The document discusses issues with finding feasible traffic routing configurations using shortest paths in autonomous systems and IP networks. It formulates the problem of determining if a given routing configuration is feasible as a linear program, which can be used to derive cuts for solving the overall routing optimization problem using a branch-and-cut method. The paper also presents examples of non-feasible routing patterns to demonstrate that the relationship between the degree of non-feasibility and the optimal objective value of the linear program is not obvious.
Stochastic analysis of random ad hoc networks with maximum entropy deploymentsijwmn
In this paper, we present the first stochastic analysis of the link performance of an ad hoc network modelled
by a single homogeneous Poisson point process (HPPP). According to the maximum entropy principle, the
single HPPP model is mathematically the best model for random deployments with a given node density.
However, previous works in the literature only consider a modified model which shows a discrepancy in the
interference distribution with the more suitable single HPPP model. The main contributions of this paper
are as follows. 1) It presents a new mathematical framework leading to closed form expressions of the
probability of success of both one-way transmissions and handshakes for a deployment modelled by a
single HPPP. Our approach, based on stochastic geometry, can be extended to complex protocols. 2) From
the obtained results, all confirmed by comparison to simulated data, optimal PHY and MAC layer
parameters are determined and the relations between them is described in details. 3) The influence of the
routing protocol on handshake performance is taken into account in a realistic manner, leading to the
confirmation of the intuitive result that the effect of imperfect feedback on the probability of success of a
handshake is only negligible for transmissions to the first neighbour node.
Bridging Centrality: Identifying Bridging Nodes in Transportation NetworkEswar Publications
To identify the importance of node of a network, several centralities are used. Majority of these centrality measures are dominated by components' degree due to their nature of looking at networks’ topology. We propose a centrality to identification model, bridging centrality, based on information flow and topological aspects. We apply bridging centrality on real world networks including the transportation network and show that the nodes distinguished by bridging centrality are well located on the connecting positions between highly connected regions. Bridging centrality can discriminate bridging nodes, the nodes with more information flowed through them and locations between highly connected regions, while other centrality measures cannot.
Fuzzy Optimized Metric for Adaptive Network RoutingCSCJournals
Network routing algorithms used today calculate least cost (shortest) paths between nodes. The cost of a path is the sum of the cost of all links on that path. The use of a single metric for adaptive routing is insufficient to reflect the actual state of the link. In general, there is a limitation on the accuracy of the link state information obtained by the routing protocol. Hence it becomes useful if two or more metrics can be associated to produce a single metric that can describe the state of the link more accurately. In this paper, a fuzzy inference rule base is implemented to generate the fuzzy cost of each candidate path to be used in routing the incoming calls. This fuzzy cost is based on the crisp values of the different metrics; a fuzzy membership function is defined. The parameters of these membership functions reflect dynamically the requirement of the incoming traffic service as well as the current state of the links in the path. And this paper investigates how three metrics, the mean link bandwidth, queue utilization and the mean link delay, can be related using a simple fuzzy logic algorithm to produce a optimized cost of the link for a certain interval that is more „precise‟ than either of the single metric, to solve routing problem .
The document proposes a novel geographic routing protocol called Multihop Delaunay Triangulation (MDT) that has two key properties: 1) guaranteed delivery of packets for any connected graph of nodes in d-dimensional space where d is greater than or equal to 2, and 2) low routing stretch from efficient forwarding of packets out of local minima. MDT provides guaranteed delivery even when node locations are inaccurate or arbitrary. Experimental results show MDT has the lowest routing stretch compared to other geographic routing protocols and maintains close to 100% routing success during network changes.
Optimizing IP Networks for Uncertain Demands Using Outbound Traffic ConstraintsEM Legacy
This document summarizes an approach for optimizing routing in IP networks with uncertain traffic demands. The approach uses simple outbound traffic constraints at each node to bound the maximum traffic originating from that node. It formulates the traffic engineering problem to find optimal link weights that minimize maximum link utilization under these demand uncertainties. Computational results on a sample network show the impact of the proposed uncertainty models on performance measures like link utilization.
Enforcing end to-end proportional fairness with bounded buffer overflow proba...ijwmn
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a distributed flow-based access scheme for slotted-time protocols in ad-hoc wireless networks. The scheme aims to provide proportional fairness between end-to-end flows while constraining buffer overflow probabilities at each node. It formulates the problem as a nonlinear program and presents a distributed dual approach with low computational overhead. Simulation results support that the proposed scheme converges to the unique global optimum and satisfies fairness and quality of service objectives.
Improvement at Network Planning using Heuristic Algorithm to Minimize Cost of...Yayah Zakaria
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) consists of wireless stations that are connected with each other in a semi-static configuration. Depending on the configuration of a WMN, different paths between nodes offer different levels of efficiency. One areas of research with regard to WMN is cost minimization. A Modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MBPSO) approach was used to optimize cost. However, minimized cost does not
guarantee network performance. This paper thus, modified the minimization function to take into consideration the distance between the different nodes so as to enable better performance while maintaining cost balance. The results were positive with the PDR showing an approximate increase of 17.83% whereas the E2E delay saw an approximate decrease of 8.33%.
Mobile ad hoc networks – dangling issues of optimal path strategyAlexander Decker
The document discusses issues related to selecting optimal paths in mobile ad hoc networks. It proposes using a random direction mobility model to detect neighborhoods and trace paths between source and destination nodes. The model represents nodes moving in random directions for periods of time before pausing. The paper also discusses calculating the probability of link availability over time between two moving nodes based on their movements and developing a link maintenance probability model. An implementation of detecting neighborhoods using this low probability mobility model in Java is also described.
Stochastic analysis of random ad hoc networks with maximum entropy deploymentsijwmn
In this paper, we present the first stochastic analysis of the link performance of an ad hoc network modelled
by a single homogeneous Poisson point process (HPPP). According to the maximum entropy principle, the
single HPPP model is mathematically the best model for random deployments with a given node density.
However, previous works in the literature only consider a modified model which shows a discrepancy in the
interference distribution with the more suitable single HPPP model. The main contributions of this paper
are as follows. 1) It presents a new mathematical framework leading to closed form expressions of the
probability of success of both one-way transmissions and handshakes for a deployment modelled by a
single HPPP. Our approach, based on stochastic geometry, can be extended to complex protocols. 2) From
the obtained results, all confirmed by comparison to simulated data, optimal PHY and MAC layer
parameters are determined and the relations between them is described in details. 3) The influence of the
routing protocol on handshake performance is taken into account in a realistic manner, leading to the
confirmation of the intuitive result that the effect of imperfect feedback on the probability of success of a
handshake is only negligible for transmissions to the first neighbour node.
Bridging Centrality: Identifying Bridging Nodes in Transportation NetworkEswar Publications
To identify the importance of node of a network, several centralities are used. Majority of these centrality measures are dominated by components' degree due to their nature of looking at networks’ topology. We propose a centrality to identification model, bridging centrality, based on information flow and topological aspects. We apply bridging centrality on real world networks including the transportation network and show that the nodes distinguished by bridging centrality are well located on the connecting positions between highly connected regions. Bridging centrality can discriminate bridging nodes, the nodes with more information flowed through them and locations between highly connected regions, while other centrality measures cannot.
