsequent processes in the following weeks. The successful implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus marks the transition from the first week to the second week of embryonic development.
Human embryology is the study of prenatal human development from fertilization through birth. There are three main periods of development - the pre-embryonic period from fertilization to 2 weeks, the embryonic period from 3-8 weeks, and the fetal period from 9 weeks until birth. Gametogenesis refers to the formation of male and female sex cells or gametes through processes of meiosis and mitosis in the ovaries and testes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote, initiating the embryonic development process.
Fertilization, implantaion and embryologyobgymgmcri
1. The document summarizes key stages in human development from fertilization through embryonic and fetal development. It describes fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and extraembryonic membranes.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
1. Embryology is the study of prenatal development from fertilization through birth. This includes general embryology (embryogenesis) and special embryology (organogenesis).
2. Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into male and female gametes. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the testes to produce sperm. In females, oogenesis occurs in the ovaries to produce eggs.
3. Fertilization involves the fusion of an egg and sperm to form a zygote, initiating the embryonic period of development. Cleavage and blastulation occur over the first week as the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and differentiates into a blastocyst.
The physiological processes that regulate parturition and the onset of labor continue to be defined. It is clear, however, that labor onset represents the culmination of a series of biochemical changes in the uterus and cervix. These result from endocrine and paracrine signals emanating from both mother and fetus.
The document describes several key processes in human development:
1. Gamete production and spermatogenesis/oogenesis which involve the formation of sperm and eggs through meiosis in the gonads.
2. Fertilization, which requires the sperm penetrating the egg's jelly coat and plasma membrane fusing with the egg's plasma membrane.
3. Cleavage, where the zygote rapidly divides through mitosis to form a morula then blastula.
4. Gastrulation creates the three germ layers and primitive streak that patterns the embryo.
5. Neurulation forms the neural tube which later becomes the brain and spinal cord through primary then secondary neurulation.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 008 First week of development A embryo .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The initial week of embryonic development is a vital period commencing with fertilization, leading to the creation of the zygote and early cell divisions. It's noteworthy that, throughout this week, the developing embryo remains in the pre-implantation stage, journeying from the fallopian tube toward the uterus. Key events such as fertilization, cleavage, and the formation of the blastocyst are crucial for the embryo's early development.
These events lay the foundation for subsequent processes in the following weeks. The successful implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus marks the transition from the first week to the second week of embryonic development.
Human embryology is the study of prenatal human development from fertilization through birth. There are three main periods of development - the pre-embryonic period from fertilization to 2 weeks, the embryonic period from 3-8 weeks, and the fetal period from 9 weeks until birth. Gametogenesis refers to the formation of male and female sex cells or gametes through processes of meiosis and mitosis in the ovaries and testes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote, initiating the embryonic development process.
The document summarizes the key stages of human development from fertilization through birth. It describes the formation of the zygote when an egg and sperm unite, and the early cleavage and differentiation stages. It outlines fetal development by week, including the establishment of organ systems and sexual differentiation. Later stages include growth of limbs, senses and body systems. Birth occurs in three stages, starting with cervical dilation and ending with the delivery of the placenta. Risks of premature birth and preventable birth defects are also discussed.
This document discusses fertilization and implantation in three parts. It first defines fertilization as the union of an egg and sperm to form a zygote, and implantation as the process where the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall. It then describes the phases and review of fertilization from chemical attraction to the formation of a blastocyst over 5 days. Finally, it explains the process of implantation from penetration of the endometrium through formation of the decidua and placenta over the next week as the embryo develops.
Giving overview of human embryonic development including spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, extraembryonic layers and pregnancy
Fertilization is the process by which an egg is fertilized by a sperm to produce a new organism. It begins with the collision of sperm and egg and ends with the formation of a single-celled zygote. Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division called cleavage over the next few days as it is transported down the fallopian tube through the uterus and into the womb. By the fourth day, it develops into a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst which implants in the uterine wall, where it continues to develop into an embryo.
Fertilization occurs when an ovum fuses with a sperm, leading to the development of an embryo. Sperm must travel through the female reproductive tract, confronting barriers like cervical mucus, before reaching the ampulla where fertilization occurs. Capacitation and the acrosome reaction prepare the sperm for fertilization. Gamete fusion results in the formation of a zygote containing male and female pronuclei. The zygote undergoes cleavage and develops into a blastocyst that implants in the uterus, initiating pregnancy. Pregnancy can be detected through urine or blood tests that detect human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone produced by the developing placenta.
