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1. Welcome
Dr. Arjun Acharya

2. Principles of Animal
Nutrition (ANU 121)
Credit hours: 3(2+1) Full Marks:75 Theory:50 Practical: 25

3. Objectives
The objective of this course is :
• to enable students about the formulation of ration for ruminants and
non-ruminant species.
• This course will also strengthen students to understand different
nutrients, their functions and deficiency symptoms in farm animals
and poultry.

4. Lectures
Topics No. of Lectures
1 Terminology of Animal Nutrition 2
2 Comparative composition of plant and animal cells and tissues 2
3 Classification,Function,requirement and feed sources of
a. Protein 2
b. Carbohydrate 2
c. Lipid 2
d. Macro and Micro Minerals 4
e. Vitamins 2
f. Water 2
4 Digestion of feed nutrients in ruminants and non-ruminants 4
5 Absorption of feed nutrients 2
6 Metabolism of nutrients 2
7 Feed ingredients and their classification 2
8 Feeding standard for cattle,buffalo,sheep,goat,pig and poultry 2

5. Practicals
S.N. Topics No. of Practicals
1. Identification of feed ingredients 1
2. Sampling of feed ingredients for chemical analysis 1
3. Preparation of standard solutions for proximate analysis 1
4. Proximate analysis of feeds and fodder:
a. Dry matter 1
b. Ether Extract 1
c. Crude Fiber 1
d. Crude Protein 1
e. Total Ash and NFE 2
Computation of ration for:
a. Cattle 1
b. Buffalo 1
c. Sheep 1
d. Goat 1
e. Pig and Poultry 2

6. References
• Benrjee,G.C.1998.Feeds and Principles of Animal Nutrition. Oxford
and IBH,New Delhi.
• McDonald, R.A. Edwards, and I.F.D. Greenhalgh. 1987. Animal
Nutrition. ELBS/Longman Publication(4th Edition).
• Morrission,F.B. 1984. Feeds and Feeding. C.B.S. Publishers and
Distributers,JainBhawan,New Delhi,India.

7. Terminologies
Concentrates
• Feeds that are high in energy (greater than 70% TDN) and low in fiber (less than
18% CF, more starch, less cellulose), less than 20% protein. Highly digestible.
Produce rapid gains.
• Cereal grains (corn, millet, sorghum, grain, wheat, oats, barley), Fats,oil meals
(soybean meal, cottonseed meal, linseed meal), molasses, and dried milk
products.
Roughages
• Feeds generally high in fiber (cellulose), less digestible, and lower in energy.
• Animals consuming high-this diets don't gain as fast as those consuming high-
concentrate diets.
• Legume hays, grass hays, straws (from production of seed and grain), silage,
Stover, and fresh grass.

8. Additives
• Enhance intake and improve flavor, but do not add nutrients.
Pasture and range plants
• Includes all forage feeds either not cut (including feeds cured on the stem)
or cut and fed fresh (green chop or silage). Grazed plants that are either
growing or dormant.
• Quality depends on species and stage of maturity.

9. Silages and haylages
• Fermented forages stored under anaerobic conditions.
• Undergo anaerobic fermentation--the microbes partially digest soluble
sugars (such as starch), which makes the forage more digestible than the
original forage.
• The entire aerial part of the plant is used.
• Used as winter feed.
• Silage: 35-40% DM (60-65% water),
• Haylage: 40-60% DM (40-60% water)

10. Crude Protein
• Refers to the true protein component and all the nitrogen(N) in the
feed.
• It is determined by multiplying the total (N) by 6.25
True Protein
• The portion of the protein source which is composed only of amino
acids

11. Protein supplements
• Feeds containing more than 20% protein or protein equivalent (high in
nitrogen content).
• Most contain 20-50% protein (thus, half or more is a source of energy, but
not considered an energy feed).
• Soybean meal
• Cottonseed meal
• Linseed meal
• Peanut meal
• Meat meal
• Fish meal
• Urea (no protein in it, but the nitrogen is used by the animal to make protein)
• Brewer's grains (very high in protein and fiber after fermentation).