Fuzzy Optimized Metric for Adaptive Network RoutingCSCJournals
Network routing algorithms used today calculate least cost (shortest) paths between nodes. The cost of a path is the sum of the cost of all links on that path. The use of a single metric for adaptive routing is insufficient to reflect the actual state of the link. In general, there is a limitation on the accuracy of the link state information obtained by the routing protocol. Hence it becomes useful if two or more metrics can be associated to produce a single metric that can describe the state of the link more accurately. In this paper, a fuzzy inference rule base is implemented to generate the fuzzy cost of each candidate path to be used in routing the incoming calls. This fuzzy cost is based on the crisp values of the different metrics; a fuzzy membership function is defined. The parameters of these membership functions reflect dynamically the requirement of the incoming traffic service as well as the current state of the links in the path. And this paper investigates how three metrics, the mean link bandwidth, queue utilization and the mean link delay, can be related using a simple fuzzy logic algorithm to produce a optimized cost of the link for a certain interval that is more „precise‟ than either of the single metric, to solve routing problem .
The document proposes a novel geographic routing protocol called Multihop Delaunay Triangulation (MDT) that has two key properties: 1) guaranteed delivery of packets for any connected graph of nodes in d-dimensional space where d is greater than or equal to 2, and 2) low routing stretch from efficient forwarding of packets out of local minima. MDT provides guaranteed delivery even when node locations are inaccurate or arbitrary. Experimental results show MDT has the lowest routing stretch compared to other geographic routing protocols and maintains close to 100% routing success during network changes.
Optimizing IP Networks for Uncertain Demands Using Outbound Traffic ConstraintsEM Legacy
This document summarizes an approach for optimizing routing in IP networks with uncertain traffic demands. The approach uses simple outbound traffic constraints at each node to bound the maximum traffic originating from that node. It formulates the traffic engineering problem to find optimal link weights that minimize maximum link utilization under these demand uncertainties. Computational results on a sample network show the impact of the proposed uncertainty models on performance measures like link utilization.
Enforcing end to-end proportional fairness with bounded buffer overflow proba...ijwmn
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a distributed flow-based access scheme for slotted-time protocols in ad-hoc wireless networks. The scheme aims to provide proportional fairness between end-to-end flows while constraining buffer overflow probabilities at each node. It formulates the problem as a nonlinear program and presents a distributed dual approach with low computational overhead. Simulation results support that the proposed scheme converges to the unique global optimum and satisfies fairness and quality of service objectives.
Improvement at Network Planning using Heuristic Algorithm to Minimize Cost of...Yayah Zakaria
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) consists of wireless stations that are connected with each other in a semi-static configuration. Depending on the configuration of a WMN, different paths between nodes offer different levels of efficiency. One areas of research with regard to WMN is cost minimization. A Modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MBPSO) approach was used to optimize cost. However, minimized cost does not
guarantee network performance. This paper thus, modified the minimization function to take into consideration the distance between the different nodes so as to enable better performance while maintaining cost balance. The results were positive with the PDR showing an approximate increase of 17.83% whereas the E2E delay saw an approximate decrease of 8.33%.
Mobile ad hoc networks – dangling issues of optimal path strategyAlexander Decker
The document discusses issues related to selecting optimal paths in mobile ad hoc networks. It proposes using a random direction mobility model to detect neighborhoods and trace paths between source and destination nodes. The model represents nodes moving in random directions for periods of time before pausing. The paper also discusses calculating the probability of link availability over time between two moving nodes based on their movements and developing a link maintenance probability model. An implementation of detecting neighborhoods using this low probability mobility model in Java is also described.
A SURVEY TO REAL-TIME MESSAGE-ROUTING NETWORK SYSTEM WITH KLA MODELLINGijseajournal
ABSTRACT
Messages routing over a network is one of the most fundamental concept in communication which requires simultaneous transmission of messages from a source to a destination. In terms of Real-Time Routing, it refers to the addition of a timing constraint in which messages should be received within a specified time delay. This study involves Scheduling, Algorithm Design and Graph Theory which are essential parts of the Computer Science (CS) discipline. Our goal is to investigate an innovative and efficient way to present these concepts in the context of CS Education. In this paper, we will explore the fundamental modelling of routing real-time messages on networks. We study whether it is possible to have an optimal on-line algorithm for the Arbitrary Directed Graph network topology. In addition, we will examine the message routing’s algorithmic complexity by breaking down the complex mathematical proofs into concrete, visual examples. Next, we explore the Unidirectional Ring topology in finding the transmission’s “makespan”.Lastly, we propose the same network modelling through the technique of Kinesthetic Learning Activity (KLA). We will analyse the data collected and present the results in a case study to evaluate the effectiveness of the KLA approach compared to the traditional teaching method.
Dimensioning of Multi-Class Over-Provisioned IP NetworksEM Legacy
This document presents an analysis of dimensioning multi-class IP networks to support differentiated services under over-provisioning constraints. It introduces mathematical formulations to represent the problem as mixed integer linear programs that can find optimal solutions for moderate sized networks. A heuristic approach is also proposed to solve the problem for larger networks. The formulations consider different routing schemes (per-class and per-aggregate routing) and over-provisioning constraints (per-class and per-aggregate over-provisioning). Computational results using sample networks are provided to compare the different approaches.
A New Analysis for Wavelength Translation in Regular WDM NetworksVishal Sharma, Ph.D.
We present a new analysis of wavelength translation in
regular, all-optical WDM networks, that is simple, computationally
inexpensive, and accurate for both low and high
network loads. In a network with
k
wavelengths per link,
we model the output link by an auxiliary
M/M/k/k
queueing
system. We then obtain a closed-form expression for
the probability
P succ
that a session arriving at a node at a
random time successfully establishes a connection from its
source node to its destination node. Unlike previous analyses,
which use the link independence blocking assumption,
we account for the dependence between the acquisition of
wavelengths on successive links of the session’s path. Based
on the success probability, we show that the throughput per
wavelength increases superlinearly (as expected) as we increase
the number of wavelengths per link; however, the
extent of this superlinear increase in throughput saturates
rather quickly. This suggests some interesting possibilities
for network provisioning in an all-optical network. We verify the accuracy of our analysis via simulations for the torus
and hypercube networks.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document provides an informal introduction to modeling the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) using Coloured Petri Nets (CPNs). It describes the key components of CPNs including places, transitions, types, markings, and dynamic behavior. An example CPN model of a simplified RSVP service specification is presented to illustrate these concepts. The model includes places representing network nodes and protocol states, transitions representing events, and arc expressions defining token movement between places during transition firing. The example demonstrates how CPNs can be used to formally specify and analyze communication protocols like RSVP.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Manets: Increasing N-Messages Delivery Probability Using Two-Hop Relay with E...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
An approach to dsr routing qos by fuzzy genetic algorithmsijwmn
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes improvements to the DSR routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks through the use of genetic and fuzzy algorithms. The proposed GA-DSR protocol adds link costs to route request packets and has the destination node use the received route requests as input to a genetic algorithm to find the two best routes. It then sends these routes back to the source in a route reply packet. The protocol also uses fuzzy logic to dynamically adjust the route update period based on route error counts. The researchers believe this approach can help improve quality of service in DSR routing by selecting optimal paths based on link costs and maintaining up-to-date routes.