The document discusses the process of fertilization and early embryonic development. It begins with an overview of the events of fertilization, including sperm penetration through the corona radiata and zona pellucida, the cortical reaction, and fusion of the male and female pronuclei. It then describes the early cleavage stages, where the zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions without growth to form a morula, followed by blastulation and implantation in the uterus. Key events include capacitation of sperm, the acrosomal reaction, prevention of polyspermy, and formation of the blastocyst from the inner cell mass and trophoblast.
The document discusses the process of fertilization in mammals like humans. It begins with the anatomy of sperm and ova. Upon contact with sperm, the ova completes meiosis to become a mature egg. The sperm undergoes capacitation to prepare for fertilization. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes. The sperm binds to and penetrates the egg's extracellular barriers. This triggers activation of the egg and fusion of the male and female pronuclei, restoring diploidy. The zygote then undergoes cell division.
This document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from ovulation through implantation. It describes how ovulation is triggered by hormones, followed by fertilization if sperm penetrate the egg's barriers. The zygote then undergoes cell division as it develops into a blastocyst, which implants in the uterine wall. Successful implantation depends on cellular interactions between the trophoblast and endometrium.
After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cell division (cleavage) to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula develops into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. During gastrulation, the blastula forms three layers of cells - endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. These cell layers will eventually differentiate into the tissues and organs of the body. The document then discusses the stages of embryonic and fetal development, including implantation of the embryo in the uterus, development of major organ systems, and birth.
The document describes various aspects of reproduction in different organisms:
1) It describes the process of copulation and external fertilization in frogs, where the female lays eggs in water for the male to fertilize.
2) It discusses asexual reproduction through regeneration in flatworms and examples in other animals and plants.
3) It outlines the male reproductive system in humans including production of sperm in the testes and transport.
1. The document discusses the process of embryology from fertilization through the third week of development. It describes key stages including cleavage, blastocyst formation, implantation, gastrulation, and the formation of the three germ layers and early patterning centers.
2. During gastrulation, the bilaminar embryo is converted into a trilaminar embryo through the formation of the three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Signaling centers such as the node and prechordal plate pattern the developing embryo.
3. Left-right patterning of the embryo is established at gastrulation through nodal cilia breaking symmetry and establishing Nodal
The document discusses the process of human development from fertilization through the first week. It explains that fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division as it is transported down the fallopian tube by cilia motion. By the end of the first week, the embryo has divided into multiple identical cells or blastomeres.
This document discusses the process of human fertilization and early embryonic development. It begins by explaining that fertilization occurs when a sperm and egg fuse, forming a single-celled zygote. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. By the end of the first week, the morula has further developed into a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine wall, marking the beginning of the embryonic period of development.
The document summarizes key stages of human fertilization and embryonic development. It describes how fertilization occurs through the fusion of sperm and egg cells. It then outlines the early cleavage and differentiation stages, including the formation of the morula, blastula and gastrula. It discusses the development of the three germ layers and how organs begin to form. Later stages covered include placenta and fetal development, as well as the roles of the umbilical cord, amniotic sac and other structures. Common complications like teratogens and types of twins are also summarized.
The document summarizes key stages of human fertilization and embryonic development. It describes how fertilization occurs through the fusion of sperm and egg cells. It then outlines the early cleavage and differentiation stages, including the formation of the morula, blastula and gastrula. It discusses the development of the three germ layers and how organs begin to form. Later stages covered include placenta and fetal development, as well as the roles of the umbilical cord, amniotic sac and other structures. Common complications like teratogens and types of twins are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the human reproductive system and process. It begins by defining the key terms and describing puberty and the changes that occur. It then details the male and female reproductive systems, including their main parts and functions. The ovarian and menstrual cycles are explained next, followed by fertilization, gestation, birth, and assisted reproduction techniques. The document concludes by covering contraception methods.
Fertilization is a complex chain of events that must occur successfully for conception. It begins with changes to the sperm to prepare for fusion with an egg. A single sperm must fuse with the egg to prevent polyspermy, which leads to embryonic death. Following fusion, the genetic material from the sperm and egg combine and the zygote undergoes rapid cell division through cleavage to form a blastula or blastocyst. This initiates differentiation of cells and early embryonic development.