12. • Basal feed- A feed used primarily for its energy content
• By-pass protein- A protein that is heat or chemically treated so that it
does not get altered in the ruminant stomach
• By-Product- A product of significantly less value than the major product
• Carbohydrate- Any of certain organic chemical compounds of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, which include sugars and starches
• Complete ration- A single feed that fulfills all of the nutritional
requirements of an animal except for water

13. • Creep feed- A high energy feed that is fed to young animals in special feed
devices so that adult animals cannot gain access to the feed
• Crude fiber- The parts of feeds containing the cellulose, lignin, and other
structural carbohydrates as determined by the proximate analysis
• Crude protein- A measure or estimate of the total protein in a feed
determined by multiplying the total nitrogen content by 6.25
• Crumbles- Crushed pellets of feed
• Cud- Regurgitated food particles, fiber, rumen fluid, and rumen
microorganisms by ruminants

14. • Dietary fiber- The generic name for plant materials that are resistant to the
action of normal digestive enzymes
• Digestible energy- The proportion of energy in a feed that can be digested
and absorbed by an animal
• Digestible nonnitrogenous nutrient- The total digestible nutrients less the
digestible protein in a foodstuff
• Digestible nutrient- That portion of a nutrient that can be digested and
absorbed into a human or an animal body
• Digestible protein- The proportion of protein in a feed that can be digested
and absorbed by an animal. Usually 50 to 80 percent of crude protein

15. • Dry matter- The total amount of matter, as in a feed, less the moisture it contains. It is
determined by keeping the sample at 105 until it gets constant weight.
• Emulsification- The breakdown of large fat globules into smaller parts
• Ether Extract- Also called as crude fat. The material extracted with any anhydrous
solvent. For example sprit or diethyl ether. It contains all the neutral fats and fat
soluble materials.
• Essential amino acid- Any of the amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body
from other amino acids or substances or that cannot be made in sufficient quantities
for the body’s use
• Forage- That portion of the feed for animals that is secured largely from leaves and
stalks of plants, such as the grasses and legumes used as hay
• Forage crops- Those plants or parts of plants that are used for feed before maturing or
developing seeds

16. • Maintenance ration- The amount of feed needed to support an animal
when it is doing no work, yielding no product, and gaining no weight
• Metabolism- The processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients
• Metabolizable energy- The total amount of energy in feed less the losses
in feces
• Nitrogen-free extract- The portion of a feed made up primarily of starches
and sugars
• Nonessential amino acid- Amino acids that can be synthesized by the
animal’s body

17. • Nutrient- A substance that favorably affects the nutritive processes of the
body; a food
• Nutrition- The sum of the processes by which an organism utilizes the
chemical components of food through metabolism to maintain the
structural and biochemical integrity of its cells
• Pasture- An area for grazing animals
• Pelleted feed- A pill-like or cubical type of animal feed made by forcing the
loose, bulky, or dusty feeds into small, uniform pellets by the use of
grinding, molding, and compressing machinery

18. • Supplement- A feed or feed mixture that is relatively richer in a specific
nutrient than the basic feed ingredients in the ration to which it is added
• Gross Energy: The amount of heat released from a feed when it is
completely oxidized in an bomb calorimeter containing 25 to 30
atmospheres of oxygen.
• Metabolisable Energy: The portion of the gross food energy(GE) minus
fecal energy, minus energy in the gaseous products of digestion minus
urinary energy.
ME=(GE of feed) - (GE of feaces+GE of Gaseous products+GE of Urine)

19. Net Energy
• Net energy is the amount of energy used either for maintenance or
for production or both.
NE=ME-HI(Heat increment).
NE is available for maintenance or production

20. Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
• Total digestible nutrients- All the nutrients consumed by an animal
that are digested and used; generally applied to proteins,
carbohydrates and fats
• Total digestible nutrients is the sum of all the digestible organic
materials(Proteins,Fiber,fat and NFE)
• TDN= Crude protein*1% + digestible crude fiber *1% + Digestible
NFE*1% and digestible ether extract*2.5

21. Thank You!!!