The Effect of Network Topology on Geographic Routing Performance in Localized...IDES Editor
This document discusses the effect of network topology on the performance of geographic routing in localized networks. It analyzes how the degree of intermediate nodes in a routing path impacts performance. The paper presents a model for localized wireless sensor networks and describes a geographic routing scheme. It then analyzes the impact of path degree on metrics like routing circuitousness and end-to-end delay through simulation. The results indicate that routing performance depends on network topology and tends to be better when paths traverse medium degree nodes rather than very high or low degree nodes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Solving bandwidth guaranteed routing problem using routing dataIJCNCJournal
This paper introduces a traffic engineering routing algorithm that aims to accept as many routing demands
as possible on the condition that a certain amount of bandwidth resource is reserved for each accepted
demand. The novel idea is to select routes based on not only network states but also information derived
from routing data such as probabilities of the ingress egress pairs and usage frequencies of the links.
Experiments with respect to acceptance ratio and computation time have been conducted against various
test sets. Results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the existing popular algorithms including Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm (MIRA) and Random Race based Algorithm for Traffic Engineering (RRATE)
.
Performance of the Maximum Stable Connected Dominating Sets in the Presence o...csandit
The topology of mobile ad hoc networks
(
MANETs
)
change dynamically with time. Connected
dominating sets
(
CDS
)
are considered to be an effective topology for net
work-wide broadcasts
in MANETs as only the nodes that are part of the CD
S need to broadcast the message and the
rest of the nodes merely receive the message. Howev
er, with node mobility, a CDS does not exist
for the entire duration of the network session and
has to be regularly refreshed
(
CDS
transition
)
. In an earlier work, we had proposed a benchmarkin
g algorithm to determine a
sequence of CDSs
(
Maximum Stable CDS
)
such that the number of transitions is the global
minimum. In this research, we study the performance
(
CDS Lifetime and CDS Node Size
)
of the
Maximum Stable CDS when a certain fraction of the n
odes in the network are static and
compare the performance with that of the degree-bas
ed CDSs. We observe the lifetime of the
Maximum Stable CDS to only moderately increase
(
by a factor of 2.3
)
as we increase the
percentage of the static nodes in the network; on t
he other hand, the lifetime of the degree-based
CDS increases significantly
(
as large as 13 times
)
as we increase the percentage of static nodes
from 0 to 80
.
Efficient routing mechanism using cycle based network and k hop security in a...ijait
In a multi-domain network, Topology Aggregation (TA) may be adopted to provide limited information
regarding intra cluster connectivity without revealing detailed topology information. Nodes are grouped
into the cluster. Every cluster has border nodes, which is used for data transmission between source and
destination. The K-hop security can be used for the purpose of securing the data communication. The
topologies are spanning tree and balanced tree that can be used to reduce bandwidth overhead, delivery
delay and to increase throughput and packet delivery ratio. The shortest path can be found using
Bhandari’s algorithm and Cycle-Based Minimum-Cost Domain-Disjoint Paths (CMCDP) Algorithm for
establish the second path in the network . These topologies are compared to demonstrate the advantage of
finding shortest path using Bhandari’s algorithm.
This document reviews Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures that prioritize selected data streams to reduce communication latency. It categorizes the architectures based on the effect of prioritization (per end-to-end connection, per router, or per path segment) and discusses their pros and cons. Architectures that prioritize at the core-to-core level provide the highest latency reduction by bypassing the NoC, while those prioritizing per router or path segment require redetermining priority at each hop.
Web object size satisfying mean waitingIJCNCJournal
This paper addresses web object size which is one of important performance measures and affects to
service time in multiple access environment. Since packets arrive according to Poission distribution and
web service time has arbitrary distribution, M/G/1 model can be used to describe the behavior of the web
server system. In the time division multiplexing (TDM), we can use M/D/1 with vacations model, because
service time is constant and server may have a vacation. We derive the mean web object size satisfying the
constraint such that mean waiting time by round-robin scheduling in multiple access environment is equal
to the mean queueing delay of M/D/1 with vacations model in TDM and M/H2/1 model, respectively.
Performance evaluation shows that the mean web object size increases as the link utilization increases at
the given maximum segment size (MSS), but converges on the lower bound when the number of embedded
objects included in a web page is beyond the threshold. Our results can be applied to the economic design
and maintenance of web service.
Wireless memory: Eliminating communication redundancy in Wi-Fi networksZhenyun Zhuang
This document describes a proposed system called Wireless Memory (WM) to eliminate communication redundancy in Wi-Fi networks. The authors first analyze real Wi-Fi traces from multiple buildings and observe significant redundancy both between users and over time for individual users. Based on these insights, they propose WM, which equips access points and clients with memory to store transmitted data. When sending new data, the access point can retrieve stored data from the client's memory by sending a reference rather than the full data, reducing transmission size. The authors evaluate WM through simulations using the collected traces and find it can improve network throughput by up to 93% in some scenarios by eliminating redundancy.
Crdom cell re ordering based domino on-the-fly mappingVLSICS Design
This Domino logic is often the choice for designing high speed CMOS circuits. Often VLSI designers
choose library based approaches to perform technology mapping of large scale circuits involving static
CMOS logic style. Cells designed using Domino logic style have the flexibility to accommodate wide range
of functions in them. Hence, there is a scope to adopt a library free synthesis approach for circuits
designed using Domino logic. In this work, we present an approach for mapping a domino logic circuit
using an On-the-fly technique. First, we present a node mapping algorithm which maps a given Domino
logic netlist using On-the-fly technique. Next, using an Equivalence Table, we re-order the cells along the
critical path for delay, area benefit. Finally, we find an optimum re-ordering set which can obtain
maximum delay savings for a minimum area penalty. We have tested the efficacy of our approach with a
set of standard benchmark circuits. Our proposed mapping approach (CRDOM) obtained 21%
improvement in area and 17% improvement in delay compared to existing work.
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An Alternative Genetic Algorithm to Optimize OSPF WeightsEM Legacy
This document presents a genetic algorithm approach to optimize OSPF routing weights. The algorithm aims to minimize maximum and average link utilization directly, unlike previous methods that minimized a convex cost function. It can find weights for both single and multiple shortest path routing. The genetic algorithm uses a chromosome encoding of link weights. It selects parents using rank selection and produces offspring using a reproduction strategy combining crossover and mutation. Additional mutation is applied to offspring not meeting certain conditions. The algorithm is tested on small networks and compared to MIP-based methods, showing results for larger networks with increasing traffic demands.