Developmental genetics(fertilization and gametogenesis)shraddhabijalwan
This document summarizes gametogenesis and fertilization in humans. It describes the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, how sperm and eggs are produced through meiosis and cellular differentiation. It explains how sperm transit the female reproductive tract and capacitation prepares them to fertilize the egg. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote with a full complement of genetic material to develop as an embryo.
Embryology Course I - Introduction, Gametogenesis, ImplantationRawa Muhsin
This is is the first session of a basic human embryology course, and it discusses:
1. Gametogenesis (both spermato- and oo-genesis)
2. Fertilization
3. Implantation of the zygote in the uterine wall
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Similar to Fertilisation New.pdf embryology first year
The document summarizes the key stages of human development from fertilization through birth. It describes the formation of the zygote when an egg and sperm unite, and the early cleavage and differentiation stages. It outlines fetal development by week, including the establishment of organ systems and sexual differentiation. Later stages include growth of limbs, senses and body systems. Birth occurs in three stages, starting with cervical dilation and ending with the delivery of the placenta. Risks of premature birth and preventable birth defects are also discussed.
This document discusses fertilization and implantation in three parts. It first defines fertilization as the union of an egg and sperm to form a zygote, and implantation as the process where the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall. It then describes the phases and review of fertilization from chemical attraction to the formation of a blastocyst over 5 days. Finally, it explains the process of implantation from penetration of the endometrium through formation of the decidua and placenta over the next week as the embryo develops.
Giving overview of human embryonic development including spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, extraembryonic layers and pregnancy
Fertilization is the process by which an egg is fertilized by a sperm to produce a new organism. It begins with the collision of sperm and egg and ends with the formation of a single-celled zygote. Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division called cleavage over the next few days as it is transported down the fallopian tube through the uterus and into the womb. By the fourth day, it develops into a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst which implants in the uterine wall, where it continues to develop into an embryo.
Fertilization occurs when an ovum fuses with a sperm, leading to the development of an embryo. Sperm must travel through the female reproductive tract, confronting barriers like cervical mucus, before reaching the ampulla where fertilization occurs. Capacitation and the acrosome reaction prepare the sperm for fertilization. Gamete fusion results in the formation of a zygote containing male and female pronuclei. The zygote undergoes cleavage and develops into a blastocyst that implants in the uterus, initiating pregnancy. Pregnancy can be detected through urine or blood tests that detect human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone produced by the developing placenta.
The document discusses the process of fertilization and early embryonic development. It begins with an overview of the events of fertilization, including sperm penetration through the corona radiata and zona pellucida, the cortical reaction, and fusion of the male and female pronuclei. It then describes the early cleavage stages, where the zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions without growth to form a morula, followed by blastulation and implantation in the uterus. Key events include capacitation of sperm, the acrosomal reaction, prevention of polyspermy, and formation of the blastocyst from the inner cell mass and trophoblast.
The document discusses the process of fertilization in mammals like humans. It begins with the anatomy of sperm and ova. Upon contact with sperm, the ova completes meiosis to become a mature egg. The sperm undergoes capacitation to prepare for fertilization. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes. The sperm binds to and penetrates the egg's extracellular barriers. This triggers activation of the egg and fusion of the male and female pronuclei, restoring diploidy. The zygote then undergoes cell division.
This document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from ovulation through implantation. It describes how ovulation is triggered by hormones, followed by fertilization if sperm penetrate the egg's barriers. The zygote then undergoes cell division as it develops into a blastocyst, which implants in the uterine wall. Successful implantation depends on cellular interactions between the trophoblast and endometrium.
After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cell division (cleavage) to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. The morula develops into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. During gastrulation, the blastula forms three layers of cells - endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. These cell layers will eventually differentiate into the tissues and organs of the body. The document then discusses the stages of embryonic and fetal development, including implantation of the embryo in the uterus, development of major organ systems, and birth.
The document describes various aspects of reproduction in different organisms:
1) It describes the process of copulation and external fertilization in frogs, where the female lays eggs in water for the male to fertilize.
2) It discusses asexual reproduction through regeneration in flatworms and examples in other animals and plants.