A Gradient Projection Algorithm For Side-Constrained Traffic AssignmentLori Moore
This document presents a new solution procedure for the side-constrained traffic assignment problem (SCTAP) based on combining the inner penalty function method with a path-based gradient projection algorithm. The SCTAP incorporates explicit capacity constraints into the standard traffic assignment framework to model bottlenecks and queues. The new algorithm finds solutions at both the path and link level while ensuring all intermediate solutions satisfy the side constraints. The procedure only checks constraints on links belonging to the shortest path, making it efficient.
This document describes a method for maximizing the total throughput of a two-way relay network using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). The method jointly optimizes subcarrier pairing and relay selection by formulating the problem as a maximum weighted bipartite matching problem, which can be solved in polynomial time. Simulation results show that the proposed method increases total throughput compared to benchmark methods, especially as the number of relays increases. The throughput is evaluated for different numbers of subcarriers and relays to analyze the system's performance under various conditions.
An Approach for Power Flow Analysis of Radial Distribution Networksresearchinventy
This paper provides an easy and effective approach to the load flow solution of Radial distribution networks. As compared to the various methods proposed in the past, this work presents a new technique consisting of load flow solution of the network, facilitated by the identification of all the nodes beyond a particular branch. The proposed method is quite accurate and reliable for the system having any number of nodes. The primary target of this work is to evaluate the results with high precision and convergence.
A SURVEY TO REAL-TIME MESSAGE-ROUTING NETWORK SYSTEM WITH KLA MODELLINGijseajournal
ABSTRACT
Messages routing over a network is one of the most fundamental concept in communication which requires simultaneous transmission of messages from a source to a destination. In terms of Real-Time Routing, it refers to the addition of a timing constraint in which messages should be received within a specified time delay. This study involves Scheduling, Algorithm Design and Graph Theory which are essential parts of the Computer Science (CS) discipline. Our goal is to investigate an innovative and efficient way to present these concepts in the context of CS Education. In this paper, we will explore the fundamental modelling of routing real-time messages on networks. We study whether it is possible to have an optimal on-line algorithm for the Arbitrary Directed Graph network topology. In addition, we will examine the message routing’s algorithmic complexity by breaking down the complex mathematical proofs into concrete, visual examples. Next, we explore the Unidirectional Ring topology in finding the transmission’s “makespan”.Lastly, we propose the same network modelling through the technique of Kinesthetic Learning Activity (KLA). We will analyse the data collected and present the results in a case study to evaluate the effectiveness of the KLA approach compared to the traditional teaching method.
Dimensioning of Multi-Class Over-Provisioned IP NetworksEM Legacy
This document presents an analysis of dimensioning multi-class IP networks to support differentiated services under over-provisioning constraints. It introduces mathematical formulations to represent the problem as mixed integer linear programs that can find optimal solutions for moderate sized networks. A heuristic approach is also proposed to solve the problem for larger networks. The formulations consider different routing schemes (per-class and per-aggregate routing) and over-provisioning constraints (per-class and per-aggregate over-provisioning). Computational results using sample networks are provided to compare the different approaches.
A New Analysis for Wavelength Translation in Regular WDM NetworksVishal Sharma, Ph.D.
We present a new analysis of wavelength translation in
regular, all-optical WDM networks, that is simple, computationally
inexpensive, and accurate for both low and high
network loads. In a network with
k
wavelengths per link,
we model the output link by an auxiliary
M/M/k/k
queueing
system. We then obtain a closed-form expression for
the probability
P succ
that a session arriving at a node at a
random time successfully establishes a connection from its
source node to its destination node. Unlike previous analyses,
which use the link independence blocking assumption,
we account for the dependence between the acquisition of
wavelengths on successive links of the session’s path. Based
on the success probability, we show that the throughput per
wavelength increases superlinearly (as expected) as we increase
the number of wavelengths per link; however, the
extent of this superlinear increase in throughput saturates
rather quickly. This suggests some interesting possibilities
for network provisioning in an all-optical network. We verify the accuracy of our analysis via simulations for the torus
and hypercube networks.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document provides an informal introduction to modeling the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) using Coloured Petri Nets (CPNs). It describes the key components of CPNs including places, transitions, types, markings, and dynamic behavior. An example CPN model of a simplified RSVP service specification is presented to illustrate these concepts. The model includes places representing network nodes and protocol states, transitions representing events, and arc expressions defining token movement between places during transition firing. The example demonstrates how CPNs can be used to formally specify and analyze communication protocols like RSVP.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Manets: Increasing N-Messages Delivery Probability Using Two-Hop Relay with E...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
An approach to dsr routing qos by fuzzy genetic algorithmsijwmn
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes improvements to the DSR routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks through the use of genetic and fuzzy algorithms. The proposed GA-DSR protocol adds link costs to route request packets and has the destination node use the received route requests as input to a genetic algorithm to find the two best routes. It then sends these routes back to the source in a route reply packet. The protocol also uses fuzzy logic to dynamically adjust the route update period based on route error counts. The researchers believe this approach can help improve quality of service in DSR routing by selecting optimal paths based on link costs and maintaining up-to-date routes.
The Effect of Network Topology on Geographic Routing Performance in Localized...IDES Editor
This document discusses the effect of network topology on the performance of geographic routing in localized networks. It analyzes how the degree of intermediate nodes in a routing path impacts performance. The paper presents a model for localized wireless sensor networks and describes a geographic routing scheme. It then analyzes the impact of path degree on metrics like routing circuitousness and end-to-end delay through simulation. The results indicate that routing performance depends on network topology and tends to be better when paths traverse medium degree nodes rather than very high or low degree nodes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Solving bandwidth guaranteed routing problem using routing dataIJCNCJournal
This paper introduces a traffic engineering routing algorithm that aims to accept as many routing demands
as possible on the condition that a certain amount of bandwidth resource is reserved for each accepted
demand. The novel idea is to select routes based on not only network states but also information derived
from routing data such as probabilities of the ingress egress pairs and usage frequencies of the links.
Experiments with respect to acceptance ratio and computation time have been conducted against various
test sets. Results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the existing popular algorithms including Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm (MIRA) and Random Race based Algorithm for Traffic Engineering (RRATE)
.
Performance of the Maximum Stable Connected Dominating Sets in the Presence o...csandit
The topology of mobile ad hoc networks
(
MANETs
)
change dynamically with time. Connected
dominating sets
(
CDS
)
are considered to be an effective topology for net
work-wide broadcasts
in MANETs as only the nodes that are part of the CD
S need to broadcast the message and the
rest of the nodes merely receive the message. Howev
er, with node mobility, a CDS does not exist
for the entire duration of the network session and
has to be regularly refreshed
(
CDS
transition
)
. In an earlier work, we had proposed a benchmarkin
g algorithm to determine a
sequence of CDSs
(
Maximum Stable CDS
)
such that the number of transitions is the global
minimum. In this research, we study the performance
(
CDS Lifetime and CDS Node Size
)
of the
Maximum Stable CDS when a certain fraction of the n
odes in the network are static and
compare the performance with that of the degree-bas
ed CDSs. We observe the lifetime of the
Maximum Stable CDS to only moderately increase
(
by a factor of 2.3
)
as we increase the
percentage of the static nodes in the network; on t
he other hand, the lifetime of the degree-based
CDS increases significantly
(
as large as 13 times
)
as we increase the percentage of static nodes
from 0 to 80
.
Efficient routing mechanism using cycle based network and k hop security in a...ijait
In a multi-domain network, Topology Aggregation (TA) may be adopted to provide limited information
regarding intra cluster connectivity without revealing detailed topology information. Nodes are grouped
into the cluster. Every cluster has border nodes, which is used for data transmission between source and
destination. The K-hop security can be used for the purpose of securing the data communication. The
topologies are spanning tree and balanced tree that can be used to reduce bandwidth overhead, delivery
delay and to increase throughput and packet delivery ratio. The shortest path can be found using
Bhandari’s algorithm and Cycle-Based Minimum-Cost Domain-Disjoint Paths (CMCDP) Algorithm for
establish the second path in the network . These topologies are compared to demonstrate the advantage of
finding shortest path using Bhandari’s algorithm.
This document reviews Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures that prioritize selected data streams to reduce communication latency. It categorizes the architectures based on the effect of prioritization (per end-to-end connection, per router, or per path segment) and discusses their pros and cons. Architectures that prioritize at the core-to-core level provide the highest latency reduction by bypassing the NoC, while those prioritizing per router or path segment require redetermining priority at each hop.
Web object size satisfying mean waitingIJCNCJournal
This paper addresses web object size which is one of important performance measures and affects to
service time in multiple access environment. Since packets arrive according to Poission distribution and
web service time has arbitrary distribution, M/G/1 model can be used to describe the behavior of the web
server system. In the time division multiplexing (TDM), we can use M/D/1 with vacations model, because
service time is constant and server may have a vacation. We derive the mean web object size satisfying the
constraint such that mean waiting time by round-robin scheduling in multiple access environment is equal
to the mean queueing delay of M/D/1 with vacations model in TDM and M/H2/1 model, respectively.
Performance evaluation shows that the mean web object size increases as the link utilization increases at
the given maximum segment size (MSS), but converges on the lower bound when the number of embedded
objects included in a web page is beyond the threshold. Our results can be applied to the economic design
and maintenance of web service.
Wireless memory: Eliminating communication redundancy in Wi-Fi networksZhenyun Zhuang
This document describes a proposed system called Wireless Memory (WM) to eliminate communication redundancy in Wi-Fi networks. The authors first analyze real Wi-Fi traces from multiple buildings and observe significant redundancy both between users and over time for individual users. Based on these insights, they propose WM, which equips access points and clients with memory to store transmitted data. When sending new data, the access point can retrieve stored data from the client's memory by sending a reference rather than the full data, reducing transmission size. The authors evaluate WM through simulations using the collected traces and find it can improve network throughput by up to 93% in some scenarios by eliminating redundancy.
Crdom cell re ordering based domino on-the-fly mappingVLSICS Design
This Domino logic is often the choice for designing high speed CMOS circuits. Often VLSI designers
choose library based approaches to perform technology mapping of large scale circuits involving static
CMOS logic style. Cells designed using Domino logic style have the flexibility to accommodate wide range
of functions in them. Hence, there is a scope to adopt a library free synthesis approach for circuits
designed using Domino logic. In this work, we present an approach for mapping a domino logic circuit
using an On-the-fly technique. First, we present a node mapping algorithm which maps a given Domino
logic netlist using On-the-fly technique. Next, using an Equivalence Table, we re-order the cells along the
critical path for delay, area benefit. Finally, we find an optimum re-ordering set which can obtain
maximum delay savings for a minimum area penalty. We have tested the efficacy of our approach with a
set of standard benchmark circuits. Our proposed mapping approach (CRDOM) obtained 21%
improvement in area and 17% improvement in delay compared to existing work.
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An Alternative Genetic Algorithm to Optimize OSPF WeightsEM Legacy
This document presents a genetic algorithm approach to optimize OSPF routing weights. The algorithm aims to minimize maximum and average link utilization directly, unlike previous methods that minimized a convex cost function. It can find weights for both single and multiple shortest path routing. The genetic algorithm uses a chromosome encoding of link weights. It selects parents using rank selection and produces offspring using a reproduction strategy combining crossover and mutation. Additional mutation is applied to offspring not meeting certain conditions. The algorithm is tested on small networks and compared to MIP-based methods, showing results for larger networks with increasing traffic demands.
A Gradient Projection Algorithm For Side-Constrained Traffic AssignmentLori Moore
This document presents a new solution procedure for the side-constrained traffic assignment problem (SCTAP) based on combining the inner penalty function method with a path-based gradient projection algorithm. The SCTAP incorporates explicit capacity constraints into the standard traffic assignment framework to model bottlenecks and queues. The new algorithm finds solutions at both the path and link level while ensuring all intermediate solutions satisfy the side constraints. The procedure only checks constraints on links belonging to the shortest path, making it efficient.
This document describes a method for maximizing the total throughput of a two-way relay network using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). The method jointly optimizes subcarrier pairing and relay selection by formulating the problem as a maximum weighted bipartite matching problem, which can be solved in polynomial time. Simulation results show that the proposed method increases total throughput compared to benchmark methods, especially as the number of relays increases. The throughput is evaluated for different numbers of subcarriers and relays to analyze the system's performance under various conditions.
An Approach for Power Flow Analysis of Radial Distribution Networksresearchinventy
This paper provides an easy and effective approach to the load flow solution of Radial distribution networks. As compared to the various methods proposed in the past, this work presents a new technique consisting of load flow solution of the network, facilitated by the identification of all the nodes beyond a particular branch. The proposed method is quite accurate and reliable for the system having any number of nodes. The primary target of this work is to evaluate the results with high precision and convergence.
Distributed Path Computation Using DIV AlgorithmIOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on distributed path computation algorithms that aim to prevent routing loops. It introduces the Distributed Path Computation with Intermediate Variables (DIV) algorithm, which can operate with any routing algorithm to guarantee loop-freedom. DIV generalizes previous loop-free algorithms and provably outperforms them by reducing synchronous updates and helping maintain paths during network changes. The document also reviews link-state routing, distance-vector routing, and existing loop-prevention techniques like the Diffusing Update Algorithm and Loop Free Invariance algorithms.
This document summarizes research on distributed path computation algorithms that aim to prevent routing loops. It introduces the Distributed Path Computation with Intermediate Variables (DIV) algorithm, which can operate with any routing algorithm to guarantee loop-freedom. DIV generalizes previous loop-free algorithms and provably outperforms them by reducing synchronous updates and helping maintain paths during network changes. The document also reviews link-state routing, distance-vector routing, and existing loop-prevention techniques like the Diffusing Update Algorithm and Loop Free Invariance algorithms.