3) It outlines the male reproductive system in humans including production of sperm in the testes and transport.
1. The document discusses the process of embryology from fertilization through the third week of development. It describes key stages including cleavage, blastocyst formation, implantation, gastrulation, and the formation of the three germ layers and early patterning centers.
2. During gastrulation, the bilaminar embryo is converted into a trilaminar embryo through the formation of the three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Signaling centers such as the node and prechordal plate pattern the developing embryo.
3. Left-right patterning of the embryo is established at gastrulation through nodal cilia breaking symmetry and establishing Nodal
The document discusses the process of human development from fertilization through the first week. It explains that fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote with 46 chromosomes. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division as it is transported down the fallopian tube by cilia motion. By the end of the first week, the embryo has divided into multiple identical cells or blastomeres.
This document discusses the process of human fertilization and early embryonic development. It begins by explaining that fertilization occurs when a sperm and egg fuse, forming a single-celled zygote. The zygote then undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. By the end of the first week, the morula has further developed into a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine wall, marking the beginning of the embryonic period of development.
The document summarizes key stages of human fertilization and embryonic development. It describes how fertilization occurs through the fusion of sperm and egg cells. It then outlines the early cleavage and differentiation stages, including the formation of the morula, blastula and gastrula. It discusses the development of the three germ layers and how organs begin to form. Later stages covered include placenta and fetal development, as well as the roles of the umbilical cord, amniotic sac and other structures. Common complications like teratogens and types of twins are also summarized.
The document summarizes key stages of human fertilization and embryonic development. It describes how fertilization occurs through the fusion of sperm and egg cells. It then outlines the early cleavage and differentiation stages, including the formation of the morula, blastula and gastrula. It discusses the development of the three germ layers and how organs begin to form. Later stages covered include placenta and fetal development, as well as the roles of the umbilical cord, amniotic sac and other structures. Common complications like teratogens and types of twins are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the human reproductive system and process. It begins by defining the key terms and describing puberty and the changes that occur. It then details the male and female reproductive systems, including their main parts and functions. The ovarian and menstrual cycles are explained next, followed by fertilization, gestation, birth, and assisted reproduction techniques. The document concludes by covering contraception methods.
Fertilization is a complex chain of events that must occur successfully for conception. It begins with changes to the sperm to prepare for fusion with an egg. A single sperm must fuse with the egg to prevent polyspermy, which leads to embryonic death. Following fusion, the genetic material from the sperm and egg combine and the zygote undergoes rapid cell division through cleavage to form a blastula or blastocyst. This initiates differentiation of cells and early embryonic development.
Developmental genetics(fertilization and gametogenesis)shraddhabijalwan
This document summarizes gametogenesis and fertilization in humans. It describes the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, how sperm and eggs are produced through meiosis and cellular differentiation. It explains how sperm transit the female reproductive tract and capacitation prepares them to fertilize the egg. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote with a full complement of genetic material to develop as an embryo.
Embryology Course I - Introduction, Gametogenesis, ImplantationRawa Muhsin
This is is the first session of a basic human embryology course, and it discusses:
1. Gametogenesis (both spermato- and oo-genesis)
2. Fertilization
3. Implantation of the zygote in the uterine wall
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Fertilisation New.pdf embryology first year
1. The Intra-Uterine Life
DR. AHMED SALMAN
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY
The University Of Jordan
Faculty Of Medicine
DR.AHMED SALMAN
2. DR.AHMED SALMAN
The Intra-Uterine Life
« It is the time between fertilization and birth of a new individual .
« It is about 10 lunar months ( 280 days )
« The intra-uterine life is divided into 3 periods :
3. DR.AHMED SALMAN
1-Germinal
period
2-Embryonic period 3-Fetal period
Duration 1st 2 weeks 3-8 weeks From beginning of 9th
week to birth
Characters Formation of 2
germ layers
(ectoderm &
endoderm)
-Formation of mesoderm
-Differentiation of 3 germ
layers to organs &
systems (organogenesis)
- Growth of organs &
systems .
- Appearance of
external features of
the fetus .
Congenital
anomalies
More liable to occur during the germinal
and embryonic periods .
Less liable to occur .
4. DR.AHMED SALMAN
First Week of Development
The 1st week of pregnancy is characterized by 4 processes :
1.Fertilization .
2.Migration .