Load balancing In Wireless Mesh Networks Using liquid–Simulated AlgorithmIJSRED
The document proposes a hierarchical routing framework and liquid-simulated algorithm for load balancing in wireless mesh networks. Key points:
- The framework forms clusters with wireless mesh routers (WMRs) as cluster heads and simplifies clustering procedures. It uses limited topology broadcasting to allow WMRs to choose best paths between adjacent clusters.
- The liquid-simulated algorithm aims to keep load balanced between WMRs by treating load as a liquid level and allowing flows between nodes to equalize levels across the network.
- The framework uses a proactive routing approach within this load balancing algorithm, with topology broadcasting constrained within clusters and adjacent clusters to reduce overhead.
The document describes an algorithm for generating test data for analyzing local search algorithms for solving the Steiner tree problem (STP) in graphs. It first generates a spanning tree using a random tree generation algorithm, then adds two types of edges to make the graph biconnected. It also generates variants of the trees by connecting each node to a minimum number of other nodes determined by a connectivity ratio. This generates test networks to evaluate STP local search algorithms under different conditions.
The document discusses a proposed congestion control method called ELFIQM for wireless networks. ELFIQM is inspired by the Engset loss formula queue model and aims to distribute network load evenly across multiple routes. It does this by estimating key parameters like minimum queue length, blocking probability, and congestion rate. Simulation results showed ELFIQM improved packet delivery ratio, throughput, and reduced network overhead by up to 25% compared to other queue-based load balancing techniques.
Effect of node mobility onaomdv protocol in manetijwmn
In this paper, we have analyzed the effect of node mobility on theperformance of AOMDV multipath routing
protocol. This routing protocol in ad hoc network has been analyzed with random way point mobility model
only. This is not sufficient to evaluate the behavior of a routing protocol. Therefore, in this paper, we
have considered Random waypoint, Random Direction and Probabilistic Random Walk mobility Model for
performance analysis of AOMDV protocol. The result reveals that packet delivery ratio decreases with the
increasing node mobility forall mobility models. Also, average end-to-end delay is also vary with varying
node speed, initially upto 20 nodes in all mobility models delay is minimum.
Delay Limited Transmission Techniques with Low Density Parity Check Method of...IJERA Editor
In a Quasi stationary sources time utilization takes a major role. To implement the delay limited transmission of Quasi stationary sources over block fading channels is considered. Here to reduce the delay we propose the power adaption schemes here we can implement the analytical distortion outage probability as performance measure and also derive the power of each transmission scheme.transmission are presented. The first one is optimizedfor fixed rate transmission, and hence enjoys simplicity of implementation. The second one is a high performance scheme, which also benefits from optimized rate adaptation with respect to source and channel states.for High SNR regime ,the asymptotic outage distortion gain are derived.here another two schemes with fixed transmission powers and adaptive rates are consider for comparisions here source and channel coded optimized power adaption scheme outperforms compare to other schemes,by adding the low density parity check method the delay can be reduced rapidly by using the proposed method.
UCLA CS219 Course Project Report (Prof. George Varghese)
StateKeeper: Generalizing Reachability
Today there are many tools that are built using formal methods to
verify networks. The majority of these tools check network specifi-
cations and configurations to identify only a limited class of failures
such as Reachability, Forwarding Loops and Slicing. They don’t take
into account the rate-limiting rules that affect the throughput of the
system and also link delays. Both of these quantities are responsible
for the Quality of Service (QoS). We believe that without a decent
throughput and affordable delay, a network is pretty much in a
dead state even if it passes the tests for reachability, forwarding
detection, and other such failure classes. We developed StateKeeper,
a tool based on ideas from Atomic Predicates Verifier. StateKeeper
keeps track of both network performance and network reachability.
In our experiments, we factor in link delay and throughput as our
performance metrics. StateKeeper will allow network operators
to verify Quality of Service at each port along a route by showing
information about the state of each step.
This summarizes a fast re-route method to find an alternate path after a link failure, before the interior gateway protocol has reconverged. The method selects the next hop among a source node's neighbors based on which has the lowest number of visits (multiplicity) and shortest estimated distance to the destination. It is proven to always find an alternate path if one exists. The method improves over loop-free alternate approaches by not requiring tunnels. It can find paths for simple cases like a square topology where LFA fails.
A New Approach to Linear Estimation Problem in Multiuser Massive MIMO SystemsRadita Apriana
A novel approach for solving linear estimation problem in multi-user massive MIMO systems is
proposed. In this approach, the difficulty of matrix inversion is attributed to the incomplete definition of the
dot product. The general definition of dot product implies that the columns of channel matrix are always
orthogonal whereas, in practice, they may be not. If the latter information can be incorporated into dot
product, then the unknowns can be directly computed from projections without inverting the channel
matrix. By doing so, the proposed method is able to achieve an exact solution with a 25% reduction in
computational complexity as compared to the QR method. Proposed method is stable, offers an extra
flexibility of computing any single unknown, and can be implemented in just twelve lines of code.
Ieee transactions 2018 topics on wireless communications for final year stude...tsysglobalsolutions
This document contains summaries of several academic papers related to wireless communications and signal processing. The summaries are 3 sentences or less and provide the high level purpose and key findings of each paper. The papers cover topics like content placement in cache-enabled small cell networks, joint beamformer design for wireless fronthaul and access links, long-term power procurement scheduling for smart grids, and frequency-domain compressive channel estimation for hybrid mmWave MIMO systems among others.
Our routing protocol finds the maximum available bandwidth paths in wireless mesh networks. It introduces a new path weight metric that captures available bandwidth information and is left-isotonic. This allows our hop-by-hop routing protocol to identify the maximum bandwidth path from each node to each destination while satisfying optimality and consistency requirements. Simulation experiments show our approach outperforms existing routing protocols in identifying high-throughput paths.
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A Simple Stochastic Gradient Variational Bayes for Latent Dirichlet AllocationTomonari Masada
This document proposes a new inference method for latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) based on stochastic gradient variational Bayes (SGVB). The proposed method approximates the true posterior using a logistic normal distribution, rather than the Dirichlet distribution used in standard variational Bayes for LDA. Through experiments, the proposed method achieved better predictive performance than standard variational Bayes and collapsed Gibbs sampling on many datasets, demonstrating the effectiveness of SGVB for devising new variational inferences.
Low-complex Bayesian estimator for imperfect channels in massive muti-input ...IJECEIAES
Motivated by the fact that the complexity of the computations is one of the main challenges in large multiple input multiple output systems, known as massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, this article proposes a low-complex minimum mean squared error (MMSE) Bayesian channel estimator for uplink channels of such systems. First, we have discussed the necessity of the covariance information for the MMSE estimator and how their imperfection knowledge can affect its accuracy. Then, two reduction phases in dimension and floating-point operations have been suggested to reduce its complexity: in phase 1, eigenstructure reduction for channel covariance matrices is implemented based on some truncation rules, while in phase 2, arithmetic operations reduction for matrix multiplications in the MMSE equation is followed. The proposed procedure has significantly reduced the complexity of the MMSE estimator to the first order O(M), which is less than that required for the conventional MMSE with O(M3 ) in terms of matrix dimension. It has been shown that the estimated channels using our proposed procedure are asymptotically aligned and serve the same quality as the full-rank estimated channels. Our results are validated by averaging the normalized mean squared error (NMSE) over a length of 500 sample realizations through a Monte Carlo simulation using MATLAB R2020a.
Similar to Feasibility Issues in Shortest-Path Routing with Trafiic Flow Split (20)
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalization
Feasibility Issues in Shortest-Path Routing with Trafiic Flow Split
1. Feasibility Issues in Shortest-Path Routing with Traf c Flow Split
M. Pi´oro, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland and Lund University, Sweden
A. Tomaszewski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Keywords: IP networks, OSPF routing, ECMP ow, branch-and-cut
Abstract
In the Internet’s autonomous systems packets are routed on shortest paths to their destinations. A related
problem is how to nd an admissible traf c routing con guration using paths that can be generated by a
system of weights assigned to IP links. This problem is NP-hard. It can be formulated as a mixed-integer
program and attempted with a branch-and-cut algorithm if effective cuts (valid inequalities) can be derived.
In this paper we discuss admissibility of shortest-path routing con gurations represented by binary variables
specifying whether or not a particular link is on a shortest path to a particular destination. We present a
linear programming problem for testing routing admissibility and derive solutions of this problem which
characterize non-admissible routing con gurations.
1 Introduction
Shortest-path, destination based traf c routing is a widely accepted solution for Internet autonomous systems
(AS), supported by such protocols as OSPF and IS-IS [1], [2]. With such routing all packets with a certain
destination router (node) that arrive at an originating/intermediate node are forwarded to an outgoing link
which is on a shortest path to the destination node. The length of the path is determined with respect to a
certain system of administrative link weights which is known to the routers. In the case when there are more
(than one) shortest paths to the destination, the packets are equally distributed among all outgoing links that
belong to the shortest paths to the considered destination.
Finding administrative weights which optimize traf ows in an AS leads in general to mixed-integer pro-
gramming problems [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], which are NP-hard [2], [8]. One of the most promising exact
resolution approaches for such problems is to use branch-and-cut (B&C). For this, however, we need to elim-
inate non-admissible routing con gurations in the computational process through introducing appropriate
cuts in the nodes of the branch-and-bound tree.
In this paper we discuss admissibility of shortest-path routing con gurations represented by binary variables
that specify whether or not a particular link is on a shortest path to a particular destination. We demonstrate
how to identify non-admissible shortest-path routing con gurations by means of a linear program, and derive
solutions of this problem which characterize non-admissible routing con gurations (sections 3 and 4). As
discussed in nal remarks (Section 5), the linear relaxation of the problem studied in this paper can be used
for deriving cuts for solving a fundamental shortest-path routing optimization problem through B&C. This
issue is studied in detail in the companion paper [9].
The idea underlying the considerations of this paper was presented in [10]. In this context our main con-
tribution is two-fold. First, we adjust the dual formulation presented [10] with a special objective function
that allows for generating cuts applicable for the B&C approach. Second, we present an original set of
non-admissible routing pattern examples revealing that the relation between the (intuitive) degree of non-
admissibility of a routing pattern and the optimal value of the corresponding objective function (i.e., the
optimal objective value of the dual problem corresponding to the given routing pattern) is not at all obvious.
2. 2 Problem formulation
Shortest-path routing of the OSPF/ECMP type (see [1]) can be modeled as follows. An AS is represented by
a directed graph , with the set of nodes and the set of links . Let and denote the
originating and terminating node, respectively, of link . Now, let be a vector
of binary routing variables which are supposed to specify a con guration of shortest-path, destination-based
routing, i.e., equals if, and only if, link is used in node to carry traf c with destination
. Such a vector is admissible (i.e., it de nes an admissible shortest-path routing con guration) if the
corresponding paths in the network graph can be realized by some system of positive (administrative) link
weights . More precisely, let , where , be a subgraph
(called an in-graph) of for a given node . Then a binary vector is admissible if there exists a system
of positive link weights such that for each node the following property holds.
Property: For each node any path in subgraph from to is the shortest path with respect to
, and all other paths from to in graph are strictly longer than the paths in .
The set of all admissible binary vectors will be denoted by . In the companion paper [9] we explain how
routing variables can be linked to destination-based traf ows to specify an overall shortest-path routing
optimization problem. In the present paper we concentrate on the admissibility issues of binary vectors
, while a branch-and-cut approach for the overall problem, based on the considerations of this paper, is
presented in [9].
Whether or not a routing vector is in set can be determined by a linear programming problem which
will be described below. Let be a system of positive link weights, and let denote the resulting distance
from node to node , i.e., is the length of a shortest path (with respect to ) from to . For
each and consider the quantity . Clearly, measures the difference
between the length of the shortest path which starts in node , goes over link and terminates in node ,
and the distance from the starting node of to . Thus, link is on a shortest path to node if, and only if,
. Hence, a routing vector de nes a shortest-path routing con guration if there exists a system of
positive weights such that:
if and if (1)
Observe that the weight system appearing in conditions (1) must have the property that if two paths differ
in lengths, then they differ by at least . This property is clearly present for positive integer weight systems.
For non-integer positive weights this is not a serious restriction, as the property can be assured for any weight
system by multiplying all its components by an appropriate positive number ( ). The above
conditions are well known in the shortest-path theory (see [11]), and have been used in the shortest-path
routing context for example in [12] and [10]. For our further purposes we rewrite condition (1) as follows:
(2)
Note that equality in (2) is non-linear in the applications when are variables, as in problem (1)
in [9]. Certainly, for the purpose of the integer programming methods, in particular for branch-and-bound,
this constraint could be linearized using a big positive constant : . Such
linearizing, however, can appear not to be effective in terms of the lower bounds in linear relaxations with
respect to just because of the presence of the ”big ”.
Thus, if, and only if, is a binary vector for which there exists a system of positive weights such
that conditions (2) are satis ed. It follows that the following linear program in variables ,
2
3. and can be used to check whether a given vector de nes admissible routing:
P : min (3a)
s.t. (3b)
(3c)
(3d)
(3e)
(3f)
Note that is a feasible solution of P( ) for any binary , so the problem is feasible
(and, due to (3f), bounded). Let denote an optimal solution of P( ). If
then and satisfy constraints (2), and hence , i.e., describes a shortest-path routing
con guration. On the other hand, if , there is no assignment of link weights which can generate the
routing con guration . Thus, set can also be de ned as: if, and only if, is binary and .
Note also that since is a feasible solution for any , in any case .