3.Cleavage.
4.Implantation .
7. Definition : is the fusion between a single sperm and an ovum to form a
zygote
Site : it occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube .
Process of fertilization: -
1-Capacitation of the sperms:
- It occurs in the uterus and uterine tube.
- It is the process of removal of glycoprotein coat which covers acrosome of
the sperm.
- The sperms becomes hyperactive , their tail move frequently and their
heads moves laterally .
- This increases the activity of the sperms.
- Only capacitated sperm can pass through the corona radiata cells and
undergo the acrosome reaction
DR.AHMED SALMAN
9. DR.AHMED SALMAN
2-Penetration of the zona pellucida:
•The capacitated sperms pass through corona radiate to reach and bind to
the zona pellucida at specific binding sites.
•They start secreting acrozomal enzymes that allow only one sperm to
penetrate the zona pellucida (acrosomal reaction).
•The head of that sperm reaches the plasma membrane of the secondary
oocyte.
•The plasma membrane of the head fuses with that of the 2nd oocyte.
•The contents of the sperm (head, neck, middle piece and tail) enter the
cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte, leaving its cell membrane outside.
10. DR.AHMED SALMAN
3. Cortical and zona reactions:
The secondary oocyte releases enzymes from the cortical granules lining its
plasma membrane. These enzymes cause:
Ø Changing of the sperm binding sites at the zona pellucida preventing
entry of more sperms.
Ø Changing the plasma membrane to become impermeable to other
sperms.
11. DR.AHMED SALMAN
4. Completion of the 2nd meiosis: The 2nd oocyte changes to a mature
ovum.
5. Formation of male and female pronuclei:
Ø The nucleus of the head of the sperm separates and enlarges to form the
male pronucleus.
Ø The nucleus of the mature ovum forms the female pronucleus.
6. Fusion of the male and female pronuclei with loss of their nuclear
membranes to form a new cell called the zygote
17. Results of fertilization
A.In the zygote:
1. Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes (46).
2. Sex determination:
Fertilization by X - bearing sperm will form XX zygote giving rise
to a female.
Fertilization by Y - bearing sperm will form XY zygote giving rise
to a male.
3. Initiation of cleavage of the zygote, which is a series of rapid
successive mitotic divisions.
DR.AHMED SALMAN
18. B. In the ovary:
1. Ovulation stops due to the feed back inhibition of the
pituitary gland by the high level of estrogen and progesterone.
2. Corpus luteum enlarges and forms corpus luteum of
pregnancy, which remains active for the first half of gestation.
C. ln the uterus:
1. Menstrual cycles stop.
2. The secretory phase of the endometrium (under the effect of
hormones of corpus luteum) continues to grow forming the
decidua of pregnancy.
DR.AHMED SALMAN
20. DR.AHMED SALMAN
A. In vitro fertilization (IVF)
1. Done by stimulation of follicular growth by gonadotropins.
2. Withdrawal of the oocyte just before ovulation.
3. Addition of the sperms to the ovum in a special culture medium.
4. Implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterus as it reaches the 8 cell
stage.
B. Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT)
1. In this technique oocytes and sperms are introduced into the ampulla of
the Fallopian (uterine) tube, where fertilization takes place.
2. Development then proceeds in a normal manner
REED ONLY
22. DR.AHMED SALMAN
C. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI):
1. Injection of a single sperm into the cytoplasm of the oocyte to cause
fertilization
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYC5BbQn35I
REED ONLY
24. Chromosomal anomalies
A. Sex chromosome anomalies:
1. Klinefelter syndrome (44 + XXY): male with rudimentary testis.
2.Turner syndrome (44 + XO): female with rudimentary ovaries and no
sex maturation.
B. Autosomal anomalies:
Represented by Down syndrome or trisomy of chromosome 21
(mongolism) in which the zygote contains 47 chromosome either 45 + XY
(male) or 45 + XX (female).
DR.AHMED SALMAN
26. DR.AHMED SALMAN
II-MIGRATION
• The transport of the zygote from the lateral 1/3 of the uterine tube to the
uterine cavity takes place by 3 mechanisms:
1. Muscular peristalsis of the uterine tube.
2. The motion of the cilia of tubal mucosa .
3. Secretion of a fluid which act as a vehicle & nourishment for the dividing
zygote .