Now, consider the problem dual to P( ). Let ,
and be the vectors of the dual variables corresponding to constraints (3b), (3c) and (3d),
respectively. The dual problem is as follows:
max (4a)
s.t. (4b)
(4c)
(4d)
(4e)
(4f)
Using equality (4b), we eliminate dual variables , and after some algebra we arrive at the following form
of the dual problem.
D( ): max (5a)
s.t. (5b)
(5c)
(5d)
. (5e)
The primal problem P( ) is feasible and bounded for all , hence so is the dual. Let denote
an optimal solution of D( ), and let . Since , we have that
, and if, and only if, is binary and . Now we rewrite objective (5a) as
(6)
and notice that since is binary, the second term in (6) is always equal to . Further, we substitute variables
with new variables and obtain a problem equivalent to (5), expressed in variables
3
4. and :
F( ): max (7a)
s.t. (7b)
(7c)
(7d)
(7e)
Let denote the optimal objective of (7). Since problems D ) and F( ) are equivalent, therefore
. Hence, a vector de nes an admissible shortest-path routing con guration if, and only if, .
Note that the zero vectors and compose a (trivial) feasible solution of problem F for any
. Thus, for a xed binary , problem F( ) can be regarded as a special type of a multicommodity ow
problem with interpreted as an (bounded, and possibly negative) amount of (pseudo-) ow of commodity
on link . Due to constraint (7c) the ow of each commodity is circular, and due to (7b) the total amount
of ow on each link is non-negative. The objective is to nd the network ow with maximum total revenue
where is the unit revenue ( or ) of using link by commodity .
3 Directed cycles and valid cycles
Consider a candidate binary routing vector and for each node de ne .
Let be a directed cycle in the considered graph . Now suppose that there exists a node such
that (observe that this makes vector not admissible, see [11]) and de ne vectors and as
follows: for all other . Then is a feasible
solution of (7), as all the constraints are satis ed (in particular constraint (7d)). Moreover,
which implies that is an optimal solution of F( . Moreover, if cycle is simple then the solution
is also a vertex-solution.
The problem of whether a given set of arborescences (for the notion of arborescence see [13]) can be uniquely
generated by a system of weights was considered by Brostr¨om and Holmberg in [10]. They derived a dual
formulation analogous to formulation (7) and showed that in most cases a set of arborescences can be shown
infeasible using the so called valid cycles. The result of [10] translated to our (slightly more general) model
using the xed binary routing vector is as follows. Let be a cycle in graph , where ,
and is the set of forward links while is the set of backward links in cycle . Now, let and be two
different nodes. Cycle is called ( )-feasible if and . An -feasible cycle is
called ( )-valid if .
Let and de ne ow and multipliers as follows: for ,
for ; for , for ; and all other and are equal to .
We observe that if is -feasible, then is a feasible solution of (7). Note that (7d) is ful lled
(as equality) because and . The last
equality holds because multipliers are positive only for such pairs that either and , or
and ; for these pairs .
Proposition 3.1. If cycle is -valid then objective (7a), , is strictly positive and therefore is
infeasible.
Proof. The proof follows from the observation that .
Clearly, implies , and hence
.
4
5. Finally, observe that where .
In [14] Brostr¨om and Holmberg examined the question when valid cycles correspond to vertex solutions
of (7). In fact, since their version of the dual problem has no objective (see [10]), its solution space is a
polyhedral cone and hence the proper question is when a valid cycle corresponds to an extreme ray of the
cone. The main result of [14] states that each valid cycle does represent an extreme ray.
4 Multiple cycles
Certainly, directed cycles and valid cycles are not suf cient to describe all non-admissible routing con gu-
rations, which occasionally can be more complex (see [15]). Probably, the simplest situation of this type is
illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1a depicts a relevant part of a network. Routing con guration is depicted in
Figure 1b and Figure 1c: each of the two gures shows routing towards one of destinations and ,
respectively. The following convention is used: is the destination node; solid arcs correspond to the links
with ; dashed arcs correspond to the links with . The structure of circular ows which
proves infeasibility of routing vector consists of two oppositely directed ows (of the same size) shown in
the gures; the negative ows are compensated on the inner arcs as shown by the two cycles in Figure 1a. It
can be veri ed that optimal objective is equal to while the size of each ow is equal to ; this is
achieved by setting to whenever , and 0, otherwise.
Figure 1: 2-cycle con gurations
Notice that there is no obvious relation between the complexity of circular ows and the value of (recall
that we always have ), and that the optimal objective depends on the proportion of links which
carry positive ows. If the network from Figure 1a is modi ed by replacing each outer arc with arcs and
the routing is changed appropriately (Figure 1d), then , , and . On
the other hand, if each inner arc is replaced with arcs (Figure 1e) (with all set to except for the arc
from to ), these values become , , and . We note that such
linear sequences of arcs do not mean that the network is odd since it can be a part of a larger network.
A solution revealing routing infeasibility may have to consist of any number of cycles, as illustrated in
Figure 2. The structure depicted in Figure 2a assumes outer nodes as destinations. If for each destination the
con guration of routing is such as in Figure 2b, then the cyclic structure must consist of cycles presented in
Figure 2c, and . However, if for each destination node the routing con guration is slightly modi ed
(cf. Figure 2d), other types of cycles are possible; the smallest cycle and the largest cycle are depicted in
the gure. Thus, although the -cycle structure from Figure 2c still proves non-admissibility of the routing
con guration, a simpler 2-cycle structure shown in Figure 2e does the job as well. In this case ,
which suggests that maximizing may lead to generating cyclic structures consisting of fewer cycles. We
5
6. Figure 2: -cycle con gurations
observe that if in Figure 2a any single outer arc is deleted then the routing vector becomes admissible.
5 Final remarks
In this paper we have studied admissibility of binary routing vectors characterizing shortest-path routing
with traf ow split of the OSPF/ECMP type. We have derived an LP problem formulation F( ), depending
on , whose optimal objective is equal to if, and only if, vector is admissible as a routing con guration.
Further, we have investigated possible forms of the problem solutions corresponding to non-admissible rout-
ing con gurations. These solutions reveal interesting features of such con gurations that can be used in the
two-phase approach for solving shortest-path routing problems. The approach, described for example in Sec-
tion 7.4 of [1], solves a ow allocation problem in phase 1, and then, in phase 2, checks whether the resulting
routing vector is admissible. If it is not, valid inequalities for variables are added to the problem of
phase 1, and the procedure is repeated. A novel way of generating such valid inequalities for phase 1 from
solutions of problem F( ) is demonstrated in Section 4 of the companion paper [9]. For these inequalities
it is generally convenient to have as few links with non-zero ows as possible, so considerations such as in
Section 4 are of interest.
Acknowledgment. The research presented in this paper was sponsored by France Telecom R&D (project:
”Global Internet Intra-domain Routing Management”), and by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Edu-
cation (grant 3 T11D 001 27: ”Design Methods for NGI Core Networks”) and Swedish Research Council
(grant 621-2006-5509: ”Modelling and Design of Core Internet Networks”).
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